204:
40:
149:
244:
301:
369:
498:. These aircraft were designed to expose a minimum of total surface area to the slipstream; thus reducing surface drag for speed and fuel efficiency. Several reviews compare the Avanti's top speed and service ceiling to that of lower-end jet aircraft, and report significantly better fuel efficiency at cruise speed. Piaggio attributes this performance in part to the layout of the aircraft, claiming a 34% reduction in total wing area compared to a conventional layout.
101:
479:
margin to prevent stalling. On a three-surface aircraft, neither of these handicaps is present and the main wing can be reduced in size, so also reducing weight and drag. It is claimed that the total area of all wing surfaces of a three-surface aircraft can be less than that of the equivalent two-surface aircraft, so reducing both weight and drag.
403:. On many modern designs, the wing centre of pressure is normally aft of the centre of gravity, so the tailplane must exert a downward force. Any such negative lift generated by the tail must be compensated by additional lift from the main wing, thus increasing wing area, drag, and weight requirements.
158:
In 1920s George Fernic developed the idea of two lifting surfaces in tandem, together with a conventional tailplane. The small foreplane was highly loaded and as the angle of attack increased it was designed to stall first, causing the nose to drop and allowing the aircraft to recover safely without
406:
On a three-surface aircraft, the pitch trim forces can be shared, as needed in flight, between the foreplane and tailplane. Equilibrium can be achieved with lift from the foreplane rather than downforce from the tailplane. Both effects, the reduced downforce and the extra lifting force, reduce the
170:
design, but it is then difficult to control the pitching and oscillations can develop as the foreplane repeatedly lifts the nose, stalls and recovers. Also, care must be taken in the design that the turbulent wake from the stalled foreplane does not in itself disturb the airflow over the main wing
470:
Most modern aircraft use trailing edge flaps on the main wing to increase the wings lift coefficient during takeoff and landing; thus allowing the wing to be smaller than it would otherwise need to be. This may reduce the weight of the wing, and it always reduces the surface area of the wing. The
478:
On a canard aircraft the foreplane can provide positive lift at takeoff, reducing some of the down force the rear stabilizer would otherwise have to create. However, the main wing must be large enough to not only lift the aircraft's remaining weight at takeoff but also to provide adequate safety
453:
A lifting foreplane is positioned ahead of the centre of gravity, so its lift moment acts in the same direction as any movement in pitch. If the aircraft is to be naturally stable, the foreplane's size, lift slope and moment arm must be chosen so that it does not overpower the stabilizing moment
78:
characteristics and short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance. It is also claimed to allow minimizing the total wing surface area, reducing the accompanying skin drag. In combat aircraft this configuration may also be used to enhance maneuverability both before and beyond the stall, often in
474:
A drawback of the use of trailing edge flaps is that they produce significant negative pitching moment when in use. In order to balance this pitching moment the horizontal stabilizer must be somewhat larger than it would otherwise be, so that it can produce enough force to balance the negative
111:
During the pioneer years of aviation a number of aircraft were flown with both fore and aft auxiliary surfaces. The issue of control vs. stability was poorly understood and typically pitch control was on the front surface with the rear surface also lifting, leading to instability in pitch. The
179:(STOL) performance. The foreplane allowed STOL performance to be achieved without the high angles of attack and accompanying dangers of stalling required by conventional STOL designs. The aircraft was evaluated by the US Army. Robertson's system was commercialised as the
466:
The minimum size of the lifting wings of an aircraft is determined by: the weight of the aircraft, the force required to oppose the negative lift produced by the horizontal stabilizer, the targeted take off and landing speeds, and the coefficient of lift of the wings.
337:
configuration, with unusual forward-swept wings and strakes extending rearwards from the main wing roots. Movable flaps at the ends of the strakes effectively made it a three-surface design. The X-29 demonstrated exceptional high-angle of attack manoeuvrability.
214:
Around 1979, military jet designers began studying three-surface configurations as a way to provide enhanced manoeuvrability and control, especially at low speeds and high angles of attack such as during takeoff and combat. In the United States the experimental
450:. In the stall condition, even if the main wing is stalled the tailplane can provide a pitch-down moment and allow recovery. The wing may thus be used up to its maximum lift coefficient, an advantage that may translate into a reduction of its area and weight.
128:(1909). The Wright Brothers too experimented on the basic Flyer design in an effort to obtain both controllability and stability, flying it at various times in first canard, then three surface and finally conventional configurations. By the outbreak of the
265:. This type first flew in 1986 and entered service in 1990, with production continuing today. In the Avanti, the three-surface configuration is claimed to significantly reduce wing size, weight and drag compared to the conventional equivalent.
1900:
475:
pitching moment created by the trailing edge flaps. This, in turn, means that the main wing must be somewhat larger than it would otherwise have to be to balance the larger negative lift produced by the larger horizontal stabilizer.
91:
An early designation used in 1911 was "three plane system". The Fernic designs of the 1920s were referred to as "tandem". While there are indeed two lifting wing surfaces in tandem, the tailplane forms a third horizontal surface.
174:
In the 1950s James
Robertson developed his experimental Skyshark. This was a broadly conventional design but with a variety of features, including a small canard foreplane, intended to give not only a safe stall but good
438:
characteristics the foreplane must stall before the main wing, pitching the aircraft down and allowing the aircraft to recover. This means that a safety margin must be used on the main wing area so that its maximum
482:
Minimum area in cruise can be further reduced through the use of conventional high-lift devices such as flaps, allowing a three-surface design to have minimum surface area at all points in the flight envelope.
2103:
171:
sufficiently to cause significant loss of lift and cancel out the nose-down pitching moment. In the three-surface design the third, tail surface does not stall and provides better controllability.
71:. The central wing surface always provides lift and is usually the largest, while the functions of the fore and aft planes may vary between types and may include lift, control and/or stability.
376:
The three-surface configuration is claimed to reduce total aerodynamic surface area compared to the conventional and canard configurations, thus enabling drag and weight reductions.
455:
345:. Following the successful addition of canard foreplanes to a development aircraft, these were incorporated into a number of subsequent production variants including the naval
360:
was an F-15 airframe modified with canard foreplanes and thrust vectoring, designed to demonstrate these technologies for both STOL performance and high manoeuvrability.
292:. It holds the world record for speed over a closed circuit of 5,000 km (3,100 mi) without payload of 334.44 km/h (207.81 mph) set in 2014.
132:
in 1914, the main wing with smaller rear tail surface had become the conventional configuration and few three surface types would be flown for many years. The
2118:
2240:
458:(a measure of its effectiveness in trim and stability terms), which may in turn limit its ability to share pitch trim forces as described above.
1941:
When the controls are set so that the resultant forces and the moments about the center of gravity are all zero, the aircraft is said to be in
235:
modified with canard foreplanes flew in 1985 and derivatives of this design became the only military three-surface types to enter production.
159:
stalling the main wing. This "soft" stall provides a level of safety in the stall which is not usually present in conventional designs. The
2135:
2017:
17:
2161:
1974:
1934:
418:
on both its forward wing and main wing. Both flaps deploy in concert to maintain pitch neutrality for take-off and landing.
163:, a three-surface monoplane, flew in 1929. Fernic was killed in an accident while flying its successor the FT-10 Cruisaire.
1629:
385:
2193:
971:
2220:
443:
and wing loading are never attained in practice. This in turn means that the main wing must be increased in size.
2215:
1765:
918:
357:
224:
2115:
431:
2225:
1701:
191:, entered production. A broadly similar approach is taken by the 1988 Eagle-XTS and its derivatives, the
183:, a modified Cessna light aircraft. This in turn was later licensed and produced during the 1980s as the
1809:
1672:
2230:
1991:
1870:
341:
A more straightforward three-surface design is seen in several variants of the otherwise conventional
1197:
1170:
495:
491:
285:
273:
247:
203:
176:
1595:
718:
192:
2235:
434:
in normal flight, the foreplane must provide lift. Also, in order for the aircraft to have safe
1590:
1143:
220:
75:
1647:
1966:
999:
945:
447:
314:. This is typically intended to enhance control and manoeuvrability, especially at very high
288:
was a single-engined propeller-driven aircraft, envisioned by Rutan as a replacement for the
152:
39:
1958:
1567:
1582:
1514:
1071:
891:
487:
411:
334:
262:
167:
113:
44:
257:
began design studies on a three-surface civil twin turboprop which, in collaboration with
8:
396:
force must be applied to prevent the aircraft pitching and thus to maintain equilibrium.
388:
moves forward and backward according to flight conditions. If it does not align with the
319:
310:
Some advanced jet aircraft have a three-surface configuration, often in conjunction with
300:
187:
and with the foreplane modification only as the 230SE. In 2006 a ruggedised variant, the
2139:
1586:
148:
1529:
1249:
289:
940:
technology demonstrator of enhanced maneuverability including use of thrust vectoring
1970:
1930:
1837:
535:
454:
provided by the wing and tailplane. Stability constraints thus limit the foreplane's
389:
269:
243:
1925:
Phillips, Warren F. (2010). "4.1 Fundamentals of Static
Equilibrium and Stability".
2165:
1959:
1600:
1302:
440:
311:
2122:
1434:
427:
415:
318:
beyond the stall point of the main wing. Some advanced combat manoeuvres such as
315:
268:
Two experimental aircraft adopting this configuration were subsequently built by
188:
129:
121:
117:
105:
80:
2125:, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum web site (Retrieved 5 October 2014).
2189:
1023:
435:
368:
277:
184:
120:
of 1908 had insufficient power to take off. More successful types included the
2209:
1297:
Some examples fitted with a foreplane in addition to the standard tailplane.
1224:
616:
588:
350:
137:
125:
2042:
1407:
1381:
1355:
1329:
1276:
841:
562:
471:
reduction of surface area proportionately reduces skin drag at all speeds.
346:
342:
330:
304:
254:
232:
228:
216:
207:
74:
In civil aircraft the three surface configuration may be used to give safe
1782:
1524:
663:
372:
Equilibrium of a conventional (top) and a three surface aircraft (bottom)
1853:
815:
767:
281:
160:
133:
27:
Fixed-wing aircraft with a main central wing plus fore and aft surfaces
2091:
1702:"Australian Eagle-XTS set to take off through Malaysian joint venture"
1519:
400:
68:
60:
1929:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons. p. 377.
1819:, vol. 139, no. 4252, Reed Business Publishing, p. 30
1604:
1568:"The Wright Brothers: First Aeronautical Engineers and Test Pilots"
1459:
180:
31:
446:
On a three-surface aircraft, the tailplane acts as a conventional
100:
2073:, Sampson Low, 1913, facsimile reprint David & Charles, 1969.
399:
On a conventional aircraft this pitch trim force is applied by a
258:
323:
284:. Flight testing validated the targeted performance range. The
1957:
Barnard, R.H.; Philpott, D.R. (2010). "11. Static stability".
611:
Three triplane stacks, making nine wings in all. Flying boat.
863:
Forward-swept wing with canard foreplane and tailboom flaps.
638:
Also known as the
Curtiss Gold Bug or Curtiss Golden Flyer.
486:
Examples of reduced-area three-surface aircraft include the
349:(Su-27K), some Su-30s, the Su-35 and the Su-37. The Chinese
2106:, Historic New England web site (Retrieved 5 October 2014).
913:
Failed to fly: engine lacked sufficient power to take off.
64:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
227:, in 1988 but these designs were not followed up. In the
1965:(4th ed.). Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. p.
166:
It is possible to achieve such a soft stall with a pure
326:
were first performed on Sukhoi three-surface aircraft.
1766:"Piaggio P180 Avanti II Specification and Description"
1749:
272:
under the lead of Burt Rutan and flown in 1988. The
1894:
1892:
1860:, the X-29 is described as a three-surface aircraft
198:
2082:Le Document Aéronautique n°52, July 1930, page 440
2104:Taking Off: Pioneering New England Aviation, 1910
501:
421:
2207:
1889:
1863:
2018:"Flight Test: Piaggio Avanti II - Hard to beat"
1956:
1801:
1775:
363:
353:also inherits the configuration of the Su-33.
30:For aircraft having three stacked wings, see
2065:
2063:
1673:"Sport and Business - Introducing the Wren"
1875:NASA Dryden Flight Research Center website
1324:License-built variant of the Sukhoi Su-30
295:
1694:
1665:
1594:
2060:
1924:
1636:. The Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company.
1623:
1621:
367:
299:
242:
202:
147:
99:
38:
2241:Lists of aircraft by wing configuration
2162:"SCALED Model 133 'SMUT' (ATTT or AT3)"
2015:
1945:, which simply means static equilibrium
1898:
1736:
238:
14:
2208:
1807:
1565:
461:
143:
140:Noviplano of 1921 were both failures.
95:
1989:
1983:
1618:
1559:
2136:"ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY 'Predator 480'"
2043:"Pou-Guide - Les "Pulgas" argentins"
1783:"Scaled Composites project: Triumph"
1733:, Speciality Press (1983), page 178.
379:
1899:Mazzoni, Alessandro (27 May 1982).
24:
2016:Collins, Peter (1 November 2005).
1992:"Piaggio P.180 Avanti II (review)"
1627:
47:showing its three lifting surfaces
25:
2252:
2094:, Aerofiles, retrieved 3 May 2015
2092:Photo of a Fernic-Cruisaire FT-10
1742:Green, W. & Swanborough, S.;
1119:Rutan Scaled Model 120 'Predator'
972:Miller-Bohannon JM-2 Pushy Galore
1901:"United States Patent 4,746,081"
1808:Bailey, John (30 January 1991),
199:Manoeuvrability beyond the stall
2195:TECHNICALITIES: Three's Company
2183:
2154:
2128:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2076:
2035:
2009:
1990:Goyer, Robert (19 April 2012).
1950:
1918:
1871:"NASA Dryden Fact Sheet - X-29"
1846:
1830:
919:McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD
358:McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD
1723:
1711:. 27 November 1991. p. 18
1640:
1546:
994:Racer in pusher configuration
557:Designed as a home build kit.
502:List of three-surface aircraft
422:Static stability and the stall
57:three-lifting-surface aircraft
13:
1:
2071:All the world's aircraft 1913
1771:. Piaggio Aero. January 2005.
1744:The complete book of fighters
1535:
690:First Swiss aircraft to fly.
210:, rear strake flaps deflected
1566:Culick, F.E.C. (June 2003).
1429:Main wing is forward-swept.
219:flew in 1984 and a modified
7:
1630:"1909-1910 Wright Model AB"
1508:
1288:High-manoeuvrability combat
1235:High-manoeuvrability combat
743:Farman three wing monoplane
384:On most aircraft, the wing
364:Reduced surface area design
10:
2257:
1839:FAI Record File Num #17236
1682:. 23 May 1963. p. 751
333:was of basic "tail-first"
86:
29:
1787:Scaled Composites website
1484:Wright Model A (Modified)
1198:Scaled Composites Catbird
1171:Scaled Composites Triumph
492:Scaled Composites Triumph
248:Scaled Composites Triumph
177:Short takeoff and landing
2202:, December 2002, pp85–86
1877:. NASA. 15 December 2009
1540:
719:Eagle Aircraft Eagle 150
2221:Aircraft configurations
2116:Herring-Burgess Biplane
1648:"Fernic T.10 Cruisaire"
407:load on the main wing.
296:Fighter aircraft design
2216:Three-surface aircraft
2121:6 October 2014 at the
1652:1000aircraftphotos.com
1144:Scaled Composites ATTT
792:Fernic-Cruisaire FT-10
432:static pitch stability
373:
307:
280:aircraft designed for
261:, would emerge as the
250:
221:McDonnell Douglas F-15
211:
155:
108:
53:three-surface aircraft
48:
18:Three surface aircraft
1810:"Rutan on the Attack"
1554:Stability in Aviation
946:Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-8
448:horizontal stabiliser
371:
303:
246:
206:
151:
103:
42:
2022:Flight International
1817:Flight International
1746:, Salamander (1994).
1709:Flight International
1680:Flight International
1515:Canard (aeronautics)
1072:Piaggio P.180 Avanti
892:Kress Drachenflieger
563:Curtiss/AEA June Bug
488:Piaggio P.180 Avanti
412:Piaggio P.180 Avanti
276:was a twin-turbofan
263:Piaggio P.180 Avanti
239:Minimum wing surface
114:Kress Drachenflieger
45:Piaggio P.180 Avanti
2226:Wing configurations
1927:Mechanics of Flight
1789:. Scaled Composites
1634:wright-brothers.org
1587:2003AIAAJ..41..985C
462:Wing area reduction
430:, to allow natural
144:Soft stall and STOL
96:Pioneer experiments
2142:on 29 January 2012
1530:Wing configuration
1250:Short No.1 biplane
1097:Robertson Skyshark
392:, a corrective or
386:centre of pressure
374:
308:
290:Beechcraft Bonanza
251:
212:
156:
109:
49:
2231:Scaled Composites
1976:978-0-273-73098-9
1936:978-0-470-53975-0
1506:
1505:
643:de la Farge Pulga
536:Aceair AERIKS 200
390:centre of gravity
380:Pitch equilibrium
329:The experimental
270:Scaled Composites
79:conjunction with
16:(Redirected from
2248:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2164:. Archived from
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2138:. Archived from
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2101:
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1613:
1611:
1598:
1581:(6): 1003–1004.
1572:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1303:Sukhoi Su-30 MKI
1146:(model 133)
506:
505:
441:lift coefficient
320:Pugachev's Cobra
316:angles of attack
312:thrust vectoring
21:
2256:
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2123:Wayback Machine
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1996:Flying magazine
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1961:Aircraft Flight
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1858:Airplane Design
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1596:10.1.1.579.7665
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1564:
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1511:
1435:Voisin-Farman I
1049:Peterson Katmai
896:Austria-Hungary
868:Herring-Burgess
504:
464:
428:canard aircraft
424:
382:
366:
298:
241:
201:
189:Peterson Katmai
146:
130:First World War
122:Voisin-Farman I
118:Dufaux triplane
106:Voisin-Farman I
98:
89:
81:vectored thrust
35:
28:
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2236:Rutan aircraft
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2179:
2168:on 29 May 2013
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2034:
2008:
1982:
1975:
1949:
1935:
1917:
1905:USPTO database
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1605:10.2514/2.2046
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1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:Peterson 260SE
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
942:
941:
938:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
915:
914:
911:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
888:
887:
884:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
869:
865:
864:
861:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
812:
811:
809:
807:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
786:
784:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
740:
739:
737:
735:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
708:
705:
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699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
686:
683:
680:
677:
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666:
660:
658:
656:
653:
650:
647:
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640:
639:
636:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
585:
584:
582:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
559:
558:
555:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
503:
500:
463:
460:
423:
420:
381:
378:
365:
362:
297:
294:
278:very light jet
253:Also in 1979,
240:
237:
200:
197:
185:Peterson 260SE
145:
142:
97:
94:
88:
85:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2253:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1495:
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1486:
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1482:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
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1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Shenyang J-15
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:NPO Molniya 1
998:
997:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
870:
867:
866:
862:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
836:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
810:
808:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
787:
785:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
762:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
741:
738:
736:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
711:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:
689:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
668:
665:
661:
659:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
618:
617:Curtiss No. 1
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
589:Caproni Ca.60
587:
586:
583:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
556:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
499:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
457:
451:
449:
444:
442:
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
413:
408:
404:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
377:
370:
361:
359:
354:
352:
351:Shenyang J-15
348:
344:
339:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
306:
302:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
249:
245:
236:
234:
230:
226:
225:F-15 STOL/MTD
222:
218:
209:
205:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
169:
164:
162:
154:
150:
141:
139:
138:Caproni Ca.60
135:
131:
127:
126:Curtiss No. 1
123:
119:
115:
107:
102:
93:
84:
82:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:or sometimes
54:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2199:
2194:
2184:Bibliography
2170:. Retrieved
2166:the original
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:the original
2130:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2078:
2070:
2069:Jane, F.T.;
2050:. Retrieved
2047:pouguide.org
2046:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2021:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:
1985:
1960:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1926:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:
1879:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1838:
1832:
1821:, retrieved
1816:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1743:
1738:
1731:The X-planes
1730:
1729:Miller, J.;
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1708:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1679:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1633:
1608:. Retrieved
1578:
1575:AIAA Journal
1574:
1561:
1553:
1552:G.H. Bryan,
1548:
1493:Experimental
1445:Experimental
1418:Experimental
1408:Sukhoi Su-47
1382:Sukhoi Su-37
1356:Sukhoi Su-34
1334:Soviet Union
1330:Sukhoi Su-33
1282:Soviet Union
1277:Sukhoi Su-27
1260:Experimental
1209:Experimental
1182:Experimental
1155:Experimental
1128:Experimental
956:Experimental
950:Soviet Union
929:Experimental
902:Experimental
852:Experimental
842:Grumman X-29
826:Experimental
752:Experimental
679:Experimental
627:Experimental
573:Experimental
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
456:volume ratio
452:
445:
425:
409:
405:
398:
393:
383:
375:
355:
343:Sukhoi Su-27
340:
331:Grumman X-29
328:
309:
305:Sukhoi Su-33
267:
252:
233:Sukhoi Su-27
229:Soviet Union
217:Grumman X-29
213:
208:Grumman X-29
173:
165:
157:
136:of 1917 and
116:of 1901 and
110:
90:
73:
63:, a central
56:
52:
50:
36:
2190:Garrison, P
1628:Engler, N.
1525:Tandem wing
1271:Not flown.
1200:(model 181)
1173:(model 143)
988:Operational
673:Switzerland
664:Flying Flea
540:Switzerland
124:(1907) and
2210:Categories
1854:Jan Roskam
1536:References
1372:Production
1346:Production
1319:Production
1088:Production
816:Fokker V.8
768:Fernic T-9
655:circa 1990
490:, and the
282:Beechcraft
161:Fernic T-9
134:Fokker V.8
1591:CiteSeerX
1520:Tailplane
1490:Propeller
1467:Propeller
1442:Propeller
1424:Prototype
1398:Prototype
1266:Prototype
1257:Propeller
1215:Prototype
1206:Propeller
1188:Prototype
1161:Prototype
1152:Propeller
1134:Prototype
1125:Propeller
1103:Propeller
1082:Transport
1079:Propeller
1055:Propeller
1032:Propeller
1026:and 230SE
1009:Transport
979:Propeller
962:Prototype
935:Prototype
908:Prototype
899:Propeller
886:Biplane.
874:Propeller
858:Prototype
832:Prototype
823:Propeller
798:Propeller
775:Propeller
758:Prototype
749:Propeller
726:Propeller
723:Australia
701:Propeller
698:Australia
695:Eagle-XTS
685:Prototype
676:Propeller
662:Modified
649:Propeller
646:Argentina
633:Prototype
624:Propeller
606:Prototype
600:Transport
597:Propeller
591:Noviplano
579:Prototype
570:Propeller
552:Prototype
543:Propeller
401:tailplane
193:Eagle 150
153:Molniya-1
69:tailplane
61:foreplane
2172:15 April
2146:15 April
2119:Archived
1509:See also
1460:Wren 460
322:and the
195:series.
181:Wren 460
76:stalling
32:Triplane
2027:14 July
2001:14 July
1910:11 July
1881:14 July
1823:14 July
1793:14 July
1715:14 July
1686:14 July
1610:13 July
1583:Bibcode
1470:Private
1392:Fighter
1340:Fighter
1313:Fighter
1106:Private
1058:Private
1035:Private
982:Private
820:Germany
801:Private
778:Private
729:Private
704:Private
652:Private
546:Private
530:Notes
512:Country
496:Catbird
286:Catbird
274:Triumph
259:Learjet
255:Piaggio
87:History
2200:Flying
1973:
1933:
1593:
1556:, 1911
1439:France
1412:Russia
1386:Russia
1366:Attack
1360:Russia
1004:Russia
746:France
670:Dufaux
524:Status
335:canard
324:Kulbit
223:, the
168:canard
67:and a
59:has a
2052:3 May
1842:, FAI
1813:(pdf)
1769:(PDF)
1705:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1657:3 May
1571:(PDF)
1541:Notes
1307:India
1229:China
1076:Italy
594:Italy
515:Class
436:stall
426:On a
416:flaps
347:Su-33
104:1908
2174:2013
2148:2013
2054:2015
2029:2013
2003:2013
1971:ISBN
1943:trim
1931:ISBN
1912:2013
1883:2013
1825:2013
1795:2013
1717:2013
1688:2013
1659:2015
1612:2013
1496:1909
1473:1963
1448:1907
1421:1997
1395:1996
1369:1990
1343:1987
1316:1989
1263:1910
1238:2009
1212:1988
1185:1988
1158:1987
1131:1984
1085:1986
1038:1986
1012:1992
985:1989
959:1962
932:1988
905:1901
879:1910
855:1984
829:1917
804:1930
781:1929
755:1908
732:1997
707:1988
682:1908
630:1909
603:1921
576:1908
549:2002
521:Date
518:Role
509:Type
494:and
414:has
410:The
394:trim
356:The
65:wing
1967:275
1856:'s
1852:In
1601:doi
1415:Jet
1389:Jet
1363:Jet
1337:Jet
1310:Jet
1285:Jet
1232:Jet
1179:Jet
953:Jet
926:Jet
849:Jet
527:No.
2212::
2198:;
2192:;
2062:^
2045:.
2020:.
1994:.
1969:.
1939:.
1903:.
1891:^
1873:.
1815:,
1785:.
1751:^
1707:.
1678:.
1650:.
1632:.
1620:^
1599:.
1589:.
1579:41
1577:.
1573:.
1487:US
1464:US
1254:UK
1203:US
1176:US
1149:US
1122:US
1100:US
1052:US
1029:US
976:US
923:US
871:US
846:US
795:US
772:US
621:US
567:US
231:a
83:.
51:A
43:A
2176:.
2150:.
2056:.
2031:.
2005:.
1979:.
1914:.
1885:.
1797:.
1719:.
1690:.
1661:.
1614:.
1603::
1585::
1279:M
991:1
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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