1393:, it states that 86% of the people surveyed have bought apparel or accessories because they saw it on an influencer that they followed. This correlation between influencer marketing and the increase in consumption has led to the newly fast-paced life cycle of clothing otherwise referred to as 'style obsolescence'. In this cycle people are constantly throwing-away clothing that is no longer "on trend" in order to make space for new and more popular styles. While participating in this cycle of staying on top of the trends, shoppers satisfy their want for instant gratification and begin to disregard the effects that throwing away clothing can have on our environment.
1502:
styles so consumers can update their wardrobes often by buying cheap and flimsy, yet stylish clothes to keep up with current fashion trends. Products that once were considered durable are now almost exclusively disposable, so it is more difficult for consumers who want a durable version to find anywhere selling one. The shift to disposable was ostensibly for better convenience or hygiene, even if the inconvenience of using a durable version is very slight, or there is no proven increase in hygiene. This can lead to higher costs over time, more waste produced, more resources used, and lower quality goods.
1215:. Yearly, the nation of 17.7 million people was producing 59,000 tonnes (58,000 long tons; 65,000 short tons) of disposable tableware waste and 105,000 tonnes (103,000 long tons; 116,000 short tons) of waste plastic bags, and increasing measures have been taken in the years since then to reduce the amount of waste. In 2013, Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) banned outright the use of disposable tableware in the nation's 968 schools, government agencies and hospitals. The ban is expected to eliminate 2,600 tonnes (2,600 long tons; 2,900 short tons) of waste yearly.
85:
1523:
25:
954:
1265:. Japan uses about 24 billion pairs of these disposables per year, and globally about 80 billion pairs are thrown away by about 1.4 million people. Reusable chopsticks in restaurants have a lifespan of 130 meals. In Japan, with disposable ones costing about 2 cents and reusable ones costing typically $ 1.17, the reusables better the $ 2.60 breakeven cost. Campaigns in several countries to reduce this waste are beginning to have some effect.
1460:
1364:, the magazine used the phrase in a positive way: one that depicted a life that was easier and still economical for the home's caretaker. This led to certain Americans viewing thrifting as "un-American", which was a stark contrast to how American society saw thrifting before the war. This rise in consumption-led American society is what allowed America to become a throw-away society. The practice of
1317:, Nigeria, every month. A significantly large percentage of the trash being hazardous waste shipped with the "explicit intent of cheap (and unsafe) disposal". China also receives huge amounts of waste, often toxic material, averaging 1.9 million tons per year, because companies find it cheaper to ship garbage away rather than dispose of it themselves.
1445:, used a slogan from a then recently published Mark Cross Advertisement: "It's a throwaway society, man. Buy it. Break it. Chuck it. Replace it. Do you believe that? Mark Cross is not for you." The growing company was trying to expand off of marketing long-lasting products rather than disposable goods.
1428:
to supplement their husband's income. Tupperware encouraged women to sell as many
Tupperware products as possible, so as the brand increased in popularity, the number of plastic goods in American homes did too. Outside of direct sales, it contributed to consumption because the women who sold through
1400:
is 7 to 10 times before discarding it. That amount of time has decreased by 36% in the last 15 years. Additionally, in the United States alone, the average consumer throws away an average of 81.5 pounds of clothing every year. That equates to an estimate of 11.3 million tons of garments being thrown
1493:
Producers make goods disposable rather than durable so that consumers must continue to repurchase the good, earning the producer a steady supply of customers, rather than a one-time purchase. Profit is maximized for the firm when the usefulness of a good is "uneconomically short", because firms can
1238:
and Munich City
Marathon). For small events of a few hundred people, the city has arranged for a corporation offer rental of crockery and dishwasher equipment. In part through this regulation, Munich reduced the waste generated by Oktoberfest, which attracts tens of thousands of people, from 11,000
1501:
of a good in a throwaway society is often less than its physical durability. For example, in fast fashion, consumers buy the latest, novelty item because producers market styles that pass with the seasons. There is pressure on producers to advertise an increased number of "seasons", creating new
1356:
put into effect by the United States
Government was a way to help the wartime effort and aid America in victory. The promises of manufacturers that the effort that Americans put in during the war would then yield luxurious goods once the war ended assisted in deepening the belief of the American
1368:, the act of creating products with the intention of those products needed a replacement, became widespread. In addition to planned obsolescence, it was common for products to be slightly changed every year to encourage people to purchase a newer version, even when not necessary.
1230:, laws banning use of disposable food and drink containers at large-scale events have been enacted. Such a ban has been in place in Munich, Germany since 1991, applying to all city facilities and events. This includes events of all sizes, including very large ones (
1203:
restaurants in the US. Fast food chains could cut costs by convincing consumers through advertising campaigns to carry their own tableware to a waste bins, to avoid the labor of clearing tables. The savings in wages offset the cost of the tableware.
1376:
Since the early 2000s, clothing sales have doubled from 100 to 200 billion units per year showing the increase in demand for textiles. In correlation to this increase, an estimated 92 million tons of clothing related waste is discarded every year.
1351:
life, disposable packaging, and convenience goods as well as the development of new plastics. Throughout World War II, it became a popular mentality that restricting the types of products consumed during the war by closely following the
1285:. Most notable are the large shipments of trash from North America and Western Europe to Africa and Asia due to the relatively low cost of disposal. By the 1990s, over half of all nations in Africa have faced negative externalities from
1388:
of 32.5% from 2022 to 2029. Since their content is mainly centered around fashion, they are constantly cycling through and showing new garments to create updated "looks" for their followers. In a survey done by
423:
1437:
Despite it being initially viewed as a positive attribute to strive for, at least early as 1967, some companies began separating themselves from other
American advertisers. In a 1967 edition of the
1409:
Women had long been the primary shoppers for the household and many of the ads that promoted these disposable and convenience goods also made women their target audience. In the aforementioned
1413:
magazine article, it specifically mentioned that "no housewife need bother" in regards to extensive household chores because disposable products will cut down on the cleaning time required.
1420:
homes began earning an income in order to be able to purchase more of these convenience goods. Some did this through the means of finding a more traditional job, but many also turned to
1583:
frequently speaks about a "throwaway culture" in which unwanted items and unwanted people, such as the unborn, the elderly, and the poor, are discarded as waste. In his encyclical
1357:
public in supporting rationing. Once the war ended, manufacturers held true to those sentiments promoted during the war. When the term "throwaway living" was first coined by
2050:"Influencer Marketing Platform Market Size Worth 69.92 Billion with Excellent CAGR of 32.50% by 2029, Size, Share, Industry Demand, Rising Trends and Competitive Outlook"
1475:
became popular. The goal is to make a product or part that will fail, or become less desirable over time or after a certain amount of use. Vance
Packard, author of
1828:
1335:
study indicates that forty to fifty percent of all edible food never gets eaten. Every year $ 43 billion worth of edible food is estimated to be thrown away.
2075:
2148:
2285:
1864:
1844:
1101:
2512:
2488:
1174:
and old products), from 92 to 1,242 pounds (42 to 563 kg) per person per year. Containers and packaging now represent 32 percent of all
1380:
An increase in demand for textiles can be explained by many factors, but more recently there has been an increase in clothing consumption due to
1313:
has increased due to higher consumption of electronics by North
America and Europe, with hundreds of shipments of old electronics dropped off at
2533:
1533:
610:
35:
428:
1148:
published an article titled "Throwaway Living". This article has been cited as the source that first used the term "throw-away society".
2513:"Encyclical Letter Laudato Si' Of The Holy Father Francis On Care For Our Common Home (official English-language text of encyclical)"
508:
1927:
1182:(defined as products in use for less than three years) constitute 27 percent, while durable goods comprise 16 percent.
1589:, he discusses pollution, waste, the lack of recycling, and the destruction of the Earth as symptoms of this throwaway culture.
1509:, producers have also withheld technology that would make common goods more durable, such as in the manufacture of light bulbs.
2571:
1429:
Tupperware had the incentive that they would receive household appliances once they reached the sales goal set by the company.
1249:
yearly, of which half are exported. About 45 percent are made from trees – about 3.8 million of them – mainly
1094:
2418:
2393:
1890:
493:
2464:
2049:
1384:. In 2021, the global fashion influencer market was valued at 7.36 billion dollars and is expected to steadily grow at a
416:
1825:
2679:
2252:
1211:
began taking action to reduce the use of disposable tableware at institutions and businesses, and to reduce the use of
1795:
1722:
1567:
1087:
450:
69:
2349:
Bhardwaj, Vertica; Fairhurst, Ann (18 February 2010). "Fast fashion: response to changes in the fashion industry".
1126:
packaging, and consumer products are not designed for reuse or lifetime use. The term describes a critical view of
1017:
532:
1750:
2332:
389:
2438:
1861:
1353:
359:
2205:
1735:
2102:"Toward a Throw-Away Culture. Consumerism, 'Style Obsolescence' and Cultural Theory in the 1950s and 1960s"
2076:"Study: 86% of fashion influencers have purchased apparel based on recommendations from fellow influencers"
1975:"Toward a Throw-Away Culture. Consumerism, 'Style Obsolescence' and Cultural Theory in the 1950s and 1960s"
982:
593:
412:
1608:
is needed on the part of everyone, moving away from attitudes of defensiveness and fear, indifference and
2684:
1746:
Products, Waste, And The End of the
Throwaway Society, Helen Spiegelman and Bill Sheehan, The Networker,
772:
503:
1494:
spend the least amount possible creating a nondurable good, which they sell repeatedly to the customer.
1396:
Over the past few years, throw-away culture has worsened as the average amount of time a person wears a
2564:
1022:
957:
862:
639:
513:
264:
194:
1906:
1191:
877:
662:
574:
169:
96:
1166:
saw both increased production and increased product waste. Between 1906 (the start of New York City
1549:
972:
605:
234:
219:
51:
1826:
Ban on disposable food and drink containers at events in Munich, Germany (Pre-waste factsheet 99)
1545:
992:
922:
917:
867:
767:
364:
199:
47:
1505:
Not only has there been a movement by manufacturers towards goods that are less durable and not
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1613:
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488:
2638:
2557:
1706:
1421:
1332:
1175:
1002:
832:
807:
581:
557:
469:
189:
1541:
1471:"Planned obsolescence" is a manufacturing philosophy developed in the 1920s and 1930s, when
43:
2689:
2648:
2626:
1454:
1365:
1196:
1027:
947:
942:
399:
349:
319:
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8:
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404:
269:
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184:
139:
129:
84:
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2002:
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are seen as disposable. He also cited the dangers of this culture in connection with
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1381:
1302:
1298:
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1274:
1007:
912:
847:
480:
458:
445:
440:
159:
149:
2653:
2601:
2414:
2389:
2370:
2328:
2253:"Mark Cross to Broaden Operations and Appeal: Branches Slated in the West and Europe"
2121:
1994:
1886:
1425:
1282:
782:
747:
615:
329:
284:
144:
1404:
1289:
dumped by richer countries. Waste, both toxic and non-toxic is often dumped without
2596:
2358:
2308:
2300:
2113:
1986:
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1625:
1477:
1306:
1231:
1167:
1037:
872:
797:
712:
707:
667:
334:
289:
104:
2643:
2149:"The Promotion of Fast Fashion from Influencers Is Problematic and Unsustainable"
1868:
1832:
1799:
1754:
1616:, the only culture capable of building a better, more just and fraternal world."
1609:
1601:
1472:
1467:
cars still compete with newer compact vehicles in many segments around the world.
1358:
1163:
1157:
1143:
1134:
that can be repaired, but at its origins, it was viewed as a positive attribute.
1127:
1012:
997:
857:
812:
762:
692:
435:
394:
324:
314:
304:
224:
179:
164:
154:
134:
1347:, America experienced a boom in mass consumption. There was a sharp increase in
1812:
1612:– all typical of a throwaway culture – towards attitudes based on a culture of
1585:
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937:
932:
822:
802:
687:
647:
599:
563:
498:
309:
229:
2362:
1780:
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1765:
1497:
Goods are often replaced even before their usefulness runs out. The perceived
2673:
2621:
2616:
2125:
2024:
1998:
1481:(1960), called this "the systematic attempt of business to make us wasteful,
1179:
967:
852:
792:
587:
339:
2117:
1990:
1118:
is a generalised description of human social concept strongly influenced by
677:
2606:
2434:
1848:
1665:
1660:
1645:
1580:
1506:
1441:, an article discussing plans for expansion for the leather goods company,
1417:
1344:
1131:
1042:
1032:
757:
697:
672:
652:
354:
294:
279:
239:
214:
174:
1960:
A Consumers' Republic: The
Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America
2591:
1885:. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 14–16.
1736:
http://photo.pds.org:5012/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2007121404
1635:
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209:
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2006:
1974:
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1498:
1326:
1243:
1123:
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817:
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462:
299:
274:
254:
119:
2351:
The
International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research
2611:
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1246:
1200:
1171:
1062:
962:
777:
541:
344:
124:
2304:
2631:
1459:
1294:
1047:
842:
2227:"Tupperware Parties: Suburban Women's Plastic Path to Empowerment"
1605:
1405:
Women's interaction with the start of
American throw-away society
1397:
1310:
1250:
1223:
1219:
1130:
and excessive production of short-lived or disposable items over
625:
474:
2549:
1655:
1348:
1262:
1258:
1208:
907:
827:
384:
2411:
Longer Lasting Products: Alternatives To The Throwaway Society
2386:
Longer Lasting Products: Alternatives To The Throwaway Society
2580:
1593:
1314:
1254:
1185:
987:
547:
2534:"Pope calls for protection of unaccompanied child migrants"
1482:
1385:
1371:
1338:
2210:
1122:, whereby the society tends to use items once only, from
1277:
is often shipped from richer to poorer nations, causing
1170:) and 2005 there was a tenfold rise in "product waste" (
1928:"It's a Mad, Mad World: Dow and the Age of Consumption"
1768:(video), training children to bus disposable packaging
1432:
2489:"Pope Calls Abortion Evidence of Throwaway Culture"
34:deal primarily with America and do not represent a
1512:
2348:
1592:Francis stated that in a throwaway culture, even
1268:
1199:was a key part of the business strategy of chain
2671:
1485:-ridden, permanently discontented individuals".
1305:, which circulates toxins in the air. Recently,
16:Human society strongly influenced by consumerism
2388:. New York, New York: Routledge. pp. 4–6.
1242:China produces about 57 billion pairs of
2565:
2178:"10 Concerning Fast Fashion Waste Statistics"
1530:The examples and perspective in this article
1095:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
2413:. New York, New York: Routledge. p. 6.
2286:"An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence"
2483:
2481:
2572:
2558:
2526:
2507:
2505:
2025:"The 10 Essential Fast Fashion Statistics"
1293:. It is thrown in unlined and unregulated
1186:Food service and disposable food packaging
1151:
1102:
1088:
424:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
2224:
1845:Disposable Chopsticks Strip Asian Forests
1568:Learn how and when to remove this message
1239:metric tons in 1990 to 550 tons in 1999.
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
2478:
2099:
1972:
1862:How Wooden Chopsticks Are Killing Nature
1600:, saying, "A change of attitude towards
1458:
509:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
83:
2502:
2465:"The Return of Catholic Anti-Modernism"
2433:
2250:
2022:
1880:
1781:http://skoozeme.com/issues/dontbus.html
1759:
1448:
1372:Overconsumption in the Fashion Industry
1339:The rise of mass consumption in America
2672:
2456:
2408:
2383:
1843:New York Times. Reus 24 October 2011.
1813:EPA to ban disposable cups from June 1
1774:
1488:
2553:
2200:
2198:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2018:
2016:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1766:McDonald's ad "Feed the Wastebaskets"
1701:
1699:
1697:
1137:
494:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
2462:
2146:
1791:Env. Research Foundation (undated).
1748:http://www.sehn.org/Volume_10-2.html
1516:
18:
2427:
2251:Isadore, Barmash (24 August 1967).
13:
2293:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
2206:"The Rise of American Consumerism"
2195:
2166:
2013:
1946:
1694:
1433:Early forms of pushback in America
14:
2701:
1401:away into U.S. landfills yearly.
481:Profit over People: Neoliberalism
451:Future Primitive and Other Essays
2579:
2176:Igini, Martina (2 August 2022).
1521:
1261:, the remainder being made from
953:
952:
23:
2402:
2377:
2342:
2284:Bulow, Jeremy (November 1986).
2277:
2263:
2244:
2218:
2140:
2093:
2068:
2042:
1966:
1920:
1899:
1874:
1854:
1837:
1513:Attitude of the Catholic Church
390:The Theory of the Leisure Class
2225:Blakemore, Erin (March 2019).
2023:Mulhern, Owen (24 July 2022).
1818:
1805:
1785:
1740:
1729:
1715:
1269:Waste and socioeconomic status
360:Sustainable consumer behaviour
1:
1688:
1320:
409:The Society of the Spectacle
2147:Bown, India (18 June 2021).
1142:In its 1 August 1955 issue,
594:Institute for Social Ecology
7:
2463:Reno, R.R. (18 June 2015).
2439:"The Pope's Ecological Vow"
1619:
1544:, discuss the issue on the
773:Anti-globalization movement
88:Discarded clothes in London
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2706:
1711:. Time Inc. 1 August 1955.
1452:
1324:
1189:
1155:
1023:Natural resource economics
265:Feminist political ecology
195:Compulsive buying disorder
2680:Waste management concepts
2587:
2363:10.1080/09593960903498300
1932:Science History Institute
1907:"US wastes half its food"
1824:Pre-Waste EU. (undated).
1811:China Post. 5 June 2013.
1192:Disposable food packaging
663:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
170:Collaborative consumption
2153:The Daily Utah Chronicle
2100:Whiteley, Nigel (1987).
1973:Whiteley, Nigel (1987).
1958:Cohen, Lizabeth (2003).
1881:Liddick, Donald (2011).
1831:8 September 2014 at the
1281:and social problems for
973:Gross National Happiness
731:Related social movements
606:Rage Against the Machine
533:Organizations and groups
220:Criticism of advertising
1152:Rise of packaging waste
993:Influence of mass media
923:Consumption (sociology)
918:Consumption (economics)
768:Anti-corporate activism
365:Sustainable consumption
200:Conspicuous consumption
2283:
1468:
570:Earth Liberation Front
514:So, What's Your Price?
489:The Cultural Creatives
89:
2639:Instant gratification
2118:10.1093/oxartj/10.2.3
1991:10.1093/oxartj/10.2.3
1883:Crimes Against Nature
1798:7 August 2020 at the
1793:Taiwan’s Plastics Ban
1462:
1422:multi-level marketing
1343:Following the end of
1333:University of Arizona
1190:Further information:
1176:municipal solid waste
1003:Intentional community
833:Libertarian socialism
808:Fossil fuel phase-out
558:Deep Green Resistance
519:What Would Jesus Buy?
470:Escape from Affluenza
87:
2649:Planned obsolescence
2627:Online food ordering
2409:Cooper, Tim (2010).
2384:Cooper, Tim (2010).
1867:15 July 2020 at the
1753:12 June 2018 at the
1550:create a new article
1542:improve this article
1532:may not represent a
1455:Planned obsolescence
1449:Planned obsolescence
1366:planned obsolescence
1301:and water, and even
1197:Disposable tableware
1162:The last century of
1028:Non-monetary economy
948:Economic materialism
943:Ecological economics
400:The Affluent Society
350:Steady-state economy
320:Planned obsolescence
250:Ecological economics
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
1934:. 22 September 2015
1871:. By Alastair Shaw.
1678:Sustainable product
1641:Ethical consumerism
1489:Durability of goods
1424:businesses such as
1382:fashion influencers
1275:disposable products
1234:, Auer-Dult Faire,
1053:Subsistence economy
978:Heterodox economics
898:Advanced capitalism
753:Anarcho-primitivism
738:Alter-globalization
718:Henry David Thoreau
405:One-Dimensional Man
270:Food loss and waste
260:Ethical consumerism
245:Earth Overshoot Day
205:Consumer capitalism
185:Commodity fetishism
140:Autonomous building
130:Alternative culture
2685:Waste of resources
2659:Throw-away society
2443:The New York Times
2106:Oxford Art Journal
1979:Oxford Art Journal
1631:Consumer education
1469:
1291:safety regulations
1283:developing nations
1138:Origin of the term
1116:throw-away society
1008:Left-wing politics
913:Consumer behaviour
848:Occupy Wall Street
441:Small Is Beautiful
160:Buddhist economics
113:Theories and ideas
90:
2667:
2666:
2654:Same-day delivery
2602:Convenience store
2420:978-0-566-08808-7
2395:978-0-566-08808-7
2056:. 23 January 2023
1892:978-0-313-38464-6
1578:
1577:
1570:
1552:, as appropriate.
1463:Early generation
1299:contaminates soil
1168:waste collections
1112:
1111:
958:Economic problems
783:Diggers (theater)
748:Anarcho-communism
616:The Venus Project
446:To Have or to Be?
330:Political ecology
285:Green consumption
145:Billboard hacking
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
2697:
2597:Convenience food
2574:
2567:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2530:
2524:
2523:
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2500:
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2495:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2437:(28 June 2015).
2431:
2425:
2424:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2338:on 19 July 2020.
2337:
2331:. Archived from
2290:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:The Waste Makers
2267:
2261:
2260:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
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2215:
2202:
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2137:
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2072:
2066:
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2046:
2040:
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2020:
2011:
2010:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
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1918:
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1915:
1913:
1903:
1897:
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2607:Fast fashion
2581:Fast culture
2537:. Retrieved
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2492:. Retrieved
2468:. Retrieved
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:
2429:
2410:
2404:
2385:
2379:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2333:the original
2313:10419/262438
2296:
2292:
2279:
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2256:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:
2220:
2209:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:
2142:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2053:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1959:
1936:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1901:
1882:
1876:
1856:
1849:Rachel Nuwer
1839:
1820:
1807:
1787:
1776:
1761:
1742:
1731:
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1707:
1666:Service life
1661:Product life
1646:Fast fashion
1591:
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1581:Pope Francis
1579:
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1507:maintainable
1504:
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1418:middle-class
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1345:World War II
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1217:
1213:plastic bags
1206:
1195:
1161:
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1115:
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1043:Productivism
1033:Permaculture
758:Anarcho-punk
698:Pierre Rabhi
673:Paul Goodman
653:Noam Chomsky
598:
586:
576:Fifth Estate
575:
562:
540:
355:Subvertising
295:Laconophilia
280:Gift economy
240:Durable good
235:Downshifting
215:Conviviality
175:Collapsology
155:Bioeconomics
81:
66:
60:January 2022
57:
33:
2690:Consumerism
2592:Consumerism
2112:(2): 3–27.
1985:(2): 3–27.
1938:19 November
1636:Design life
1598:immigration
1594:human lives
1586:Laudato si'
1331:In 2004, a
1309:shipped to
1287:toxic waste
1273:Waste from
1251:cotton wood
1236:Oktoberfest
1228:Switzerland
1120:consumerism
1068:Veblen good
928:Cooperative
903:Advertising
838:Neo-Luddism
788:Ecofeminism
703:John Ruskin
683:Ivan Illich
658:Erich Fromm
621:The Yes Men
553:CrimethInc.
455:Fight Club
427: [
210:Consumerism
2674:Categories
2494:13 January
2236:8 December
1689:References
1683:Zero waste
1651:Freeganism
1499:durability
1443:Mark Cross
1426:Tupperware
1327:food waste
1321:Food waste
1247:chopsticks
1244:single-use
1124:disposable
1073:Workaholic
1063:Sweatshops
1018:Mutual aid
818:Green left
743:Amateurism
678:André Gorz
300:Local food
275:Freeganism
255:Ecovillage
120:Asceticism
2612:Fast food
2371:167708658
2329:154545959
2182:Earth.Org
2126:0142-6540
2029:Earth.Org
1999:0142-6540
1614:encounter
1546:talk page
1465:VW Beetle
1354:rationing
1297:where it
1295:landfills
1207:In 2002,
1201:fast food
1172:packaging
963:Frugality
778:Communism
582:Freecycle
542:Adbusters
345:Slow Food
125:Affluenza
48:talk page
2632:Take-out
1865:Archived
1829:Archived
1796:Archived
1751:Archived
1620:See also
1606:refugees
1602:migrants
1540:You may
1362:magazine
1349:suburban
1048:Shopping
891:See also
843:New Left
97:a series
95:Part of
42:You may
2539:22 July
2518:18 June
2470:30 June
2448:29 June
2321:1884176
2231:HISTORY
2134:1360444
2007:1360444
1398:garment
1311:Nigeria
1224:Austria
1220:Germany
626:350.org
499:Evasion
475:No Logo
190:Commune
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1997:
1912:5 July
1889:
1723:"LIFE"
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1259:spruce
1257:, and
1226:, and
1209:Taiwan
1178:. Non-
983:HospEx
908:Barter
828:Hippie
640:People
385:Walden
2367:S2CID
2336:(PDF)
2325:S2CID
2317:JSTOR
2289:(PDF)
2187:3 May
2158:3 May
2130:JSTOR
2085:3 May
2060:3 May
2034:3 May
2003:JSTOR
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858:Punk
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