50:
876:
906:
1009:
822:
39:
997:
807:
765:, and the castored wheel(s) will turn due to any applied side loading. If the steering axis is not vertical, however, the directional stability above about 10 mph (16 km/h) is very strongly controlled by the dynamic forces. If the castored wheel is attached to the front of a narrow tilting vehicle the castor will automatically place itself on the correct steer angle for the tilt and the speed of the vehicle. A system can be used below 10 mph (16 km/h) to improve slow-speed performance where the steerable wheel(s) are progressively captured to the vehicle tilt action as vehicle speed decreases.
936:
849:
963:
348:: In many countries aligned to EU regulations, an arrangement of two wheels on the same axle , is treated as one wheel provided they are spaced no further apart than 460 mm (18 in) between contact patch centers. This has the effect of allowing vehicles complying with this dimensional limit to be classified as motorcycles. Therefore, such vehicles would be subject to all the technical prescriptions applicable to motorcycles rather than motorised tricycles or four-wheeled vehicles.
951:
891:
792:
777:
20:
864:
975:
921:
738:, where the countersteering is not controlled by the operator. Some versions of the model introduced automatic countersteer to increase tilt speed and reduce the force required to tilt the vehicle. Other forced-tilted vehicles may incorporate automatic countersteering. A prototype tilting multi-track free leaning vehicle was developed in 1984 that employs automatic countersteering and does not require any balancing skills.
31:
837:
161:, a vehicle is considered stable about its longitudinal axis if it returns to the vertical/ straight orientation hands free, and unstable if it does not. The stability of a vehicle may vary with its forward speed, and the stability might be inherent in the vehicle or created by the rider or some other active controller. For example, bicycles exhibit no stability when stationary, they simply fall over, but can exhibit
200:(s) that require power sources. "Passive" control and "free" control mean there are no sensors, comparisons, response calculation, or actuators and the vehicle is controlled as a bicycle or motorcycle "Free" and "passive" usually mean that the vehicle tilts as a bicycle or motorcycle, and the rider must control the tilt angle indirectly by steering the vehicle.
721:
Steering requires that the axle(s) of the front wheel(s) form a finite angle with the axle(s) of the rear wheel(s), i.e. not be parallel. This misalignment may be accomplished in a variety of ways, and usually the front wheel(s) rotate about a steering axis relative to the rest of the vehicle and the
244:
Leaning into a turn, as bicycles and motorcycles do, means that the net acceleration experienced by the vehicle and rider can always be aligned with the midplane of the vehicle. Riders may find this more pleasant than the alternative, and vehicle components, such as the frame, wheels, and tires, can
372:
Either the front or rear wheel(s) may be driven, but driving a wheel near its power source is usually simpler than driving a wheel at the other end of the vehicle, driving a single wheel is usually simpler than driving a pair of wheels, and driving a wheel that remains aligned with its power source
240:
The ability to balance the moment caused by lateral acceleration in a turn, due to high speed, tight radius, or both, with a counter moment caused by gravity, means these vehicles do not have to be low, wide, and/or slow. Also, since stability no longer depends on the axle track, the center of mass
212:
usually refer to how active control is applied. The rider on a "free-tilting" and "passive-tilting" trike usually can apply a steer torque directly, which then controls the tilt angle indirectly, as on bicycles and motorcycles. The rider on a "free-to-caster" trike, on the other hand, can apply a
691:
In all cases, the tilting mechanism may simply be lockable to facilitate keeping the vehicle upright when stopped or parked. Also, passive or active tilting systems cannot simply counter the roll moment caused by gravity, as this has been shown to make a vehicle practically unsteerable, although
655:
Tripendo, in which the rider controls tilt by hand with a lever. An active controller may calculate a desired tilt angle from some combination of lateral acceleration and steering input, and it may set a desired tilt angle with some combination of mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic actuators.
654:
is required. Actively controlled tilters are where the rider or some other controller actively sets the tilt angle directly. Vehicles for which the rider has direct control over the tilt angle include the
General Motors Lean Machine, in which the rider controlled tilt with foot pedals, and the
664:
axis when stationary. To remedy this problem some free/ passive tilters use tilt locks or restraints when at low speeds. Some use a brake applied to the tilting mechanism, some use progressive roll stability adjustments. Free/passive tilters possess self stability when moving forward with
165:
if rolling forward at the right speed, even without a rider. Meanwhile, active tilters exhibit roll stability at all times and are designed not to rollover in a turn. Tilting vehicles may exhibit nearly any combination of the above behaviors, due to any combination of their geometry, mass
118:
As with tricycles that do not tilt, there are a variety of feasible choices of how the wheels are arranged, which wheels are steered, and which wheels are driven. In addition, there are a variety of feasible choices for which wheels tilt and which do not.
127:
Because this is an emerging field with many different vehicle configurations, many different individual contributors, and not yet any clearly dominant technology, there is a great deal of potentially confusing terminology in use:
1177:"Twinned wheels" means two wheels positioned on the same axle, which are considered to be one wheel, whereby the distance between the centres of the areas of contact with the ground is equal to, or less than 460 mm.
875:
708:
Unenclosed vehicles may employ free or passive tilt control because the rider can still put a foot down when stopped. The rider is responsible for controlling tilt just as they would on a two-wheeled bicycle or
241:
does not have to be located near the wide axle and instead can be located anywhere between the front and rear axle to optimize other performance characteristics such as ride quality or braking performance.
1116:
Jignesh Sindha; Basab
Chakraborty; Debashish Chakravarty (February 7, 2017). "Automatic stability control of three-wheeler vehicles – recent developments and concerns towards a sustainable technology".
550:
One wheel in front and all three wheels tilt, referred to as 1F3T (i.e. one front three tilt). An example can be seen in the Rose-Hulman Ragnarök pictured below and the UWM PantherTrike pictured above.
556:
Two wheels in front and all three wheels tilt, referred to as 2F3T (i.e. two front three tilt). Notable examples include the TVA Tilting
Vehicle Australia (James FTC vehicle) 3 wheel version
271:
The tilting mechanism, free or controlled, requires more constructive elements compared to two-wheeled (motor-) cycles, while independent suspension of rigid three-wheelers may be more complex
1150:
Real-time computation of cornering force and gravitational force, acting at the CG, needs to be carried out to evaluate the required tilt angle during the automatic control of actuators.
712:
Enclosed vehicles, in which the rider cannot reach the ground, must provide come kind of active tilt control, either automatic or by the rider, to keep the vehicle upright when stopped.
584:, such as on the Tripendo pictured above and the Mercedes-Benz F300 Life Jet Concept Vehicle pictured below. This has been employed on tadpole and delta trike configurations.
511:
Any number of the wheels can tilt, and advantages to tilting wheels are that the wheels do not need to bear large side loads, and the tires mounted on them can generate
107:. This also reduces the lateral acceleration experienced by the rider, which some find more comfortable than the alternative. The narrow profile can result in reduced
821:
996:
905:
1729:
680:
Active tilt vehicles such as the James FTC (Free To Castor) uses the geometry of the suspension/steering system to control the vehicle directional path
1146:
The 3Ws with an additional degree of freedom that allows the driver to tilt the vehicle during turning are categorised as passive tilt-controlled 3Ws.
741:
A larger range of tilting three-wheelers has appeared in the recent years and use manually controlled countersteering like a motorbike, such as the
683:
Active-tilt vehicles are designed to possess roll stability at all times when stopped or in motion, and if traction is lost, the vehicles will not
356:
Rear-wheel steering tends to be directionally unstable, and so the vast majority of trikes employ front-wheel steering. A notable exception is the
49:
806:
1194:
1008:
227:
are expressions already commonly used in the motorcycle world to describe ways in which the bodies of these vehicles may collide with the ground.
576:
In the case where the two side-by-side wheels tilt, some mechanical linkage is necessary to coordinate their tilting. Implementations include:
757:
One vehicle variation is to control the steered wheel(s) indirectly by tilting them, along with the vehicle body, and this system is known as
1761:
980:
1296:
1397:
896:
723:
569:
496:
413:
357:
338:
1372:
325:, with two wheels in front and one wheel in back. Notable examples include the TVA Tilting Vehicle Australia 3 & 4 wheel versions
1415:
as is the case with passive tilt control, an additional stabilisation mechanism is required at very low speeds and when stationary.
360:. In the case of two wheel steering, some accommodation is usually made to account for the different radii of their paths, such as
1162:
666:
162:
53:
935:
274:
Control of the tilting either requires some kind of automated control system or different behavior from the rider, such as
1519:
661:
527:
One wheel in front and only the front tilts, referred to as 1F1T (i.e. one front one tilts). Notable examples include the
157:
are usually used in this context to characterize whether the vehicle tilts, leans, or rolls as the rider wishes. As with
104:
373:
is simpler than driving a wheel that tilts or steers relative to its power source. Two common drive configurations are:
602:, in which case the two wheels are not directly side-by-side. This tends to be employed on delta trike configurations.
881:
791:
1565:
1092:
144:
100:
188:
usually refer to how the tilt angle is controlled, directly or indirectly. "Active" control usually requires some
1029:
962:
782:
528:
400:
Drive one tilting wheel in the rear. Notable examples include the TVA Tilting
Vehicle Australia 3 wheel version
378:
300:
143:
are all used somewhat interchangeably, depending on the context and the writer, usually to mean rotation about a
848:
687:. In these vehicles the lateral spacing of the wheel set is put to effective use to create additional stability.
1451:
673:. The lateral spacing of the wheels does not avoid tipping over, these vehicles behave and are controlled like
38:
797:
532:
448:
382:
304:
193:
1384:
The single front wheel layout naturally oversteers and the single rear wheel layout naturally understeers.
472:
361:
761:. The directional control of a FTC wheel is not particularly strong, as demonstrated by the wheels on a
650:
Free tilting and passive tilting vehicles are controlled as with a bicycle or motorcycle, in which case
553:
Two wheels in front and only the single rear wheel tilts, referred to as 2F1T (i.e. two front one tilt).
1497:
1766:
248:
A narrow axle track means that the vehicle does not require as much pavement and may experience less
776:
1347:
1067:
1119:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering
950:
890:
863:
625:
does not necessarily apply. If the tilting mechanism has some limitation on tilt angle, then the
495:
Power may come from the rider, as on the
Tripendo, from batteries and electric motors, as on the
1205:
Sharp steering movements throws your weight with the turn and upsets the stability of the trike.
974:
451:. If the vehicle is designed to accommodate a second rider, the seating is usually arranged in
1741:
255:
Depending on how the tilting is implemented, a tilting vehicle can be oriented independent of
427:
Drive one tilting wheel in the front. One example is the Rose-Hulman Ragnarök pictured below.
158:
701:
1678:
1580:
1301:
674:
626:
87:
whose body and or wheels tilt in the direction of a turn. Such vehicles can corner without
84:
8:
1691:
1666:
1520:"Dynamic analysis and control of narrow track vehicles via a multibody modeling approach"
1221:
920:
735:
722:
rear wheel(s). One notable exception, already mentioned above, is the rear-wheel-steered
540:
484:
390:
312:
1682:
1584:
1313:
Camber thrust is the ability of a tire to generate force when leaned over during a turn.
1163:"Proposal for amendments to the Consolidated Resolution on the construction of vehicles"
1756:
1596:
1404:
1271:
1134:
1093:"The dynamic behaviour of man-wide vehicles with an automatic active tilting mechanism"
836:
468:
23:
1431:
1326:
1275:
1251:
1138:
599:
444:
1600:
1115:
1686:
1667:"Steering Dynamics of Tilting Narrow Track Vehicle with Passive Front Wheel Design"
1588:
1263:
1226:
1126:
1034:
630:
249:
108:
88:
1191:"This a description of how to build a Rear Wheel Steering Front Wheel Drive Trike"
115:. These types of vehicles have also been described as "man-wide vehicles" (MWV).
1592:
1373:"The Dynamic Stability of Three-Wheeled Vehicles in Automotive-Type Applications"
651:
606:
520:
275:
260:
112:
1190:
1473:
985:
911:
638:
565:
500:
409:
334:
299:, with one wheel in front and two wheels in back. Notable examples include the
236:
The potential benefits of tilting, compared to the rigid alternative, include:
167:
1267:
1750:
1498:"An A-Class-powered three-wheeler with RWD and a body that leaned into bends"
1130:
1039:
762:
614:
581:
512:
80:
609:, as on the Yamaha MWT-9 pictured above and the Yamaha Niken pictured below.
1736:
Dynamic
Stability of Three-Wheeled Vehicles in Automotive-Type Applications
1730:
The Design, Implementation and
Analysis of Motorized Tilting Three-Wheelers
1564:
O. Dong; C. Graham; A. Grewal; C. Parrucci; A. Ruina (September 30, 2014).
1252:"Modelling and analysis of the dynamics of a tilting three-wheeled vehicle"
1015:
812:
746:
536:
480:
386:
308:
42:
1724:
1711:
Development of a Steer Tilt
Controller for a Three Wheeled Tilting Vehicle
1625:
Development of a Steer Tilt
Controller for a Three Wheeled Tilting Vehicle
660:
Free-tilting/ passive -tilting vehicles possess no stability about their
1640:
1065:
941:
926:
854:
742:
561:
557:
476:
440:
405:
401:
330:
326:
256:
96:
1068:"Tilting Human Powered Trikes: Principles, Designs and New Developments"
700:
Enclosures can protect rider(s) from the weather and allow for reduced
634:
618:
592:
516:
377:
Drive two non-tilting wheels in the rear. Notable examples include the
92:
692:
there is ongoing debate about whether it is truly unsteerable or not.
267:
The drawbacks of tilting, compared to the rigid alternative, include:
19:
1735:
622:
617:
between the wheels in cornering, so the rule of thumb about tadpoles
217:
213:
roll torque directly, which then controls the steer angle indirectly.
1563:
1566:"A bicycle in zero gravity can be balanced or steered but not both"
684:
670:
588:
223:
197:
171:
1732:. Thesis, Choa-Chin Weng. 18 July 2005. Chinese. English abstract.
1621:
1540:
1719:
ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition
1297:"This Professor's Bike Experiments Might Change the Way You Ride"
1096:
30:
1398:"Active Control of Narrow Tilting Vehicle Dynamics (PhD Thesis)"
1066:
Stephen Nurse; Mark Richardson; Robbie Napper (September 2015).
439:
As with tricycles in general, seating may be upright, as on the
59:, a narrow-track, tilting, recumbent, human-powered trike (1F3T)
1623:
827:
544:
456:
452:
394:
316:
189:
1710:
1432:"The Dynamics of a Three-Wheeled Narrow-Track Tilting Vehicle"
1429:
613:
Due to the tilting, there is not necessarily any side-to-side
499:, or from conventional internal combustion engines, as on the
292:
As with tricycles in general, the two main wheel layouts are:
467:
The rider may be fully exposed, as on the Tripendo, behind a
56:
34:
Tripendo recumbent tricycle, a tilting three-wheeler (2F3T)
1222:"The Funky Toyota i-Road Is Like Nothing I've Ever Driven"
595:. This tends to be employed on delta trike configurations.
1370:
1002:
Mercedes-Benz F300 Life Jet Concept Vehicle, 1997. (2F3T)
1622:
Poelgeest, A; Edge, K. A.; Darling, J. (November 2007).
1474:"Aerion: An Optimized All-weather Ped-electric Trycicle"
1238:
At slow speeds, the single rear wheel does the steering.
644:
1430:
Berote; van Poelgeest; Darling; Edge; Plummer (2014).
192:(s), some capacity to calculate a response, such as a
1664:
1249:
1168:. UN Economic Commission for Europe. January 8, 2019
734:Some Tilting trikes are forced-tilted, such as the
633:will be a function of maximum tilt angle possible,
103:with an opposite roll moment caused by gravity, as
1709:Poelgeest, A., Edge, K. A. and Darling, J., 2007.
1471:
1366:
1364:
669:, and if traction is lost the vehicle will likely
1324:
1090:
1748:
1348:"Deliver-E Trike quietly takes on uneven ground"
1395:
1361:
1195:International Human Powered Vehicle Association
1541:"Future Of Human Powered Transport Is A Trike"
1495:
1638:
1538:
1188:
1086:
1084:
884:narrow-track, tilting, recumbent trike (1F3T)
830:prototype without bodywork, June 2013. (1F1T)
259:, such as from the crown in a road or a soft
1517:
1345:
1327:"Design and Stability of Recumbent Tricycle"
95:because they can balance some or all of the
1665:Jeffrey Too Chuan TAN; et al. (2016).
1219:
605:Some form of coordination between parallel
1491:
1489:
1371:Robert Q. Riley; Tony Foale (2018-07-23).
1081:
455:to maintain the narrow profile, as on the
420:Less common drive configurations include:
252:because of a smaller cross-sectional area.
1690:
1511:
1425:
1423:
1250:Edelmann; Plöchl; Lugner (May 18, 2011).
231:
1559:
1557:
1472:Craig J. Cornelius (November 29, 2018).
1215:
1213:
48:
37:
29:
18:
1486:
1294:
1070:. Australasian Transport Research Forum
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1749:
1420:
1671:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
1554:
1210:
645:Free, passive, or active tilt control
591:, possibly connected by some form of
424:Drive two tilting wheels in the rear.
1762:Tilting three-wheeled motor vehicles
1052:
629:the vehicle can experience without
13:
1721:, 2007-11-01, Seattle, Washington.
1189:Timothy Smith (January 30, 2009).
729:
515:, which can reduce the need for a
14:
1778:
1641:"Bankable future for leaning car"
1396:James Robertson (February 2014).
1220:Alex Davies (November 13, 2015).
882:University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
752:
351:
282:
1725:Tilting Three Wheelers - Patents
1539:Adam Ruggiero (March 18, 2015).
1007:
995:
973:
961:
949:
934:
919:
904:
889:
874:
862:
847:
835:
820:
815:used for delivery service (1F1T)
805:
790:
775:
367:
1703:
1658:
1632:
1615:
1532:
1465:
1454:. Small Cars Club. May 21, 2017
1444:
1389:
1346:Ben Coxworth (March 11, 2011).
1339:
1030:Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
483:, or fully enclosed, as on the
287:
1692:10.1088/1742-6596/744/1/012218
1639:Mike McCarthy (January 1987).
1496:Adrian Padeanu (May 2, 2018).
1325:Sahil; Oza; Malankiya (2015).
1318:
1288:
1243:
1182:
1155:
1109:
968:Peugeot Metropolis 400i (2F3T)
122:
1:
1518:Philip James (Nov 23, 2019).
1452:"General Motors Lean Machine"
1375:. Robert Q. Riley Enterprises
1045:
695:
665:sufficient traction, as with
170:, rider input, or some other
16:Tilting three-wheeled vehicle
1593:10.1080/00423114.2014.956126
1295:Dan Roe (November 4, 2016).
479:, under a canopy, as on the
462:
7:
1023:
768:
716:
362:Ackermann steering geometry
105:bicycles and motorcycles do
10:
1783:
1091:Pauwelussen, J.P. (1999).
944:(2F3T) with roof and wagon
800:, patented in 2005. (1F1T)
523:. Configurations include:
506:
434:
168:suspension characteristics
1268:10.1007/s11044-011-9258-7
1256:Multibody System Dynamics
869:SynergEthic Tilter (1F3T)
580:Some form of one or more
1131:10.1177/0954407017701285
667:bicycles and motorcycles
490:
101:centripetal acceleration
91:despite having a narrow
1573:Vehicle System Dynamics
245:avoid large side loads.
232:Benefits and drawbacks
83:vehicle and usually a
60:
46:
35:
27:
1144:Passive tilt control.
675:single track vehicles
172:active control system
159:directional stability
65:tilting three-wheeler
52:
41:
33:
22:
1148:Active tilt control.
627:lateral acceleration
587:Some form a pair of
85:narrow-track vehicle
1683:2016JPhCS.744a2218T
1585:2014VSD....52.1681D
956:Gilera Fuoco (2F3T)
194:feedback controller
1738:. Robert Q. Riley.
1405:University of Bath
541:Vandenbrink Carver
485:Vandenbrink Carver
391:Vandenbrink Carver
346:Twinned Wheel Rule
313:Vandenbrink Carver
61:
47:
36:
28:
24:Vandenbrink Carver
842:Flevotrike (1F1T)
798:MEV Tilting Trike
785:from 1970. (1F1T)
533:MEV Tilting Trike
449:MEV Tilting Trike
383:MEV Tilting Trike
305:MEV Tilting Trike
145:longitudinal axis
1774:
1767:Vehicles by type
1697:
1696:
1694:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:. pp. 12–13
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702:aerodynamic drag
607:telescopic forks
250:aerodynamic drag
109:aerodynamic drag
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1645:Wheels Magazine
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857:Ragnarök (1F3T)
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730:Countersteering
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652:countersteering
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521:cornering force
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370:
354:
290:
285:
276:countersteering
234:
147:of the vehicle.
125:
113:fuel efficiency
75:, or even just
17:
12:
11:
5:
1780:
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1419:
1388:
1360:
1338:
1317:
1287:
1262:(4): 469–487.
1242:
1209:
1181:
1154:
1125:(3): 418–434.
1108:
1080:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
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1022:
1021:
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948:
946:
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933:
931:
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918:
916:
912:Yamaha Tricity
910:
903:
901:
895:
888:
886:
880:
873:
871:
868:
861:
859:
853:
846:
844:
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832:
826:
819:
817:
811:
804:
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796:
789:
787:
781:
774:
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767:
759:free to castor
754:
753:Free to castor
751:
731:
728:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:
697:
694:
689:
688:
681:
678:
657:
656:
646:
643:
639:center of mass
611:
610:
603:
596:
585:
582:parallelograms
574:
573:
566:Yamaha Tricity
554:
551:
548:
508:
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501:Yamaha Tricity
492:
489:
464:
461:
436:
433:
429:
428:
425:
418:
417:
410:Yamaha Tricity
398:
369:
366:
353:
352:Steered wheels
350:
343:
342:
335:Yamaha Tricity
320:
289:
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284:
283:Configurations
281:
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265:
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233:
230:
229:
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166:distribution,
163:self-stability
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111:and increased
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1677:(1): 012218.
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1040:Tilting train
1038:
1036:
1033:
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1005:
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947:
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932:
928:
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897:Toyota i-Road
892:
887:
883:
877:
872:
865:
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845:
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829:
823:
818:
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773:
772:
766:
764:
763:shopping cart
760:
750:
748:
744:
739:
737:
727:
725:
724:Toyota i-Road
711:
707:
706:
705:
703:
693:
686:
682:
679:
676:
672:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
648:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:understeering
616:
615:load transfer
608:
604:
601:
598:Some form of
597:
594:
590:
586:
583:
579:
578:
577:
571:
570:Toyota i-Road
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:camber thrust
504:
502:
498:
497:Toyota i-Road
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
432:
426:
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422:
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415:
414:Toyota i-Road
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
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388:
384:
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376:
375:
374:
368:Driven wheels
365:
363:
359:
358:Toyota i-Road
349:
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339:Toyota i-Road
336:
332:
328:
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321:
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98:
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90:
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82:
81:three-wheeled
78:
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73:leaning trike
70:
69:tilting trike
66:
58:
55:
51:
44:
40:
32:
25:
21:
1718:
1714:
1704:Bibliography
1674:
1670:
1660:
1649:. Retrieved
1644:
1634:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1604:. Retrieved
1579:(12): 1681.
1576:
1572:
1545:. Retrieved
1543:. GearJunkie
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1513:
1502:. Retrieved
1500:. Motor1.com
1477:. Retrieved
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1414:
1408:. Retrieved
1391:
1383:
1377:. Retrieved
1352:. Retrieved
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
1320:
1312:
1306:. Retrieved
1300:
1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1259:
1255:
1245:
1237:
1231:. Retrieved
1225:
1204:
1198:. Retrieved
1184:
1176:
1170:. Retrieved
1157:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1100:. Retrieved
1072:. Retrieved
1016:Yamaha Niken
813:Honda Canopy
758:
756:
747:Yamaha Niken
740:
733:
720:
699:
690:
631:rolling over
623:oversteering
612:
575:
537:Honda Canopy
519:to generate
510:
494:
481:Honda Canopy
475:, as on the
466:
447:, as on the
438:
430:
419:
387:Honda Canopy
371:
355:
345:
344:
322:
309:Honda Canopy
296:
291:
288:Wheel layout
266:
235:
222:
216:
209:
205:
185:
181:
177:
154:
150:
140:
136:
132:
126:
117:
89:rolling over
76:
72:
68:
64:
62:
57:PantherTrike
43:Yamaha Niken
1350:. New Atlas
984: [
981:Quadro 350D
942:Piaggio MP3
927:Piaggio MP3
855:Rose-Hulman
743:Piaggio MP3
709:motorcycle.
621:and deltas
562:Piaggio MP3
558:Tilting car
477:Piaggio MP3
441:Piaggio MP3
406:Piaggio MP3
402:Tilting car
331:Piaggio MP3
327:Tilting car
257:cross slope
196:, and some
123:Terminology
97:roll moment
1751:Categories
1742:Carver One
1651:2014-11-18
1606:2018-11-06
1547:2018-10-27
1525:2020-11-23
1504:2018-10-27
1479:2018-11-02
1458:2019-07-13
1437:2018-11-02
1410:2019-12-26
1379:2018-11-05
1354:2018-10-27
1332:2018-11-02
1308:2018-11-05
1281:2018-11-15
1233:2019-12-16
1200:2018-10-27
1172:2019-12-16
1102:2018-11-12
1074:2018-10-18
1046:References
696:Enclosures
641:location.
635:axle track
593:bell crank
517:slip angle
473:windscreen
99:caused by
93:axle track
1757:Tricycles
1302:Bicycling
1276:119512934
1139:115787151
589:swingarms
463:Enclosure
445:recumbent
155:stability
45:from 2018
1601:17873675
1024:See also
1018:. (2F3T)
769:Examples
717:Steering
261:shoulder
218:highside
210:indirect
198:actuator
1679:Bibcode
1581:Bibcode
1097:TUDelft
783:Ariel 3
685:lowside
671:lowside
529:Ariel 3
507:Tilting
469:fairing
435:Seating
379:Ariel 3
323:tadpole
301:Ariel 3
224:lowside
182:passive
79:, is a
1599:
1274:
1137:
990:(2F3T)
929:(2F3T)
914:(2F3T)
899:(2F3T)
828:CLEVER
736:Carver
637:, and
568:, and
545:CLEVER
543:, and
457:CLEVER
453:tandem
412:, and
395:CLEVER
393:, and
337:, and
317:CLEVER
315:, and
206:direct
190:sensor
184:, and
178:active
151:stable
139:, and
77:tilter
26:(1F1T)
1597:S2CID
1569:(PDF)
1401:(PDF)
1272:S2CID
1227:Wired
1166:(PDF)
1135:S2CID
1014:2018
988:]
600:crank
491:Power
443:, or
297:delta
662:roll
221:and
208:and
186:free
153:and
141:roll
137:lean
133:tilt
1687:doi
1675:744
1589:doi
1264:doi
1127:doi
1123:232
745:or
471:or
54:UWM
1753::
1717::
1715:In
1713:.
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1577:52
1575:.
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1488:^
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1083:^
1054:^
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63:A
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174:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
