1080:
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691:. Some stayed for the term of their contracts and then left for home, but there is evidence that others spent the rest of their lives in New South Wales, marrying and founding families that are only now rediscovering their Chinese heritage. A Gulgong resident who died at age 105 in 1911 had been in New South Wales since 1841 while in 1871 the Keeper of Lunacy still required the Amoy dialect from his interpreters. The British were conscious of jeopardising the stipulation that British subjects be allowed to reside in the newly opened treaty ports in China and they made this stipulation reciprocal. So as to avoid antagonising the ruling Qing dynasty, the British government often overruled the Australian colonies when they attempted to exclude Chinese immigration.
1088:
who refused to return to
Japanese-held areas and others were ethnic Chinese residents of the many Pacific islands evacuated in the face of the Japanese advance. Still, others included those with Australian birth who were able to leave Hong Kong and the villages on the approach of the Japanese. At the same time, the anti-Japanese War helped inspire the development of organizations focused on China rather than the districts and villages of people's origin only and aimed at making Australia aware of the danger of Japan and the need to assist China. A few of these organizations, such as the Chinese Youth League, survive to this day.
1260:
635:
1126:, in 1943 to propose "the elimination of undesirable elements which Darwin has suffered from far too much in the past" and stated that compulsory acquisition and conversion to leasehold should "entirely prevent the Chinese quarter forming again". He further observed that "if land is acquired from the former Chinese residents there is really no need for them to return as they have no other assets". The territory's civilian population had mostly been evacuated during the war and the former Chinatown residents returned to find their homes and businesses reduced to rubble.
1181:, allowed students from mainland China then resident to settle in Australia permanently. Since then, immigrants from mainland China and Taiwan have arrived in increasing numbers. New institutions were established for these arrivals and old ones such as the Chinese Chamber of Commerce revived; Chinese language newspapers were once again published. The equality of citizenship laws and family reunion immigration after 1972 meant that an imbalance of the sexes, once a dominant feature of the Chinese communities in Australia, was not an issue in these later migrations.
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827:
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777:. The population of the small town of Robe quickly doubled as it developed into a port of call for Chinese continuing onto the Victorian goldfields, while many others disembarked in Sydney and began to enter the NSW goldfields of the central districts. After arrival in South Australia, the large number probably in the thousands of Chinese miners then walked the long overland route to the Victorian goldfields. Parties of Chinese men would often pay for local guides to take them to the goldfields in what was a well organised exercise.
1226:. Chinese immigration has increased continuously from the 1990s and today the Chinese are the third largest group among immigrants. Since the mid-1990s, migration has become less permanent than it used to be, and goes in more than direction, a trend that pertains also to the Chinese. Students and academics are examples of this pattern. In 1990, Chinese settlers rarely returned permanently, but by 2002, the number of Hong Kong settlers leaving Australia for good equalled those arriving during that year.
54:
1152:
1036:
Act, visited their villages and established families throughout the first 30 years or so of the 20th century, relying on the minority of merchants to assist them to negotiate with the
Immigration Restriction Act bureaucracy. Only the rise of a new generation of Australian-born Chinese people, combined with new migrants that the merchants and others sponsored, both legally and illegally, prevented the Chinese populations in Australia from disappearing entirely.
968:
1246:
461:
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debt to clan leaders and/or to agents who accompanied them on the ship. Such methods of travel were known as credit-tickets. However, some
Chinese were able to pay their own way. These were often the wealthier city-born men who were coming to Australia to be merchants or work in an industry other than gold mining. From 1853 to 1855, thousands of Chinese disembarked in Melbourne and headed for the goldfields.
1045:
1274:
1143:
These changes, combined with the increased number of
Australian-born Chinese, the final return of the last of the domiciles who still wished to do so and the arrival of Chinese background students under the Colombo Plan from various parts of Asia, brought about the end of the dominance of south China in the link between China and Australia that had existed for nearly 100 years.
835:
contain
Chinese graves. To accommodate the Chinese funeral rituals that involve burning cemeteries around Australia allowed the construction of chimneys. These chimneys can still be found in cemeteries around the country today. Often the people in charge of the cemeteries were devout Christians, people who had an aversion to what they saw as pagan rituals.
1087:
During the inter-war period, Australian-born people of
Chinese background began to predominate over Chinese-born people for the first time. Numbers increased rapidly again when refugees consisting of ethnic Chinese toddlers began to enter Australia as the result of WW2. Some were Chinese crew members
1003:
which were distributed to
Chinese communities all over Australia and thanks to the many clan societies, Chinese Australians were a rather united group, in spite of the geographical distances. This can be seen by the colourful debates that went on within the community over the future of China. Some in
975:
By the time of
Australian Federation, there were around 29,000 ethnic Chinese in Australia: Chinese people in the capital cities of Sydney and Melbourne, were a significant group, running numerous stores, an import trade, societies and several Chinese language newspapers. There were also many Chinese
801:
In answer to these problems the parliaments of
Victoria and NSW had differing approaches. Victoria installed Chinese protectors modelled on a similar effort in Singapore in 1855. However, the Chinese miners resented the extra £1 per annum residency tax this system required and strong resistance meant
765:
in an effort to restrict
Chinese immigration. These restrictions, including a £10 poll tax on Chinese and a limit to Chinese passengers per tonnage of shipping, caused a reduction in ship owners' profitability, leading to an increase in the already high fares. The Act did limit the numbers of Chinese
1142:
In the post-war period, assimilation became the dominant policy and this led to some extension of rights with gradual changes to citizenship laws. At the same time cafes began to replace market gardens as the major source of employment and avenue for bringing in new migrants, both legal and illegal.
1035:
Continued discrimination, both legal and social, reduced the occupational range of Chinese people until market gardening, always a major occupation, became far and away the representative role of 'John Chinaman'. It was as gardeners that most pre-1901 now granted status as 'domiciles' under the 1901
980:
in Tasmania was also a venture that brought Chinese workers to the state. They were also part of an international community involved in political events in China such as sending delegates to a Peking Parliament or making donations at times of natural disaster. There were many Chinese Australians who
809:
These camps were their own little communities. To the Europeans these were notorious and exotic places. At the same time in China, opium addiction was rampant, some of the men brought this addiction with them to the goldfields. Two of the most common finds by modern fossickers in the area of Chinese
952:
During this period, furniture making became one of the largest industries for Chinese in Melbourne. At the height of this industry in Melbourne there were 175 firms, producing and selling Chinese made furniture. However, the Chinese success in this industry didn't last. Furniture makers of European
895:
Mining remained one of the biggest industries for Chinese in Australia but it was becoming more of a risky endeavor as the alluvial fields petered out. Chinese in the country towns either established themselves in other industries there or moved to the cities. Many of those opened stores and became
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caused great alarm among its politicians and gold seekers. In the Victorian parliament, it was argued that it was a security risk to have so many Chinese in the colony who were fighting the Europeans. But the real issue was fear of competition on the goldfields, and in 1855 the Victorian parliament
740:
The average voyage from Canton via Hong Kong to Sydney and Melbourne took about 3 months. It was a profitable exercise for the ship masters, and the more Chinese passengers they could fit on board the more money they could make from the passage fares. These fares were often paid through a system of
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in 1909-10 and while it makes only a passing mention of the White Australia Policy, has much to say on the political situation in China, and other cultural and political topics relating to the modernisation of China. At the same time, Chinese republican revolutionaries were operating in Australia,
887:
In the 1880s there was also a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment in the cities of Melbourne and Sydney. Earlier discontent had been curtailed by the segregationist policies in the rural protectorates and poorly reported in the urban publications. However, as more and more Chinese began moving from the
834:
As soon as the Chinese started arriving in Australia, they started dying here. Many wanted their remains to be sent back to China for spiritual and traditional reasons. Many families went to great lengths to see this achieved. Others however, were buried in Australia. Cemeteries around the country
813:
After the Gold rushes in Victoria, some Chinese moved into the other colonies to follow gold rushes there. New South Wales and Queensland hadn't followed Victoria in establishing Chinese related legislation. This could be seen as a cause for the Lambing Flats Riots and then later the same problems
805:
Thus in most of the goldfields of Victoria and NSW Chinese people were lived is so called "camps". The camps soon consisted of buildings similar to others but were the forerunners to later Chinatowns in many places. The organization of these camps was often done around clan, or dialect differences
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from Vietnam and Cambodia during the 1970s; this was followed by economic migrants from Hong Kong in the 1980s and 1990s, whose families often settled in Sydney while the breadwinner returned to Hong Kong to continue earning an income – a significant reversal of the traditional migration pattern.
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and by 1877 there were 20,000 Chinese there. The conditions and problems there were both similar to those in Victoria but also conditions were more extreme. After the ending of this Queensland rush, people either returned to China or dispersed. Many Chinese stayed in Queensland and worked hard to
1056:
branch of the KMT was a valuable source of information for Chinese Australians. Chinese Australians also showed the support for the republic with monetary donations. In 1913 Chinese Australians, Chinese New Zealanders and others in the Chinese diaspora in the Pacific donated £36,000 to China. A
785:
After finally arriving on the goldfields the Chinese goldseekers faced many hardships. There was a lot of anti-Chinese sentiment amongst the European miners. In July 1854 in the Bendigo Advertiser it was reported that William Denovan called for an uprising for the purpose of 'the driving of the
732:
had been known as 'old gold mountain' to the Chinese of Guangdong. The Australian rush was known as 'new gold mountain'. Chinese immigrants to Australia left such conditions as overpopulation and poverty. These issues impacted many parts of China, but immigrants to California and the Australian
802:
it had lapsed by 1861. After this the Victorian system was similar to that in NSW were Gold Commissioners in charge of the goldfields handled all disputes. In general this meant segregation to minimise the chances of conflict though again in reality many Chinese people lived where they choose.
681:
Between 1848 and 1853, over 3,000 Chinese workers on labour contracts arrived via the port of Sydney for employment in the New South Wales (then including Victoria and Queensland) countryside. Resistance to this cheap labour occurred as soon as it arrived, and, like such protests later in the
1750:
Hugo Graeme: "Recent trends in Chinese migration to Australia", Paul Jones (University of Melbourne): "New Pathways or Old Trajectories? The Chinese Diaspora in Australia, 1985 to 2005". Papers presented at workshop on Chinese in the Pacific: Where to Now? The Australian National University,
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industries were operating in Melbourne and north and south of Sydney in the 1850s, 1860s and 1870s. This provided Chinese people throughout New South Wales and Victoria with valuable seafood. By the 1890s Chinese people in Australia were represented in a wide variety of occupations including
892:. One of the most compelling arguments for federation amongst the public and politicians of the time was that a united immigration policy would secure the borders of all the Australian colonies. The Chinese 'pest' or 'menace' was the root of these immigration fears.
1067:
presented Chinese Australians with many unique challenges. It is by the outbreak of the war in 1914 it is estimated that there were less than 1000 Chinese Australian men of fighting age. Of these only about 198 men of Chinese ancestry managed to enlist in the
929:, though by this time the Chinese operated fishing industry seems to have disappeared. In this period Sydney and Melbourne's proportion of the Chinese residents of Australia had steadily increased. One prominent Chinese Australian at this time was gold seeker
846:
Cemetery, which opened in 1857, is significant for the way in which it incorporates a Chinese section into the original cemetery plan. Many other cemeteries have been redeveloped and the heritage and cultural diversity of their Chinese sections has been lost.
1503:
Anna Kyi‘“The most determined, sustained diggers’ resistance campaign”: Chinese protests against the Victorian Government's anti-Chinese legislation 1855-1862’, Provenance: The Journal of Public Record Office Victoria, issue no. 8, 2009. ISSN 1832-2522,
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Chinese regalia travelled around the country to be used by communities for Chinese new year and local events. In May 1901, to celebrate the sitting of the first federal parliament, Chinese people paraded two dragons through the streets.
1008:
believed China should keep a monarchy and they supported reform. Others believed China needed a republic and they supported Sun Yat-sen. The first Chinese-language novel to be published in Australia (and possibly anywhere in the West),
1606:
Price, Charles. 'Asian and Pacific Island Peoples of Australia' in Fawcett, James T and Cariño, Benjamin V. Pacific Bridges: The New Immigration From Asia and the Pacific Islands. New York: Centre for Migration Studies (1987), p.
1134:
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used Australia as a port of call on their trips to and from buying tea from China. These ships carried some ethnic Chinese sailors, and some historians have raised the possibility that they chose to disembark in the port of
1233:
behind the United Kingdom and New Zealand but with more migrants than from India. Between 2000–01 and 2005–06, the number of skilled migrants coming to Australia from China more than tripled, from 3,800 to 12,500 people.
1164:
The final end of the White Australia Policy saw new arrivals from the Chinese diaspora and for the first time significant numbers from non-Cantonese speaking parts of China. The first wave of arrivals were ethnic Chinese
786:
Chinese population off the Bendigo goldfield'. A riot was averted by the local police commissioner. However, this sort of sentiment was widespread throughout the Australian gold rushes. In 1857 this sentiment caused the
686:
opposition towards the ethnicity of the Chinese emigrants. Little is known of the habits of such men or their relations with other New South Wales residents except for those that appear in the records of the courts and
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country towns into the cities there was an equal rise in anti-Chinese sentiment. This resulted in another round of restrictive Acts in NSW in 1881 and 1888. It also contributed to a rising drive for the
1079:
702:
744:
Very few Chinese women came to Australia during this period. In 1861, at least 38,000 Chinese people lived in the Australian colonies with the vast majority being men. On the goldfields in
717:
The 1850s and 1860s saw the largest pre-federation Chinese migration to Australia, with numbers peaking around 40,000. These numbers were only reached again after the abolition of the
1448:
674:, with some having been kidnapped and brought to Australia. The practise was often referred to pejoratively as the 'sale of pigs'. In the 1850s, the opening of ports such as Amoy as
810:
camps are Chinese coins and opium pipes. However, the records of local health groups and hospitals show only low numbers of Chinese were ever treated for their opium addictions.
748:
in 1861 there were 5,367 Chinese men and only one Chinese woman. By 1861, there were around 40,000 Chinese people living in Australia, constituting 3.3% of the total population.
1024:
saw a need to dissuade the Chinese diaspora against supporting the republicans. Reflecting the political debate in China, Chinese Australians had by 1900 formed branches of the
766:
arriving in Victorian ports, with official Victorian records showing over 10,000 Chinese arrived in Victoria between 1853 and 1855 but only a few hundred in the next two years.
1761:
955:
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where this was applicable. While most of the men were from the Guangdong province, several different dialects and Chinese languages were present on the goldfields.
1399:
Darnell, Maxine, Life and labour for indentured Chinese shepherds in New South Wales, 1847-55: Journal of Australian Colonial History, Vol. 6, 2004, pp.137-158.
1676:
Alastair Kennedy. Chinese Anzacs, Australians of Chinese Descent in the Defence Forces 1885-1919. National Library of Australia. 2012. 978 0 646 59087 5. pg 13
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descent petitioned the government, saying Chinese furniture makers were hurting their livelihoods. The government of Victoria but not New South Wales passed a
1505:
658:. It was the increasing demand for cheap labour after convict transportation ceased in the 1840s that led to much larger numbers of Chinese men arriving as
1083:
A Chinese Australian woman wearing traditional qipao standing in the bushland with two borzoi dogs in the bushland of Bendigo, Victoria, Australia, 1930s
154:
489:
721:
in 1973. Gold was found at several places in Australia in 1851 but significant Chinese migration to join the diggers only began late in 1853.
1846:
709:
1841:
1445:
626:, a prominent pastoralist, employed three Chinese workers on his estates in the 1820s, though his records may well have neglected others.
338:
1743:
995:, however, froze the Chinese communities of the late 19th century into a slow decline. Thanks to Australian Chinese newspapers like the
1578:
Kirkman, Noreen, ‘Chinese Miners on the Palmer’, Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987, pp.49-62.
1557:
1123:
229:
149:
77:
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attributed the high level of tea drinking to 'the existence of an intercourse with China from the foundation of the Colony ...' Many
299:
769:
However, the numbers of Chinese on the Victorian goldfields continued to increase heavily. The Chinese were instead travelling to
105:
1076:. These men managed to enlist in spite of the policy that only those with significant European heritage were allowed to serve.
234:
82:
189:
100:
95:
90:
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1506:
https://prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/provenance-journal/provenance-2009/most-determined-sustained-diggers-resistance
1836:
1831:
1421:
1409:
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who was born in Guangzhou (Canton) in 1798 had arrived and after a period of working as a farmer, in 1829, he became the
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in Australia. This migration shaped and influenced Australian policies on immigration for over a century. Despite facing
427:
164:
129:
482:
1810:
1725:
1649:
Jones, P., "The View from the Edge: Chinese Australians and China, 1890 to 1949", in Ferrall, C. et al (ed.) (2005),
1626:
1534:
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1025:
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of the 1850s and 1860s, the numbers of Chinese in those colonies declined significantly. In 1873 in the far north of
362:
279:
1432:
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Table 8.3 Population(a), sex and country of birth, Qld, Census years, 1861 - 1891,
304:
284:
239:
219:
199:
124:
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1214:, www.oursteps.com.au) and FREEOZ (www.freeoz.org) also blossomed. Several Chinese Australians have received the
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541:
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169:
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63:
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letter of thank you to the Chinese Australians from the Finance Minister of the Republic is on display at the
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623:
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289:
224:
214:
174:
19:
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The ethnic Chinese such as Macarthur's employees were part of the varied mix of people that inhabited early
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1201:
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267:
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is possibly the most important example remaining in Australia of Chinese graves in their original state.
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194:
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1053:
447:
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350:
204:
1299:
876:
868:
549:
294:
209:
134:
1664:
1230:
587:
569:
507:
1740:
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1390:
Shirley Fitzgerald, Red Tape, Gold Scissors, State Library of NSW Press, Sydney, 1997, pp. 13-18.
1311:
938:
815:
557:
184:
72:
1804:
1099:
1011:
990:
880:
725:
718:
548:. The first recorded link between China and Australia occurred during the establishment of the
523:
515:
904:. In 1890, in NSW alone there were nearly 800 shops owned and run by the Chinese. Fishing and
1565:
1526:
1223:
1219:
774:
729:
634:
575:
563:
374:
1433:
712:
Bird's-eye view of Ballarat with Chinese gold miners in the foreground, 1858, by George Rowe
1331:
1229:
In 2005-6 China (not including Hong Kong or Macau) was the third major source of permanent
1158:
1138:
Number of permanent settlers arriving in Australia from mainland China since 1991 (monthly)
1058:
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when a party of Chinese men were the first to discover gold there and kept the find quiet.
659:
647:
643:
415:
244:
39:
8:
1316:
864:
591:
519:
410:
398:
391:
379:
343:
262:
1204:
also provides television and radio on weekends. Chinese Australian social websites like
1321:
1215:
1111:
1092:
826:
791:
773:, and between 1855 and 1857 thousands of Chinese landed in the Port of Adelaide and in
757:
595:
1422:
https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/assets/Uploads/a-z-publications/a-c/chinesehistory.pdf
1410:
https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/assets/Uploads/a-z-publications/a-c/chinesehistory.pdf
1721:
1696:
1632:
1622:
1530:
1519:
1107:
982:
918:
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The arrivals of large numbers of Chinese gold seekers into the only recently created
734:
403:
367:
355:
855:
1361:
1326:
1251:
1193:
1155:
795:
465:
179:
971:
Chinese Australians took part in parades to celebrate Federation in Melbourne 1901
1747:
1651:
1594:
1452:
1305:
1293:
1185:
1119:
1021:
770:
1587:
1287:
1279:
1189:
942:
934:
901:
1636:
510:. Significant Chinese emigration only began in earnest after the discovery of
1825:
1151:
1115:
962:
946:
922:
787:
688:
598:
53:
1265:
914:
675:
611:
607:
1064:
986:
930:
905:
553:
1558:"Historic Graves at Beechworth Cemetery Tours Denominational Layout Map"
18:"New Gold Mountain" redirects here. For the 2021 television series, see
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977:
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545:
1794:
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in the late 1870s where Chinese miners vastly outnumbered Europeans.
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colonies came mainly from the counties most proximate to the port of
639:
579:
139:
540:
Though some have theorised that northern Aboriginal Australians had
529:
1799:
1039:
897:
1166:
839:
751:
745:
1665:
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49488405?searchTerm=Australian
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926:
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603:
1102:
53 acres (21 ha) of land owned by Chinese-Australians in
976:
still working in the north of Queensland in the banana trade.
544:, the vast majority state that they interacted indirectly via
1816:
1621:. Translated by Ely Finch. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
511:
1762:"Migration: permanent additions to Australia's population"
1597:. National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
963:
Implementation of the White Australia Policy: 1901 to 1911
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facilitated the practice of importing indentured labour.
583:
1184:
Chinese newspapers are published in Australia and three
850:
662:, to work as shepherds for private landowners and the
1667:
Chinese KMT Fighting&searchLimits=l-australian=y
1652:
East by South: China in the Australasian Imagination
1241:
1218:
award and there are current representatives in both
821:
1072:. One of these was the famous and decorated sniper
838:The Chinese section of the White Hills cemetery in
586:and other Chinese goods to sell on their return to
1518:
1420:Michael Williams, Chinese Settlement in NSW, p.5,
1408:Michael Williams, Chinese Settlement in NSW, p.4,
1372:'Bigge Report, Remarks on Distillation, 28/1/1821.
1147:Re-migration and multiculturalism: 1973 to present
1129:
629:
1720:. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books. pp. 27–29.
1695:. National Library of Australia. pp. 35–37.
1434:https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS//mf/3105.0.65.001
921:, tobacco farmers, launderers, market gardeners,
666:. These workers mainly came from the province of
530:Earliest Chinese contact with Australia: pre-1848
1823:
1362:https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/first_fleet
1040:War, refugees and the Republic era: 1912 to 1949
959:that targeted Chinese working in that industry.
1718:Silent Invasion: China's Influence in Australia
1709:
780:
1616:
752:Chinese Restriction Act and The Walk from Robe
1209:
884:establish much of the northern banana trade.
694:
483:
1619:The Poison of Polygamy : A Social Novel
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
606:to start a new life in the colony. In 1818,
1470:"Brief History of the Chinese in Australia"
1360:The Dictionary of Sydney, The First Fleet,
724:Most Chinese who came to Australia for the
490:
476:
1643:
1375:
1817:Chinese Australian History in 88 Objects
1715:
1150:
1133:
1078:
1043:
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879:, after the discovery of gold there was
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633:
1766:4102.0 – Australian Social Trends, 2007
32:This article is part of a series on the
1824:
1525:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
1516:
1177:, the then Australian Prime Minister,
526:, Australians of Chinese descent have
1795:Chinese Australian Historical Society
1685:
851:From miners to artisans: 1877 to 1901
794:in NSW. There was also unrest around
1847:Australian people of Chinese descent
1510:
1462:
1438:
1200:. The Australian public broadcaster
830:White Hills Cemetery Chinese Section
542:dealings with ethnic Chinese traders
190:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
1842:History of immigration to Australia
1581:
992:Immigration Restriction Act of 1901
937:who ran a popular tea house in the
682:century, was heavily spurred on by
13:
1446:Australia-China: Not just 40 years
1296:, heritage-listed temple in Sydney
1290:, heritage-listed temple in Sydney
14:
1858:
1788:
1210:
1175:Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989
1097:Darwin Lands Acquisition Act 1945
1026:Chinese Empire Reform Association
859:Chinese market gardener, ca. 1893
822:Chinese burials on the goldfields
1272:
1258:
1244:
701:
524:restrictive immigration policies
459:
52:
1770:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1754:
1734:
1679:
1670:
1658:
1617:Wong Shee Ping (26 June 2019).
1610:
1600:
1572:
1550:
1517:Clarke, Francis Gordon (2002).
1497:
1488:
1130:Cafes to Citizens: 1949 to 1973
664:Australian Agricultural Company
638:Chinese immigrants arriving in
630:Indentured labour: 1848 to 1853
536:Makassan contact with Australia
1426:
1414:
1402:
1393:
1366:
1354:
1302:, City of Brisbane, Queensland
1028:to press for reform in China.
949:were two prominent merchants.
728:were from Southern China. The
1:
1562:www.beechworthcemetery.com.au
1347:
20:New Gold Mountain (TV series)
1444:Au-Yeung, W., et al(2012), "
781:Experience on the goldfields
582:with the intent to purchase
508:those from the British Isles
7:
1811:Chinese Australian Families
1237:
83:European exploration (land)
10:
1863:
1837:Chinese-Australian history
1832:Chinese-Australian culture
1124:Department of the Interior
1015:, appeared in Melbourne's
1004:Australia and notably the
695:Gold rush: 1850s and 1860s
578:in the colony, sailed for
533:
448:List of years in Australia
78:European exploration (sea)
17:
1337:Australia-China Relations
1300:Holy Triad Temple, Albion
574:, after depositing their
550:Colony of New South Wales
1716:Hamilton, Clive (2018).
1593:28 December 2013 at the
1521:The History of Australia
1494:Bendigo Advertiser, 1854
1106:, leading to the end of
941:in Sydney. In Melbourne
1746:5 December 2010 at the
1312:Chinatowns in Australia
956:Factories and Shops Act
939:Queen Victoria Building
890:Federation of Australia
816:Palmer River Goldfields
763:Chinese Restriction Act
520:societal discrimination
1308:, Atherton, Queensland
1192:channels broadcast in
1161:
1139:
1084:
1049:
1012:The Poison of Polygamy
972:
860:
831:
719:White Australia policy
651:
1686:Giese, Diana (1995).
1476:. La Trobe University
1474:Asian Studies Program
1231:migrants to Australia
1159:Melbourne's Chinatown
1154:
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1100:compulsorily acquired
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989:. The passing of the
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790:and in 1860-1861 the
775:Robe, South Australia
730:Californian Gold Rush
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552:. Three ships of the
1588:Harvest of Endurance
1332:History of Australia
1059:Golden Dragon Museum
660:indentured labourers
648:Little Bourke Street
466:Australia portal
65:Timeline and periods
1813:on Culture Victoria
1807:on Culture Victoria
1568:on 1 November 2014.
1317:Chinese Australians
1224:Federal parliaments
1122:, secretary of the
1108:the local Chinatown
925:, storekeepers and
516:sequent gold rushes
1451:2013-01-30 at the
1322:Chinese emigration
1216:Order of Australia
1162:
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1112:Northern Territory
1093:Chifley government
1085:
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1048:Sydney's Chinatown
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814:were found on the
792:Lambing Flat riots
758:Colony of Victoria
652:
596:East India Company
504:history of Chinese
363:Northern Territory
273:Chinese Australian
263:African Australian
230:Telecommunications
150:Capital punishment
1114:'s administrator
983:Xinhai Revolution
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280:Indigenous people
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1252:Australia portal
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705:
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180:Eureka Rebellion
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1774:. Retrieved
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1478:. Retrieved
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1266:China portal
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165:Constitution
155:Civil rights
135:Antisemitism
106:1945–present
30:
24:
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1542:6 September
1065:World War I
1052:In WW2 the
987:Sun Yat-sen
931:Wong Ah Sat
906:fish curing
761:passed the
656:Sydney Town
608:John Shying
559:Scarborough
554:First Fleet
305:Transgender
200:Immigration
130:Agriculture
42:History of
1826:Categories
1702:0642106339
1637:1101172962
1348:References
1173:After the
1074:Billy Sing
978:Tin mining
873:Queensland
863:After the
844:Beechworth
620:Parramatta
546:trepanging
534:See also:
375:Queensland
185:Federation
73:Prehistory
1741:Abstracts
1655:, pp.46ff
1459:, 2012(4)
1342:Jook-Sing
1198:Cantonese
1186:shortwave
1179:Bob Hawke
913:cutters,
898:merchants
865:Victorian
735:Hong Kong
726:gold rush
644:Chinatown
640:Melbourne
565:Charlotte
416:Melbourne
319:By region
175:Economics
170:Diplomacy
140:Anzac Day
101:1901–1945
96:1851–1900
91:1788–1850
45:Australia
1744:Archived
1591:Archived
1449:Archived
1238:See also
1206:Xīn Zújì
1194:Mandarin
1167:refugees
1020:and the
999:and the
616:The Lion
612:publican
576:convicts
514:and the
442:See also
411:Victoria
399:Tasmania
392:Adelaide
380:Brisbane
344:Canberra
300:Marriage
257:By group
240:Religion
220:Monarchy
215:Military
125:Abortion
927:drapers
902:hawkers
875:at the
840:Bendigo
746:Bendigo
588:Britain
332:Capital
145:Banking
1776:30 May
1724:
1699:
1635:
1625:
1533:
1110:. The
1104:Darwin
1054:Darwin
796:Ararat
684:racist
668:Fujian
650:, 1866
604:Sydney
590:. The
580:Canton
506:after
404:Hobart
368:Darwin
356:Sydney
225:Sports
205:Labour
160:Cinema
119:Topics
1693:(PDF)
1220:State
919:cooks
911:scrub
599:ships
428:Perth
290:Women
1778:2008
1722:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1633:OCLC
1623:ISBN
1544:2013
1531:ISBN
1482:2013
1222:and
1196:and
1188:and
1091:The
985:and
945:and
933:and
900:and
867:and
672:Amoy
568:and
522:and
512:gold
502:The
295:LGBT
210:LGBT
1607:176
1455:",
1211:新足迹
1202:SBS
1095:'s
1070:AIF
642:'s
618:in
614:of
584:tea
339:ACT
1828::
1768:.
1764:.
1631:.
1560:.
1529:.
1527:68
1472:.
1377:^
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1639:.
1546:.
1484:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
