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rebuild family, neighborhood and community; and a growing disillusion with public programs designed to address these problems" and that "the crisis in support for efforts to address social problems stems directly from the failure of ... piecemeal efforts to rebuild genuine community." In particular Cahn focused on the top-down attitude prevalent in social services. He believed that one of the major failings of many social service organizations was their unwillingness to enroll the help of those people they were trying to help. He called this a deficit based approach to social service, where organizations view the people they were trying to help only in terms of their needs, as opposed to an asset based approach, which focuses on the contributions towards their communities that everyone can make. He theorized that a system like timebanking could " the infrastructure of trust and caring that can strengthen families and communities." He hoped that the system "would enable individuals and communities to become more self-sufficient, to insulate themselves from the vagaries of politics and to tap the capacity of individuals who were in effect being relegated to the scrap heap and dismissed as freeloaders."
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1129:, Scotland, "an inner-city estate characterized by high levels of deprivation, poverty, unemployment, poor health and low educational attainment." The Gorbals Timebank is run by a local charity with the intent to combat the social ills that face the region. Seyfang concluded that the timebank was effective at "building community capacity" and "promoting social inclusion." She highlights the timebank's success at " the social fabric of the Gorbals." by " engagement in existing projects and activities" in a variety of projects including a community safety network, a library, a healthy living project, and a theatre. She writes that "the timebank had enabled people to access help they otherwise would have had to do without," help which included home repair, gardening, a funeral, and tuition paid in time credits to a continuing education course.
955:, among other things. Time Dollars AKA time credits earned are then recorded at the timebank to be accessed when desired. A Timebank can theoretically be as simple as a pad of paper, but the system was originally intended to take advantage of computer databases for record keeping. Some Timebanks employ a paid coordinator to keep track of transactions and to match requests for services with those who can provide them. Other Timebanks select a member or a group of members to handle these tasks. Various organizations provide specialized software to help local Timebanks manage exchanges. The same organizations also often offer consulting services, training, and other materials for individuals or organizations looking to start timebanks of their own.
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used to reduce recidivism rates with diversionary programs for first-time juvenile offenders; facilitate re-entry of for ex-convicts; deliver health care, job training and social services in public housing complexes; facilitate substance abuse recovery; prevent institutionalization of severely disabled children through parental support networks; provide transportation for homebound seniors in rural areas; deliver elder care, community health services and hospice care; and foster women's rights initiatives in
Senegal.
403:
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and exchanges are counted in a spreadsheet shared with users. Scientific research on BTF indicates that the time bank is a means for creating social capital in local society and that BTF members have different socioeconomic characteristics compared to residents of the city of
FlorianĂłpolis. Younger, non-white, employed, female individuals, working in the informal sector, with a higher education level and with a higher monthly income are more likely to be BTF members.
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Wales
Institute for Community Currencies in the former mining districts of South Wales, UK. Several Studies are done based on Spice Timebank or referenced this timebank. In a 2016 survey, based on a 1000 members of Spice timebank, 77% of respondents said Time Credits have had a positive impact on their quality of life, 42% reported that learned a new skill and 30% reported that they having less need to go to doctor.
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particularly in old age when they might need it most. In the 1940s, Mizushima had already foreseen the emerging problems of an ageing society such as seen today. In the 1990s the movement took off in the US, with Dr Edgar Cahn pioneering it there, and in the United
Kingdom, with Martin Simon from Timebanking UK and David Boyle, who brought in the London-based New Economics Foundation (Nef).
928:. A timebank, also known as a service exchange, is a community that practices time banking. The unit of currency, always valued at an hour's worth of any person's labor, used by these groups has various names but is generally known as a time credit in the US and the UK (formerly a time dollar in the US). Timebanking is primarily used to provide
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well as gaining credits, participating individuals, particularly those more used to being recipients in other parts of their lives, can potentially gain confidence, social contact and skills through giving to others. Communities, therefore, use time banking as a tool to forge stronger intra-community connections, a process known as "building
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Dr. Gill
Seyfang's study of the Gorbals TimeBankâone of the few studies of timebanking done by the academic communityâlisted several other non-theoretical problems with timebanking. The first is the difficulty of communicating to potential members exactly what makes timebanking different, or "getting
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The time credit is the fundamental unit of exchange in a timebank, equal to one hour of a person's labor. In traditional timebanks, one hour of one person's time is equal to one hour of another's. Time credits are earned for providing services and spent receiving services. Upon earning a time credit,
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and rewards for work such as mentoring children, caring for the elderly, being neighborlyâwork usually done on a volunteer basisâwhich a pure market system devalues. Essentially, the "time" one spends providing these types of community services earns "time" that one can spend to receive services. As
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in the accounts of the participants. One hour of time is worth one Time Dollar, regardless of the service provided in one hour or how much skill is required to perform the task during that hour. This "one-for-one" system that relies on an abundant resource is designed to both recognize and encourage
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in 1991. Each HOUR was valued at one hour of basic labor or $ 10.00. Professionals were entitled to charge multiple HOURS per hour, but often reduced their rate in the spirit of equity. Millions of dollars' worth of HOURS were traded among thousands of residents and 500 businesses. Interest-free HOUR
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Mizushima's sewing skills proved invaluable to her family during and after the war. While the
Japanese population was suffering immense material shortages, Mizushima offered her sewing skills in exchange for fresh vegetables. It was during this time that she began to develop her ideas about economics
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The Time Bank of the City of
FlorianĂłpolis (BTF) is one of the first and best known Time Banks in Brazil. The initiative was conceived in September 2015 at a local Zeitgeist meeting, part of the international sustainability movement. BTF works from a Facebook group that has more than 20,000 members,
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which incorporated timebanking as a way to promote active, engaged lifestyles for its older members. Funding for the "social" part of social HMOs has since dried up and much of the program has been cut, but at its height, members were able to pay portions of their premiums in time credits (back then
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In 1973 she started her group the
Volunteer Labour Bank (later renamed the Volunteer Labour Network). By 1978, the bank had grown to include approximately 2,600 members. The membership included people of all ages, from teenagers to women in their seventies. The majority of members were housewives in
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to a merchant household. She performed well in school and was given the opportunity to study overseas in the United States in 1939. Her stay was shortened from three years to one due to rising tensions between the US, Japan, and China. Mizushima opted to pursue a short-term diploma course in sewing.
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involves everybody coming together as a community ... the
Gorbals has neverânot for a long timeâhad a lot of community spirit. Way back, years ago, it had a lot of community spirit, but now you see that in some areas, people won't even go to the chap next door for some sugar ... that's what I think
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Spice is a social enterprise that has developed a time-based currency called Time
Credits. Spice works across health and social care, housing, community development and education, supporting organisations and services to use Time Credits to achieve their outcomes. Spice grew out of the work of the
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One of the most stringent criticisms of timebanking is its organizational sustainability. While some member-run TimeBanks with relatively low overhead costs do exist, others pay a staff to keep the organization running. This can be quite expensive for smaller organizations and without a long-term
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Timebanks have been established in 34 countries, with at least 500 timebanks established in 40 US states and 300 throughout the United Kingdom. TimeBanks also have a significant presence in Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Taiwan, Senegal, Argentina, Israel, Greece, and Spain. TimeBanks have been
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in the U.S. was coming up with creative ways to solve the problem. He would later write that "Americans face at least three interlocking sets of problems: growing inequality in access by those at the bottom to the most basic goods and services; increasing social problems stemming from the need to
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or some other time unit. Some time-based currencies value everyone's contributions equally: one hour equals one service credit. In these systems, one person volunteers to work for an hour for another person; thus, they are credited with one hour, which they can redeem for an hour of service from
44:
in that most exchange involves the provision of services that can be measured in a time unit, it is also possible to exchange goods by 'pricing' them in terms of the average national hourly wage rate (e.g. if the average hourly rate is $ 20/hour, then a commodity valued at $ 20 in the national
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The mission of an individual timebank influences exactly which services are offered. In some places, timebanking is adopted as a means to strengthen the community as a whole. Other timebanks are more oriented towards social service, systems change, and helping underprivileged groups. In some
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in 1973 with the idea that participants could earn time credits which they could spend any time during their lives. She based her bank on the simple concept that each hour of time given as services to others could earn reciprocal hours of services for the giver at some stage in the future,
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launched the first global Timebank. Its aim is to eliminate geographical limitations of previous timebanks. Since 2015 TimeRepublik has been promoting Time Banking within local governments, municipalities, universities, and large companies. In 2017 TimeRepublik won the first prize at the
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Timebanking is a community development tool and works by facilitating the exchange of skills and experience within a community. It aims to build the 'core economy' of family and community by valuing and rewarding the work done in it. The world's first timebank was started in Japan by
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Some criticisms of timebanking have focused on the time credit's inadequacies as a form of currency and as a market information mechanism. Frank Fisher of MIT predicted in the 1980s that such a currency "would lead to the kind of distortion of market forces which had crippled
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people to understand the difference between timebanking and traditional volunteering." She also notes that there is no guarantee that every person's needs will be provided for by a timebank by dint of the fact that the supply of certain skills may be lacking in a community.
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exchanges. The system uses a base 'currency' of one hour, and the conversion rates between the different exchange groups are based on national average hourly wage rates. This allows timebanks to trade with mutual credit exchanges in the same or different countries.
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Ideally, timebanking builds community. TimeBank members sometimes refer to this as a return to simpler times when the community was there for its individuals. An interview at a timebank in the Gorbals neighbourhood of Glasgow revealed the following sentiment:
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called Time Dollars) instead of hard currency. The idea was to encourage older people to become more engaged in their communities while also to ask for help more often and " dignity by allowing people to contribute services as well as receive them."
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used in most countries. Consequently, it does little good to hoard time credits and, in practice, many timebanks also encourage the donation of excess time credits to a community pool which is then spent for those in need or on community events.
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Timebank members earn credit in Time Dollars for each hour they spend helping other members of the community. Services offered by members in timebanks include: Child Care, Legal Assistance, Language Lessons, Home Repair, and Respite Care for
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of a "certificate from society that has furnished such and such an amount of labour", which can be used to draw "from the social stock of means of consumption as much as costs the same amount of labour."
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had invested US$ 1.2 million to pilot time banking in the context of senior care. Today, 26 countries have active TimeBanks. There are 250 TimeBanks active in the UK and over 276 TimeBanks in the U.S.
97:. The experimental store operated from May 18, 1827, until May 1830. The Cincinnati Time Store experiment in use of labor as a medium of exchange antedated similar European efforts by two decades.
217:
In 1950, Mizushima submitted an essay to a newspaper contest as part of a national event titled âWomen's Ideas for the Creation of a New Life.â Her essay received the Newspaper Companiesâ Prize
40:
another volunteer. Others use time units that might be fractions of an hour (e.g. minutes, ten minutes â 6 units/hour, or 15 minutes â 4 units/hour). While most time-based exchange systems are
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Miyashita, Mitsunori; et al. (JuneâJuly 2008). "The Japan HOspice and Palliative Care Evaluation study (J-HOPE study): study design and characteristics of participating institutions".
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1086:(CES) is a global network of communities using alternative exchange systems, many of which use timebanks. Timebanks can trade with each other wherever they are, as well as with
272:.) He elaborated further on this advocacy of an âabsolute equality of wages and incomesâ in his 1974 text, "Hierarchy of Salaries and Incomes," also in the third volume:
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their thirties and forties. Members were organized into over 160 local branches throughout the country, coordinated by the headquarters located on Mizushimaâs estate.
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Letcher, Abby S.; Perlow, Kathy M. (December 2009). "Community-Based Participatory Research Shows How a Community Initiative Creates Networks to Improve Well-Being".
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Mizushima soon became a social commentator, with her views being aired on the radio, in the newspapers, and on television. She frequently appeared on the
1996:
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a person does not need to spend it right away: they can save it indefinitely. However, since the value of a time credit is fixed at one hour, it resists
1217:
Tyler, A.F. (1953). "Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908 by James J. Martin and Harry Elmer Barnes".
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370:. Every person is an issuer of nims. For every minute of one's life, 1 nim is created, which can be spent or sent to another person, like money.
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120:, England, before folding in 1834. It issued "Labour Notes" similar to banknotes, denominated in units of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 hours.
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The first British time bank opened in 1998 in Stroud, and a national charity and membership organisation, Timebanking UK, started in 2002.
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Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security & Community Renewal
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According to Edgar S. Cahn, timebanking had its roots in a time when "money for social programs dried up" and no dominant approach to
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Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security & Community Renewal
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Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource Time Into Personal Security and Community Renewal
2241:(Report). Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation and the Center for the Study of Public Policy. 2004. pp. 5â10. Archived from
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191:(1920-1996) was a Japanese housewife, author, inventor, social commentator, and activist credited with creating the world's first
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887:" outside the United States. TimeBank members exchange services for Time Dollars. Each exchange is recorded as a corresponding
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257:, advocated that workers âproclaim the abolition of work norms and instaurate full equality of wages and salariesâ in his 1957
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As a philosophy, timebanking, also known as Time Trade is founded upon five principles, known as TimeBanking's Core Values:
1883:
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After criticizing the incoherency of capitalist, Leninist, and Trotskyist justifications of wage differentials in his 1949
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In 2017 Nimses offered a concept of a time-based currency Nim. 1 nim = 1 minute of life. The concept was first adopted in
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276:, and in the âTodayâ section (starting on page 90) of âDone and To Be Doneâ (1989), in the fifth volume of Castoriadisâs
2317:
293:, a book co-authored with Jonathan Rowe in 1992. He also went on to trademark the terms "TimeBank" and "Time Credit".
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Truck system of payment by order of Robert Owen and Benj Woolfield, National Equitable Labour Exchange, July 22nd 1833.
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2857:"Participação em bancos de tempo: utilizando dados sobre transaçþes para avaliar o Banco de Tempo - Florianópolis"
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1945:
Lietaer, Bernard; Dunne, Jacqui (2013). "Chapter5: The Future Has Arrived But Isn't Distributed Evenly...Yet!".
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1404:"Understanding "Labor Certificates" on the Basis of the Theory of ValueâThe Law of Value and Socialismâ 1956"
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Wetzstein, Cheryl. "Seniors use time, not money, to buy services; Idea helps promote independent living"
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By 1983, the network had over 3,800 members organized in 262 branches, including a branch in California.
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268:. (See also âThe Hour of Workâ section from âOn the Content of Socialism, III,â in the third volume:
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2898:""Banco de Tempo-FlorianĂłpolis": anĂĄlise das caracterĂsticas socioeconĂ´micas de seus membros"
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228:, the country's national broadcaster, and toured the country giving talks about her ideas.
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While it has since been lost, the ideas in the essay attracted widespread press attention.
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937:". Timebanking had its intellectual genesis in the US in the early 1980s. By 1990, the
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Seyfang, Gill (2004). "Time banks: rewarding community self-help in the inner city?".
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Cahn, Edgar S. (1999). "Time dollars, work and community: from 'why?' to 'why not?'".
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text translated as âThe Relations of Production in Russiaâ in the first volume of his
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After returning home, she married. Her first daughter was born at the outbreak of the
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2642:"Exchange Your Skills for Free Services with a Different Kind of Bank: A Time Bank"
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2679:"Cuochi, scrittori, idraulici ecco la banca online per prestare un'ora di talento"
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Time dollars are a tax-exempt complementary currency used as a means of providing
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http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-5-done-and-to-be-done.pdf
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The new wealth of time: How timebanking helps people build better public services
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The new wealth of time: how timebanking helps people build better public services
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text translated as "On the Content of Socialism, II" in the second volume of his
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Seyfang, Gill (2001). "Re-stitching the social fabric: one favour at a time".
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900:, avoid hoarding, enable trade, and encourage cooperation among participants.
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2729:""TIMEREPUBLIK": Banca del Tempo per gli studenti dell'UniversitĂ di Messina"
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1932:"Ukrainian tech startup turns online time into digital cash - Jul. 21, 2017"
1029:. In these ways it is intentionally designed to differ from the traditional
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loans were made, and HOUR grants given to over 100 community organizations.
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2743:"The leading banking Group in Italy to test the B2B TimeRepublik platform"
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Coming Home: An Asset-Based Approach to Transforming Self & Community
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2025:. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. pp. 5, 79â85.
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Equal Time, Equal Value: Community Currencies and Time Banking in the US
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the project's doing, trying to bring that back, that community sense ...
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is a pattern of reciprocal service exchange that uses units of time as
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1727:"Intersections:Teruko Mizushima: Pioneer Trader in Time as a Currency"
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2213:(Report). World Bank, International Finance Corporation. pp. 1â4
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1997:"Rethinking Money: The Rise Of Hayek's Private Competing Currencies"
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Romanello, Michele; Schneider Muller Pereira Ribas, Kamila (2020).
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Time-based currency exchanges date back to the early 19th century.
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Rethinking Money: how new currencies turn scarcity into prosperity
1949:. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. p. 85.
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Rethinking Money: how new currencies turn scarcity into prosperity
83:(1827-1830) was the first in a series of retail stores created by
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Coproduction of public services by service users and communities
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Building Social and Economic Support Networks with Time Dollars
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Alternative currency whose unit of account is a measure of time
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Louv, Richard. "Time Dollars gain currency helping the needy"
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Exchanging Services â Banking Time â Strengthening Communities
2312:(Report). Co-Production at Work. Vol. 1. Washington, DC:
2182:"Time-banking offers hope to the dispossessed youth of Europe"
2050:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 19â20.
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2715:"Cooperation of TIMEREPUBLIK and the municipality of Messina"
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1384:. New York: Burt Franklin Press. p. 117. Archived from
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1914:"What Will the Currency of a Workless, Cashless Future Be?"
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2133:. Gloucestershire, UK: Freedom Favours. pp. 110â115.
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Give and Take: How timebanking is transforming healthcare
2267:
Ryan-Collins, Josh; Stephens, Lucie; Coote, Anna (2008).
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2110:(Interview). Interviewed by Michel Martin. Washington, DC
1970:
Ryan-Collins, Josh; Stephens, Lucie; Coote, Anna (2008).
1969:
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1274:"Anarchism as Ideology and Impulse: Anarchism in America"
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Time Bank Aotearoa New Zealand, Accessed July 23, 2012.
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2930:"Spice - support for community time credits in the UK"
1974:. London, UK: New Economics Foundation. pp. 3â4.
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1237:
Max Stirner's Dialectical Egoism: A New Interpretation
210:, and her husband was soon conscripted into the army.
100:
The National Equitable Labour Exchange was founded by
2811:
2809:
2807:
2208:
Time Banking⢠Is More Than Money for Women in Senegal
1617:
1598:
1465:
4309:
2947:
2102:"Beyond Bartering: Banking On Community Connections"
1522:
1503:
1484:
3038:"How Spice Time Credits are creating system change"
2382:
American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine
1441:
1417:
1378:
Equitable Commerce: A New Development of Principles
1117:In 2004, Dr. Gill Seyfang published a study in the
2997:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2519:
2517:
2492:
2490:
143:In 1848, the socialist and first self-designated
4626:
2953:
1848:
1846:
1809:
1807:
366:. The concept is based on the idea of universal
2956:"Introduction to time banking and Time Credits"
2789:
2598:
1121:about the effects of a timebank located in the
1058:
945:
2902:Revista Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Regional
2842:"O banco que quer seu tempo, nĂŁo seu dinheiro"
2622:Sustainability â The Business of Timebanking..
2514:
2487:
1079:in the Innovation and Human Capital category
4153:
3181:
2499:Hour Exchange Portland, Accessed May 30, 2008
2344:
2223:foster women's rights initiatives in Senegal.
1843:
1804:
1590:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMizushima1984 (
1401:
1304:
856:
2922:
2701:"Il Comune di Sarre apre la Banca del tempo"
2073:"Time Banking: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?"
2045:
2020:
1944:
959:Example services offered by timebank members
345:Community (via social networks) is necessary
2338:
1628:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (
1609:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (
1571:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (
1533:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (
1514:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (
1495:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (
1476:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHayashi2012 (
1433:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLietaer2004 (
879:in TimeBanking. They are typically called "
4160:
4146:
3188:
3174:
2298:
2039:
1339:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
863:
849:
3003:
2954:Markkanen, Sanna; Burgess, Gemma (2016).
2913:
2872:
2854:
2379:
2206:Shah, Angana; Samb, Pape (October 2011).
2199:
1585:
1552:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDower1999 (
1457:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLebra2007 (
1308:A global history of co-operative business
1132:
1112:
249:, the political activist and philosopher
45:currency would be equivalent to 1 hour).
2757:"2017 Innovation in Human Capital Award"
2205:
2179:
2147:
2021:Lietaer, Bernard; Dunne, Jacqui (2013).
1271:
1012:timebanks, both are acknowledged goals.
67:
3117:
3102:
2827:
2815:
2798:
2656:"TIMEREPUBLIK finalist at LeWeb London"
2609:
2569:
2422:
2373:
2347:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1994:
1900:
1623:
1604:
1566:
1528:
1509:
1490:
1471:
1428:
1265:
1094:
924:. It is an example of a complementary
4627:
4167:
2839:
2676:
2333:facilitate re-entry of for ex-convicts
2305:Gray, Christine, ed. (November 2008).
2180:Madaleno, Margarida (29 August 2012).
2173:
2131:Your Money or Your Life: Time for Both
2064:
1647:. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press.
1374:
4526:Commodity theory of money (Metallism)
4141:
3169:
2228:
2128:
1866:"AWF: Blue Collar Recruitment Agency"
1547:
1452:
1233:
1216:
1063:
896:reciprocal community service, resist
274:http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v3.pdf
270:http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v3.pdf
266:http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v2.pdf
247:http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v1.pdf
4122:
3093:
3070:
2840:Sayuri, Juliana (30 November 2017).
2592:
2580:
2434:
2304:
2096:
2070:
1852:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1798:
1786:
1642:
339:Some work is beyond a monetary price
2677:Bolino, Francesca (22 April 2013).
2107:National Public Radio: Tell Me More
2046:Collom, Ed; Lasker, Judith (2012).
1311:. Balnave, Nikola. Abingdon, Oxon.
13:
3098:. Washington, DC: Essential Books.
3056:
2915:10.7867/2317-5443.2020v8n1p195-210
2155:"Minister hails Japan care scheme"
1704:. US Patent Office. Archived from
1055:source of funding, they may fold.
289:coined the term "Time Dollars" in
128:, worked with Owen and later with
14:
4651:
4503:Akkadian standards of measurement
3150:
2071:Cahn, Edgar (November 17, 2011).
1675:. US PatentOffice. Archived from
1141:
214:and the relative value of labor.
116:, in 1832. It was established in
4312:
4121:
4112:
4111:
1995:Ferrara, Peter (March 1, 2013).
829:
817:
401:
4189:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)
3030:
2889:
2874:10.54805/RCE.2527-1180.v1.n2.16
2861:Revista Catarinense de Economia
2848:
2833:
2821:
2776:
2763:
2749:
2735:
2721:
2707:
2693:
2670:
2648:
2634:
2615:
2586:
2574:
2563:
2536:
2502:
2458:
2439:
2428:
2416:
2260:
2122:
2090:
2014:
1988:
1963:
1938:
1924:
1906:
1894:
1876:
1858:
1831:
1819:
1792:
1780:
1755:
1737:
1719:
1690:
1661:
1636:
1305:Patmore, Greg (17 April 2018).
373:
319:
183:
171:wrote of "Labor Certificates" (
53:
3067:. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale Press.
1395:
1368:
1347:
1298:
1227:
1210:
1015:
939:Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
912:
348:A respect for all human beings
198:Mizushima was born in 1920 in
1:
4506:
4454:List of historical currencies
4359:Central bank digital currency
3121:Community Development Journal
3087:10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00009-9
1204:
1198:Local exchange trading system
1119:Community Development Journal
1037:
263:Political and Social Writings
244:Political and Social Writings
177:Critique of the Gotha Program
31:or exchange system where the
4560:Standard of deferred payment
3004:Bird, S.; Boyle, D. (2014).
2359:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.08.008
1099:
1077:BAI Global Innovation Awards
1059:Timebanking around the world
946:Timebanking and the timebank
903:
255:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
160:published a book describing
136:as a central bank issuing a
134:National Chamber of Commerce
7:
3926:Geological history of Earth
2855:Romanello, Michele (2017).
1220:Indiana Magazine of History
1150:
278:Crossroads in the Labyrinth
10:
4656:
3278:Orders of magnitude (time)
1272:Fishbein, Leslie (1983) .
57:
48:
4446:
4329:
4307:
4282:
4247:
4175:
4107:
4049:
4002:
3989:Time translation symmetry
3934:
3874:
3864:
3786:
3713:
3633:
3574:
3458:
3376:
3286:
3248:
3234:
3203:
3106:Town and Country Planning
3096:No More Throw Away People
2964:10.13140/RG.2.1.1069.7365
1172:Community Exchange System
1084:Community Exchange System
4543:Quantity theory of money
4364:Chattel/movable property
3195:
2466:"Directory of TimeBanks"
2455:Accessed March 23, 2012.
2394:10.1177/1049909108315517
2275:New Economics Foundation
1745:"Introducing HOUR Money"
1731:intersections.anu.edu.au
1698:"TIME CREDITS Trademark"
1242:Rowman & Littlefield
994:Office/business support
3944:Absolute space and time
3595:Astronomical chronology
3094:Cahn, Edgar S. (2004).
3063:Cahn, Edgar S. (1992).
2470:community.timebanks.org
1375:Warren, Josiah (1852).
1234:Welsh, John F. (2010).
1104:Elderplan was a social
743:Commemorative banknotes
150:postulated a system of
88:individualist anarchist
4602:Complementary currency
4531:Credit theory of money
4491:Depository institution
3994:Time reversal symmetry
3298:Italian six-hour clock
2985:Cite journal requires
2510:Hour Exchange Portland
2129:Simon, Martin (2010).
1884:"The Five Core Values"
1669:"TIME BANKS Trademark"
1355:"TUC â History Online"
1188:Labour theory of value
1133:Timebank FlorianĂłpolis
1113:Gorbals timebank study
824:Numismatics portal
462:Circulating currencies
360:
342:Reciprocity in helping
259:Socialisme ou Barbarie
240:Socialisme ou Barbarie
148:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
108:and labor reformer in
73:
4585:Digital gold currency
3759:Time and fate deities
3704:The Unreality of Time
3643:A series and B series
2446:About Time Banking UK
1162:Collaborative finance
1157:Cincinnati Time Store
554:Historical currencies
395:the study of currency
355:
251:Cornelius Castoriadis
95:labor theory of value
93:to test his economic
81:Cincinnati Time Store
71:
64:Cincinnati Time Store
4464:Coincidence of wants
4284:Representative money
4010:Chronological dating
3979:Theory of relativity
3323:Daylight saving time
2784:The Washington Times
1643:Cahn, Edgar (1992).
1095:Studies and examples
1002:Driving instruction
525:Fictional currencies
336:Everyone is an asset
253:, responding to the
130:Ricardian Socialists
29:alternative currency
4612:Time-based currency
3303:Thai six-hour clock
3134:10.1093/cdj/39.1.62
1402:Tadayuki Tsushima.
1193:Labour-time voucher
983:Account management
712:Commemorative coins
623:Medieval currencies
532:Proposed currencies
173:Arbeitszertifikaten
25:time-based currency
4635:Economics and time
4481:Clearinghouse bank
4169:Medium of exchange
3833:Rosy retrospection
3811:Mental chronometry
3635:Philosophy of time
3010:. Timebanking UK.
2786:December 17, 1998.
2731:. 3 February 2015.
2703:. 17 October 2015.
2627:2016-08-09 at the
2557:2014-12-18 at the
2552:Portland Time Bank
2530:2019-06-30 at the
2525:Cape Ann Time Bank
2451:2008-10-15 at the
2353:(6S1): S292âS299.
2314:Phelps Stokes Fund
2277:. pp. 19â51.
2248:on 29 October 2007
1279:Film & History
1167:Community currency
1064:Global timebanking
1025:and does not earn
74:
4622:
4621:
4607:Sectoral currency
4553:Market monetarism
4516:Code of Hammurabi
4305:
4304:
4297:Gold certificates
4135:
4134:
4045:
4044:
4020:Circadian rhythms
3838:Tenseâaspectâmood
3693:Temporal finitism
3570:
3569:
3546:Grandfather clock
3017:978-0-9930579-0-8
2771:San Diego Tribune
2644:. 9 October 2015.
2284:978-1-904882-45-9
2161:. 30 October 2010
2140:978-0-9566556-0-8
2100:(July 19, 2011).
2057:978-1-4094-4904-1
2032:978-1-60994-296-0
1981:978-1-904882-45-9
1956:978-1-60994-296-0
1920:. 30 August 2017.
1654:978-0-87857-985-3
1318:978-1-317-27020-1
1009:
1008:
972:Language lessons
969:Legal assistance
873:
872:
132:and postulated a
42:service exchanges
4647:
4640:Local currencies
4590:Virtual currency
4575:Digital currency
4511:
4508:
4471:Bureau de change
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4248:Domestic animals
4245:
4244:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4139:
4138:
4125:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4032:Glottochronology
3872:
3871:
3788:Human experience
3648:B-theory of time
3246:
3245:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3145:
3114:
3099:
3090:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2818:, pp. 67â68
2813:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2583:, pp. 59â77
2578:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2540:
2534:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2472:. Archived from
2462:
2456:
2443:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2316:. Archived from
2311:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1886:. Archived from
1880:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1586:Mizushima (1984)
1583:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1045:Russia's economy
963:
962:
865:
858:
851:
836:Money portal
834:
833:
832:
822:
821:
820:
546:History of money
501:Local currencies
405:
396:
378:
377:
299:Teruko Mizushima
189:Teruko Mizushima
4655:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4570:Unit of account
4509:
4442:
4428:Promissory note
4406:Deposit account
4379:Cheque clearing
4333:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4301:
4278:
4243:
4211:Precious metals
4178:
4171:
4166:
4136:
4131:
4103:
4094:Time immemorial
4041:
3998:
3959:Coordinate time
3930:
3884:Geological time
3860:
3843:Time management
3806:Generation time
3790:
3782:
3727:
3709:
3629:
3588:
3566:
3454:
3372:
3289:
3282:
3238:
3230:
3199:
3194:
3153:
3148:
3059:
3057:Further reading
3054:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2958:. Unpublished.
2952:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2894:
2890:
2853:
2849:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2805:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2681:. La Repubblica
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2658:. Startupticker
2654:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2629:Wayback Machine
2620:
2616:
2608:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2559:Wayback Machine
2546:; in the U.S.:
2541:
2537:
2532:Wayback Machine
2522:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2453:Wayback Machine
2444:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2378:
2374:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2324:
2323:on 12 June 2017
2320:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
2001:Forbes Magazine
1993:
1989:
1982:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1943:
1939:
1934:. 21 July 2017.
1930:
1929:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
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1772:
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1711:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1332:
1331:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1244:. p. 123.
1232:
1228:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1183:Fiscal localism
1153:
1144:
1135:
1115:
1102:
1097:
1066:
1061:
1040:
1018:
948:
926:monetary system
915:
906:
885:service credits
869:
840:
830:
828:
818:
816:
808:
807:
700:Coin collecting
695:
694:
685:
684:
638:
637:
628:
627:
549:
548:
537:
536:
428:
427:
394:
393:
376:
322:
186:
138:labour currency
66:
58:Main articles:
56:
51:
33:unit of account
17:
12:
11:
5:
4653:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4597:Local currency
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Cryptocurrency
4572:
4567:
4565:Store of value
4562:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4523:
4520:§100; §122â125
4513:
4510: 2150 BC
4500:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:(Tibet, China)
4270:
4264:
4258:
4251:
4249:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4218:(cotton cloth)
4213:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4037:Time geography
4034:
4029:
4027:Clock reaction
4024:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:time signature
3823:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3698:Temporal parts
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Eternal return
3665:
3660:
3655:
3653:Chronocentrism
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3438:Hindu Panchang
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3151:External links
3149:
3147:
3146:
3115:
3100:
3091:
3081:(5): 499â509.
3068:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3029:
3016:
2996:
2987:|journal=
2946:
2921:
2888:
2847:
2832:
2828:Seyfang (2004)
2820:
2816:Seyfang (2004)
2803:
2799:Seyfang (2004)
2788:
2775:
2762:
2748:
2734:
2720:
2706:
2692:
2669:
2647:
2633:
2614:
2610:Seyfang (2004)
2597:
2585:
2573:
2570:Seyfang (2001)
2562:
2544:TimeBanking UK
2535:
2513:
2501:
2486:
2457:
2438:
2427:
2423:Seyfang (2004)
2415:
2388:(3): 223â232.
2372:
2337:
2297:
2283:
2273:. London, UK:
2259:
2227:
2198:
2172:
2146:
2139:
2121:
2089:
2063:
2056:
2038:
2031:
2013:
1987:
1980:
1962:
1955:
1937:
1923:
1905:
1901:Seyfang (2004)
1893:
1890:on 2007-07-11.
1875:
1857:
1855:, pp. 5â6
1842:
1830:
1818:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1769:. 9 March 2020
1767:Timebanking UK
1754:
1749:paulglover.org
1736:
1718:
1702:TrademarkHound
1689:
1673:TrademarkHound
1660:
1653:
1635:
1624:Miller (2008a)
1616:
1605:Miller (2008a)
1597:
1578:
1567:Miller (2008a)
1559:
1540:
1529:Miller (2008a)
1521:
1510:Miller (2008a)
1502:
1491:Miller (2008a)
1483:
1472:Hayashi (2012)
1464:
1440:
1429:Lietaer (2004)
1416:
1394:
1391:on 2007-09-27.
1367:
1346:
1317:
1297:
1264:
1250:
1226:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:Spice Timebank
1140:
1134:
1131:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1039:
1036:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
947:
944:
935:social capital
914:
911:
905:
902:
871:
870:
868:
867:
860:
853:
845:
842:
841:
839:
838:
826:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
800:
794:
793:
787:
786:
781:
776:
770:
769:
764:
759:
753:
752:
746:
745:
740:
734:
733:
727:
726:
721:
715:
714:
709:
703:
702:
696:
692:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
635:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
556:
550:
544:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
528:
527:
521:
520:
515:
510:
504:
503:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
465:
464:
458:
457:
452:
446:
445:
440:
435:
429:
423:
422:
421:
418:
417:
416:
415:
407:
406:
398:
397:
387:
386:
375:
372:
364:Eastern Europe
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
326:social service
321:
318:
185:
182:
124:, a socialist
60:Labour voucher
55:
52:
50:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4652:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:; c. 1750 BC)
4521:
4517:
4514:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4310:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:Water buffalo
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4224:(Roman world)
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:(Mesoamerica)
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:Chronobiology
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Arrow of time
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Geochronology
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:Wheel of time
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Periodization
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Digital clock
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Relative hour
3316:
3314:
3313:24-hour clock
3311:
3309:
3308:12-hour clock
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3113:(9): 251â253.
3112:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3039:
3033:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2979:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2773:May 31, 1995.
2772:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2680:
2673:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:TimeBanks USA
2545:
2542:In the U.K.:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2476:on 2013-01-16
2475:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2209:
2202:
2187:
2186:New Statesman
2183:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1870:www.awf.co.nz
1867:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1828:, p. 505
1827:
1822:
1816:, p. 507
1815:
1810:
1808:
1801:, p. 499
1800:
1795:
1789:, p. xix
1788:
1783:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1708:on 2016-07-02
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1679:on 2016-07-02
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1405:
1398:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1253:
1251:9780739141564
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1092:
1089:
1088:mutual credit
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
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1031:fiat currency
1028:
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980:Respite care
979:
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877:mutual credit
866:
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719:Bullion coins
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508:Company scrip
506:
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489:South America
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484:North America
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287:Edgar S. Cahn
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61:
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34:
30:
26:
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4611:
4486:Savings bank
4476:Central bank
4413:Legal tender
4320:Money portal
4089:Time capsule
4083:Tempus fugit
4081:
4003:Other fields
3702:
3683:Perdurantism
3605:Calendar era
3557:
3550:
3536:Cuckoo clock
3473:astronomical
3447:
3273:Unit of time
3204:Key concepts
3128:(1): 62â71.
3125:
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3072:
3064:
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3032:
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2978:cite journal
2967:. Retrieved
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2936:. 2016-02-15
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2850:
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2830:, p. 68
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2801:, p. 64
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2778:
2770:
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2723:
2709:
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2672:
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2650:
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2612:, p. 69
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2474:the original
2469:
2460:
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2318:the original
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2269:
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2243:the original
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2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2158:
2149:
2130:
2124:
2114:February 10,
2112:. Retrieved
2105:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2077:Yes Magazine
2076:
2066:
2047:
2041:
2022:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1990:
1971:
1965:
1946:
1940:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1903:, p. 66
1896:
1888:the original
1878:
1869:
1860:
1840:, p. 87
1833:
1821:
1794:
1782:
1771:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
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1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1701:
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:the original
1672:
1663:
1644:
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1619:
1600:
1581:
1562:
1548:Dower (1999)
1543:
1524:
1505:
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1467:
1453:Lebra (2007)
1407:. Retrieved
1397:
1386:the original
1377:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1349:
1307:
1300:
1286:(1): 17â22.
1283:
1277:
1267:
1257:November 28,
1255:. Retrieved
1236:
1229:
1218:
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1081:
1071:TimeRepublik
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1049:
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1019:
1010:
977:Home repair
958:
957:
949:
917:
916:
907:
881:time credits
874:
757:Credit cards
518:Time dollars
517:
374:Time dollars
368:basic income
361:
356:
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331:
323:
320:21st century
315:
310:Ithaca Hours
304:
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184:20th century
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142:
137:
133:
99:
78:
75:
54:19th century
41:
24:
18:
4438:Safekeeping
4292:Bimetallism
4207:(W. Africa)
4099:Time travel
4077:System time
3984:Time domain
3969:Proper time
3793:use of time
3764:Father Time
3744:Immortality
3734:Ages of Man
3663:Endurantism
3620:Regnal year
3600:Big History
3529:water-based
3428:Solar Hijri
3338:Hexadecimal
3288:Measurement
3250:Chronometry
3236:Measurement
3157:TimeBanking
2595:, p. 6
2593:Cahn (2004)
2581:Cahn (2004)
2435:Cahn (2004)
2159:BBC News UK
2098:Cahn, Edgar
1853:Cahn (2004)
1838:Cahn (2004)
1826:Cahn (1999)
1814:Cahn (1999)
1799:Cahn (1999)
1787:Cahn (2004)
1409:24 February
1360:24 February
1016:Time credit
966:Child care
918:Timebanking
913:Timebanking
791:Scripophily
391:Numismatics
306:Paul Glover
208:Pacific War
162:labor notes
102:Robert Owen
37:person-hour
4629:Categories
4548:Monetarism
4536:Chartalism
4433:Redemption
4423:Possession
4386:Clay token
4239:Trade bead
4193:Cocoa bean
4177:Commodity
3801:Chronemics
3776:Kalachakra
3688:Presentism
3673:Eternalism
3579:Chronology
3517:mechanical
3468:Main types
3386:Main types
3046:2022-07-16
3023:2022-07-16
2969:2022-07-16
2940:2022-07-16
2523:e.g., the
2508:e.g., the
2480:2014-04-18
1773:2021-03-03
1763:"Overview"
1712:2013-04-07
1683:2013-04-07
1327:1032659601
1205:References
1038:Criticisms
953:caregivers
930:incentives
693:Collection
636:Production
566:Achaemenid
152:time chits
118:Birmingham
104:, a Welsh
4257:(SE Asia)
4187:Axe-money
4057:Leap year
3974:Spacetime
3848:Yesterday
3749:Dreamtime
3723:Mythology
3610:Deep time
3522:stopwatch
3497:hourglass
3478:astrarium
3408:Gregorian
3401:Lunisolar
3378:Calendars
3368:Time zone
3241:standards
3142:154983448
2883:246586584
2410:206633499
2006:March 17,
1569:, 11, 12.
1550:, 87-112.
1335:cite book
1292:0360-3695
1100:Elderplan
1023:inflation
1005:Delivery
999:Tutoring
991:Odd jobs
904:Timebanks
898:inflation
738:Banknotes
731:Notaphily
665:Hammering
648:Designers
571:Byzantine
438:Banknotes
195:in 1973.
193:time bank
175:) in his
169:Karl Marx
167:In 1875,
164:in 1852.
145:anarchist
126:economist
122:John Gray
106:socialist
21:economics
4396:Currency
4374:Clearing
4354:Banknote
4349:Bailment
4269:(Arabia)
4230:(barley)
4216:Quachtli
4117:Category
3865:Time in
3856:Tomorrow
3718:Religion
3658:Duration
3625:Timeline
3559:Timeline
3358:Sidereal
3226:Eternity
2685:22 April
2625:Archived
2555:Archived
2528:Archived
2449:Archived
2402:18573997
2367:19896032
1918:Futurism
1151:See also
1125:area of
1068:In 2013
1027:interest
988:Writing
922:currency
750:Exonumia
601:Japanese
581:Filipino
561:Aksumite
425:Currency
413:Glossary
383:a series
381:Part of
308:created
280:series:
85:American
4447:General
4401:Deposit
4391:Coinage
4263:(Hindu)
4205:Manilla
4127:Commons
4050:Related
3964:Instant
3954:Chronon
3936:Physics
3876:Geology
3867:science
3739:Destiny
3584:History
3552:History
3507:sundial
3490:quantum
3433:Chinese
3423:Islamic
3333:Decimal
3328:Chinese
3290:systems
3216:Present
3161:YouTube
3074:Futures
2934:Monneta
2908:: 195.
2327:12 June
2290:12 June
2252:12 June
2217:7 April
2191:7 April
2165:7 April
2082:7 April
1127:Glasgow
1123:Gorbals
779:Cheques
724:Grading
658:Milling
653:Coining
616:Tibetan
596:Italian
576:Chinese
494:Oceania
443:Forgery
114:England
49:History
35:is the
4459:Barter
4418:Notary
4369:Cheque
4234:Shells
4228:Shekel
4201:(rice)
4067:Moment
4062:Memory
3914:period
3502:marine
3485:atomic
3460:Clocks
3418:Hebrew
3413:Julian
3348:Metric
3221:Future
3140:
3014:
2881:
2662:21 May
2408:
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1455:, 169.
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1200:(LETS)
889:credit
883:" or "
798:Stocks
784:Scrips
774:Tokens
767:Medals
762:Jetons
680:Errors
675:Metals
591:Indian
479:Europe
469:Africa
110:London
27:is an
4340:Token
4331:Money
4267:Camel
4179:money
4072:Space
3904:epoch
3894:chron
3852:Today
3821:tempo
3816:Music
3678:Event
3512:watch
3396:Lunar
3391:Solar
3363:Solar
3353:Roman
3343:Hindu
3138:S2CID
3041:(PDF)
2879:S2CID
2406:S2CID
2321:(PDF)
2310:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
2239:(PDF)
2211:(PDF)
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1607:, 20.
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1382:(PDF)
1174:(CES)
893:debit
803:Bonds
707:Coins
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586:Greek
433:Coins
200:Osaka
4498:Mint
4336:Fiat
4222:Salt
4199:Koku
3791:and
3754:KÄla
3449:List
3443:Maya
3239:and
3211:Past
3197:Time
3012:ISBN
2991:help
2687:2013
2664:2013
2398:PMID
2363:PMID
2329:2017
2292:2017
2279:ISBN
2254:2017
2219:2013
2193:2013
2167:2013
2135:ISBN
2116:2013
2084:2013
2052:ISBN
2027:ISBN
2008:2013
1976:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1630:help
1611:help
1592:help
1573:help
1554:help
1535:help
1531:, 7.
1516:help
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1478:help
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1431:, 4.
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1362:2015
1341:link
1323:OCLC
1313:ISBN
1288:ISSN
1259:2018
1246:ISBN
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611:Thai
513:LETS
474:Asia
450:List
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3899:eon
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3258:UTC
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3130:doi
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