ALICE experiment - Knowledge

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expected from the measurements in proton–proton reactions. ALICE has recently published the measurement of charged particles in central heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. As at RHIC, the production of high-pT hadrons at the LHC is strongly suppressed. However, the observations at the LHC show qualitatively new features. The observation from ALICE is consistent with reports from the ATLAS and CMS collaborations on direct evidence for parton energy loss within heavy-ion collisions using fully reconstructed back-to-back jets of particles associated with hard parton scatterings. The latter two experiments have shown a strong energy imbalance between the jet and its recoiling partner (G Aad et al. 2010 and CMS collaboration 2011). This imbalance is thought to arise because one of the jets traversed the hot and dense matter, transferring a substantial fraction of its energy to the medium in a way that is not recovered by the reconstruction of the jets.

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different rapidity region. Below 1 GeV/c, electrons can be identified via a combination of particle identification detector (PID) measurements in the TPC and time of flight (TOF). In the momentum range 1–10 GeV/c, the fact that electrons may create TR when travelling through a dedicated "radiator" can be exploited. Inside such a radiator, fast charged particles cross the boundaries between materials with different dielectric constants, which can lead to the emission of TR photons with energies in the X-ray range. The effect is tiny and the radiator has to provide many hundreds of material boundaries to achieve a high enough probability to produce at least one photon. In the ALICE TRD, the TR photons are detected just behind the radiator using MWPCs filled with a xenon-based gas mixture, where they deposit their energy on top of the ionization signals from the particle's track.

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hydrodynamic equations. The fireball formed in nuclear collisions at the LHC is hotter, lives longer and expands to a larger size than the medium that was formed in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. Multiplicity measurements by the ALICE experiment show that the system initially has much higher energy density and is at least 30% hotter than at RHIC, resulting in about double the particle multiplicity for each colliding nucleon pair (Aamodt et al. 2010a). Further analyses, in particular including the full dependence of these observables on centrality, will provide more insights into the properties of the system – such as initial velocities, the equation of state and the fluid viscosity – and strongly constrain the theoretical modelling of heavy-ion collisions.

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chirally symmetrical state of the QGP. A surprising near-side, long-range (elongated in pseudorapidity) correlation, forming a ridge-like structure observed in high-multiplicity pp collisions, was also found in high-multiplicity p–Pb collisions, but with a much larger amplitude. However, the biggest surprise came from the observation that this near-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially symmetrical away-side ridge, opposite in azimuth (CERN Courier March 2013 p6). This double ridge was revealed after the short-range correlations arising from jet fragmentation and resonance decays were suppressed by subtracting the correlation distribution measured for low-multiplicity events from the one for high-multiplicity events.

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decomposition of the single-particle azimuthal distribution. To test the possible presence of collective phenomena further, the ALICE collaboration has extended the two-particle correlation analysis to identified particles, checking for a potential mass ordering of the v2 harmonic coefficients. Such an ordering in mass was observed in heavy-ion collisions, where it was interpreted to arise from a common radial boost – the so-called radial flow – coupled to the anisotropy in momentum space. Continuing the surprises, a clear particle-mass ordering, similar to the one observed in mid-central Pb–Pb collisions (CERN Courier, September 2013), has been measured in high-multiplicity p–Pb collisions.

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presence of the Quark Gluon Plasma, in which there are many free color charges, are not able to see each other any more and therefore they cannot form bound states. The "melting" of quarkonia into the QGP manifests itself in the suppression of the quarkonium yields compared to the production without the presence of the QGP. The search for quarkonia suppression as a QGP signature started 25 years ago. The first ALICE results for charm hadrons in PbPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy √sNN = 2.76 TeV indicate strong in-medium energy loss for charm and strange quarks that is an indication of the formation of the hot medium of QGP.

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ALICE DAQ is called DATE (ALICE Data Acquisition and Test Environment). DATE is already in use today, during the construction and testing phase of the experiment, while evolving gradually towards the final production system. Moreover, AFFAIR (A Flexible Fabric and Application Information Recorder) is the performance monitoring software developed by the ALICE Data Acquisition project. AFFAIR is largely based on open source code and is composed of the following components: data gathering, inter-node communication employing DIM, fast and temporary round robin database storage, and permanent storage and plot generation using ROOT.

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highly energetic parton (a color charge) probes the colored medium rather like an X-ray probes ordinary matter. The production of these partonic probes in hadronic collisions is well understood within perturbative QCD. The theory also shows that a parton traversing the medium will lose a fraction of its energy in emitting many soft (low energy) gluons. The amount of the radiated energy is proportional to the density of the medium and to the square of the path length travelled by the parton in the medium. Theory also predicts that the energy loss depends on the flavor of the parton.

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particle identification detector (HMPID) measures the faint light patterns generated by fast particles and the TRD measures the special radiation very fast particles emit when crossing different materials, thus allowing to identify electrons. Muons are measured by exploiting the fact that they penetrate matter more easily than most other particles: in the forward region a very thick and complex absorber stops all other particles and muons are measured by a dedicated set of detectors: the muon spectrometer.

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losses and so do not produce electromagnetic showers. Also, because they are leptons, they are not subject to strong interactions with the nuclei of the material they traverse. This behavior is exploited in muon spectrometers in high-energy physics experiments by installing muon detectors behind the calorimeter systems or behind thick absorber materials. All charged particles other than muons are completely stopped, producing electromagnetic (and hadronic) showers.

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to Quark-Gluon Plasma formation. In the presence of a deconfined medium (i.e. QGP) with high enough energy density, quarkonium states are dissociated because of colour screening. This leads to a suppression of their production rates. At the high LHC collision energy, both the charmonium states (J/Ψ and Ψ′) as well as the bottomonium states (ϒ, ϒ′ and ϒ′′) can be studied. The Dimuon spectrometer is optimized for the detection of these heavy quark resonances.

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mechanisms of energy loss that occur in the medium and the dependencies of energy loss on the parton species, iii) the dissociation of quarkonium states which can be a probe of deconfinement and of the temperature of the medium and finally the production of thermal photons and low-mass dileptons emitted by the QGP which is about assessing the initial temperature and degrees of freedom of the systems as well as the chiral nature of the phase transition.

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QGP. Quarkonium sequential suppression is therefore considered as a QGP thermometer, as states with different masses have different sizes and are expected to be screened and dissociated at different temperatures. However - as the collision energy increases - so does the number of charm-anticharm quarks that can form bound states, and a balancing mechanism of recombination of quarkonia may appear as we move to higher energies.

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momentum distributions of the emitted particles. A correlation between the measured azimuthal momentum distribution of particles emitted from the decaying fireball and the initial spatial asymmetry can arise only from multiple interactions between the constituents of the created matter; in other words it tells us about how the matter flows, which is related to its equation of state and its thermodynamic transport properties.

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Provided the momentum is also known, the mass of the particle can then be derived from these measurements. The ALICE TOF detector is a large-area detector based on multigap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) that cover a cylindrical surface of 141 m, with an inner radius of 3.7 metres (12 ft). There are approximately 160,000 MRPC pads with time resolution of about 100 ps distributed over the large surface of 150 m.

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Pairs of muons are used to collect the spectrum of heavy-quark vector-meson resonances (J/Psi). Their production rates can be analysed as a function of transverse momentum and collision centrality in order to investigate dissociation due to colour screening. The acceptance of the ALICE Muon Spectrometer covers the pseudorapidity interval 2.5 ≤ η ≤ 4 and the resonances can be detected down to zero transverse momentum.

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track in a magnetic field. To obtain the particle velocity, there exists four methods based on measurements of time-of-flight and ionization, and on detection of transition radiation and Cherenkov radiation. Each of these methods works well in different momentum ranges or for specific types of particle. In ALICE all of these methods may be combined in order to measure, for instance, particle spectra.

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lead nuclei participating in the interaction – the suppression no longer increases. Therefore, despite the higher temperatures attained in the nuclear collisions at the LHC, more J/ψ mesons are detected by the ALICE experiment in Pb–Pb with respect to p–p. Such an effect is likely to be related to a regeneration process occurring at the temperature boundary between the QGP and a hot gas of hadrons.

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bottom of the solenoid magnet, which currently houses three modules of the photon spectrometer (PHOS). Moreover, an entirely new rail system and cradle will be installed to support the three PHOS modules and eight DCAL modules, which together weigh more than 100 tonnes. The installation of five modules of the TRD will follow and so complete this complex detector system, which consists of 18 units.

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use of this effect and in general consist of two main elements: a radiator in which Cherenkov radiation is produced and a photon detector. Ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors resolve the ring-shaped image of the focused Cherenkov radiation, enabling a measurement of the Cherenkov angle and thus the particle velocity. This in turn is sufficient to determine the mass of the charged particle.

106: 1091: 1181: 338: 779:(R&D) effort. As with other LHC experiments, the challenges of heavy-ion physics at the LHC required advancements beyond existing technology. In some cases, it would take a technological break through in order to accomplish the initial designs of the project. A well organized R&D effort, sustained over most of the 1990s, led to significant advances in detectors, 263: 1738: 1446: 416: 1220:) located at the end plates. This gives the radial distance to the beam and the azimuth. The last coordinate, z along the beam direction, is given by the drift time. Since energy-loss fluctuations can be considerable, in general many pulse-height measurements are performed along the particle track in order to optimize the resolution of the ionization measurement. 1509:

point on both sides, exactly along the beam line. The ZN is placed at zero degree with respect to the LHC beam axis, between the two beam pipes. That is why we call them Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC). The ZP is positioned externally to the outgoing beam pipe. The spectator protons are separated from the ion beams by means of the dipole magnet D1.

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2.5 GB/s and a storage capability of up to 1.25 GB/s, giving a total of more than 1 PByte of data every year. As shown in the figure, ALICE needs a data storage capacity that by far exceeds that of the current generation of experiments. This data rate is equivalent to six times the contents of the Encyclopædia Britannica every second.

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requires understanding the medium modification of quarkonia and disentangling hot and cold-matter effects. Today there is a large amount of data available from RHIC and LHC on charmonium and bottomonium suppression and ALICE tries to distinguish between effects due to the formation of the QGP and those from cold nuclear matter effects.

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Silicon Strip Detector (SSD)), the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) measure at many points the passage of each particle carrying an electric charge and give precise information about the particle's trajectory. The ALICE barrel tracking detectors are embedded in a magnetic field of

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The analysis of the data from the p-Pb collisions at the LHC revealed a completely unexpected double-ridge structure with so far unknown origin. The proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions in 2013, two years after its heavy-ion collisions opened a new chapter in exploration of the properties of the deconfined,

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The results from the first ALICE run are rather striking, when compared with the observations from lower energies. While a similar suppression is observed at LHC energies for peripheral collisions, when moving towards more head-on collisions – as quantified by the increasing number of nucleons in the

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Finally, the ALICE experiment Mass Storage System (MSS) combines a very high bandwidth (1.25 GB/s) and every year stores huge amounts of data, more than 1 Pbytes. The mass storage system is made of: a) Global Data Storage (GDS) performing the temporary storage of data at the experimental pit; b)

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ALICE had to design a data acquisition system that operates efficiently in two widely different running modes: the very frequent but small events, with few produced particles encountered during proton-proton collisions and the relatively rare, but extremely large events, with tens of thousands of new

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The muon spectrometer in the forward region of ALICE features a very thick and complex front absorber and an additional muon filter consisting of an iron wall 1.2 m thick. Muon candidates selected from tracks penetrating these absorbers are measured precisely in a dedicated set of tracking detectors.

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The simplicity of the construction allows a large system to be built with an overall TOF resolution of 80 ps at a relatively low cost (CERN Courier November 2011 p8). This performance allows the separation of kaons, pions and protons up to momenta of a few GeV/c. Combining such a measurement with the

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Charged particles crossing the gas of the TPC ionize the gas atoms along their path, liberating electrons that drift towards the end plates of the detector. The characteristics of the ionization process caused by fast charged particles passing through a medium can be used for particle identification.

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The ALICE collaboration presented its first results from LHC proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV in March 2010. The results confirmed that the charged-particle multiplicity is rising with energy faster than expected while the shape of the multiplicity distribution is not reproduced

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The hardware of the ALICE DAQ system is largely based on commodity components: PCs running Linux and standard Ethernet switches for the eventbuilding network. The required performances are achieved by the interconnection of hundreds of these PCs into a large DAQ fabric. The software framework of the

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The ALICE forward muon spectrometer studies the complete spectrum of heavy quarkonia (J/Ψ, Ψ′, ϒ, ϒ′, ϒ′′) via their decay in the μ+μ– channel. Heavy quarkonium states, provide an essential tool to study the early and hot stage of heavy-ion collisions. In particular they are expected to be sensitive

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is a Particle shower detector which measures the multiplicity and spatial distribution of photons produced in the collisions. It utilizes as a first layer a veto detector to reject charged particles. Photons on the other hand pass through a converter, initiating an electromagnetic shower in a second

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The super-modules are inserted into an independent support frame situated within the ALICE magnet, between the time-of-flight counters and the magnet coil. The support frame itself is a complex structure: it weighs 20 tons and must support five times its own weight, with a maximum deflection between

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The photons (particles of light), like the light emitted from a hot object, tell us about the temperature of the system. To measure them, special detectors are necessary: the crystals of the PHOS, which are as dense as lead and as transparent as glass, will measure them with fantastic precision in a

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Cherenkov radiation is a shock wave resulting from charged particles moving through a material faster than the velocity of light in that material. The radiation propagates with a characteristic angle with respect to the particle track, which depends on the particle velocity. Cherenkov detectors make

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In addition to the information given by ITS and TPC, more specialized detectors are needed: the TOF measures, with a precision better than a tenth of a billionth of a second, the time that each particle takes to travel from the vertex to reach it, so that one can measure its speed. The high momentum

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The identification of electrons and positrons is achieved using a transition radiation detector (TRD). In a similar manner to the muon spectrometer, this system enables detailed studies of the production of vector-meson resonances, but with extended coverage down to the light vector-meson ρ and in a

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Almost all of the TPC's volume is sensitive to the traversing charged particles, but it features a minimum material budget. The straightforward pattern recognition (continuous tracks) make TPCs the perfect choice for high-multiplicity environments, such as in heavy-ion collisions, where thousands of

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The ITS was inserted at the heart of the ALICE experiment in March 2007 following a large phase of R&D. Using the smallest amounts of the lightest material, the ITS has been made as lightweight and delicate as possible. With almost 5 m of double-sided silicon strip detectors and more than 1 m of

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In the case of lead–lead collisions, the configurations of the quarks and gluons that make up the protons and neutrons of the incoming lead nucleus can be somewhat different of those in the incoming protons. In order to study if part of the effects observed when comparing lead–lead and proton–proton

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The first p–Pb measurement campaign, expected results were widely accompanied by unanticipated observations. Among the expected results is the confirmation that proton–nucleus collisions provide an appropriate tool to study the partonic structure of cold nuclear matter in detail. The surprises have

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As the temperature increases so does the colour screening resulting in greater suppression of the quarkonium states as it is more difficult for charm – anticharm or bottom – antibottom to form new bound states. At very high temperatures no quarkonium states are expected to survive; they melt in the

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In heavy-ion collisions at the LHC, the ALICE collaboration found that the hot matter created in the collision behaves like a fluid with little friction, with η/s close to its lower limit (almost zero viscosity). With these measurements, ALICE has just begun to explore the temperature dependence of

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ALICE T0 serves as a start, trigger and luminosity detector for ALICE. The accurate interaction time (START) serves as the reference signal for the Time-of-Flight detector that is used for particle identification. T0 supplies five different trigger signals to the Central Trigger Processor. The most

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Finally, we need to know how powerful the collision was: this is done by measuring the remnants of the colliding nuclei in detectors made of high density materials located about 110 metres on both sides of ALICE (the ZDCs) and by measuring with the FMD, V0 and T0 the number of particles produced in

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Calorimeters measure the energy of particles, and determine whether they have electromagnetic or hadronic interactions. Particle identification in a calorimeter is a destructive measurement. All particles except muons and neutrinos deposit all their energy in the calorimeter system by production of

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The MRPCs are parallel-plate detectors built of thin sheets of standard window glass to create narrow gas gaps with high electric fields. These plates are separated using fishing lines to provide the desired spacing; 10 gas gaps per MRPC are needed to arrive at a detection efficiency close to 100%.

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produced by a huge magnetic solenoid bending the trajectories of the particles. From the curvature of the tracks one can derive their momentum. The ITS is so precise that particles which are generated by the decay of other particles with a long (~.1 mm before decay) life time can be identified

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The EMCal is a lead-scintillator sampling calorimeter comprising almost 13,000 individual towers that are grouped into ten super-modules. The towers are read out by wavelength-shifting optical fibers in a shashlik geometry coupled to an avalanche photodiode. The complete EMCal will contain 100,000

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When high energy photons strike lead tungstate, they make it glow, or scintillate, and this glow can be measured. Lead tungstate is extremely dense (denser than iron), stopping most photons that reach it. The crystals are kept at a temperature of 248 K, which helps to minimize the deterioration of

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Charged particles are identified in ALICE by Time-Of-Flight (TOF). TOF measurements yield the velocity of a charged particle by measuring the flight time over a given distance along the track trajectory. Using the tracking information from other detectors every track firing a sensor is identified.

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Charged hadrons (in fact, all stable charged particles) are unambiguously identified if their mass and charge are determined. The mass can be deduced from measurements of the momentum and of the velocity. Momentum and the sign of the charge are obtained by measuring the curvature of the particle's

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The ALICE TRD was designed to derive a fast trigger for charged particles with high momentum and can significantly enhance the recorded yields of vector mesons. For this purpose, 250,000 CPUs are installed right on the detector to identify candidates for high-momentum tracks and analyse the energy

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The main upgrade activity on ALICE during LHC's Long Shutdown 1 was the installation of the dijet calorimeter (DCAL), an extension of the existing EMCAL system that adds 60° of azimuthal acceptance opposite the existing 120° of the EMCAL's acceptance. This new subdetector will be installed on the

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The final surprise, so far, comes from the charmonium states. Whereas J/ψ production does not reveal any unexpected behaviour, the production of the heavier and less-bound (2S) state indicates a strong suppression (0.5–0.7) with respect to J/ψ, when compared with p–p collisions. Is this a hint of

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Quarkonia are bound states of heavy flavour quarks (charm or bottom) and their antiquarks. Two types of quarkonia have been extensively studied: charmonia, which consist of a charm quark and an anti-charm, and bottomonia made of a bottom and an anti-bottom quark. Charm and anticharm quarks in the

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The suppression of charmonium states was also observed in proton-lead collisions at the LHC, in which Quark Gluon Plasma is not formed. This suggests that the observed suppression in proton-nucleus collisions (pA) is due to cold nuclear matter effects. Grasping the wealth of experimental results

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Jet quenching was first observed at RHIC by measuring the yields of hadrons with high transverse momentum. These particles are produced via fragmentation of energetic partons. The yields of these high-pT particles in central nucleus–nucleus collisions were found to be a factor of five lower than

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V0 is made of two arrays of scintillator counters set on both sides of the ALICE interaction point, and called V0-A and V0-C. The V0-C counter is located upstream of the dimuon arm absorber and cover the spectrometer acceptance while the V0-A counter will be located at around 3.5 m away from the

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The ZDCs are calorimeters which detect the energy of the spectator nucleons in order to determine the overlap region of the two colliding nuclei. It is composed of four calorimeters, two to detect protons (ZP) and two to detect neutrons (ZN). They are located 115 meters away from the interaction

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Muons may be identified using the just described technique by using the fact that they are the only charged particles able to pass almost undisturbed through any material. This behavior is connected to the fact that muons with momenta below a few hundred GeV/c do not suffer from radiative energy

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If a dense medium (large refractive index) is used, only a thin radiator layer of the order of a few centimetres is required to emit a sufficient number of Cherenkov photons. The photon detector is then located at some distance (usually about 10 cm) behind the radiator, allowing the cone of

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A basic process in QCD is the energy loss of a fast parton in a medium composed of color charges. This phenomenon, "jet quenching", is especially useful in the study of the QGP, using the naturally occurring products (jets) of the hard scattering of quarks and gluons from the incoming nuclei. A

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The measured azimuthal distribution of particles in momentum space can be decomposed into Fourier coefficients. The second Fourier coefficient (v2), called elliptic flow, is particularly sensitive to the internal friction or viscosity of the fluid, or more precisely, η/s, the ratio of the shear

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The physics program of ALICE includes the following main topics: i) the study of the thermalization of partons in the QGP with focus on the massive charming beauty quarks and understanding the behavior of these heavy quarks in relation to the strongly coupled medium of QGP, ii) the study of the

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PHOS is a high-resolution electromagnetic calorimeter installed in ALICE to provide data to test the thermal and dynamical properties of the initial phase of the collision. This is done by measuring photons emerging directly from the collision. PHOS covers a limited acceptance domain at central

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An ensemble of cylindrical barrel detectors that surround the nominal interaction point is used to track all the particles that fly out of the hot, dense medium. The Inner Tracking System (ITS) (consisting of three layers of detectors: Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD), Silicon Drift Detector (SDD),

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A key design consideration of ALICE is the ability to study QCD and quark (de)confinement under these extreme conditions. This is done by using particles, created inside the hot volume as it expands and cools down, that live long enough to reach the sensitive detector layers situated around the

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ALICE has recently presented plans for an upgraded Inner Tracking System, mainly based on building a new silicon tracker with greatly improved features in terms of determination of the impact parameter (d0) to the primary vertex, tracking efficiency at low pT and readout rate capabilities. The

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Off-center nuclear collisions, with a finite impact parameter, create a strongly asymmetric "almond-shaped" fireball. However, experiments cannot measure the spatial dimensions of the interaction (except in special cases, for example in the production of pions, see). Instead, they measure the

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In 2011, the ALICE Collaboration measured the size of the system created in Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair. ALICE confirmed that the QCD matter created in Pb-Pb collisions behaves like a fluid, with strong collective motions that are well described by

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in the vicinity of the anode wires strung in the readout chambers, gives the necessary signal amplification. The positive ions created in the avalanche induce a positive current signal on the pad plane. The readout is performed by the 557 568 pads that form the cathode plane of the multi-wire

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The ALICE cosmic ray trigger is made of 60 scintillator modules distributed on the three upper faces of the ALICE magnet yoke. The array can be configured to trigger on single or multi-muon events, from 2-fold coincidences up to the whole array if desired. ACORDE's high luminosity allows the

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and Brookhaven with lighter ions in the 1980s. Today's program at these laboratories has moved on to ultra-relativistic collisions of heavy ions, and it is just reaching the energy threshold at which the phase transition is expected to occur. The LHC, with a centre-of-mass energy around 5.5

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Similar long-range structures in heavy-ion collisions have been attributed to the collective flow of particles emitted from a thermalized system undergoing a collective hydrodynamic expansion. This anisotropy can be characterized by means of the vn (n = 2, 3, ...) coefficients of a Fourier

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The ALICE data acquisition system needs to balance its capacity to record the steady stream of very large events resulting from central collisions, with an ability to select and record rare cross-section processes. These requirements result in an aggregate event building bandwidth of up to

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The FMD consist of 5 large silicon discs, each with 10,240 individual detector channels to measure the charged particles emitted at small angles relative to the beam. FMD provides an independent measurement of the orientation of the collisions in the vertical plane, which can be used with

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for the first time. It will also give a better understanding of the quark mass dependence of in-medium energy loss and offer a unique capability of measuring the beauty quarks while also improving the beauty decay vertex reconstruction. Finally, the upgraded ITS will give us the chance to

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The ALICE collaboration has plans for a major upgrade during the next long shutdown, LS2, which was scheduled for 2018. Then the entire silicon tracker will be replaced by a monolithic-pixel tracker system built from ALPIDE chips; the time-projection chamber will be upgraded with gaseous

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electromagnetic or hadronic showers. Photons, electrons and positrons deposit all their energy in an electromagnetic calorimeter. Their showers are indistinguishable, but a photon can be identified by the non-existence of a track in the tracking system that is associated to the shower.

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important of these is the T0 vertex providing prompt and accurate confirmation of the location of the primary interaction point along the beam axis within the set boundaries. The detector is also used for online luminosity monitoring providing fast feedback to the accelerator team.

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The upgrade project requires an extensive R&D effort by our researchers and collaborators all over the world on cutting-edge technologies: silicon sensors, low-power electronics, interconnection and packaging technologies, ultra-light mechanical structures and cooling units.

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deposition associated with them as quickly as possible (while the signals are still being created in the detector). This information is sent to a global tracking unit, which combines all of the information to search for electron–positron track pairs within only 6 μs.

854:. Lead ions are accelerated to more than 99.9999% of the speed of light. Collisions at the LHC are 100 times more energetic than those of protons, heating up matter in the interaction point to a temperature almost 100,000 times higher than the temperature in the 1512:

The ZDCs are "spaghetti calorimeters", made by a stack of heavy metal plates grooved to allocate a matrix of quartz fibers. Their principle of operation is based on the detection of Cherenkov light produced by the charged particles of the shower in the fibers.

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All of these efforts are to ensure that ALICE is in good shape for the three-year LHC running period after LS1, when the collaboration looks forward to heavy-ion collisions at the top LHC energy of 5.5 TeV/nucleon at luminosities in excess of 1027 Hz/cm.

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In addition to these mainstream detector activities, all of the 18 ALICE subdetectors underwent major improvements during LS1 while the computers and discs of the online systems are replaced, followed by upgrades of the operating systems and online software.

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It is used to estimate the centrality of the collision by summing up the energy deposited in the two disks of V0. This observable scales directly with the number of primary particles generated in the collision and therefore to the centrality.

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The first lead–proton run at the LHC lasted for one month and data help ALICE physicists to decouple the effects of the plasma from effects that stem from cold nuclear matter effects and shed more light on the study of the quark–gluon plasma.

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The detector is needed to be a general-purpose, capable of measuring a wide range of signals, with flexibility for additions and modifications as new research avenues emerged. To combat these challenges, ALICE included support for a number of

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well by standard simulations. The results were based on the analysis of a sample of 300,000 proton–proton collisions the ALICE experiment collected during the first runs of the LHC with stable beams at a centre-of-mass energy, √s, of 7 TeV,

1106:. The layers surround the collision point and measure the properties of the particles emerging from the collisions, pin-pointing their position of passage to a fraction of a millimetre. With the help of the ITS, particles containing heavy 1416:

The EMCal covers almost the full length of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber and central detector, and a third of its azimuth placed back-to-back with the ALICE Photon Spectrometer – a smaller, highly granular lead-tungstate calorimeter.

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effects of the medium? Indeed, in heavy-ion collisions, such a suppression has been interpreted as a sequential melting of quarkonia states, depending on their binding energy and the temperature of the QGP created in these collisions.

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and switched to accelerating lead-ion beams. Each lead nucleus contains 82 protons, and the LHC accelerates each proton to an energy of 3.5 TeV, thus resulting in an energy of 287 TeV per beam, or a total collision energy of 574 TeV.

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electron-multiplier (GEM) detectors for continuous read-out and the use of new microelectronics; and all of the other subdetectors and the online systems will prepare for a 100-fold increase in the number of events written to tape.

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come from the similarity of several observables between p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions, which hint at the existence of collective phenomena in p–Pb collisions with high particle multiplicity and, eventually, the formation of QGP.

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The ALICE cavern provides an ideal place for the detection of high energy atmospheric muons coming from cosmic ray showers. ACORDE detects cosmic ray showers by triggering the arrival of muons to the top of the ALICE magnet.

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limited region, while the PMD and in particular the EMCal will measure them over a very wide area. The EMCal will also measure groups of close particles (called "jets") which have a memory of the early phases of the event.

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being empty and being fully loaded of only a couple of centimeters. Installation of the eight-ton super-modules requires a system of rails with a sophisticated insertion device to bridge across to the support structure.

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The short-living heavy particles cover a very small distance before decaying. This system aims at identifying these phenomena of decay by measuring the location where it occurs with a precision of a tenth of millimetre.

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Up to 3,000 charged particles were emitted from each collision, shown here as lines radiating from the collision point. The colors of the lines indicate how much energy each particle carried away from the collision.

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In order to identify all the particles that are coming out of the system of the QGP ALICE is using a set of 18 detectors that give information about the mass, the velocity and the electrical sign of the particles.

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detector layer where they produce large signals on several cells of its sensitive volume. Hadrons on the other hand normally affect only one cell and produce a signal representing minimum-ionizing particles.

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The Forward Multiplicity Detector (FMD) extends the coverage for multiplicity of charge particles into the forward regions, giving ALICE the widest coverage of the 4 LHC experiments for these measurements.

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particles have to be tracked simultaneously. Inside the ALICE TPC, the ionization strength of all tracks is sampled up to 159 times, resulting in a resolution of the ionization measurement as good as 5%.

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As of 2024, the ALICE Collaboration has more than 1,900 members coming from 174 institutes in 39 countries. The present detector weights about 10,000 tons and is 26 m long, 16 m high, and 16 m wide.

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Permanent Data Storage (PDS) for long-term archive of data in the CERN Computing Center and finally from The Mass Storage System software managing the creation, the access and the archive of data.

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The Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter (EM-Cal) will add greatly to the high momentum particle measurement capabilities of ALICE. It will extend ALICE's reach to study jets and other hard processes.

1078:" of the event) but rather from a point at a distance of as small as a tenth of a millimeter. This allows us to measure, for example, bottom quarks which decay into a relatively long-lived 1569:

With ACORDE, the ALICE Experiment has been able to detect muon bundles with the highest multiplicity ever registered as well as to indirectly measure very high energy primary cosmic rays.

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counters (T0-C and T0-A) positioned at the opposite sides of the interaction point (IP). Each array has 12 cylindrical counters equipped with a quartz radiator and a photomultiplier tube.

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calorimeter (DCAL), was installed. All 18 of the existing sub-detectors were upgraded, and the infrastructure, including the electrical and cooling systems, received major renovations.

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Multiwire proportional counters or solid-state counters are often used as detection medium, because they provide signals with pulse heights proportional to the ionization strength. An

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The main components of the ALICE muon spectrometer: an absorber to filter the background, a set of tracking chambers before, inside and after the magnet and a set of trigger chambers.

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upgraded ITS will open new channels in the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma formed at LHC which are necessary in order to understand the dynamics of this condensed phase of the QCD.

1056:. However, this technique is not suitable for hadron identification as it does not allow distinguishing the different charged hadrons that are produced in Pb–Pb collisions. 1307:

PID information from the ALICE TPC has proved useful in improving the separation between the different particle types, as figure 3 shows for a particular momentum range.

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In 2014, the ALICE detector underwent a major consolidation program and upgrade during the long shutdown of CERN's accelerator complex. A new sub-detector, the

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viscosity (η) to entropy (s) of the system. For a good fluid such as water, the η/s ratio is small. A "thick" liquid, such as honey, has large values of η/s.

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V0 is also used as reference in Van Der Meer scans that give the size and shape of colliding beams and therefore the luminosity delivered to the experiment.

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and understanding its evolution are expected to shed light on how matter is organized, the mechanisms that confine quarks and gluons, and the nature of the

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Proton-Lead ion collision recorded by the ALICE Experiment on 13 September 2012 at a center of mass energy per colliding nucleon-nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV.

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Front face of the ZN calorimeter: One of the two ZN calorimeters during assembly. The quartz fibers are hosted in the 1936 grooves of the W-alloy slabs.

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A technology for mass production of PWO crystals has been developed in close cooperation between CERN, the Apatity plant and RRC "Kurchatov Institute".

388: 1656:η/s and we anticipate many more in-depth flow-related measurements at the LHC that will constrain the hydrodynamic features of the QGP even further. 996:

collisions is due to this configuration difference rather than the formation of the plasma. Proton–lead collisions are an ideal tool for this study.

1017:, etc. and to determine their charge. This involves making the most of the (sometimes slightly) different ways that particles interact with matter. 809:

In 2010, ALICE recorded data from the first lead–lead collisions at the LHC. Data sets taken during heavy-ion periods in 2010 and 2011, along with

988:, and begun with centered orbits with different revolution frequencies, and then separately ramped to the accelerator's maximum collision energy. 17: 795:

that were not initially required. Various major detection systems have been added over the years, including the muon spectrometer in 1995, the

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The first collisions in the center of the ALICE, ATLAS and CMS detectors took place less than 72 hours after the LHC ended its first run of

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The quark–gluon plasma produced by these experiments approximates the conditions in the universe that existed microseconds after the

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RICH detector, with an active area of 11 m. A prototype was successfully tested at CERN in 1997 and currently takes data at the

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collided protons with lead ions for the LHC's first physics beams of 2013. The experiment was conducted by counter-rotating beams of

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Events recorded by the ALICE experiment from the first lead ion collisions, at a centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair.

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light to expand and form the characteristic ring-shaped image. Such a proximity-focusing RICH is installed in the ALICE experiment.

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determination. This method for particle identification works well only for certain particles, and is used for example by the large

630:. These collisions mimic extreme temperature and energy density that would have been found in the fractions of a second after the 2538: 2104: 3025: 2493: 225: 3149: 197: 850:

During head-on collisions of lead ions at the LHC, hundreds of protons and neutrons collide at energies of upwards of a few

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interaction region. ALICE's physics programme relies on being able to identify all of them, i.e. to determine if they are

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become asymptotically free. The droplet of QGP instantly cools, and the individual quarks and gluons (collectively called

722:, where they are not. The reverse of this transition is believed to have occurred when the universe was approximately one 124: 116: 3212: 1492:

the collision and their spatial distribution. T0 also measures with high precision the time when the event takes place.

883:) recombine into a mixture of ordinary matter that speeds away in all directions. The debris contains particles such as 204: 3232: 1433: 3227: 2432: 1819: 1793: 317: 299: 281: 244: 178: 142: 92: 78: 1801: 772:

designed in 1995. In 1997, ALICE was allowed to proceed towards final design and construction by the LHC Committee.

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ALICE also wants to know the identity of each particle, whether it is an electron, or a proton, a kaon or a pion.

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to determine the speed of particles beyond the momentum range available through energy loss (in ITS and TPC,

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In a "traditional" experiment, particles are identified or at least assigned to families (charged or neutral

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recording of cosmic events with very high multiplicity of parallel muon tracks, the so-called muon bundles.

595:. The experiment is designed to study the conditions that are thought to have existed immediately after the 3197: 2800: 1236:

The completed ALICE detector showing the eighteen TRD modules (trapezoidal prisms in a radial arrangement).

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ALICE was first proposed as a central detector in 1993 and later complemented by an additional forward

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individual scintillator tiles and 185 kilometers of optical fiber, weighing in total about 100 tons.

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by seeing that they do not originate from the point where the interaction has taken place (the "

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When the two lead nuclei collide, matter undergoes a transition to briefly form a droplet of

755: 743: 588: 441: 84: 2352: 2252: 1998: 1110:(charm and beauty) can be identified by reconstructing the coordinates at which they decay. 676:

matter. The results obtained by ALICE support the understanding of the interactions between

2976: 2622: 1248: 1028:(EM) and a hadronic calorimeter and finally a muon system. The detectors are embedded in a 611: 8: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3005: 2879: 2276: 1550: 1165: 677: 2635: 2626: 2608: 1136:

silicon drift detectors, it is the largest system using both types of silicon detector.

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crystals, similar to the ones used by CMS, read out using Avalanche Photodiodes (APD).

1212: 864:, which is believed to have filled the universe a few microseconds after the Big Bang. 693: 673: 665: 600: 558: 2526: 2178: 2033: 747: 746:

was first discussed at the meeting "Towards the LHC experimental Programme" hosted in

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Computer generated cut-away view of ALICE showing the 18 detectors of the experiment.

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smashed its first lead ions in 2010, on 7th November at around 12:30 a.m. CET.

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the energy resolution due to noise and to optimize the response for low energies.

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The velocity dependence of the ionization strength is connected to the well-known

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Searching for quark–gluon plasma and a deeper understanding of the QCD started at

3103: 3058: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2810: 2805: 2766: 2717: 2712: 2590: 2473: 2416: 2374: 2340: 2264: 2228: 2209: 1204:, which describes the average energy loss of charged particles through inelastic 1041: 685: 639: 481: 451: 1921: 3217: 3098: 2840: 2835: 2583: 1908: 1397: 1355: 1029: 813:–lead data from 2013, provided insight into the physics of quark–gluon plasma. 627: 1874: 935:

One of the LHC's first lead-ion collisions, as recorded by the ALICE detector.

923:. Much can be learned by studying the distribution and energy of this debris. 3265: 3250: 2771: 2651: 2498: 1201: 871:

is formed as protons and neutrons "melt" into their elementary constituents,

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in March 1992. The meeting ultimately led to several LHC programs, including

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ALICE Collaboration measures the size of the fireball in heav-ion collisions

1331: = 600 MeV) and through time-of-flight measurements (in TOF, 3192: 3186: 3048: 2437: 2420: 1664:

In August 2012, ALICE scientists announced that their experiments produced

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CERN scientists create the highest temperature mass humanity has ever seen

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can be discriminated from other charged particles using the emission of

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ALICE and ATLAS find intriguing double ridge in proton-lead collisions

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measurements from the barrel detector to investigate flow, jets, etc.

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The Inner Tracking System (ITS) consists of six cylindrical layers of

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The HMPID detector before final installation inside the ALICE magnet.

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Total Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation

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In 2022, ALICE received additional sub-detectors, including a new

758:. After Évian, the ALICE collaboration was formed and submitted a 2596: 1310: 1148: 1079: 900: 880: 2467:

Hot stuff: CERN physicists create record-breaking subatomic soup

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The High Momentum Particle Identification Detector (HMPID) is a

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emitted when the particles cross many layers of thin materials.

2855: 2572: 1669: 1351: 1252: 1107: 1021: 1010: 977: 947: 920: 876: 872: 810: 739: 711: 533: 359: 1387: 1315: 726:(10 seconds) and may still occur in the centers of collapsing 2925: 2795: 1924:, ALICE Matters, 18 December 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2019. 1659: 1578:

particles produced in lead-lead collisions at the LHC (L = 10

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An array of Cherenkov counters used in the ALICE T0 detector.

1500: 931: 892: 888: 884: 715: 706:(QCD) predicts that at sufficiently high energy densities, a 658: 647: 643: 1732: 1180: 1143:

It will allow the study of the process of thermalization of

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are confined within nuclear particles, transitioning into a

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CERN timeline. 14 February 1997. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

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Aamodt, K.; et al. (The ALICE Collaboration) (2008).

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ALICE Matters, 5 December 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

1911:, ALICE Matters, 15 April 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2019. 1346:

ALICE HMPID's momentum range is up to 3 GeV for pion/

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in the medium by measuring heavy flavor charms and beauty

775:

The first ten years were spent on design and an extensive

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ALICE Matters, 20 August 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

2433:

Hadron spectra probe nature of matter in Pb-Pb collisions

2105:"Protons smash lead ions in first LHC collisions of 2013" 1045: 1737: 1537: 1445: 2148:

The Inner Tracking System arrives at the heart of ALICE

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ALICE matters, 17 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

1711: 1556: 827:, muon forward tracker, and fast interaction trigger. 415: 398: 1741:

ALICE records first proton-lead collisions at the LHC

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Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

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Plan of the LHC experiments and the preaccelerators.

2118:

Particle identification in ALICE boosts QGP studies

2102: 1156:characterize the thermal radiation coming from the 1151:

and extending these measurements down to very low p

185:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2417:ALICE enters new territory in heavy-ion collisions 2163:Pixels make for perfect particle tracking in ALICE 1679:The ALICE results were announced at the August 13 1113:ITS layers (counting from the interaction point): 833: 3263: 2494:LHC primordial matter is hottest stuff ever made 1440: 1227: 2597:Interactive Timeline for ALICE 20th anniversary 2282:, 30 September 2002. Retrieved 20 January 2019. 1427: 1407: 1094:Installation of the ALICE Inner Tracking System 276:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 2527:Studying Quarkonium hadroproduction with ALICE 1642: 1311:High Momentum Particle Identification Detector 1188:used for particle tracking and identification. 2659: 2133:ALICE forges ahead with detector installation 1350:discrimination and up to 5 GeV for kaon/ 926: 2457:, 14 August 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2019. 2049:Interview with CERN's theorist Urs Wiedemann 1936:"25 years of the LHC experimental programme" 1761: 1800:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 847:, will push the energy reach even further. 738:The idea of building a dedicated heavy-ion 696:and its role in generating the bulk of the 93:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2675:European Organization for Nuclear Research 2666: 2652: 2019:Experiments Revisit the Quark-Gluon Plasma 1660:Measuring the highest temperature on Earth 1549:The T0 detector consists of two arrays of 1495: 1354:discrimination. It is the world's largest 1175: 915:, which may combine to form the nuclei of 824: 336: 2634: 1849: 1820:Learn how and when to remove this message 1733:Double-ridge structure in p-Pb collisions 1208:with the atomic electrons of the medium. 1131:2 layers of SSD (Silicon Strip Detector). 318:Learn how and when to remove this message 300:Learn how and when to remove this message 245:Learn how and when to remove this message 143:Learn how and when to remove this message 1933: 1736: 1668:with temperature at around 5.5 trillion 1621: 1536: 1499: 1469: 1444: 1386: 1314: 1231: 1179: 1089: 1085: 962: 930: 610: 496:Monopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC 2076:First ions for ALICE and rings for LHCb 1032:in order to bend the tracks of charged 351:Letter of Intent submitted in July 1993 14: 3264: 2609:"The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC" 2606: 2460: 1382: 999: 331:ALICE, A Large Ion Collider Experiment 3150:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider 2647: 2387:ALICE presents first results at 7 TeV 1522:collision vertex, on the other side. 907:, made of three quarks; and numerous 2091:First lead-ion collisions in the LHC 1869: 1867: 1798:adding citations to reliable sources 1765: 1461: 256: 183:adding citations to reliable sources 154: 99: 58: 3213:The Globe of Science and Innovation 2554:Is Cold nuclear matter really cold? 2307:Indian detector stars at Brookhaven 2103:Cian O'Luanaigh (22 January 2013). 2093:Symmetry Magazine, 8 November 2010. 1712:Studying quarkonium hadroproduction 1691:, before the matter coalesced into 1572: 1557:ALICE Cosmic Rays Detector (ACORDE) 1449:ALICE Forward Multiplicity Detector 680:, and of complex phenomena such as 24: 1892:ALICE through the phase transition 1832: 1434:Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD) 1278:Particle identification with ALICE 1160:and the in-medium modification of 1063: 342:Overall view of the ALICE detector 115:tone or style may not reflect the 25: 3288: 2565: 2292:First jet measurements with ALICE 2061:LHC begins physics with lead ions 1934:Gianotti, Fabiola (12 Dec 2017). 1864: 1487:Characterization of the collision 1293: 1164:spectral functions as related to 959:Proton–lead collisions at the LHC 730:and other astrophysical objects. 710:will occur with the conventional 74:This article has multiple issues. 3246: 3245: 2743:Large Electron–Positron Collider 2571: 2353:Meeting the ALICE data challenge 2253:ALICE revolutionizes TOF systems 1909:Interview with Krishna Rajagopal 1770: 1590:ns bunch crossings and L = 10-10 1335: = 1.2–1.4 GeV). 516:Scattering and Neutrino Detector 414: 261: 159: 125:guide to writing better articles 104: 63: 2602:ALICE section on US/LHC Website 2547: 2532: 2520: 2505: 2486: 2444: 2426: 2410: 2395: 2380: 2361: 2346: 2327: 2315: 2300: 2285: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2215: 2196: 2184: 2171: 2156: 2141: 2126: 2111: 2096: 2084: 2069: 2054: 2042: 2027: 2012: 1369: 1360:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider 834:Heavy-ion collisions at the LHC 606: 581:A Large Ion Collider Experiment 466:A Large Ion Collider Experiment 170:needs additional citations for 82:or discuss these issues on the 18:A Large Ion Collider Experiment 2512:ALICE tracks charm energy loss 2255:CERN Courier, 25 October 2011. 1991: 1973: 1961: 1946: 1927: 1914: 1901: 1885: 1698: 1674:Brookhaven National Laboratory 1532: 1516: 1364:Brookhaven National Laboratory 797:transition radiation detectors 13: 1: 3233:Scientific committees of CERN 2636:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08002 2584:Official ALICE Public Webpage 2277:ALICE crystals arrive at CERN 2265:PHOS commissioning during LS1 2222:Transition Radiation Detector 2191:ALICE Time Projection Chamber 1922:Interview with Johan Rafelski 1858: 1441:Forward Multiplicity Detector 1268:Transition Radiation Detector 1228:Transition radiation detector 3198:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid 1428:Photon Multiplicity Detector 1408:Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter 1082:through "topological" cuts. 688:restoration. Recreating the 7: 3127:Non-accelerator experiments 2910:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber 2051:ALICE Matters, 13 July 2012 1981:"ALICE upgrades during LS2" 1643:A perfect liquid at the LHC 1166:chiral symmetry restoration 619:ALICE is designed to study 599:by measuring properties of 368:List of ALICE Spokespersons 10: 3293: 2614:Journal of Instrumentation 2377:Retrieved 20 January 2019. 2343:Retrieved 20 January 2019. 2324:Retrieved 20 January 2019. 2243:CERN Courier, 8 July 2008. 2231:Retrieved 20 January 2019. 2212:Retrieved 20 January 2019. 2193:Retrieved 20 January 2019. 2034:RHIC starts producing data 1953:ALICE New Kid on the block 1617: 927:First lead–lead collisions 733: 549:Proton Synchrotron Booster 3241: 3228:Directors-general of CERN 3168: 3142: 3126: 3038: 2964: 2918: 2864: 2780: 2741: 2682: 2334:ALICE Dimuon Spectrometer 1968:ALICE Experiment approved 1762:Upgrades and future plans 672:(QCD) and the physics of 564: 554: 544: 525: 520: 510: 506:ForwArd Search ExpeRiment 500: 490: 480: 470: 460: 450: 440: 430: 425: 413: 394: 366: 355: 347: 335: 3160:Future Circular Collider 2782:Super Proton Synchrotron 2179:Upgrade of the ALICE ITS 1396:rapidity. It is made of 777:research and development 569:Super Proton Synchrotron 436:A Toroidal LHC Apparatus 3155:Compact Linear Collider 2791:List of SPS experiments 2752:List of LEP experiments 2693:List of LHC experiments 2322:ALICE Forward Detectors 2203:Time Projection Chamber 1496:Zero Degree Calorimeter 1216:proportional chambers ( 1194:Time Projection Chamber 1186:Time Projection Chamber 1176:Time Projection Chamber 2368:ALICE Data Acquisition 1850:Long shutdown 2 (2018) 1742: 1627: 1542: 1505: 1475: 1450: 1392: 1320: 1237: 1189: 1126:Silicon Drift Detector 1119:Silicon Pixel Detector 1095: 968: 936: 891:, which are made of a 704:Quantum chromodynamics 670:quantum chromodynamics 664:and the properties of 621:high-energy collisions 616: 45:46.251333°N 6.020139°E 3277:Large Hadron Collider 2684:Large Hadron Collider 1999:"ALICE Collaboration" 1740: 1625: 1602:ns bunch crossings). 1540: 1503: 1473: 1448: 1390: 1318: 1235: 1183: 1093: 1086:Inner Tracking System 966: 941:Large Hadron Collider 934: 825:inner tracking system 799:in 1999, and a large 614: 589:Large Hadron Collider 446:Compact Muon Solenoid 407:Large Hadron Collider 3203:Microcosm exhibition 2905:30 cm Bubble Chamber 2580:at Wikimedia Commons 2241:Time flies for ALICE 1958:, 19 September 2008. 1794:improve this section 1249:transition radiation 700:of ordinary matter. 694:strong nuclear force 678:elementary particles 674:strongly interacting 179:improve this article 2919:Linear accelerators 2627:2008JInst...3S8002A 2559:, 24 February 2014. 2544:, 20 February 2013. 2312:, 5 September 2004. 2066:, 30 November 2010. 2024:, 26 February 2001. 1586:s in Pb-Pb with 100 1383:Photon spectrometer 1202:Bethe–Bloch formula 1000:The ALICE detectors 587:experiments at the 530:Linear accelerators 521:LHC preaccelerators 410: 399:https://alice.cern/ 332: 50:46.251333; 6.020139 41: / 3222:(2013 documentary) 2965:Other accelerators 2900:2 m Bubble Chamber 2866:Proton Synchrotron 2589:2011-02-21 at the 2472:2016-03-04 at the 2441:, 25 January 2012. 2373:2013-11-15 at the 2339:2013-09-27 at the 2227:2013-11-27 at the 2208:2013-11-27 at the 2138:, 6 December 2006. 2081:, 30 October 2009. 2039:, 10 October 2000. 1898:, 30 October 2000. 1743: 1666:quark–gluon plasma 1628: 1543: 1506: 1476: 1451: 1393: 1321: 1266:To develop such a 1238: 1206:Coulomb collisions 1190: 1096: 969: 937: 869:quark–gluon plasma 862:quark–gluon plasma 720:quark–gluon plasma 690:quark–gluon plasma 668:are key issues in 666:quark-gluon plasma 636:quark–gluon plasma 617: 601:quark-gluon plasma 559:Proton Synchrotron 406: 330: 280:You can assist by 194:"ALICE experiment" 3259: 3258: 3011:LPI (LIL and EPA) 2576:Media related to 2502:, 14 August 2012. 2483:, 13 August 2012. 2423:, 25 January 2012 2123:, 23 August 2012. 1830: 1829: 1822: 1681:Quark Matter 2012 1462:Muon spectrometer 1124:2 layers of SDD ( 1117:2 layers of SPD ( 1104:silicon detectors 682:color confinement 583:) is one of nine 574: 573: 545:(not marked) 404: 403: 381:Federico Antinori 373:Marco van Leeuwen 328: 327: 320: 310: 309: 302: 255: 254: 247: 229: 153: 152: 145: 119:used on Knowledge 117:encyclopedic tone 97: 16:(Redirected from 3284: 3272:CERN experiments 3249: 3248: 3223: 3169:Related articles 3117: 3029: 3000: 2977:AC (part of AAC) 2972:AA (part of AAC) 2668: 2661: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2575: 2560: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2490: 2484: 2464: 2458: 2448: 2442: 2430: 2424: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2393: 2384: 2378: 2365: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2298: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2219: 2213: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2067: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2031: 2025: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1931: 1925: 1920:Panos Charitos, 1918: 1912: 1907:Panos Charitos, 1905: 1899: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1825: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1774: 1766: 1685:Washington, D.C. 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1573:Data acquisition 1213:avalanche effect 856:core of the sun. 760:Letter of Intent 708:phase transition 418: 411: 405: 389:Jurgen Schukraft 385:Paolo Giubellino 340: 333: 329: 323: 316: 305: 298: 294: 291: 285: 265: 264: 257: 250: 243: 239: 236: 230: 228: 187: 163: 155: 148: 141: 137: 134: 128: 127:for suggestions. 123:See Knowledge's 108: 107: 100: 89: 67: 66: 59: 56: 55: 53: 52: 51: 46: 42: 39: 38: 37: 34: 21: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3237: 3221: 3208:Streets in CERN 3164: 3143:Future projects 3138: 3122: 3113: 3034: 3027: 2996: 2960: 2914: 2860: 2776: 2737: 2678: 2672: 2591:Wayback Machine 2568: 2563: 2552: 2548: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2510: 2506: 2492:Will Ferguson, 2491: 2487: 2474:Wayback Machine 2465: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2431: 2427: 2415: 2411: 2400: 2396: 2385: 2381: 2375:Wayback Machine 2366: 2362: 2358:, 27 June 2000. 2351: 2347: 2341:Wayback 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1226: 1177: 1174: 1152: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1122: 1087: 1084: 1065: 1062: 1030:magnetic field 1001: 998: 960: 957: 928: 925: 835: 832: 735: 732: 657:Understanding 608: 605: 572: 571: 566: 562: 561: 556: 552: 551: 546: 542: 541: 536:(Linac 4) and 527: 523: 522: 518: 517: 514: 508: 507: 504: 498: 497: 494: 488: 487: 484: 478: 477: 474: 468: 467: 464: 458: 457: 454: 448: 447: 444: 438: 437: 434: 428: 427: 423: 422: 419: 402: 401: 396: 392: 391: 370: 367: 364: 363: 357: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 341: 326: 325: 308: 307: 269: 267: 260: 253: 252: 167: 165: 158: 151: 150: 112: 110: 103: 98: 72: 71: 69: 62: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3289: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3252: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 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2621:(8): S08002. 2620: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2500: 2499:New Scientist 2495: 2489: 2482: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2407:, 3 May 2011. 2406: 2403: 2398: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2187: 2180: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2000: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1824: 1821: 1813: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1779:This section 1777: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1539: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1438: 1435: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1389: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:RICH detector 1317: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1187: 1182: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 997: 993: 989: 987: 985: 980: 979: 974: 971:In 2013, the 965: 956: 952: 949: 944: 942: 933: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 858: 857: 853: 848: 846: 841: 831: 828: 826: 821: 819: 814: 812: 807: 805: 802: 798: 794: 788: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 748:Évian, France 745: 741: 731: 729: 728:neutron stars 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662:deconfinement 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 634:by forming a 633: 629: 626: 622: 613: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 570: 567: 563: 560: 557: 553: 550: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 528: 524: 519: 515: 513: 509: 505: 503: 499: 495: 493: 489: 485: 483: 479: 475: 473: 469: 465: 463: 459: 455: 453: 449: 445: 443: 439: 435: 433: 429: 424: 417: 412: 400: 397: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 365: 362:, Switzerland 361: 358: 354: 350: 346: 339: 334: 322: 319: 304: 301: 293: 283: 277: 275: 270:This article 268: 259: 258: 249: 246: 238: 227: 224: 220: 217: 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Retrieved 1993: 1984: 1975: 1963: 1956:CERN Courier 1955: 1948: 1939: 1929: 1916: 1903: 1896:CERN Courier 1895: 1887: 1878: 1853: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1816: 1807: 1792:Please help 1780: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1680: 1678: 1663: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1548: 1544: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1507: 1490: 1481: 1477: 1465: 1456: 1452: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1394: 1377: 1373: 1370:Calorimeters 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1239: 1222: 1210: 1198: 1191: 1170: 1145:heavy quarks 1142: 1138: 1134: 1112: 1101: 1097: 1070: 1067: 1058: 1048:experiments 1019: 1003: 994: 990: 982: 976: 970: 953: 945: 938: 919:as heavy as 913:antineutrons 866: 859: 849: 837: 829: 822: 815: 808: 789: 774: 770:spectrometer 764: 737: 702: 656: 618: 607:Introduction 580: 576: 575: 461: 377:Luciano Musa 356:Headquarters 314: 296: 287: 274:copy editing 272:may require 271: 241: 232: 222: 215: 208: 201: 189: 177:Please help 172:verification 169: 139: 130: 114: 90: 83: 77: 76:Please help 73: 33:46°15′04.8″N 26: 2890:PS215/CLOUD 2455:Yahoo! News 1699:Energy loss 1533:T0 detector 1517:V0 detector 1366:in the US. 909:antiprotons 845:TeV/nucleon 804:calorimeter 793:observables 781:electronics 724:microsecond 486:LHC-forward 48: / 36:6°01′12.5″E 3266:Categories 2895:Gargamelle 2826:NA61/SHINE 1859:References 1192:The ALICE 1184:The ALICE 456:LHC-beauty 290:April 2024 282:editing it 235:April 2024 205:newspapers 133:April 2024 79:improve it 1781:does not 1551:Cherenkov 1245:positrons 1241:Electrons 1071:0.5 Tesla 1034:particles 1007:electrons 917:antiatoms 897:antiquark 806:in 2007. 785:computing 762:in 1993. 642:in which 540:(Linac 3) 348:Formation 85:talk page 3251:Category 3176:LHC@home 3089:Miniball 3084:LUCRECIA 3079:ISOLTRAP 3042:facility 2587:Archived 2481:newsblog 2470:Archived 2371:Archived 2337:Archived 2225:Archived 2206:Archived 1810:May 2015 1689:Big Bang 1162:hadronic 1038:momentum 905:neutrons 742:for the 740:detector 714:, where 632:Big Bang 623:between 597:Big Bang 585:detector 526:p and Pb 3094:MIRACLS 3054:COLLAPS 2951:Linac 3 2946:Linac 2 2623:Bibcode 2593:at CERN 2004:25 July 1875:"ALICE" 1802:removed 1787:sources 1670:kelvins 1618:Results 1362:at the 1149:baryons 1080:B-meson 1022:hadrons 1011:photons 978:protons 948:protons 901:protons 895:and an 881:partons 734:History 652:unbound 534:protons 395:Website 219:scholar 3109:WISArD 3064:EC-SLI 3040:ISOLDE 2956:Linac4 2856:HOLEBC 2762:DELPHI 2723:MoEDAL 2677:(CERN) 2479:Nature 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1352:proton 1253:X-rays 1108:quarks 1076:vertex 1042:charge 921:helium 877:gluons 873:quarks 811:proton 716:quarks 648:gluons 644:quarks 628:nuclei 492:MoEDAL 360:Geneva 221: 214: 207: 200: 192: 3115:WITCH 3016:n-TOF 2998:PS210 2941:Linac 2936:CLEAR 2926:AWAKE 2796:AWAKE 2784:(SPS) 2757:ALEPH 2745:(LEP) 2733:FASER 2728:TOTEM 2703:ATLAS 2698:ALICE 2686:(LHC) 2578:ALICE 1693:atoms 1272:pions 1050:ATLAS 1015:pions 893:quark 889:kaons 885:pions 818:dijet 752:ATLAS 659:quark 577:ALICE 502:FASER 472:TOTEM 462:ALICE 432:ATLAS 409:(LHC) 226:JSTOR 212:books 3134:CAST 3104:VITO 3059:CRIS 3006:LEIR 2992:LEAR 2931:CTF3 2885:BEBC 2880:LEIR 2868:(PS) 2851:LEBC 2846:BIBC 2831:NA62 2821:NA60 2811:NA49 2806:NA48 2801:CNGS 2767:OPAL 2718:LHCf 2713:LHCb 2006:2024 1985:CERN 1940:CERN 1879:CERN 1785:any 1783:cite 1432:The 1348:kaon 1243:and 1218:MWPC 1052:and 1040:and 1036:for 986:ions 984:lead 981:and 939:The 911:and 903:and 887:and 875:and 867:The 852:TeVs 840:CERN 783:and 767:muon 754:and 698:mass 684:and 650:are 646:and 638:, a 625:lead 593:CERN 538:lead 532:for 482:LHCf 452:LHCb 198:news 3099:SEC 3074:ISS 3069:IDS 2987:ISR 2875:PSB 2841:UA2 2836:UA1 2708:CMS 2631:doi 1796:by 1158:QGP 1054:CMS 1046:LHC 973:LHC 801:jet 756:CMS 744:LHC 591:at 565:SPS 512:SND 442:CMS 181:by 3268:: 3026:Sp 3021:SC 2982:AD 2772:L3 2629:. 2617:. 2611:. 2496:, 2476:, 2453:, 2435:, 2419:, 1983:. 1938:. 1894:, 1877:. 1866:^ 1695:. 1676:. 1594:cm 1582:cm 1251:, 1168:. 1128:), 1121:), 1013:, 1009:, 899:; 787:. 654:. 603:. 555:PS 88:. 3030:S 3028:p 2667:e 2660:t 2653:v 2639:. 2633:: 2625:: 2619:3 2107:. 2008:. 1987:. 1942:. 1881:. 1823:) 1817:( 1812:) 1808:( 1804:. 1790:. 1333:p 1329:p 1153:T 579:( 321:) 315:( 303:) 297:( 292:) 288:( 284:. 278:. 248:) 242:( 237:) 233:( 223:· 216:· 209:· 202:· 175:. 146:) 140:( 135:) 131:( 121:. 95:) 91:( 20:)

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