534:
knowledge, confirming his name was Cox
Butcher, son of a Mary, nee Cox, and a Matthew Butcher, supported by their marriage record. Cox Butcher, the publican of White Hills (Havelock) and then of his Bridge Inn, was severely wounded trying to stop a fight near the Inn in late 1856 and died in early 1857. Both his full death registration and inquest records show Cox was his first name and Butcher his surname. Reports of his rise, decline and death in the nearest surviving newspapers now reproduced online, the "Maryborough & Dunolly Advertiser" and the "Mount Alexander Mail" of Castlemaine, also "The Age" of Melbourne, correctly report his name as Cox Butcher, whilst the "Bendigo Advertiser" and "The " Star" of Ballarat, style him as "Cox, a butcher." The origins of the error may be a legal notice in the "Bendigo Advertiser", published in three issues in April 1856, where the witness(es) was/were recorded as being "Cox, Butcher," perhaps the result of unclear notes from the solicitor, or a typesetting error. The 1860 letters of the Correspondent for the Board of Local Patrons for the establishment of salary funding for the nearby national "Bet Bet Creek School 38, Goldfields", (later Dwyer's Bridge State School), James McKenzie, refers to "Cox Butcher's Bridge". Nonetheless, the idea that the Bet Bet Creek bridge publican's surname was Cox, and his occupation, a butcher, has persisted.
39:
55:
1363:
578:
434:, or Western Australia, Queensland, New Zealand, or South Africa. Many others moved to cities, or the areas to the north of Victoria, particularly those areas along the Maryborough to Mildura railway line, including along its Murrayville-Pinnaroo, South Australia, branch, which had benefitted from the 1910 sale of many thousands of hectares of its adjoining Mallee Scrub Crown Land. Many buildings were relocated by jinker from the Bowenvale-Timor area to Maryborough or to developing farming areas, some over long distances.
370:
nearer to and beyond the Bet Bet Creek. Increased numbers of permanent buildings were constructed around the junction of the
Maryborough-Timor-Dunolly Road and Bet Bet Creek Road. In March 1880, State School 1207 Timor, after seven years in various temporary premises along the Maryborough-Timor Road in Chinaman's Flat (as that part was gradually being known as Bowenvale), moved into the current school building in Timor, just over the Chinaman's Flat border. It was later substantially extended in weatherboard.
302:
Assistant
Protector Edward Stone Parker, firstly on the Loddon River at Neereaman in 1840, but after a dry season, which was wrongly thought to be typical, moved it further south, upstream, to Willam-e-barramul now Franklinford. The Protectorate system was abolished in 1849. The comments made about the region's indigenous people by Norwood pastoral squatter (from January 1852), Alfred Joyce, in his reminiscences, give some insight into tensions of early colonisation.
346:
in 1877. In 1863, following more than a year of agitation and petitioning by the community, under the 1862 regulations for Common (government-regulated/supported, pupil fee-paying) Schools, which replaced those for
National Schools, Common School 714 Chinaman's Flat opened in the western community, eventually housed in a solid-brick building on what is now Denyers Road, where a sign in a paddock on the east side identifies its long-term location.
355:
to the
Maryborough and Dunolly Advertiser, to replace Cox Butcher's bridge with a more solid one with side rails. On 20 August 1866, an already surveyed town named Timor, but a name not consistently used locally, was gazetted as Timor. Its location was north of what is now Bet Bet Creek Road, located in the civil Parish of Bet Bet and straddling the Bet Bet Creek itself (thus located in the successors to the road boards, the
285:, later City of Maryborough, and between modern administrative regions. Most authorities used the Bet Bet Creek as a boundary, but the Town of Timor straddles it. In Victoria, civil parishes are used for cadastral (land-ownership) records, with the shared boundary between the Parishes of Maryborough and Bet Bet being partly Bet Bet Creek Road, and between the Parishes of Maryborough and Wareek partly the Timor Creek.
1296:
62:
473:, and the now-closed general store-post office, the oldest part being built in 1870-71. The two huge wet-mine beam-pump fulcrums, the granite one on the south side of the bridge, the basalt one on private land to the north, mark the sites of their former very deep-lead mines. The curved-top apertures were sightlines for the pump operators, and pipe routes for the water being expelled.
480:
recent years have successfully rediscovered the identities of many early interments using death certificates and related records, but the exact locations of early burials without legible headstones have not been identified. The names and years of interment are displayed in a shelter at the
Cemetery Entrance, and updated from time to time.
257:. Locations near the Bet Bet Creek were referred to as "of the Bet Bet" and shortened to "Bet Bet". That is not to be confused with the current Bet Bet hamlet, further downstream on Route C278, which in earlier times was known as Grant's Bridge. Much historic documentation, especially maps, includes the word
533:
Although publications since 1856 have increasingly described the builder of the first bridge over the Bet Bet Creek and nearby Bridge Inn as "(Mr)Cox, a butcher," it is known that that is incorrect, the evidence being his 1829 baptism, 1841 UK Census record, 1853 Adelaide marriage, and
Butcher family
465:
Located in Timor, on the
Bowenvale boundary, are the late 1920s former solid-brick Catholic church, and the substantial 1880 school building which houses the district primary school Timor S.S.1207. The School was first hosted in a Church Hall in (then Chinaman's Flat, now) Bowenvale, where a sizeable
445:
Church in
Bowenvale, which were then demolished. The community replaced the Hall but not the Church. The last hotel in the area, Simmons' "Victoria" in Bowenvale, closed in April 1961, and later was demolished. The last store, in Timor, closed in 1997. The School, S.S.1207 Timor, had its weatherboard
345:
In 1860, several kilometres further north, near the junction of the now Bet Bet Creek and McKenzie Roads, the community of mainly farmers created above the bank of the Bet Bet Creek, a school which became
National School No.38 "(of the) Bet Bet" Goldfields. It closed as State School 38 Dwyer's Bridge
681:
Victorian Archives Centre, Public Records Office of Victoria File: E2791 "Temporary reservation of land for a school STATE SCHOOL TIMOR 2--0--0" Crown Reserves Correspondence File: VPRS 242/P0000/116, where the officials were using the title "Bet Bet" (as in Bet Bet Creek Road, Town of Timor, Parish
354:
By 1857, the Maryborough & Dunolly Advertiser was predicting that CoxTown would eventually become a permanent creek-crossing development. By October 1861, the Tullaroop Road Board and the Bet Bet Road Board, whose shared boundary was the Bet Bet Creek, were in negotiations, encouraged by letters
327:
The tracks from the 1854-established Maryborough area to the Chinamans Flat diggings, and from the Bet Bet Creek, by carriers of water to process the "stuff" - the earth thought to contain gold -, became well-established during the next twelve months, with a less-formed continuation from the Bet Bet
458:
Located in Bowenvale are the 1926 World War I memorial, without names, and the most modern public buildings, the 1960s-era Bowenvale Public Hall and the Bowenvale Fire Station. These are bases of district volunteer organisations vital to the sense of district community, and the safety and future of
454:
The landscape of the Bowenvale-Timor area includes residential and agricultural buildings as well as evidence of the past, including tall mining ruins and foundations, substantial dams and drainage channels, eroded mullock heaps, abandoned sports facilities, and depressions, evidence of cellars and
403:
On 11 January 1887, the centres of the areas known as Chinaman's Flat, Central Chinaman's, and New Chinaman's along the main road from the boundary with Timor at Bet Bet Creek Road towards Maryborough, were gazetted as an unnamed town. The documentation proclaiming its name as Bowenvale, or news of
373:
In the south-western corner of Chinaman's Flat, closer to Maryborough, an increasing number of "reefers" (extractors of gold from quartz rock reefs) in the remaining population were working the productive Leviathan mine and several smaller parallel gold reefs. The immediate community and Chinaman's
341:
denomination, a Post Office named Chinaman's Flat, and at least one private school, George Hesketh's. The east side, also called Chinaman's Flat, was spread along the main Maryborough to Dunolly via the Butcher's Bridge/CoxTown track, was more commercial, and included a substantial privately-owned,
264:
The historical records for the area are confounded not just by changing place-names, local names, and changing boundaries, but by the Timor, but not Bowenvale, area being at the crossroads of divisions between various Colonial/State Government administrative sections, including between the Counties
336:
In October 1856, a major rush to a particular point on the Chinaman's Flat Lead began, resulting in the co-incidental discovery of a gold-bearing quartz rock reef later named the Leviathan. Urban areas grew along both sides of the underground Chinaman's Flat Lead/surface Chinaman's Flat Creek. the
310:
The first gold discoveries occurred in 1854 or 1855. By June 1855, newspapers regarded "Chinaman's Flat" as a well-known site for gold-seekers and used "the head of Chinaman's Flat" to describe an area to the west of the current Maryborough-Bowenvale-Timor Road about 5 km from modern Maryborough.
301:
In 1839, the British Parliament created the Port Phillip Protectorate with the aim of bringing the First Nations people together in regional Protectorate locations in order to "civilize" them. The Charlotte Plains and Norwood sheep run areas were in the area of the Loddon Protectorate, founded by
479:
The Timor-Bowenvale Cemetery was gazetted on 13 January 1868, for its location in then Chinaman's Flat near the northern edge of the civil Parish of Maryborough. The records of burials before late 1889 were lost in a fire at the premises of the Registrar, Joseph DuBourg. The Cemetery Trustees in
437:
At Easter 1926, a memorial, without names, to the large number of local men and the woman who had volunteered to serve in World War I was unveiled in Bowenvale, attended by hundreds, many of them part of the "Back to Maryborough District" excursion, mainly transported (to Maryborough) by special
369:
Chinaman's Flat, with its areas of Upper Chinaman's, Central Chinaman's, and New Chinaman's, was initially the larger community, but as gold-winning became more complex and capital intensive, people moved north to be closer to the huge mining operations exploiting the mainly north-trending leads
396:
The first use of the name "Bowenvale," for sections of Chinaman's Flat seems to have been before November 1877. It was applied to the electoral division of that area in the Electoral District of Maryborough & Talbot. The Electoral Registrar was an Edward Beedon of Chinaman's Flat.
332:
was greatly improved by a young publican/entrepreneur named Cox Butcher who built a bridge and an accompanying inn, called The Bridge, at the Bet Bet Creek crossing. That location became known as Butcher's Bridge and then Cox('s) Town, gradually shifting towards Coxtown.
249:
Places names used in the area over time have included "of the Bet Bet", Chinaman's Flat, Butcher's Bridge, Cox'sTown/Coxtown, Upper, Central, and New Chinaman's, Leviathan Reef, Timor Creek/Lower Alma, Lime Kiln Plains/Timor West, Dwyer's Bridge, Bowenvale, and Timor.
297:
people. The first non-Indigenous people arrived, from Britain, in the late 1830s, and thereafter. They created two huge sheep runs, later known as Charlotte Plains and Norwood. The Bowenvale-Timor area straddles a section of their shared boundary.
1053:
Notes of Isabella H. Hastings, Mrs Beaton, 1891-1970, made to assist the Chinaman's Flat/Leviathan Reef School entry in "Vision & Realisation, A Centenary History of State Education in the Victoria", Education Department of Victoria,
423:. The extraction of gold from many heaps of mullock (waste material from the mines), using cyanide and a far smaller workforce, lasted much longer. Much of the gravel from the leads and reefs was removed for construction.
236:
The 2021 Australian Census has the populations of the statistical divisions being 209 in Bowenvale (an increase of 21 over 2016) 68 in Timor (10 ditto) , and 23 in Timor West (one less ditto).
400:
By January 1884, newspapers were using "Bowenvale" for a location, in a non-electoral capacity. In the February, the Government changed the name of the Post Office from Timor to Bowenvale.
416:
water pumps, with beams of up to 30 tons, consuming huge amounts of the surrounding forests for steam-boiler fuel. Two of the massive stone fulcrums of the pump beams are still standing.
1519:
979:
Victorian Archives Centre, Public Records Office of Victoria, File: Chinaman's Flat Maryborough, Inwards Registered Correspondence, VPRS 880/P0000/11, 1861 - 1862. Accessed 26/3/2021
366:
In 1869, the Lower Wareek/Timor West community established Common School 949 Lower Wareek/Timor West on the Timor-Dunluce Road, which closed in 1942 as State School 949 Timor West.
438:
trains, popular at the times. Not long after, a solid-brick Catholic Church, to replace the earlier weatherboard one on the north side of the Creek, was erected nearby, in Timor.
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Flat School 714 were renamed Leviathan Reef. The school closed in 1902, with some pupils transferring to S.S.1207 Timor, and others to S.S.848
87:
1314:
378:
The local "Chinaman's" names were gradually changed to Bowenvale, but the name of the main drainage course, Flat Creek, is still used.
466:
site for a permanent school building was eventually identified, but the community could not come to agreement over its suitability.
1678:
412:
Gradually the deep mines were overwhelmed by underground water, in spite of increasingly large pumping plants. The mines used long
577:
459:
the district as the climate changes. The Fire Brigade Station houses the Bowenvale Fire Brigade, a single-tanker member of the
1270:. Libraries in the Central Goldfiels Shire.: Shire of Tullaroop (now mainly part of Central Goldfields Shire. pp. 65–66.
762:. Libraries in Central Victoria: Central Goldfields Shire Council, Victoria, Australia. pp. Numerous. See Index entries.
342:
Mechanics Hall (not Institute) as part of an hotel's business, and a Church and Hall of the Wesleyan Methodist denomination.
767:
1673:
1653:
964:
1134:. Various Municipal Libraries, Victoria, Australia: Goldfields Shire Council, Victoria, Australia. pp. 99–126.
1300:
800:
A Homestead History - the Reminiscences and Letters of Alfred Joyce of Plaistow and Norwood, Port Phillip 1843-1864
785:
A Homestead History - the Reminiscences and Letters of Alfred Joyce of Plaistow and Norwood, Port Phillip 1843-1864
555:
1275:
1198:
1173:
1139:
1038:
1033:. Libraries, Central Goldfields Shire: Central Goldfields Shire Council, Victoria, Australia. pp. 99–101.
744:
476:
Both the Bowenvale Hall and the Timor School contain more than one important district World War I Honor Board.
442:
312:
282:
273:, between the civil Parishes of Bet Bet, Maryborough and Wareek, between the former local government Shires of
446:
extension removed in 1937, and in the 1970s was considered for closure, but is now a district Primary School.
1362:
177:
80:
559:
1338:
194:
182:
1168:. Various State of Victoria Municipal Libraries.: Central Goldfields Shire Council, 1995. p. 224.
338:
266:
253:
The term "Bet Bet" must be identified by its context, as its use in earlier times was not only for the
328:
Creek to the Dunolly diggings. Towards the end of 1856, that shorter route between Maryborough and
218:
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1306:
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1352:
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168:
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1385:
222:
8:
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1498:
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270:
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Miners gradually moved away to areas of ore or coal mining and onto other employment in
319:
in southern China who made up a significant proportion of the early gold-seekers there.
1605:
1597:
1558:
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278:
206:
217:(/ˈtaɪˈmɔː/), short-speak for the adjoining localities of Bowenvale and Timor, in the
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1448:
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1034:
960:
935:
763:
386:
A "Bowen Park" in Timor, not Chinaman's Flat, was declared on 26 January 1874 after
1633:
1401:
1193:. Maryborough, Victoria, Australia: Central Goldfields Shire Council. p. 415.
441:
A storm on New Year's Eve in 1960 severely damaged both the Community Hall and the
360:
274:
29:
427:
1422:
489:
375:
990:
889:
838:
813:
692:
656:
461:
Goldfields Group, District 2, North West Region of the Country Fire Authority.
1667:
863:
495:
294:
254:
102:
89:
719:
513:
501:
388:
431:
420:
413:
718:
Department of Crown Lands and Survey, Government of Victoria (c. 1920).
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225:, Australia. Their shared boundary is 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of
717:
316:
230:
150:
38:
787:. Private Collection: Oxford University Press. pp. End papers.
162:
914:
868:
Bendigo Advertiser (from the Maryborough & Dunolly Advertiser)
1336:
1240:
1091:"Victoria Government Gazette Online Archive, 1836 - 1997, p.2154"
916:
682:
of Bet Bet) as the shorthand for the name of the School. No.1207.
329:
156:
1214:
1090:
1064:
1295:
633:
611:
589:
554:
802:. Private Collection: Oxford University Press. pp. 72–78.
1095:
Victoria Government Gazette Online Archive, 1836 - 1997
1219:
Victoria Government Gazette – Online Archive 1836–1997
1069:
Victoria Government Gazette Online Archive 1836 - 1997
745:"Public Record Office Victoria Collection | PROV"
407:
350:
Establishment of Timor and decline of Chinaman's Flat
261:, representing an underground line of gold deposits.
915:
Victoria - Act 391- First Schedule (18 March 1892).
720:"Parish of Maryborough, County of Talbot, Victoria"
693:"BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH, FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT"
634:Australian Bureau of Statistics (23 October 2017).
612:Australian Bureau of Statistics (23 October 2017).
590:Australian Bureau of Statistics (23 October 2017).
757:
293:The area was a small part of the territory of the
839:"DUNOLLY (from a correspondent) 22 November 1856"
1665:
322:
1268:Footprints, a History of the Shire of Tullaroop
758:Osborn and DuBourg, Betty and Trenear (2011).
229:and 178 kilometres (111 mi) northwest of
1322:
1166:Against the odds : Maryborough 1905-1961
1154:Family History of Evelyn Hastings (1923-1964)
381:
43:Bowenvale-Timor General Store, closed in 1997
1018:. Victorian Government. 1866. p. 1861.
991:"To the Editor of the M. and D. Advertiser"
940:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
337:west side including shops, a church of the
123:
1329:
1315:
576:
37:
1119:. Victorian Government. 1887. p. 78.
814:"MARYBOROUGH (from our own correspondent"
305:
1191:Against the Odds - Maryborough 1905-1961
1132:Against the Odds - Maryborough 1905-1961
1117:Victorian Government Gazette 1887, No. 4
1031:Against the Odds - Maryborough 1905-1961
498:(1898–1971), Australian Rules footballer
760:Maryborough, A Social History 1854-1904
1666:
1265:
1188:
1163:
1129:
1028:
614:"2016 Census QuickStats: Timor (Vic.)"
527:
1310:
954:
797:
782:
455:underground tanks, known as "wells".
449:
995:Maryborough & Dunolly Advertiser
697:Maryborough & Dunolly Advertiser
661:Maryborough & Dunolly Advertiser
636:"2016 Census QuickStats: Timor West"
560:"Timor (Vic.) (suburb and locality)"
1016:Victorian Government Gazette No. 97
592:"2016 Census QuickStats: Bowenvale"
13:
988:
408:Late 19th century and 20th century
311:This name came from the groups of
14:
1690:
1288:
564:Australian Census 2021 QuickStats
483:
419:Large scale mining ceased during
1361:
1294:
959:. Weila Publishing. p. 52.
288:
149:178 km (111 mi) NW of
60:
53:
1679:Ghost towns in Victoria (state)
1652:Territory divided with another
1259:
1233:
1207:
1182:
1157:
1148:
1123:
1109:
1083:
1057:
1047:
1022:
1008:
982:
973:
957:Hotels of Timor & Bowenvale
948:
908:
882:
856:
831:
806:
791:
776:
751:
556:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1221:. 21 January 1868. p. 164
737:
711:
685:
675:
649:
627:
605:
583:
548:
492:(1878–1947), N.S.W. politician
404:that, has not yet been found.
393:Governor of Victoria 1873–79.
155:69 km (43 mi) SW of
1:
917:"Victoria Government Gazette"
541:
323:Butcher's Bridge and Cox Town
161:80 km (50 mi) N of
61:
1247:. 25 July 1879. p. 1866
921:Victoria Government Gazettes
843:The Star (Ballarat Victoria)
7:
1339:Shire of Central Goldfields
1245:Victoria Government Gazette
183:Shire of Central Goldfields
167:8 km (5 mi) N of
18:Town in Victoria, Australia
10:
1695:
989:W., C. (14 October 1851).
382:Establishment of Bowenvale
239:
1674:Towns in Victoria (state)
1645:
1410:
1370:
1359:
1345:
724:State Library of Victoria
200:
188:
176:
143:
133:
118:
79:
48:
36:
23:
1266:Willis, Barbara (1988).
520:
244:
219:Central Goldfields Shire
1241:"TIMOR PUBLIC CEMETERY"
516:(1892-1971), footballer
510:(1871-1946), footballer
281:, which surrounded the
1189:Osborn, Betty (1995).
1164:Osborn, Betty (1995).
1130:Osborn, Betty (1995).
1029:Osborn, Betty (1995).
504:(1861–1937), cricketer
306:Early gold-winning era
103:36.98417°S 143.70917°E
233:, the state capital.
227:Maryborough, Victoria
169:Maryborough, Victoria
1303:at Wikimedia Commons
955:Tully, John (2016).
894:Mount Alexander Mail
798:James, G.F. (1969).
783:James, G.F. (1969).
471:a Bills horse trough
108:-36.98417; 143.70917
657:""Advertising p.3""
339:Primitive Methodist
202:Federal division(s)
190:State electorate(s)
99: /
1337:Localities in the
1097:. 16 November 1877
699:. 19 February 1862
663:. 12 November 1858
469:Also in Timor are
450:Points of interest
357:Shire of Tullaroop
317:Guangdong Province
313:Chinese immigrants
1661:
1660:
1441:Archdale Junction
1299:Media related to
896:. 22 October 1856
864:"CHINAMAN'S FLAT"
443:Church of England
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1071:. 18 August 1876
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769:978-0646-56278-0
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558:(28 June 2022).
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870:. 16 March 1857
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1215:"Gazette 9"
432:Broken Hill
421:World War I
414:beam engine
135:Postcode(s)
106: /
94:143°42′33″E
81:Coordinates
1668:Categories
1629:Timor West
1484:Daisy Hill
1386:Carisbrook
1277:0731621069
1200:0646244450
1175:0646244450
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597:2 November
542:References
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119:Population
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279:Tullaroop
271:Gladstone
231:Melbourne
151:Melbourne
91:36°59′3″S
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1559:Moliagul
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1411:Locality
1251:15 April
1000:15 April
936:cite web
926:15 April
667:14 April
359:and the
223:Victoria
163:Ballarat
144:Location
30:Victoria
1567:Moolort
1554:Majorca
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1479:Craigie
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1378:Bealiba
1225:21 July
1075:10 July
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818:The Age
729:10 July
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569:28 June
330:Dunolly
283:Borough
277:and of
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240:History
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207:Mallee
178:LGA(s)
1624:Timor
521:Notes
245:Names
215:Timor
195:Ripon
68:Timor
25:Timor
1423:Alma
1371:Town
1346:City
1272:ISBN
1253:2021
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1195:ISBN
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1054:1973
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1002:2021
961:ISBN
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643:2021
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571:2022
376:Alma
269:and
259:lead
139:3465
127:2021
122:68 (
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1507:Emu
363:).
265:of
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