338:
current. As the electron moves away from a wire, it induces a current in the opposite direction, producing an output "bump" of the opposite sign as the first. The result is a bipolar signal. In contrast, signals for a collection plane wire are unipolar, since electrons do not pass by the wire but are instead "collected" by it. For both of these geometries, a larger signal amplitude implies that more drift electrons either passed by the wire (for induction planes) or were collected by it (for the collection plane).
287:− 1 planes are called induction planes. These are set at lower (more negative) potentials than the outer plane, allowing drift electrons to pass through them, inducing signals that are used for event reconstruction. The outer plane is called the collection plane because the drift electrons are collected on these wires, producing additional signals. Having multiple planes with different wire orientations permits two-dimensional event reconstruction, while the third dimension is found from electron drift times.
302:) for an event. With this trigger time, one can then find electron drift times, which enables three-dimensional reconstruction of an event. While such systems are not the only means by which a LArTPC can identify a trigger time, they are necessary for studying phenomena like supernovae and proton decay, where the particles undergoing decay or interaction are not produced in a human-made accelerator and the timing of a beam of particles is therefore not known.
17:
260:
244:
motivations for using liquid argon as a sensitive medium is its density. Liquid argon is around one thousand times denser than the gas used in Nygren's TPC design, which increases the likelihood of a particle interacting in a detector by a factor of around one thousand. This feature is particularly useful in
883:
Fenker, H.; Baillie, N.; Bradshaw, P.; Bueltmann, S.; Burkert, V.; Christy, M.; Dodge, G.; Dutta, D.; Ent, R.; Evans, J.; Fersch, R.; Giovanetti, K.; Griffioen, K.; Ispiryan, M.; Jayalath, C.; Kalantarians, N.; Keppel, C.; Kuhn, S.; Niculescu, G.; Niculescu, I.; Tkachenko, S.; Tvaskis, V.; Zhang, J.
294:
A light-collection system often accompanies the basic LArTPC as a means of extracting more information from an event by scintillation light. It can also play an important role in triggering, because it collects scintillation light only nanoseconds after the particle passes through the detector. This
278:
On the side opposite of the cathode plane is a set of anode wire planes set at potentials much higher (less negative) than that of the cathode. Each plane is separated from its neighbors by a small gap, usually on the order of 1 cm. A plane consists of many parallel conducting wires spaced by a
795:
Ahlen, S.; Battat, J.B.R.; Caldwell, T.; Deaconu, C.; Dujmic, D.; Fedus, W.; Fisher, P.; Golub, F.; Henderson, S.; Inglis, A.; Kaboth, A.; Kohse, G.; Lanza, R.; Lee, A.; Lopez, J.; Monroe, J.; Sahin, T.; Sciolla, G.; Skvorodnev, N.; Tomita, H.; Wellenstein, H.; Wolfe, I.; Yamamoto, R.; Yegoryan, H.
853:
Demonchy, C. E.; Mittig, W.; Savajols, H.; Roussel-Chomaz, P.; Chartier, M.; Jurado, B.; Giot, L.; Cortina-Gil, D.; Caamaño, M.; Ter-Arkopian, G.; Fomichev, A.; Rodin, A.; Golovkov, M. S.; Stepantsov, S.; Gillibert, A.; Pollacco, E.; Obertelli, A.; Wang, H. (2007). "MAYA, a gaseous active target".
290:
The third part is a field cage between the cathode and anode. This field cage maintains a uniform electric field between the cathode and the anode, so that drift electron trajectories deviate as little as possible from the shortest path between the point of ionization and the anode plane. This is
243:
when an energetic charged particle passes by, releasing a number of scintillation photons that is proportional to the energy deposited in the argon by the passing particle. Liquid argon is also relatively inexpensive, making large-scale projects economically feasible. However, one of the primary
337:
For a given anode plane wire, the signal produced will have a specific form that depends on whether the wire is located in an induction plane or in a collection plane. As a drift electron moves toward a wire in an induction plane, it induces a current in the wire, producing a "bump" in output
921:
Laird, A. M.; Amaudruz, P.; Buchmann, L.; Fox, S. P.; Fulton, B. R.; Gigliotti, D.; Kirchner, T.; Mumby-Croft, P. D.; Openshaw, R.; Pavan, M. M.; Pearson, J.; Ruprecht, G.; Sheffer, G.; Walden, P. (2007). "Status of TACTIC: A detector for nuclear astrophysics".
208:, proposed one of the earliest uses of liquid argon in a time projection chamber (LArTPC). Chen's initial goals with such a detector were to study neutrino-elecron scattering, but the goals evolved to measure solar or cosmic neutrinos or proton decay.
295:
is comparatively (on the order of 1000 times) shorter than the time taken by the freed electrons to drift to the wire planes, so it is often sufficient to demarcate the collection time of scintillation photons as a trigger time (
341:
The signal readout of all of the wires in a given anode plane can be organized into a 2D picture of a particle interaction. Such a picture is a projection of the 3D particle interaction onto a 2D plane whose
142:
In recent years other means of position-sensitive electron amplification and detection have become more widely used, especially in conjunction with the increased application of time projection chambers in
279:
few millimeters, and the angle at which the wires are oriented relative to the vertical varies from plane to plane. Together, these planes read out signals from the drift electrons. For a detector with
330:. The other end of the resistor is wired to a bias voltage, and the other end of the capacitor is wired to the front-end electronics. The front-end electronics amplify and digitize the
390:. The experiment uses a low-pressure time projection chamber in order to extract the original direction of potential dark matter events. The collaboration includes physicists from the
84:-filled detection volume in an electric field with a position-sensitive electron collection system. The original design (and the one most commonly used) is a cylindrical chamber with
193:. This critical technology enabled the possibility of a time projection chamber based on Nygren's original design, but using liquid argon as the sensitive medium instead of gas.
115:
coordinate (along the cylinder axis) is determined by measuring the drift time from the ionization event to the MWPC at the end. This is done using the usual technique of a
346:
is parallel to the wires in the specified anode plane. The 2D projections corresponding to each of the anode planes are combined to fully reconstruct the 3D interaction.
158:
Earlier researchers in particle physics also usually made use of a more simplified box-shaped geometry arranged directly above or below the beam line, such as in the
406:. Several prototype detectors have been built and tested in laboratories at MIT and BU. The collaboration took its first data in an underground laboratory at the
155:. These newer TPCs also depart from the traditional geometry of a cylinder with an axial field in favour of a flat geometry or a cylinder with a radial field.
275:
at which this is set is dependent on the detector geometry, this high-voltage cathode typically produces a drift field of 500 V/cm across the detector.
962:
Acciarri, R.; et al. (2015). "Summary of the Second
Workshop on Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber Research and Development in the United States".
612:
572:
73:
in the late 1970s. Its first major application was in the PEP-4 detector, which studied 29 GeV electron–positron collisions at the PEP storage ring at
182:
434:
227:
Liquid argon is advantageous as a sensitive medium for several reasons. The fact that argon is a noble element and therefore has a vanishing
148:
51:
together with a sensitive volume of gas or liquid to perform a three-dimensional reconstruction of a particle trajectory or interaction.
334:
in the circuit. This amplified and digitized current as a function of time is the "signal" that is passed to the event reconstruction.
417:
Dark Matter Time
Projection Chamber published first results from a surface run in 2010, setting a spin-dependent cross section limit.
924:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
886:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
856:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
1059:
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103:
is often applied along the length of the cylinder, parallel to the electric field, in order to minimize the diffusion of the
383:
359:
74:
796:(January 2011). "First dark matter search results from a surface run of the 10-L DMTPC directional dark matter detector".
403:
438:
367:
205:
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are examples of instruments used to collect this light. These are typically positioned just outside the drift volume.
570:
Chen, H.H.; Lathrop, J.F. (1978). "Observation of ionization of electrons drifting large distances in liquid argon".
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of the gas. On passing through the detector gas, a particle will produce primary ionization along its track. The
21:
539:
70:
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The technique itself was first developed for radiation detection using argon in the early 1970s. The
781:
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253:
370:
series of detectors represent the state-of the art implementation of this instrument in physics.
307:
240:
152:
88:(MWPC) as endplates. Along its length, the chamber is divided into halves by means of a central
679:
1051:
768:
303:
267:
The body of a typical LArTPC is formed of three parts. On one side of the detector is a high-
540:"A Neutrino detector sensitive to rare processes. I. A Study of neutrino electron reactions"
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931:
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cathode plane, used to establish a drift electric field across the TPC. Although the exact
8:
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Doke, T. (1993). "A historical view on the R&D for liquid rare gas detectors".
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intended to prevent distortion of particle trajectory during event reconstruction.
454:
David R. Nygren, 1985: Physics: For the development of experimental techniques in
197:
166:
162:
144:
66:
1032:
680:"The Liquid-Argon Time Projection Chamber: A new concept for neutrino detectors"
647:
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905:
875:
495:
100:
96:
48:
44:
954:
The Liquid-Argon Time
Projection Chamber: A New Concept For Neutrino Detectors
1070:
884:(2008). "BoNus: Development and use of a radial TPC using cylindrical GEMs".
343:
215:
independently, and nearly simultaneously, proposed to construct an LArTPC at
116:
1037:
651:
239:
will not be absorbed as they drift toward the detector readout. Argon also
212:
89:
85:
1009:
Joshi, J.; Qian, X. (2015). "Signal
Processing in the MicroBooNE LArTPC".
387:
355:
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185:
demonstrated that total absorption calorimetry was possible in liquid
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147:. These usually combine a segmented anode plate with either just a
104:
810:
538:
Chen, H.H.; Condon, P.E.; Barish, B.C.; Sciulli, F.J. (May 1976).
318:
In a typical LArTPC, each wire in each anode plane is part of an
268:
249:
136:
124:
32:
496:"Liquid-Argon Ionization Chambers as Total-Absorption Detectors"
458:
and especially for the invention of the Time
Projection Chamber
882:
189:
detectors without the amplification that normally occurs in a
16:
363:
186:
120:
43:) is a type of particle detector that uses a combination of
694:
216:
159:
25:
794:
263:
A diagram of LArTPC design and basic operating principles
139:
plane is divided into strips along the radial direction.
81:
920:
358:
programme pioneered the use of two-phase technology for
537:
131:, which provides information on the radial coordinate,
373:
99:
between the center and the end plates. Furthermore, a
435:"The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award: 1980's Laureates"
1052:"Back to the Beginning, The Time Projection Chamber"
151:
or an active electron-multiplication element like a
613:
573:
222:
173:The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC)
1068:
386:(WIMPs), one of the most favored candidates for
1030:
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219:for rare event particle physics experiments.
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322:, with the wire itself located between the
119:. The MWPC at the end is arranged with the
666:
563:
135:. To obtain the azimuthal direction, each
1014:
1008:
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809:
480:
478:
382:is an experiment for direct detection of
961:
743:Katz, R.; Kobetich, E. J. (1970-10-31).
709:
528:
494:Willis, W.J.; Radeka, V. (14 May 1974).
258:
80:A time projection chamber consists of a
15:
640:
1069:
1033:"The time projection chamber turns 25"
950:
677:
648:"The time projection chamber turns 25"
605:
603:
484:Fenker et al. 2008, Laird et al. 2007.
475:
468:
466:
54:
1060:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
745:"Particle Tracks in Condensed Matter"
727:
548:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
392:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
609:
384:weakly interacting massive particles
600:
463:
404:Royal Holloway University of London
380:Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber
374:Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber
13:
1024:
427:
206:California Institute of Technology
14:
1088:
1050:Jeffery Kahn (22 February 1999).
1031:Spencer Klein (27 January 2004).
349:
313:
65:The original TPC was invented by
202:University of California, Irvine
86:multi-wire proportional chambers
788:
736:
501:Nuclear Instruments and Methods
994:10.1088/1748-0221/10/07/T07006
828:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.11.041
223:Detector design and properties
1:
846:
283:anode wire planes, the inner
634:10.1016/0168-9002(93)91423-K
594:10.1016/0029-554x(78)90132-5
522:10.1016/0029-554X(74)90039-1
71:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
69:, an American physicist, at
7:
408:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
191:gaseous ionization detector
95:disc, which establishes an
10:
1093:
964:Journal of Instrumentation
944:10.1016/j.nima.2006.10.384
906:10.1016/j.nima.2008.04.047
876:10.1016/j.nima.2006.11.025
733:Joshi, J., Qian, X., 2015.
678:Rubbia, C. (16 May 1977).
58:
687:CERN EP Internal Reports
420:
308:silicon photomultipliers
248:physics, where neutrino–
200:, with collaborators at
551:. Proposal P-496: 42 pp
439:US Department of Energy
153:gas electron multiplier
37:time projection chamber
776:Cite journal requires
264:
28:
724:Acciarri et al. 2015.
472:Demonchy et al. 2007.
304:Photomultiplier tubes
262:
235:produced by ionizing
19:
412:Carlsbad, New Mexico
306:, light guides, and
986:2015JInst..10.7006A
951:Rubbia, C. (1977).
936:2007NIMPA.573..306L
898:2008NIMPA.592..273F
868:2007NIMPA.573..145D
820:2011PhLB..695..124D
626:1993NIMPA.327..113D
586:1978NucIM.150..585C
514:1974NucIM.120..221W
400:Brandeis University
55:The original design
1077:Particle detectors
654:. 27 December 2004
273:electric potential
265:
29:
798:Physics Letters B
410:(WIPP) site near
396:Boston University
229:electronegativity
179:William J. Willis
61:Particle detector
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441:. Archived from
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107:coming from the
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1025:Further reading
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414:in Fall, 2010.
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198:Herbert H. Chen
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145:nuclear physics
67:David R. Nygren
63:
57:
49:magnetic fields
45:electric fields
20:The TPC of the
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508:(2): 221–236.
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362:searches. The
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350:Dual-phase TPC
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314:Signal readout
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254:cross sections
224:
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101:magnetic field
97:electric field
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24:experiment at
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1016:1511.00317v1
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769:cite journal
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699:. Retrieved
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656:. Retrieved
652:CERN Courier
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553:. Retrieved
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447:. Retrieved
443:the original
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252:interaction
241:scintillates
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213:Carlo Rubbia
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90:high-voltage
79:
64:
40:
36:
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1056:Sciencebeat
388:dark matter
256:are small.
231:means that
149:Frisch grid
127:direction,
977:1504.05608
892:(3): 273.
847:References
658:29 January
555:28 January
449:2007-08-18
320:RC circuit
109:ionization
59:See also:
811:1006.2928
328:capacitor
237:radiation
233:electrons
211:In 1977,
196:In 1976,
177:In 1974,
125:azimuthal
105:electrons
93:electrode
1071:Category
836:56067102
650:. CERN:
324:resistor
246:neutrino
204:and the
1002:1396121
982:Bibcode
932:Bibcode
894:Bibcode
864:Bibcode
816:Bibcode
761:4750759
697:: 15 pp
622:Bibcode
582:Bibcode
510:Bibcode
394:(MIT),
332:current
269:voltage
250:nucleon
137:cathode
33:physics
1000:
914:920093
912:
834:
759:
402:, and
398:(BU),
356:ZEPLIN
1011:arXiv
998:S2CID
972:arXiv
832:S2CID
806:arXiv
701:4 May
693:(8).
683:(PDF)
543:(PDF)
421:Notes
364:XENON
187:argon
121:anode
22:ALICE
1045:(1).
910:OSTI
782:help
757:OSTI
703:2022
695:CERN
660:2017
618:A327
557:2017
378:The
366:and
360:WIMP
326:and
217:CERN
181:and
167:NA35
165:and
163:NA49
160:CERN
75:SLAC
47:and
35:, a
26:CERN
990:doi
940:doi
928:573
902:doi
890:592
872:doi
860:573
824:doi
802:695
749:doi
630:doi
590:doi
578:150
518:doi
506:120
368:LUX
82:gas
41:TPC
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1054:.
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592::
584::
559:.
524:.
520::
512::
300:0
297:t
285:N
281:N
133:r
129:θ
113:z
39:(
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