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630:. Consecutive blooms occurring within a year have been documented and corms simultaneously sending up both a leaf (or two) and an inflorescence. There has also been an occasion when a 117 kilograms (258 lb) corm produced three simultaneous blooms in Bonn, Germany. There was also a triplet bloom at the
685:
heats up to 37 °C (99 °F), and rhythmically releases powerful odors to attract pollinators, insects which feed on dead animals or lay their eggs in rotting meat. The potency of the odor gradually increases from late evening until the middle of the night, when carrion beetles and flesh flies
625:
In cultivation, the titan arum generally requires five to ten years of vegetative growth before blooming for the first time. After a plant's initial blooming, there can be considerable variation in its blooming frequency. The cultivation conditions are known in detail. Some plants may not bloom again
514:
bearing the leaf can be up to 15-16 inches (38-41 centimeters) thick at soil level and still 12-13 inches (30–32 cm) at breast height (D.B.H.). The old leaf dies, and a new one grows in its place. When the corm has stored enough energy, it becomes dormant for about four months. Then the process
668:
Self-pollination was once considered impossible, but in 1992, botanists in Bonn hand-pollinated their plant with its own pollen from ground-up male flowers. The procedure was successful, resulting in fruit and hundreds of seeds from which numerous seedlings were eventually produced and distributed.
427:
grown in
Gilford, New Hampshire by Dr. Louis Ricciardiello in 2010 weighed 138 kg (305 lb). However, the current record is held by a corm grown at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, weighing 153.9 kg (339 lb) after 7 years' growth from an initial corm the size of an orange. The
583:
after 1988; about 30 flowers were recorded and researched since. The number of cultivated plants has increased in recent years, and not uncommonly five or more flowering events occur in gardens around the world in a single year, since today the cultivation requirements for gardens are known in
664:
generally begins to open between midafternoon and late evening and remains open all night. At this time, the female flowers are receptive to pollination. Although most spathes begin to wilt within 12 hours, some have been known to remain open for 24 to 48 hours. As the spathe wilts, the female
626:
for another seven to ten years, while others may bloom every two or three years. At the botanical gardens in Bonn, under optimal cultivation conditions, the plants flowered every other year. A plant has also been flowering every second year (2012 to 2022) in the
787:
611:. The largest flower in the USA by Louis Ricciardiello, measured 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in) tall in 2010, when it was on display at Winnipesaukee Orchids in Gilford, New Hampshire, US. This event, too, was acknowledged by Guinness World Records.
933:
510:. The leaf grows on a patterned green and white stalk that branches into three sections at the top, each containing many leaflets. The leaf structure can reach up to 6 m (20 ft) tall and 5 m (16 ft) across. The stalk, or
307:
Because its flower blooms infrequently and only for a short period, it gives off a powerful scent to help attract pollinators quickly and effectively. The strong odor it emits resembles that of rotting flesh; hence it is characterized as a
468:, which looks like a large petal. In the case of the titan arum, the spathe is a deep green on the outside and dark burgundy red on the inside, with a deeply furrowed texture. The spadix is almost hollow and resembles a large
472:. Near the bottom of the spadix, hidden from view inside the sheath of the spathe, the spadix bears two rings of small flowers. The upper ring bears the male flowers; the lower ring is spangled with bright red-orange
851:
945:
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1273:
Barthlott, W. & W. Lobin (Eds.) (1998): Amorphophallus titanum. – A Monograph, 226 pp, F. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart (= Trop. subtrop. Pflanzenwelt Vol, 99, Acad. Science. Mainz). Download: (19,2
839:
827:
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Barthlott, W., Szarzynski, J., Vlek, P., Lobin, W., & N. Korotkova (2009): A torch in the rainforest: thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant Biol. 11 (4): 499–505
1293:
Barthlott, W., Szarzynski, J., Vlek, P., Lobin, W., & N. Korotkova (2009): A torch in the rainforest: thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant Biol. 11 (4): 499–505
499:
Both male and female flowers grow in the same inflorescence. The female flowers open first; then a day or two following, the male flowers open. This usually prevents the flower from
1715:
Lobin, W., Neumann, M., Radscheit, M. & W. Barthlott (2007): The cultivation of Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum) – A flagship species for
Botanic Gardens, Sibbaldia 5: 69–86
1451:
Lobin, W., Neumann, M., Radscheit, M. & W. Barthlott (2007): The cultivation of Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum) – A flagship species for
Botanic Gardens, Sibbaldia 5: 69-86
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Lobin, W., Neumann, M., Radscheit, M. & W. Barthlott (2007): The cultivation of Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum) – A flagship species for
Botanic Gardens, Sibbaldia 5: 69–86
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The titan arum's berries arrange in a regular cylindrical form that resembles the packing of spheres inside a cylindrical confinement. Those structures are also called
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In May 2003, the tallest inflorescence in cultivation, some 3.20 m (10 ft 5 in) high (measured from its corm, 3.07 m from the soil surface), was grown at the
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it. The inflorescence's deep red color and texture contribute to the illusion that the spathe is a piece of meat. During bloom, the tip of the spadix is roughly
803:
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Korotkova, N. & W. Barthlott (2009): On the thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant
Signaling & Behavior 4 (11): 1096–1098
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is native solely to western
Sumatra, where it grows in openings in rainforests on limestone hills. However, the plant is cultivated by
567:, London, UK, in 1889, with over 100 cultivated blossoms since then. The first documented flowerings in the United States were at the
2222:
627:
815:
2106:
1876:
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Two titan arum in
Sumatra, Indonesia (ca. 1900–40); one in leaf, which can reach up to 6 m (20 ft) tall, and one in bloom
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906:
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are active as pollinators, then tapers off towards morning. Analyses of chemicals released by the spadix show the stench includes
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1889:
496:, which helps the perfume volatilize; this heat is also believed to assist in the illusion that attracts carcass-eating insects.
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is the largest known, typically weighing around 50 kg (110 lb). When a specimen at the
Princess of Wales Conservatory,
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After the flower dies back, a single leaf, which resembles a small tree and reaches a similar size, grows from the underground
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detail. Challenging cultivation constraints mean that this plant is rarely cultivated by amateur gardeners. However, in 2011,
1829:
1738:
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tuber weighing 117 kg: It subsequently produced three inflorescences simultaneously in May 2006 at the
Botanic Gardens Bonn.
1080:
579:. In the Botanical Gardens of Bonn, the titan arum was cultivated since 1932, and the largest collection was built up by
1673:
Barthlott, W. & W. Lobin (Eds.) (1998): Amorphophallus titanum – A Monograph. 226 pp, F. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart (
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419:, was repotted after its dormant period, the weight was recorded as 91 kg (201 lb). In 2006, a corm in the
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1240:"Plantentuin van Meise heeft de grootste "penisbloem" ooit: deurwaarder meet aronskelk van 3,22 meter (10.5 feet)"
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in 1937 and 1939. This flowering also inspired the designation of the titan arum as the official flower of the
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2021:
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in
Germany; this record was analyzed, photographed, and documented in detail. The event was acknowledged by
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View into the spathe with flowers on the base of the spadix. Botanical Gardens Univ. Bonn 28. March 1997
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2016:
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was recorded at Meise Botanic Garden, Belgium on 13 August 2024. It measured 322.5 cm from the tuber.
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Male (above, yellow) and female (below, brownish-purple) flowers at the base of the spadix of
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563:. The plant flowers only infrequently in the wild. It first flowered in cultivation at the
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8:
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Plant finishing blooming, showing the male and female flowers at the base of the spadix
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857:"Morty", Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens, Buffalo, NY, USA, August 8, 2014
673:, in Minnesota, unexpectedly produced viable seed through self-pollination in 2011.
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in May 2020 named "The Velvet Queen", but viewing was closed to the public due to
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Association of Education and Research Greenhouse Newsletter, volume 15 number 1.
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of Sumatra, Indonesia. It was first scientifically described in 1878 by Italian
2003:
1550:'Big Bucky' 5/2012 and 'Little Stinker' 9/2009, University of Wisconsin–Madison
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476:. The odor ("fragrance") of the titan arum resembles rotting meat, attracting
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82:
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At Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, December 27, 2012
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1982:
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became the first high school in the world to bring a titan arum to bloom.
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833:"Morticia", Franklin Park Zoo, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, June 20, 2012
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Titan Arum at the Flower Park Kagoshima of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
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Gustavus Adolphus College Self-pollination 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-11
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can reach over 3 m (10 ft) in height. Like the related
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1541:'Big Bucky' 5/2009 and 6/2009, University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Fruiting at the Botanical Gardens Univ, Bonn in September 2009
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The pollen area as seen from the inside (UC Davis, California)
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Old wilted leaf in habitat (Sumatra, Maninjau, February 1984)
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423:, Germany, was recorded at 117 kg (258 lb), and an
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Bradford, Alina; published, Daisy Dobrijevic (2021-10-27).
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Visitors photograph a blooming corpse flower on display at
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1331:
1184:
Gilford Steamer (newspaper) July 1, 2010 pp. A1 & A9.
1675:= Trop. subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 99, Akad. Science. Mainz).
1461:
Gilford Steamer (newspaper) July 1, 2010 pp. A1 & A9
1210:"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh – The story of our corm"
284:, is larger, but it is branched rather than unbranched.
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First of two plants, Kew Gardens, London, May 1, 2009
278:
in the world. The inflorescence of the talipot palm,
27:
Species of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae
1009:
972:
888:
Close up, Bayreuth University, Germany, June 6, 2015
1035:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118042834A118043213.en
621:
List of publicised titan arum blooms in cultivation
332:can be translated as corpse, cadaver, or carrion).
320:, as translated from the original Indonesian word
1360:"Another Krubi from Sumatra Blooms at the Garden"
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428:tallest documented inflorescence was recorded at
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1581:"The Velvet Queen | Chicago Botanic Garden"
1423:
1421:
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1417:
900:Leaflets, Muttart Conservatory, Edmonton, Canada
1388:"Bronx to Shed a Symbol With an Odor of Decay"
1278:
1257:
1729:Three Webcams of Titan plus time-lapse videos
1446:
1444:
1442:
1414:
1058:"Corpse Flower: Facts About the Smelly Plant"
586:Roseville High School (Roseville, California)
549:The titan arum grows in the wild only in the
575:in 1939, only to be replaced in 2000 by the
1739:3D Photo of 2004 bloom at Walt Disney World
1644:The Chemistry of the Corpse Flower's Stench
1471:Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn.
1439:
1237:
71:
42:
1473:"Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden"
1428:Titan Arum in the, Botanical Gardens Bonn
1332:University of Connecticut (14 Feb 2011).
1131:Titan Arum in the, Botanical Gardens Bonn
1033:
665:flowers lose receptivity to pollination.
541:and private collectors around the world.
1559:University of Bonn Botanic Garden, Bonn
1372:(476): 179–181. August 1939 – via
1365:Journal of the New York Botanical Garden
640:
590:
517:
439:
432:on 13 August 2024 and reached 322.5 cm.
398:
14:
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1745:List of bloomings in the US since 1937
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1776:
1775:
1510:"Corpse flower" makes Guinness record
2161:a81c5110-3219-4f85-bd4d-233ba48a92e6
1970:4b5704a4-934c-4be2-b205-5645c4cfb73e
1207:
912:With fruits, Liberec, Czech Republic
2228:Amorphophallus subg. Amorphophallus
1309:
1231:
1161:"Titanenwurz – Bonner Blütenstände"
1021:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1003:
797:in the United States in August 2013
681:As the spathe gradually opens, the
599:, Bot. Gard, Univ. Bonn, March 1987
24:
25:
2264:
1722:
1693:Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family
650:Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden
2223:IUCN Red List endangered species
1687:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00147.x
1299:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00147.x
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403:The tallest inflorescence of an
274:. It has the largest unbranched
96:
2174:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:86645-1
2022:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:84456-1
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1010:Yuzammi.; Hadiah, J.T. (2018).
529:
1741:(Requires red/cyan 3D Glasses)
1593:Eastern Illinois University's
1528:Eastern Illinois University's
1519:. Fosters, September 24, 2010.
1238:Walschaers, Evi (2024-08-13).
1201:
1187:
1178:
1142:
1124:
1074:
1049:
669:Additionally, a titan arum at
544:
394:
365:, "without form, misshapen" +
13:
1:
2243:Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari
2238:National symbols of Indonesia
1374:Biodiversity Heritage Library
996:
1659:. 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-11
1657:What made 'Wee Stinky' stink
460:, it consists of a fragrant
444:A single leaf of the species
372:
361:
342:
7:
1642:American Chemical Society.
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628:Copenhagen Botanical Garden
614:
10:
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1597:2012. Retrieved 2013-08-11
1561:Three blooms from one corm
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1028:: e.T118042834A118043213.
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618:
565:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
435:
382:
367:
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1735:in Saint Peter, Minnesota
1733:Gustavus Adolphus College
1532:2012 Retrieved 2013-08-11
1499:. Guinness World Records.
671:Gustavus Adolphus College
569:New York Botanical Garden
312:and is also known as the
233:
226:
207:
200:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
53:New York Botanical Garden
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41:
34:
2253:Plants described in 1879
2233:Endemic flora of Sumatra
1750:How to grow a Titan Arum
1625:. Chicago Botanic Garden
1334:"Amorphophallus titanum"
484:and flesh flies (family
464:of flowers wrapped by a
421:Botanical Garden of Bonn
237:Amorphophallus selebicus
1595:Three Titan Arum blooms
1530:Three Titan Arum Blooms
1114:A Greek–English Lexicon
926:Bogor Botanical Gardens
676:
1830:amorphophallus-titanum
1816:Amorphophallus titanum
1786:Amorphophallus titanum
1763:Amorphophallus titanum
1623:www.chicagobotanic.org
1163:. 2013. Archived from
1014:Amorphophallus titanum
874:San Marino, California
737:Amorphophallus titanum
714:(sweet floral scent),
657:
656:. Photo taken in 2001.
646:Amorphophallus titanum
632:Chicago Botanic Garden
609:Guinness World Records
600:
597:Amorphophallus titanum
526:
494:human body temperature
445:
408:
405:Amorphophallus titanum
350:derives its name from
259:Amorphophallus titanum
211:Amorphophallus titanum
36:Amorphophallus titanum
1711:10.4161/psb.4.11.9872
1208:McDonald, Charlotte.
1105:Liddell, Henry George
644:
619:Further information:
605:Botanical Garden Bonn
594:
521:
443:
402:
281:Corypha umbraculifera
1655:Cornell University.
1570:Retrieved 2013-08-11
767:Muttart Conservatory
430:Meise Botanic Garden
328:means flower, while
2070:Conophallus titanum
1691:Bown, Deni (2000).
1312:"Stalk + Paksamuir"
795:Phipps Conservatory
688:dimethyl trisulfide
391:, "titan, giant").
337:columnar structures
245:Conophallus titanum
63:Conservation status
2248:Thermogenic plants
1677:Download (19,2 MB)
1566:2016-03-03 at the
1515:2020-10-11 at the
1479:on 28 January 2008
1433:2021-10-05 at the
1393:The New York Times
1136:2021-10-05 at the
870:Huntington Library
769:, Edmonton, Canada
696:dimethyl disulfide
658:
654:Miami, Florida, US
601:
527:
446:
409:
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1991:Open Tree of Life
1778:Taxon identifiers
1508:Koziol, J. 2010.
991:Largest organisms
581:Wilhelm Barthlott
539:botanical gardens
448:The titan arum's
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1619:"Titan Arum—FAQ"
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501:self-pollinating
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679:
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561:Odoardo Beccari
547:
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270:in the family
268:flowering plant
222:
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193:A. titanum
95:
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2200:wfo-0000920322
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761:Small corm of
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726:(like feces).
712:benzyl alcohol
700:trimethylamine
678:
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56:June 27, 2018
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1497:Tallest bloom
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352:Ancient Greek
349:
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339:or crystals.
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322:bunga bangkai
319:
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314:corpse flower
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1667:Bibliography
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1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
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1555:
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1524:
1504:
1492:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:the original
1466:
1457:
1405:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:the original
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1305:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1213:
1203:
1189:
1180:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:the original
1155:
1144:
1126:
1112:
1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1025:
1019:
1013:
1005:
762:
736:
720:Chloraseptic
708:sweaty socks
680:
667:
659:
648:in bloom at
645:
624:
602:
596:
548:
534:
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530:Distribution
522:
505:
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447:
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410:
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318:corpse plant
317:
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210:
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192:
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179:
142:
129:
116:
51:In bloom at
35:
29:
1903:iNaturalist
1810:Wikispecies
1344:17 February
554:rainforests
545:Cultivation
454:cuckoo pint
417:Kew Gardens
395:Description
294:rainforests
159:Alismatales
136:Angiosperms
2217:Categories
2004:Plant List
1629:2015-10-01
1483:2008-02-08
1407:2024-07-31
1250:2024-08-13
1224:2017-07-14
1171:2013-06-23
1067:2024-04-28
997:References
763:A. titanum
735:Images of
698:(garlic),
551:equatorial
535:A. titanum
523:A. titanum
458:calla lily
425:A. titanum
348:A. titanum
300:island of
298:Indonesian
286:A. titanum
264:titan arum
78:Endangered
18:Titan arum
2085:Q95945592
1947:118042834
1402:0362-4331
515:repeats.
490:pollinate
343:Etymology
187:Species:
106:Kingdom:
2187:50314274
2182:Tropicos
2151:10250435
2079:Wikidata
2035:50194814
2030:Tropicos
2009:kew-8323
1934:10250805
1795:Wikidata
1564:Archived
1513:Archived
1431:Archived
1134:Archived
969:See also
636:COVID-19
615:Blooming
577:day lily
558:botanist
480:-eating
470:baguette
362:amorphos
228:Synonyms
165:Family:
149:Monocots
83:IUCN 3.1
2138:86645-1
2112:2871510
2045:5822369
1921:84456-1
1882:2871508
1869:1100364
1801:Q431224
1766:YouTube
1117:at the
1083:ἄμορφος
730:Gallery
722:), and
512:petiole
488:) that
482:beetles
478:carrion
474:carpels
436:Flowers
380:", and
378:phallus
373:phallos
357:ἄμορφος
330:bangkai
302:Sumatra
296:on the
290:endemic
272:Araceae
266:, is a
175:Genus:
169:Araceae
155:Order:
110:Plantae
81: (
2158:NZOR:
2125:449245
2042:uBio:
1996:305739
1983:279079
1967:NZOR:
1960:175755
1843:411393
1825:ARKive
1699:
1400:
1317:May 8,
1091:φαλλός
724:indole
718:(like
716:phenol
690:(like
683:spadix
662:spathe
466:spathe
462:spadix
368:φαλλός
262:, the
2146:IRMNG
1929:IRMNG
1908:62194
1768:video
1099:Τιτάν
1041:1 May
573:Bronx
388:Titan
383:Τιτάν
326:bunga
248:Becc.
240:Nakai
219:Becc.
143:Clade
130:Clade
117:Clade
2169:POWO
2133:IPNI
2120:GRIN
2107:GBIF
2099:XRHB
2017:POWO
1955:NCBI
1942:IUCN
1916:IPNI
1895:2953
1890:GRIN
1877:GBIF
1856:CXLG
1838:BOLD
1697:ISBN
1646:2013
1398:ISSN
1346:2011
1319:2013
1043:2023
1026:2018
677:Odor
660:The
508:corm
456:and
413:corm
411:Its
2195:WFO
2094:CoL
2053:WFO
1864:EoL
1851:CoL
1731:at
1707:doi
1683:doi
1295:doi
1274:MB)
1244:VRT
1030:doi
924:At
710:),
694:),
652:in
376:, "
316:or
292:to
288:is
2219::
2197::
2184::
2171::
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2096::
2081::
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2019::
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1944::
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1797::
1621:.
1441:^
1416:^
1390:.
1370:40
1368:.
1362:.
1280:^
1259:^
1242:.
1212:.
1111:;
1107:;
1103:.
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1024:.
1018:.
872:,
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638:.
503:.
304:.
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132::
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1227:.
1197:.
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1045:.
1032::
1016:"
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706:(
354:(
324:(
217:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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