97:
161:
609:
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depopulation. However, even after his retirement, so great was the esteem of his countrymen, that when important issues were under discussion, the by-now blind
Timoleon was carried to the assembly to give his opinion, which was usually accepted. He was buried at the cost of the citizens of Syracuse, who erected a monument to his memory in their market-place, afterwards surrounded with porticoes, and a gymnasium called Timoleonteum.
31:
133:, and because of the repeated conflicts with powerful Carthage, a group of Syracusans sent an appeal for help to Corinth, their mother city, which reached that city-state in 344 BC. Corinth agreed to help, but her chief citizens declined to accept the seemingly hopeless task of establishing a stable government in tyrannical, fractious, insecure, and turbulent Syracuse.
261:
Timoleon tended to play the democrat while using the methods of a tyrant (albeit benevolently), he notes that
Timoleon did make an effort to maintain the outward forms of democracy. Further, he reformed Syracuse in a democratic direction and demolished the stronghold of the island that had been so useful to tyrants in the past.
260:
gave
Timoleon high accolades in his work. However, Polybius, a historian with decided oligarchic sympathies, criticized Timaeus for bias in favour of Timoleon and many modern historians have sided with Polybius. Peter Green shares this scepticism but thinks it has gone too far. While he concedes that
238:
Timoleon established a new
Syracusan constitution. It was described at the time as democratic. However, for a short time he did have wide powers equivalent to a supreme commander. He invited settlers from mainland Greece to assist in the re-population of Syracuse and other Sicilian cities. During
136:
Timoleon, being named by an unknown voice in the
Corinthian popular assembly, was chosen by a unanimous vote to undertake the mission. He set sail for Sicily with seven ships, a few of the leading citizens of Corinth, and a small force of 700 Greek mercenaries. He eluded a Carthaginian squadron by an
116:
of
Corinth and effectively made himself tyrant of the city. In response, Timoleon, who had earlier heroically saved his brother's life in battle, and after repeatedly pleading with him to desist, became involved in the assassination of Timophanes. Most Corinthians approved his conduct as patriotic;
247:
Timoleon retired into private life shortly after the goals he set out to accomplish were met. He remained however almost universally admired for his brilliant victories, moderation, and the restoration of democracy after half a century of tyranny, suffering, near economic collapse, turmoil, and
272:
The
Syracusan people solemnise, at the cost of 200 minae, the funeral of this man . . .They have passed a vote to honour him for all future time. . .,—because, after having put down the despots, subdued the foreign enemy, and re-colonised the greatest among the ruined cities, he restored to the
183:
He at once began the work of restoration, beginning with the symbolic act of destroying the citadel constructed and used by the tyrants to oppress the people of
Syracuse, and replacing it with a courthouse. He brought new settlers to depopulated Sicily from all over Greece, and re-established a
264:
Timoleon's personal conduct throughout his life suggests a commitment to freedom and the rule of law. For instance, when taken to court on spurious grounds, he refused to be exempted, saying that this was the "precise purpose for which he had so long laboured and combated—in order that every
221:. His victory was made possible by the fact that the Carthaginian army had not yet completed the river crossing, so his small force only had to fight the elite part of the Carthaginian force. He was also aided by a violent storm at the backs of his troops but blinding to the Carthaginians.
224:
Later, Carthage dispatched mercenaries to prolong the conflict between
Timoleon and the Greek tyrants. But this ended in the defeat of Hicetas, who was taken prisoner and put to death. A treaty in 338 BC was agreed upon, by which Carthage was confined in Sicily to the west of the
179:
Hicetas now received help from
Carthage (60,000 men), but ill-success roused mutual suspicion; the Carthaginians abandoned Hicetas, who was besieged in Leontini, and who was then compelled to surrender. Timoleon was thus master of Syracuse.
229:
and undertook to give no further help to Sicilian tyrants. Most of the remaining tyrants were killed or expelled. This treaty gave the Greeks of Sicily many years of peace, restored prosperity, rule of law, and safety from Carthage.
117:
however, the tragic occurrence, the actual fratricide, the curses of his mother, and the indignation of some of his fellow citizens, drove him into a self-imposed early withdrawal from politics and civic life for twenty years.
217:. Against all odds, after being deserted by a part of his army who believed that facing a foe six times as large as their own was hopeless, Timoleon, at the head of his infantry, won a great and decisive
172:, an inland town, and driven back to Syracuse. After his initial unexpected success, Timoleon was sent reinforcements from Corinth and some north-western Greek states. Following the
268:
The historian George Grote wholeheartedly agrees with the following appraisal, given by a citizen of Syracuse at Timoleon's funeral, about three years after the Crimissus victory:
176:, Dionysius II surrendered Ortygia in 343 BC on the condition of his being granted a safe conduct to Corinth, where he ended his life as a private, well-off, citizen.
202:), who was chosen annually by lot out of three clans, was invested with the chief magistracy. The impress of Timoleon's reforms seems to have lasted to the days of
759:
213:). With a miscellaneous levy of about 12,000 men, most of them mercenaries, Timoleon marched westwards across the island to the neighbourhood of
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752:
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1432:
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Hicetas persuaded Carthage to send (340–339 BC) a great army of 70,000 men, which landed at Lilybaeum (now
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705:
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126:
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Syracusan citizen might be enabled to appeal to the laws and exercise freely his legal rights."
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1343:
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728:
47:
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Bicknell, P.J. "The Date of Timoleon's Crossing to Italy and the Comet of 361 B.C.",
8:
1127:
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910:
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142:
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Because of inner strife, the depredations and decline in Syracuse caused by the despots
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1304:
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Timoleon and the Revival of Greek Sicily, 344–317 B.C. (Cambridge Classical Studies)
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141:(now Taormina) in 344 BC, where he met with a friendly reception. At this time
76:, and a fighter against despotism, he is closely connected with the history of
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527:
Historians' History of the World, Editor: Henry Smith Williams vol 4 p207
239:
this period, Greek Sicily enjoyed a recovery in its economy and culture.
138:
633:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 989.
362:
160:
108:
Timoleon was a member of the Corinthian oligarchy. In the mid 360s BC,
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1209:
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339:
203:
146:
30:
614:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1313:
1308:
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970:
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663:, New Series, Vol. 34, No. 1. (1984), pp. 130–134.
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150:
1268:
1191:
1173:
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69:
149:, was master of Syracuse, with the exception of the island of
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1227:
1218:
1151:
980:
855:
840:
491:
197:
648:. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1952 (hardcover,
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363:"Timoleon's Mission to Sicily and its Political Background"
193:
184:
popular government on the basis of the democratic laws of
670:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975 (hardcover,
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456:
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452:
450:
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425:. New York: Oxford Paperback Reference. p. 403.
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521:
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112:, the brother of Timoleon, took possession of the
518:
1409:
767:
100:Timoleon sets sail for Sicily (as depicted in
1042:
753:
293:"Timoleon and the Reconstruction of Syracuse"
273:Sicilian Greeks their constitution and laws.
65:–337 BC) was a Greek statesman and general.
421:Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Tony (2000).
23:. For the South Australian journalist, see
1049:
1035:
760:
746:
16:Greek statesman and general (c.411–337 BC)
712:
703:
692:
619:
462:
321:
290:
159:
95:
29:
646:Timoleon and His Relations With Tyrants
1410:
251:
68:As a brilliant general, a champion of
1056:
1030:
741:
360:
591:
416:
414:
412:
410:
394:
392:
390:
388:
233:
168:Hicetas was defeated by Timoleon at
25:David Gordon (Australian politician)
324:"The Purpose of Timoleon's Mission"
13:
638:
565:
137:ingenious stratagem and landed at
14:
1459:
407:
398:
385:
328:The American Journal of Philology
607:
423:Who's Who in the Classical World
543:
530:
484:
468:
354:
315:
284:
37:Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
1:
242:
91:
59:
297:Cambridge Historical Journal
7:
1448:People of the Sicilian Wars
1428:4th-century BC Greek people
10:
1464:
1095:On the Malice of Herodotus
560:
492:
401:History of Greece, Vol. 11
198:
18:
1388:
1352:
1111:
1065:
776:
157:, still nominally ruler.
131:his son who succeeded him
120:
322:Westlake, H. D. (1949).
291:Westlake, H. D. (1942).
277:
219:victory on the Crimissus
192:, or priest of Olympian
153:, which was occupied by
54:), son of Timodemus, of
1353:Translators and editors
661:The Classical Quarterly
630:Encyclopædia Britannica
508:A Greek–English Lexicon
227:Halycus (Platani) river
199:ἀμφίπολος Διὸς Ὀλυμπίου
19:For the racehorse, see
1438:Ancient Greek generals
726:position next held by
361:Kagan, Donald (1960).
275:
256:The ancient historian
165:
105:
40:
871:Demetrius of Phalerum
699:Dionysius the Younger
499:Liddell, Henry George
270:
163:
99:
33:
678:); 2008 (paperback,
1433:Ancient Corinthians
1128:Alexander the Great
551:Alexander to Actium
538:Alexander to Actium
481:, vol. 7 pp. 575-6.
252:Tyrant or democrat?
102:Children's Plutarch
1365:Arthur Hugh Clough
706:Tyrant of Syracuse
585:Historical Library
166:
106:
41:
1405:
1404:
1392:Comparison extant
1322:Tiberius Gracchus
1088:De genio Socratis
1024:
1023:
736:
735:
732:
592:Secondary sources
572:Cornelius Nepos,
475:History of Greece
234:Ruler of Syracuse
174:siege of Syracuse
1455:
1443:Sicilian tyrants
1375:Philemon Holland
1264:Cato the Younger
1144:Aratus of Sicyon
1051:
1044:
1037:
1028:
1027:
769:Ancient Athenian
762:
755:
748:
739:
738:
725:
690:
689:
666:Talbert, R.J.A.
634:
613:
611:
610:
600:Life of Timoleon
581:Diodorus Siculus
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547:
541:
534:
528:
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164:Sicily in 431 BC
64:
61:
21:Timoleon (horse)
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1408:
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1401:
1384:
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1335:Aemilius Paulus
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1103:Pseudo-Plutarch
1061:
1055:
1025:
1020:
772:
766:
727:
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716:
709:
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644:Westlake, H.D.
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639:Further reading
623:, ed. (1911). "
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566:Primary sources
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513:Perseus Project
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399:Grote, George.
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1418:410s BC births
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1395:Four unpaired
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1326:Gaius Gracchus
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1165:Cato the Elder
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1074:Parallel Lives
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34:Timoleon from
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1426:
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1423:337 BC deaths
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714:Succeeded by:
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684:0-521-03413-2
681:
677:
676:0-521-20419-4
673:
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654:0-7190-1217-1
651:
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616:public domain
605:
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569:
553:, pp. 219-20.
552:
549:Peter Green,
546:
539:
536:Peter Green,
533:
524:
522:
514:
510:
509:
504:
503:Scott, Robert
500:
496:
487:
480:
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463:Chisholm 1911
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367:The Historian
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303:(2): 73–100.
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49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
26:
22:
1396:
1380:Thomas North
1340:Themistocles
1330:
1291:Gaius Marius
1135:
1079:
1072:
1005:
986:Themistocles
906:Eratosthenes
826:Callistratus
811:Aristogeiton
718:
717:
713:
704:
697:
694:Preceded by:
693:
667:
660:
645:
628:
599:
587:, xvi.65–90.
584:
573:
550:
545:
537:
532:
506:
486:
479:George Grote
474:
470:
422:
400:
370:
366:
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334:(1): 65–75.
331:
327:
317:
300:
296:
286:
271:
267:
263:
255:
246:
237:
223:
208:
189:
182:
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155:Dionysius II
145:, tyrant of
135:
124:
107:
101:
67:
43:
42:
35:
1370:John Dryden
1251:Philopoemen
1188:Demosthenes
996:Thrasybulus
976:Pisistratus
886:Demosthenes
846:Cleisthenes
836:Chremonides
771:politicians
710:345–337 BC
373:(1): 1–22.
139:Tauromenium
127:Dionysius I
1412:Categories
1255:Flamininus
1148:Artaxerxes
1123:Coriolanus
1119:Alcibiades
1016:Xanthippus
1001:Thucydides
991:Theramenes
926:Hypereides
921:Hyperbolus
876:Demochares
816:Aristophon
791:Alcibiades
729:Agathocles
598:Plutarch,
432:0192801074
243:Retirement
190:amphipolos
110:Timophanes
92:Early life
63: 411
1318:Cleomenes
1305:Sertorius
1278:Poplicola
1273:Agesilaus
1246:Marcellus
1242:Pelopidas
1179:Demetrius
1161:Aristides
1057:Works of
1011:Timotheus
951:Moerocles
946:Miltiades
901:Ephialtes
896:Echedemos
831:Charmides
806:Aristides
796:Andocides
786:Agyrrhius
781:Aeschines
731:in 320 BC
720:oligarchy
493:ἀμφίπολος
379:0018-2370
348:0002-9475
309:1474-6913
114:acropolis
1344:Camillus
1331:Timoleon
1237:Lycurgus
1224:Lysander
1215:Lucullus
1210:Pericles
1059:Plutarch
1006:Timoleon
966:Philinus
961:Pericles
941:Lysicles
936:Lycurgus
881:Democles
851:Cleophon
821:Autocles
801:Archinus
625:Timoleon
574:Timoleon
204:Augustus
147:Leontini
104:, 1900)
82:Syracuse
74:Carthage
72:against
52:Τιμολέων
44:Timoleon
1309:Eumenes
1300:Theseus
1296:Romulus
1287:Pyrrhus
1260:Phocion
1170:Crassus
1081:Moralia
971:Phocion
911:Eubulus
866:Demades
861:Critias
618::
561:Sources
540:p. 219.
511:at the
258:Timaeus
215:Selinus
211:Marsala
186:Diocles
170:Adranum
151:Ortygia
143:Hicetas
56:Corinth
1269:Pompey
1206:Fabius
1201:Brutus
1192:Cicero
1183:Antony
1174:Nicias
956:Nicias
931:Laches
916:Hagnon
682:
674:
652:
612:
429:
377:
346:
307:
188:. The
121:Sicily
78:Sicily
70:Greece
1397:Lives
1282:Solon
1228:Sulla
1219:Cimon
1152:Galba
1112:Lives
1066:Works
981:Solon
891:Draco
856:Cleon
841:Cimon
278:Notes
48:Greek
1342:and
1333:and
1320:and
1314:Agis
1307:and
1298:and
1289:and
1280:and
1271:and
1262:and
1253:and
1244:and
1235:and
1233:Numa
1226:and
1217:and
1208:and
1199:and
1197:Dion
1190:and
1181:and
1172:and
1163:and
1156:Otho
1150:and
1137:life
1130:and
1121:and
680:ISBN
672:ISBN
650:ISBN
427:ISBN
375:ISSN
344:ISSN
305:ISSN
194:Zeus
129:and
627:".
336:doi
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520:^
505:;
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