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initiate a maneuver easily needed to be moderated. This was programmed into the flight control system to preserve the ability to stop the pitching rotation and keep the aircraft from departing out of control. As a result, the whole system as flown (with the flight control system in the loop as well) could not be characterized as having any special increased agility. It was concluded that the X-29 could have had increased agility if it had faster control surface actuators and/or larger control surfaces.
425:
38:
337:
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275:; any of the three could fly it on its own, but the redundancy allowed them to check for errors. Each of the three would "vote" on their measurements, so that if any one was malfunctioning it could be detected. It was estimated that a total failure of the system was as unlikely as a mechanical failure in an airplane with a conventional arrangement.
309:
bending and torsion. As lift increases, bending loads force the wing tips to bend upward. Torsion loads attempt to twist the wing to higher angles of attack, but the coupling resists the loads, twisting the leading edge downward reducing wing angle of attack and lift. With lift reduced, the loads are reduced and divergence is avoided.
278:
The high pitch instability of the airframe led to wide predictions of extreme maneuverability. This perception has held up in the years following the end of flight tests. Air Force tests did not support this expectation. For the flight control system to keep the whole system stable, the ability to
308:
elastic coupling between bending and twisting of the carbon fiber composite material to address this aeroelastic effect. Rather than using a very stiff wing, which would carry a weight penalty even with the relatively light-weight composite, the X-29 used a laminate which produced coupling between
358:
The X-29 began a NASA test program four months after its first flight. The X-29 proved reliable, and by August 1986 was flying research missions of over three hours involving multiple flights. The first X-29 was not equipped with a spin recovery parachute, as flight tests were planned to avoid
375:
to control structural divergence", aircraft control and handling during extreme instability, three-surface longitudinal control, a "double-hinged trailing-edge flaperon at supersonic speeds", effective high angle of attack control, vortex control, and demonstration of military utility.
370:
The two X-29 aircraft flew a total of 242 times from 1984 to 1991. The NASA Dryden Flight
Research Center reported that the X-29 demonstrated a number of new technologies and techniques, and new uses of existing technologies, including the use of
295:
In a forward swept wing configuration, the aerodynamic lift produces a twisting force which rotates the wing leading edge upward. This results in a higher angle of attack, which increases lift, twisting the wing further. This
300:
can quickly lead to structural failure. With conventional metallic construction, a torsionally very stiff wing would be required to resist twisting; stiffening the wing adds weight, which may make the design unfeasible.
196:
airframes (63-8372 became 82-0003 and 65-10573 became 82-0049). The control surface actuators and main landing gear were from the F-16. The technological advancement that made the X-29 a plausible design was the use of
271:. Stability was provided by the computerized flight control system making 40 corrections per second. The flight control system was made up of three redundant digital computers backed up by three redundant
321:
piloted by
Grumman's Chief Test Pilot Chuck Sewell. The X-29 was the third forward-swept wing jet-powered aircraft design to fly; the other two were the German
1031:
Butts, S.L.; Hoover, A. D. (May 1989). Flying
Qualities Evaluation of the X-29A Research Aircraft (Report). U.S. Air Force Flight Test Center. AFFTC-TR-89-08.
3610:
363:, such as a spin. The second X-29 was given such a parachute and was involved in high angle-of-attack testing. X-29 number two was maneuverable up to an
3718:
3168:
916:
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was based around the X-29 and imagined a future where it had been developed into a production fighter jet and fitted with various advanced weaponry.
176:
twisting experienced by forward-swept wings, and to reduce weight. The aircraft first flew in 1984, and two X-29s were flight tested through 1991.
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205:, were swept forward at more than 33 degrees; forward-swept wings were first trialed 40 years earlier on the experimental
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control surfaces, using three-surface longitudinal control. The canards and wings result in reduced trim
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Airplane Design, Part II: Preliminary
Configuration Design and Integration of the Propulsion System
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329:(1964). On 13 December 1985, an X-29 became the first forward-swept wing aircraft to fly at
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237:
192:. The X-29 design made use of the forward fuselage and nose landing gear from two existing
141:
20:
1301:
1139:. AIAA 2nd Flight Test Conference. Las Vegas, Nevada. 16–18 November 1983. NASA. TM-86025.
367:
of about 25 degrees with a maximum angle of 67° reached in a momentary pitch-up maneuver.
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8:
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1977:
1932:
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942:
540:
3,978 lb (1,804 kg) in two fuselage bladder tanks and two strake integral tanks
384:
The first X-29, 82-003, is now on display in the
Research and Development Gallery at the
1321:
3304:
3099:
3089:
3074:
2959:
2929:
2749:
2734:
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1997:
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264:
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169:
137:
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1249:
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1175:
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1116:
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1060:
1041:
969:
675:
408:'s National Mall building in Washington, DC. The full-scale replica was moved to the
268:
245:
1270:
1002:
213:. The Grumman internal designation for the X-29 was "Grumman Model 712" or "G-712".
3182:
2714:
2709:
1445:
1356:
1108:
330:
249:
3560:
3397:
3284:
2934:
2704:
1470:
1420:
1415:
1405:
640:
364:
272:
754:
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and reduced wave drag, while using the strakes for trim in situations where the
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3014:
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2780:
2775:
2580:
2062:
1770:
1725:
1680:
1228:
1152:
680:
648:
619:
568:
956 kn (1,100 mph, 1,771 km/h) at 33,000 ft (10,058 m)
322:
260:
206:
202:
3707:
3407:
3344:
3324:
3130:
2627:
2565:
2515:
2505:
2442:
2027:
1962:
1640:
1595:
160:, and the two built were flown by NASA and the United States Air Force. The
1088:
3299:
3294:
3274:
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2663:
2622:
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1440:
1075:
670:
658:
393:
210:
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161:
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1480:
1465:
1425:
1410:
434:
Jane's All the World's
Aircraft 1988-89 NASA X-Planes, Donald, Winchester
256:
is off provides less trim drag than relying on the canard to compensate.
165:
3655:
3371:
2939:
2658:
2480:
1485:
1435:
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1400:
1395:
1144:
424:
216:
37:
3640:
3472:
3447:
3349:
3319:
3309:
1112:
968:(79th ed.). London: Jane's Information Group. pp. 399–400.
653:
336:
305:
1107:(2nd ed.). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
188:
after the proposal had been chosen over a competing one involving a
164:
instability of the X-29's airframe required the use of computerized
3264:
3249:
3244:
3219:
3204:
3199:
1227:. U.S. Air Force Flight Test Center. AFFTC-TR-91-15. Archived from
144:
control surfaces, and other novel aircraft technologies. Funded by
1352:
982:
510:
221:
185:
157:
76:
227:
347:
317:
The first X-29 took its maiden flight on 14 December 1984 from
718:"X-29: NASA's ambitious 1980s fighter jet with inverted wings"
460:
53 ft 11.25 in (16.4402 m) including nose probe
404:. A full-scale model was on display from 1989 to 2011 at the
153:
899:
897:
814:"Fact Sheet: X-29 Advanced Technology Demonstrator Aircraft"
1074:
Jenkins, Dennis R.; Landis, Tony; Miller, Jay (June 2003).
145:
98:
1105:
Performance, Stability, Dynamics, and
Control of Airplanes
1351:
894:
882:
870:
833:
831:
816:. NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center. 28 February 2014
791:
789:
858:
776:
774:
772:
19:"X-29" redirects here. For similarly named topics, see
828:
786:
553:
engine, 16,000 lbf (71 kN) with afterburner
201:
composites. The wings of the X-29, made partially of
919:. National Museum of the U.S. Air Force. 28 May 2015
848:
846:
769:
630:
1073:
988:
665:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
1221:Webster, Frederick R.; Purifoy, Dana (July 1991).
1312:"X-29: Aircraft with Forward Swept Wings", part 1
843:
3705:
1083:. Monographs in Aerospace History No. 31. NASA.
808:
806:
804:
1155:: Roskam Aviation and Engineering Corporation.
941:. National Air and Space Museum. Archived from
612:
1297:National Museum of the United States Air Force
1220:
876:
740:
738:
471:48 ft 1 in (15 m) fuselage only
386:National Museum of the United States Air Force
342:National Museum of the United States Air Force
3162:
1337:
1275:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1077:American X-Vehicles: An Inventory—X-1 to X-50
801:
282:
228:Three-surface design and inherent instability
1036:Donald, David, ed. (1997). "Grumman X-29A".
16:1984 experimental aircraft family by Grumman
1038:The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft
1030:
837:
735:
3169:
3155:
1344:
1330:
1243:
1224:X-29 High Angle-of-Attack Flying Qualities
903:
888:
744:
608:Honeywell triple redundant fly-by-wire FCS
3719:1980s United States experimental aircraft
1188:
1169:
957:
179:
1244:Winchester, Jim (2005). "Grumman X-29".
1191:Ironworks: Grumman's Fighting Aeroplanes
419:
346:
335:
291:X-29 with aft control surfaces deflected
286:
215:
1207:
1003:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
966:Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988-89
580:350 nmi (400 mi, 650 km)
396:. The other craft is on display at the
3706:
1193:. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishers.
1143:
1129:
1102:
1035:
963:
852:
795:
780:
715:
497:188.84 sq ft (17.544 m)
379:
312:
3150:
1325:
1054:
994:
864:
491:14 ft 3.5 in (4.356 m)
485:27 ft 2.5 in (8.293 m)
454:4,000 lb (1,814 kg) payload
190:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
1000:
1130:Putnam, Terrill W. (January 1984).
1098:from the original on 25 April 2020.
259:The configuration, combined with a
13:
1273:from websites or documents of the
605:Teledyne RT-1063B/APX-101V IFF/SIF
423:
14:
3770:
1280:
989:Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003
745:Gehrs-Pahl, Andreas, ed. (1995).
1269: This article incorporates
1264:
1208:Warwick, Graham (16 June 1984).
1174:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
1040:. New York: Barnes & Noble.
747:"The X-Planes: From X-1 to X-34"
633:
398:Armstrong Flight Research Center
361:departure from controlled flight
304:The X-29 design made use of the
36:
1023:
964:Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1988).
931:
909:
716:Prisco, Jacopo (12 July 2019).
617:The 1989 flight simulator game
390:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
359:maneuvers that could result in
709:
586:55,000 ft (17,000 m)
534:17,800 lb (8,074 kg)
528:13,800 lb (6,260 kg)
1:
698:
693:List of experimental aircraft
406:National Air and Space Museum
3759:Aircraft first flown in 1984
1133:X-29 Flight-Research Program
1057:Warplanes of the Third Reich
613:Notable appearances in media
548:General Electric F404-GE-400
267:, made the craft inherently
156:, the X-29 was developed by
7:
3729:Forward-swept-wing aircraft
3724:Single-engined jet aircraft
1170:Thruelsen, Richard (1976).
626:
232:The X-29 is described as a
10:
3775:
3754:Relaxed-stability aircraft
3691:Assigned to multiple types
1210:"Forward-sweep Technology"
877:Webster & Purifoy 1991
283:Aeroelastic considerations
18:
3684:
3633:
3538:
3380:
3237:
3228:
3190:
3185:) designations since 1941
3123:
2897:
2804:
2763:
2692:
2651:
2610:
2589:
2473:
2466:
1364:
1189:Treadwell, Terry (1990).
1103:Pamadi, Bandu N. (2004).
410:Cradle of Aviation Museum
184:Two X-29As were built by
172:were used to control the
118:
113:
105:
90:
82:
70:
62:
52:
47:
35:
30:
703:
518:Grumman K MOD 2 (6.2%);
42:A Grumman X-29 in flight
3191:Supersonic/special test
1248:. London: Amber Books.
1246:X-Planes and Prototypes
1059:. New York: Doubleday.
1055:Green, William (1970).
1007:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
838:Butts & Hoover 1989
602:Magnavox AN/ARC-164 UHF
439:General characteristics
150:United States Air Force
95:United States Air Force
3749:Edwards Air Force Base
1271:public domain material
522:Grumman K MOD 2 (4.9%)
428:
402:Edwards Air Force Base
355:
353:Edwards Air Force Base
344:
298:aeroelastic divergence
292:
234:three surface aircraft
224:
180:Design and development
3179:experimental aircraft
3177:USAF / Joint Service
551:afterburning turbofan
427:
420:Specifications (X-29)
414:Garden City, New York
373:aeroelastic tailoring
350:
340:Grumman X-29A at the
339:
290:
219:
174:aeroelastic divergent
134:experimental aircraft
57:Experimental aircraft
1214:Flight International
194:F-5A Freedom Fighter
2812:Apollo Lunar Module
939:"Beyond the Limits"
867:, pp. 493–496.
532:Max takeoff weight:
380:Aircraft on display
313:Operational history
242:forward-swept wings
170:Composite materials
48:General information
3231:"X" (1948–present)
2693:Utility/Transports
429:
356:
345:
293:
265:aerodynamic center
225:
138:forward-swept wing
3701:
3700:
3629:
3628:
3144:
3143:
2893:
2892:
1255:978-1-904687-40-5
1231:on 26 August 2014
1200:978-1-85310-070-3
1181:978-0-275-54260-3
1172:The Grumman Story
1162:978-1-88488-543-3
1122:978-1-56347-583-2
1066:978-0-385-05782-0
1047:978-0-7607-0592-6
1001:Lednicer, David.
798:, pp. 85–87.
676:Rockwell-MBB X-31
599:Litton LR-80 AHRS
333:in level flight.
327:HFB-320 Hansa Jet
261:center of gravity
254:center of gravity
126:
125:
3766:
3714:Grumman aircraft
3582:
3552:
3235:
3234:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3147:
2471:
2470:
1357:Northrop Grumman
1346:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1217:
1204:
1185:
1166:
1140:
1138:
1126:
1113:10.2514/4.862274
1099:
1097:
1091:. SP-2003-4531.
1082:
1070:
1051:
1032:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
998:
992:
986:
980:
979:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
913:
907:
901:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
841:
835:
826:
825:
823:
821:
810:
799:
793:
784:
778:
767:
766:
764:
762:
753:. Archived from
742:
733:
732:
730:
728:
713:
643:
638:
637:
636:
594:
584:Service ceiling:
561:
441:
351:Grumman X-29 at
331:supersonic speed
273:analog computers
263:well aft of the
122:14 December 1984
40:
28:
27:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3734:Canard aircraft
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3680:
3625:
3580:
3550:
3534:
3376:
3230:
3224:
3193:"S" (1946–1947)
3192:
3186:
3175:
3145:
3140:
3119:
2889:
2800:
2759:
2688:
2647:
2606:
2585:
2462:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1318:at Military.com
1293:X-29 fact sheet
1287:X-29 fact sheet
1283:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1234:
1232:
1201:
1182:
1163:
1136:
1123:
1095:
1080:
1067:
1048:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1009:
999:
995:
987:
983:
976:
962:
958:
948:
946:
945:on 16 June 2012
937:
936:
932:
922:
920:
917:"Grumman X-29A"
915:
914:
910:
904:Winchester 2005
902:
895:
889:Winchester 2005
887:
883:
875:
871:
863:
859:
851:
844:
836:
829:
819:
817:
812:
811:
802:
794:
787:
779:
770:
760:
758:
743:
736:
726:
724:
714:
710:
706:
701:
641:Aviation portal
639:
634:
632:
629:
615:
595:
590:
557:
437:
422:
382:
365:angle of attack
325:(1944) and the
315:
285:
230:
182:
132:is an American
101:
63:National origin
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
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1281:External links
1279:
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1153:Ottawa, Kansas
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681:Rockwell HiMAT
678:
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649:Junkers Ju 287
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628:
625:
620:F29 Retaliator
614:
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588:
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581:
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572:Maximum speed:
569:
566:Maximum speed:
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541:
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323:Junkers Ju 287
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3739:NASA aircraft
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3131:Leroy Grumman
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1029:
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1008:
1004:
997:
991:, p. 37.
990:
985:
977:
975:0-7106-0867-5
971:
967:
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839:
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757:on 6 May 2001
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687:Related lists
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526:Empty weight:
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93:
91:Primary users
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
66:United States
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3688:Not assigned
3402:
3229:Experimental
3136:Jake Swirbul
2980:Gulfstream I
2975:Gulfhawk III
2854:
2791:Gulfstream I
2745:U-16/JR2F/UF
2652:Recon/Scouts
2412:
2407:
1367:designations
1365:Manufacturer
1263:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1223:
1216:: 1563–1568.
1213:
1190:
1171:
1148:
1132:
1104:
1076:
1056:
1037:
1024:Bibliography
1010:. Retrieved
1006:
996:
984:
965:
959:
947:. Retrieved
943:the original
933:
921:. Retrieved
911:
884:
872:
860:
818:. Retrieved
759:. Retrieved
755:the original
750:
725:. Retrieved
721:
711:
686:
685:
671:Sukhoi Su-47
664:
663:
659:OKB-1 EF 131
618:
616:
591:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
558:
556:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
515:
509:
502:Aspect ratio
500:
494:
488:
482:
457:
451:
445:
438:
436:
431:
430:
394:Dayton, Ohio
383:
369:
357:
316:
303:
294:
277:
258:
231:
211:OKB-1 EF 131
199:carbon-fiber
183:
130:Grumman X-29
129:
127:
119:First flight
106:Number built
72:Manufacturer
25:
3381:26–50
3065:Switchblade
3060:Super Tiger
3010:Joint STARS
2955:Global Hawk
2885:Switchblade
1308:at NASA.gov
1306:X-29 videos
1302:X-29 photos
1289:at NASA.gov
1145:Roskam, Jan
853:Pamadi 2004
796:Roskam 1985
781:Donald 1997
761:1 September
559:Performance
544:Powerplant:
319:Edwards AFB
306:anisotropic
166:fly-by-wire
162:aerodynamic
3708:Categories
3694:Unofficial
3486:X-44 (UAV)
3481:X-44 MANTA
3238:1–25
2950:Fire Scout
2098:G-215 (II)
949:14 October
865:Green 1970
699:References
495:Wing area:
244:, and aft
3539:51–
3050:Skyrocket
2965:Greyhound
2910:Albatross
2740:OA-14/J4F
2556:F11F/F-11
2458:Model 400
2093:G-215 (I)
1235:24 August
923:29 August
820:24 August
654:Hansa Jet
483:Wingspan:
452:Capacity:
432:Data from
416:in 2011.
168:control.
3634:See also
3080:Tigercat
3000:Intruder
2970:Guardian
2945:Firebird
2880:Firebird
2539:-6 to -8
2534:-1 to -5
2474:Fighters
1359:aircraft
1147:(1985).
1093:Archived
1089:68623213
1012:16 April
627:See also
592:Avionics
574:Mach 1.6
269:unstable
3183:X-plane
3115:Widgeon
3110:Wildcat
3095:Tracker
3070:Tadpole
3040:Prowler
3035:Pegasus
3030:Panther
3020:Mallard
2995:Hellcat
2990:Hawkeye
2925:Bearcat
2915:Avenger
2898:By name
2786:Tadpole
2771:Mallard
2590:Bombers
2581:NATF-23
2561:F11F-1F
2467:By role
1353:Grumman
1295:by the
751:AIS.org
511:Airfoil
489:Height:
458:Length:
238:canards
236:, with
222:cockpit
186:Grumman
158:Grumman
114:History
86:Retired
77:Grumman
3124:People
3105:Triton
3100:Trader
3090:Tracer
3085:Tomcat
3055:Spirit
3045:Raider
3025:Mohawk
3015:Kitten
3005:Jaguar
2930:Cougar
2905:Ag Cat
2827:EF-111
2805:Others
2781:Kitten
2776:Ag Cat
2700:UC-103
2571:F-111B
2453:G-1159
2448:G-1128
2377:G-680
1316:part 2
1304:, and
1252:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1119:
1087:
1063:
1044:
972:
727:30 May
578:Range:
246:strake
148:, the
142:canard
83:Status
3744:DARPA
3676:XQ-67
3671:XQ-58
3666:M2-F3
3661:M2-F2
3656:M2-F1
3651:HL-10
3646:HiMAT
3513:X-47C
3508:X-47B
3477:X-44
3365:X-24C
3075:Tiger
2960:Goose
2870:X-47C
2865:X-47B
2860:X-47A
2850:Q-180
2735:OA-13
2715:OA-12
2566:G-118
2551:XF10F
2516:XP-65
2506:XP-50
2443:G-870
2438:G-755
2433:G-754
2428:G-744
2423:G-730
2418:G-728
2413:G-723
2408:G-712
2403:G-711
2398:G-704
2393:G-698
2373:G-674
2368:G-636
2363:G-623
2358:G-618
2353:G-613
2348:G-612
2343:G-607
2338:G-550
2333:G-532
2328:G-518
2323:G-516
2318:G-511
2313:G-487
2308:G-486
2303:G-484
2298:G-467
2293:G-450
2288:G-436
2283:G-431
2278:G-429
2273:G-426
2268:G-413
2263:G-399
2258:G-391
2253:G-378
2248:G-376
2243:G-371
2238:G-359
2233:G-356
2228:G-344
2223:G-342
2218:G-341
2213:G-340
2208:G-333
2203:G-327
2198:G-315
2193:G-310
2188:G-306
2183:G-305
2178:G-303
2173:G-300
2168:G-296
2163:G-288
2158:G-283
2153:G-279
2148:G-273
2143:G-270
2138:G-262
2133:G-251
2128:G-244
2123:G-242
2118:G-235
2113:G-234
2108:G-231
2103:G-226
2088:G-214
2083:G-211
2078:G-191
2073:G-170
2068:G-165
2063:G-164
2058:G-159
2053:G-154
2048:G-143
2043:G-142
2038:G-137
2033:G-134
2028:G-132
2023:G-130
2018:G-129
2013:G-128
2008:G-127
2003:G-126
1998:G-125
1993:G-124
1988:G-123
1983:G-122
1978:G-121
1973:G-120
1968:G-119
1963:G-118
1958:G-117
1953:G-116
1948:G-115
1943:G-114
1938:G-113
1933:G-112
1928:G-111
1923:G-110
1918:G-109
1913:G-108
1908:G-107
1903:G-106
1898:G-105
1893:G-104
1888:G-103
1883:G-102
1878:G-101
1873:G-100
1137:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
1081:(PDF)
704:Notes
516:root:
446:Crew:
392:near
220:X-29
154:DARPA
3641:AD-1
3621:X-66
3616:X-65
3611:X-64
3606:X-63
3601:X-62
3596:X-61
3591:X-60
3586:X-59
3581:X-58
3576:X-57
3571:X-56
3566:X-55
3561:X-54
3556:X-53
3551:X-52
3546:X-51
3530:X-50
3525:X-49
3520:X-48
3503:X-47
3498:X-46
3493:X-45
3473:X-43
3468:X-42
3463:X-41
3458:X-40
3453:X-39
3448:X-38
3443:X-37
3438:X-36
3433:X-35
3428:X-34
3423:X-33
3418:X-32
3413:X-31
3408:X-30
3403:X-29
3398:X-28
3393:X-27
3388:X-26
3372:X-25
3360:X-24
3355:X-23
3350:X-22
3345:X-21
3340:X-20
3335:X-19
3330:X-18
3325:X-17
3320:X-16
3315:X-15
3310:X-14
3305:X-13
3300:X-12
3295:X-11
3290:X-10
2940:Fifi
2935:Duck
2855:X-29
2822:E-10
2730:OA-9
2679:EA-6
2674:OV-1
2664:XSBF
2628:TB2F
2623:XTSF
2602:B-21
2576:F-14
2530:F9F
2501:XF5F
1868:G-99
1856:G-98
1851:G-97
1846:G-96
1841:G-95
1836:G-94
1831:G-93
1826:G-92
1821:G-91
1816:G-90
1811:G-89
1806:G-88
1801:G-87
1796:G-86
1791:G-85
1786:G-84
1781:G-83
1776:G-82
1771:G-81
1766:G-80
1761:G-79
1756:G-78
1751:G-77
1746:G-76
1741:G-75
1736:G-74
1731:G-73
1726:G-72
1721:G-71
1716:G-70
1711:G-69
1706:G-68
1701:G-67
1696:G-66
1691:G-65
1686:G-64
1681:G-63
1676:G-62
1671:G-61
1666:G-60
1661:G-59
1656:G-58
1651:G-57
1646:G-56
1641:G-55
1636:G-54
1631:G-53
1626:G-52
1621:G-51
1616:G-50
1611:G-49
1606:G-48
1601:G-47
1596:G-46
1591:G-45
1586:G-44
1581:G-43
1576:G-42
1571:G-41
1566:G-40
1561:G-39
1556:G-38
1551:G-37
1546:G-36
1541:G-35
1536:G-34
1531:G-33
1526:G-32
1521:G-31
1516:G-30
1511:G-29
1506:G-27
1501:G-26
1496:G-25
1491:G-24
1486:G-23
1481:G-22
1476:G-21
1471:G-20
1466:G-19
1461:G-18
1456:G-17
1451:G-16
1446:G-15
1441:G-14
1436:G-13
1431:G-12
1426:G-11
1421:G-10
1355:and
1250:ISBN
1237:2014
1195:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1085:OCLC
1061:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1014:2019
970:ISBN
951:2011
925:2015
822:2014
763:2009
729:2024
546:1 Ă—
520:tip:
250:drag
209:and
152:and
146:NASA
128:The
99:NASA
53:Type
31:X-29
3285:X-9
3280:X-8
3275:X-7
3270:X-6
3265:X-5
3260:X-4
3255:X-3
3250:X-2
3245:X-1
3220:S-5
3215:S-4
3210:S-3
3205:S-2
3200:S-1
2920:Bat
2875:Bat
2841:Q-8
2832:Q-4
2817:E-8
2755:C-2
2750:C-1
2725:J3F
2720:JRF
2710:J2F
2684:E-2
2669:E-1
2643:A-6
2638:S-2
2618:TBF
2597:B-2
2546:F-9
2526:F8F
2521:F7F
2511:F6F
2496:F4F
2491:F3F
2486:F2F
1416:G-9
1411:G-8
1406:G-7
1401:G-6
1396:G-5
1391:G-4
1386:G-3
1380:G-2
1374:G-1
1109:doi
722:CNN
506:3.9
412:in
400:on
388:on
21:X29
3710::
2705:JF
2659:SF
2633:AF
2481:FF
1314:,
1277:.
1212:.
1151:.
1115:.
1005:.
896:^
845:^
830:^
803:^
788:^
771:^
749:.
737:^
720:.
240:,
140:,
3181:(
3170:e
3163:t
3156:v
2845:C
2843:/
2836:C
2834:/
2386:P
2381:F
1861:J
1345:e
1338:t
1331:v
1258:.
1239:.
1203:.
1184:.
1165:.
1125:.
1111::
1069:.
1050:.
1016:.
978:.
953:.
927:.
879:.
855:.
840:.
824:.
765:.
731:.
513::
504::
448:1
371:"
109:2
23:.
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