163:
134:, Commissioner for the Three Ports, "Talk about kidnapping became more and more widespread among the populace. Because of this, the streets and alleys were not tranquil." Subsequently, the populace apprehended and sent in a "reader" from the church, Chen Xibao. He was beaten and sent to the magistrate. Through the Tianjin prefect, Liu Jie, he was interrogated and it was found that, in reality, he was leading students home, and was not kidnapping them. He was subsequently released. There was also a case in which the residents of Taohuakou apprehended and sent in Wu Lanzhen, who had kidnapped Li Suo. From the prefect's interrogation, Wang San from the church was implicated. Upon further investigation, the Chinese authorities determined that Wu Lanzhen had lied.
88:
234:
or endorse foreign missionaries. For
Europeans, the riot and loss of life was further proof that the Chinese government could not be trusted to protect foreigners or their investments. For many Chinese, the fact Europeans and missionaries continued to be an elite outside the realms of Chinese law, and seemingly able to engage in actions through military force without serious repercussions, directly led to anti-foreign feeling which led to the
389:
153:
While the
Chinese magistrate's staff attempted to suppress the riot, the French Consul visited the magistrate's official quarters to lodge a very angry complaint. Fontanier shot and wounded a Chinese assistant after an argument with the magistrate, under the threats of the mob. The French Consul and
125:
The summer of 1870 was hotter and drier than usual, and the popular mood was unsettled. Angry and excited crowds assembled in the street from time to time in the neighborhood of the
Mission buildings and demanded the release of the children. It does not appear that either the mission nor the French
233:
religious institutions, in the hope it would stop such situations as occurred at
Tientsin. Afterwards, however, the French and Americans refused to allow Chinese control or protection over the spread of Christianity in the country. The Qing government replied in turn by refusing to either proscribe
99:
priest, Father Joseph Tsiou, began a mission in
Tianjin. Tsiou was a skilled physician, who made it practice to baptize seriously ill infants whom he could not heal. This led to the impression that the baptism itself caused the deaths and there was opposition to this among the populace. Tsiou died
111:
False rumors circulated for years that the missionaries killed children in order to remove the eyes for the manufacture of some expensive medicines. In June 1870, rumors spread throughout China concerning
Catholic nuns who used to give small cash rewards to people who brought homeless or unwanted
183:
be sent to the port. It further said that Consul
Fontanier and his aide M. Simon had been killed when the mob stormed the French consulate. The mob then proceeded to the mission property next door, which housed the recently completed Church of Our Lady of Victory, the presbytery, the convent, and
217:
began to appear depicting the murder of the French Consul near the door of the church as political propaganda expressing resistance to
Western countries and their religions. Europeans were incensed and demanded punishment against the riot's ringleaders. Zeng had eighteen Chinese instigators (or
116:
to engage in kidnapping. Throughout 1870, deaths at these orphanages increased due to outbreaks of disease. Tensions between
Chinese residents of the northeastern port city of Tianjin (Tientsin) and western missionaries erupted in 1870 in the riot known as the Tianjin Massacre.
208:
The
Chinese government immediately condemned the riot. Foreign gunboats were sent to restore order to the legations of Tianjin, with reparations and reprisals demanded by the European governments. Chinese negotiations to mitigate the damage were led by the aging statesman
218:
scapegoats, depending on who tells the history) executed and removed both the magistrate and much of his staff. A Chinese mission of apology sailed to France, under Imperial Commissioner Chonghou. A formal apology was presented to the provisional French Head of State
187:
The riot only ended after a number of Catholic institutions and foreign buildings, including the Tientsin Cathedral and four British and American churches, were burned down. As well as the two French Consular officials, two
225:
The Tientsin Incident was far-reaching politically and culturally. Before 1870 the French and Chinese had been negotiating a clause to bring Western missionaries under the same guidelines as Chinese
141:. However, an angry anti-Christian crowd had gathered outside the cathedral and smashed windows. Chinese Catholic converts begged the French Consul, Henri-Victor Fontanier, to appeal directly to the
862:
213:. The situation was more complex than Zeng originally thought; he interrogated the orphans, who denied they had been kidnapped, and proclaimed the nuns innocent. Foldable
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1129:
1094:
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reported that on June 20, in anticipation of local unrest, the British Consul at Tianjin, Mr. Lay, had contacted the British Minister, Mr. Wade, requesting that a
1071:
1008:
1628:
55:. 60 people died in attacks on French Catholic priests and nuns. There was intense belligerence from French diplomats, and armed foreign intervention in
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59:(Tientsin) in 1870. The incident nearly precipitated a war and marked an end to relative cooperation between foreign powers and the
1913:
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137:
Chinese officials met with their French counterparts, who had assumed responsibility for the Catholic missions to China since the
2074:
1928:
79:. Rioting sparked by false rumors of the killing of babies led to the death of a French consul and provoked a diplomatic crisis.
162:
2138:
1933:
196:
assumed by the mob to be French. A jar of pickled onions found was claimed to be the eyes torn from children. Ten nuns of the
67:, first signed in 1858. French Catholic missionaries were active in China; they were funded by appeals in French churches. The
2128:
427:
2241:
2098:
380:
1972:
1950:
1691:
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1984:
91:Ăglise Notre-Dame-des-Victoires (Church of Our Lady's Victories), built in 1869, was the site of the Tianjin Massacre.
1807:
1250:
779:
105:
1648:
518:
The Tientsin massacre: being documents published in the Shanghai Evening Courier, from June 16th to Sept. 10th, 1870
200:
were raped and mutilated by the crowd before being killed. The final death toll of the riot was given at around 60.
126:
Consul took any steps at this time to allay the public's fears. On June 18, two Chinese kidnappers were arrested 30
2079:
2019:
1812:
496:
Harrison, Henrietta "'A Penny for the Little Chinese': The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843â1951."
294:
Henrietta Harrison, "'A Penny for the Little Chinese': The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843â1951."
2083:
1878:
1724:
1587:
655:
108:
popular at that time, the mission continued the practice of teaching and baptizing sick and abandoned children.
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1978:
1966:
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1996:
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75:. It was a target of Chinese anti-Christian protests led by the local gentry who saw the need to defend
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71:(L'Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance) was a Catholic charity founded in 1843 to rescue Chinese children from
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2002:
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The Tientsin massacre, the causes of the late disturbances in China and how to secure permanent peace
142:
478:
China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Anti-Foreignism, 1860â1870
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2013:
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51:, was an attack on Christian missionaries and converts in the late 19th century during the late
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his assistant, M. Simon, were murdered by the rioters and their bodies dumped in the river.
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1945:
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in 1861 and was replaced by a French missionary and sisters of the congregation of the
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1990:
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in November 1871. China paid France the large sum of 400,000 taels as compensation.
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473:, (Brill, Leiden: 2006) chap. 4, âWesterners as Scapegoatsâ pp. 154â201.
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priests, and approximately 40 Chinese Christians were killed, as were three
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outside Tianjin, were investigated and executed forthwith. According to
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461:: Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Telling Stories: Witchcraft and Scapegoating in Chinese History
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63:
court, and adversely affected the ongoing renegotiation of the
32:
338:
John King Fairbank, "Patterns behind the Tientsin Massacre."
1388:
412:
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
313:
Correspondence Respecting Anti-foreign Riots in China
2154:
Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
47:'Tianjin Religion Case'), also spelled the
148:
2213:
112:children to their orphanages. This led illicit
1718:
544:
480:. (Harvard University Press, Cambridge: 1963)
1732:
486:. "Patterns Behind the Tientsin Massacre."
42:
1725:
1711:
551:
537:
352:
350:
348:
2094:Canadian Indian residential school system
754:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
558:
277:
275:
161:
86:
2075:List of international adoption scandals
374:
345:
2214:
2139:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
405:
358:"Tianjin Massacre - Chonghou's report"
272:
2277:Diplomatic crises of the 19th century
2232:Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty
2129:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom
1706:
532:
399:
2252:Racially motivated violence in Asia
2008:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
1973:Adoption Information Disclosure Act
1951:History of children in the military
1692:National Christian Council of China
157:
13:
2175:Historical criticism of orphanages
2066:Controversial violations of rights
488:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
453:
340:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
14:
2293:
2099:Tennessee Children's Home Society
2257:Massacres of Christians in China
2247:History of Christianity in China
2080:American Indian boarding schools
2020:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
420:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1452
387:
167:Chapel of the Sisters of Charity
2272:ChinaâFrance military relations
2084:American Indian outing programs
1879:Cultural variations in adoption
311:Great Britain. Foreign Office,
149:Commissioner Chonghou's account
1979:Adoption and Safe Families Act
1967:Access to Adoption Records Act
1493:Catholic Patriotic Association
1110:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
436:
332:
319:
304:
288:
248:Anti-missionary riots in China
37:
1:
1869:Political abuse of psychiatry
1513:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
490:20, no. 3/4 (1957): 480â511.
265:
145:, Chonghou, for public calm.
82:
2124:Forced adoption in Australia
2068:in adoption or child custody
1997:Foster Care Independence Act
1105:Christianity in Heilongjiang
362:spendelow.georgetown.domains
255:, (1826-1893) a key diplomat
203:
7:
2242:Military history of Tianjin
1634:Anti-sex-selective abortion
574:Timeline of Chinese history
241:
120:
10:
2298:
2166:Jewish orphans controversy
2003:Hague Adoption Convention
1659:Chinese Christian Colleges
780:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
594:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
589:Catholic Church in Sichuan
498:American Historical Review
296:American Historical Review
169:after the Tianjin Massacre
69:Holy Childhood Association
2174:
2065:
2047:
2040:
1985:Christian law of adoption
1959:
1889:Genealogical bewilderment
1844:Adoption reunion registry
1821:
1790:
1744:
1677:
1639:Anti-footbinding campaign
1621:
1538:
1481:
1387:
1249:
1221:
1193:
1180:
1163:Christianity in Hong Kong
1148:Christianity in Guangdong
1138:
1085:
1057:
1004:Christianity in Chongqing
994:
946:
937:
868:Medical missions in China
853:
845:St. Paul's College, Macau
835:Chinese Rites controversy
772:
729:
720:
702:Hymns of Universal Praise
692:
654:
626:
566:
406:Greene, J. Megan (2009).
28:
2089:Indian Placement Program
2052:Adoption in ancient Rome
2025:Putative father registry
2014:Indian Child Welfare Act
1603:Second Sino-Japanese War
1120:Christianity in Liaoning
1044:Christianity in Xinjiang
986:Christianity in Zhejiang
981:Christianity in Shanghai
976:Christianity in Shandong
790:Foreign Missions Society
749:Mogao Christian painting
674:Studium Biblicum Version
611:Protestantism in Sichuan
599:Catholic Church in Tibet
584:Catholic Church in China
520:(1870); primary sources
469:Barend, J. Ter Haar.
408:"Tianjin Massacre, 1870"
381:"The Tianjin Massacre",
283:The Martyrs of Tien Tsin
1687:China Christian Council
1669:Sino-Christian theology
1588:Anti-Christian Movement
1518:China Christian Council
1503:The Christian Manifesto
1153:Christianity in Guangxi
1130:Christianity in Tianjin
1095:Christianity in Beijing
1034:Christianity in Sichuan
1029:Christianity in Shaanxi
1024:Christianity in Qinghai
1019:Christianity in Ningxia
1014:Christianity in Guizhou
971:Christianity in Jiangxi
966:Christianity in Jiangsu
805:Giovanni de' Marignolli
684:Today's Chinese Version
618:Chinese Orthodox Church
342:20.3/4 (1957): 480-511.
2187:Mount Cashel Orphanage
1894:International adoption
1829:Adopted child syndrome
1791:Foster care by country
1629:Science and technology
1551:Century of humiliation
1483:Church-state relations
1309:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
1274:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
1158:Christianity in Hainan
1125:Christianity in Shanxi
1049:Christianity in Yunnan
961:Christianity in Fujian
883:Divie Bethune McCartee
840:Martyr Saints of China
830:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
785:Jesuit missions (Ming)
606:Protestantism in China
383:San Francisco Bulletia
170:
106:Holy Childhood program
104:. In keeping with the
92:
16:1870 massacre in China
2267:1870 murders in China
1414:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
1168:Christianity in Macau
1115:Christianity in Jilin
1100:Christianity in Hebei
1077:Christianity in Hunan
1072:Christianity in Hubei
1067:Christianity in Henan
1039:Christianity in Tibet
1009:Christianity in Gansu
956:Christianity in Anhui
669:Chinese Union Version
560:Christianity in China
500:113.1 (2008): 72â92.
298:113.1 (2008): 72-92.
165:
90:
2197:St. John's Orphanage
2031:Uniform Adoption Act
1946:Sealed birth records
1904:Language of adoption
1899:Interracial adoption
1654:Cantonese Roman Type
1485:in People's Republic
1344:John Ching Hsiung Wu
795:John of Montecorvino
444:Rise of modern China
327:Rise of modern China
198:Daughters of Charity
102:Daughters of Charity
65:Treaties of Tientsin
1849:Adoption tax credit
1839:Adoption home study
1834:Adoption disclosure
1745:Adoption by country
1678:Interdenominational
1644:Anti-opium campaign
1608:Cultural Revolution
1508:Protestant Lianghui
1409:Aloysius Jin Luxian
1181:Chinese Christians
800:Odoric of Pordenone
679:Chinese New Version
484:Fairbank, John King
325:Immanuel C.Y. Hsu,
1664:Manchurian revival
1649:Chinese Roman Type
1498:Underground church
744:Jingjiao Documents
731:Church of the East
707:Chinese New Hymnal
664:Delegates' Version
656:Bible translations
446:(1975) pp 301-302.
329:(1975) pp 299-302.
281:Collard, Maurice.
171:
93:
2227:Massacres in 1870
2222:Conflicts in 1870
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2182:Duplessis Orphans
1991:Dima Yakovlev Law
1909:Same-sex adoption
1700:
1699:
1598:Chinese Civil War
1583:Xinhai Revolution
1561:Taiping Rebellion
1546:Rites controversy
1477:
1476:
1334:Francis C. M. Wei
1187:
1176:
1175:
933:
932:
514:, primary sources
429:978-1-4051-8464-9
385:, August 13, 1870
176:Pall Mall Gazette
143:county magistrate
49:Tientsin Massacre
45:
2289:
2144:Tianjin Massacre
2045:
2044:
1864:Child laundering
1727:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1593:Nanjing incident
1578:Tianjin Massacre
1191:
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1183:
944:
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903:Jonathan Goforth
727:
726:
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459:Bays, Daniel H.
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414:. pp. 1â2.
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158:Newspaper report
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21:Tianjin Massacre
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2119:Michael A. Hess
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1955:
1874:Closed adoption
1817:
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1696:
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1613:Boluan Fanzheng
1571:Boxer Rebellion
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1379:David Z. T. Yui
1359:Y. C. James Yen
1264:Chiang Kai-shek
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908:Cambridge Seven
898:Timothy Richard
873:Robert Morrison
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722:Mission history
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506:Thin, George.
476:Cohen, Paul A.
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454:Further reading
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95:Around 1860, a
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38:TiÄnjÄ«n JiĂ o'Ă n
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918:Gladys Aylward
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220:Adolphe Thiers
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159:
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84:
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15:
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2114:Home Children
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2109:Sixties Scoop
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1327:
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888:Hudson Taylor
886:
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878:Karl GĂŒtzlaff
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631:
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628:Terms for God
625:
619:
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465:online review
462:
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395:
394:public domain
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322:
316:
315:(1891) p. 10.
314:
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260:
259:Yangzhou riot
257:
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185:
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114:child-brokers
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70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
34:
26:
22:
2158:
2149:Mortara case
2143:
1577:
1530:House church
1429:Liu Xiaofeng
1424:Lin Shengben
1364:Ying Lianzhi
1304:Watchman Nee
1279:Feng Yuxiang
1269:Cheng Jingyi
1213:Yang Tingyun
923:
913:Eric Liddell
815:Matteo Ricci
712:Canaan Hymns
579:Christianity
526:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
470:
460:
443:
438:
411:
401:
382:
376:
365:. Retrieved
361:
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306:
295:
290:
282:
224:
207:
186:
174:
172:
152:
136:
124:
110:
94:
77:Confucianism
53:Qing dynasty
48:
36:
20:
18:
2192:Mary Norris
1859:Child abuse
1782:South Korea
1772:Philippines
1738:foster care
1449:Wang Weifan
1439:Matthias Lu
1419:Samuel Lamb
1374:Paul Yu Pin
1349:Wu Leichuan
1284:Francis Hsu
1186:prominence)
938:By province
893:Lottie Moon
739:Xi'an Stele
567:Foundations
211:Zeng Guofan
184:orphanage.
173:The London
73:infanticide
2262:Orphanages
2216:Categories
1884:Disruption
1556:Opium Wars
1523:Seminaries
1469:Zhao Fusan
1464:Allen Yuan
1444:K. H. Ting
1434:LĂŒ Xiaomin
1404:He Guanghu
1354:Wu Yi-fang
1319:Sun Yatsen
1299:Ma Xiangbo
1289:Jia Yuming
1259:T. C. Chao
1241:Xi Shengmo
1208:Xu Guangqi
1203:Candida Xu
940:and region
855:Protestant
367:2023-01-03
266:References
181:man-of-war
83:Background
2282:War scare
2134:Devshirme
2057:Fosterage
1975:(Ontario)
1969:(Ontario)
1914:Australia
1854:Aging out
1798:Australia
1762:Guatemala
1752:Australia
1399:Joseph Gu
1314:John Sung
924:(more...)
261:, of 1868
238:of 1900.
215:hand fans
204:Aftermath
139:Arrow War
1993:(Russia)
1734:Adoption
1459:Y. T. Wu
1391:Republic
1389:People's
1339:Paul Wei
1251:Republic
1236:Liang Fa
863:Agencies
773:Catholic
253:Chonghou
242:See also
227:Buddhist
190:Lazarist
132:Chonghou
121:Incident
97:Lazarist
2041:History
2010:(India)
1987:(India)
1454:Wang Yi
1369:Dora Yu
1059:Central
646:Shangdi
636:Tianzhu
510:(1970)
463:(1996)
61:Tongzhi
57:Tianjin
25:Chinese
1924:Europe
1919:Brazil
1822:Issues
1803:Canada
1757:France
1622:Impact
1539:Events
759:Alopen
522:online
512:online
502:online
492:online
426:
300:online
285:, 1926
231:Taoist
35::
33:pinyin
27::
1767:Italy
1140:South
1087:North
694:Hymns
442:Hsu,
2033:(US)
2027:(US)
2016:(US)
1999:(US)
1981:(US)
1960:Laws
1736:and
1223:Qing
1195:Ming
996:West
948:East
764:Adam
641:Shen
424:ISBN
229:and
44:lit.
29:ć€©æŽ„ææĄ
19:The
416:doi
2218::
422:.
410:.
360:.
347:^
274:^
128:li
41:;
31:;
2082:/
1726:e
1719:t
1712:v
552:e
545:t
538:v
432:.
418::
396:.
370:.
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
