281:
273:
514:
led to a mishap in the
Cascade Tunnel to a GN east-bound freight train with four electric locomotives, two on the head and two pushing. The two pushers suddenly lost power and the train gradually slowed to a stop, but the lead unit engineer was unaware that his train had stopped, and held the controller on the power position until the usual time to transit the tunnel had elapsed. Not seeing daylight, he finally shut down the locomotive, and found that the wheels of his stationary locomotive had ground through two-thirds of the rail web.
477:
531:
466:
17:
242:
1019:
523:
stops. Hence two collectors per overhead phase are used, but the possibility of bridging a dead section and causing a short circuit from the front collector of one phase to the back collector of the other phase must be avoided. The resistance of the rails used for the third phase or return is higher for AC than for DC due to "
496:) were required for starting. In Italy freight locomotives used plain cascade with two speeds, 25 and 50 km/h (16 and 31 mph); while express locomotives used cascade combined with pole-changing, giving four speeds, 37, 50, 75 and 100 km/h (23, 31, 46 and 62 mph). With the use of 3,000 or 3,600 volts at
100:
The overhead wiring, generally having two separate overhead lines and the rail for the third phase, was more complicated, and the low frequency used required a separate generation or conversion and distribution system. Train speed was restricted to one to four speeds, with two or four speeds obtained
513:
Generally, the motor(s) fed a single axle, with other wheels linked by connecting rods, as the induction motor is sensitive to speed variations and with non-linked motors on several axles the motors on worn wheels would do little or even no work as they would rotate faster. This motor characteristic
59:
with the power fed back to the system, so is particularly suitable for mountain railways (provided the grid or another locomotive on the line can accept the power). The locomotives use three-phase induction motors. Lacking brushes and commutators, they require less maintenance. The early
Italian and
522:
Generally two separate overhead wires are used, with the rail for the third phase, though occasionally three overhead wires are used. At junctions, crossovers and crossings the two lines must be kept apart, with a continuous supply to the locomotive, which must have two live conductors wherever it
179:
The system is mostly used today for rack (mountain) railways, where the overhead wiring is less complicated and restrictions on the speeds available less important. Modern motors and their control systems avoid the fixed speeds of traditional systems, as they are built with solid-state converters.
553:
which covered both wires but later locomotives used a wide pantograph with two collector bars, side by side. A three-phase system is also prone to larger lengthwise gaps between sections, owing to the complexity of two-wire overhead, and so a long pickup base is needed. In Italy this was achieved
491:
are designed to run at a particular synchronous speed, and when they run above the synchronous speed downhill, power is fed back to the system. Pole changing and cascade (concatenation) working was used to allow two or four different speeds, and resistances (often
31:
was used in Italy, Switzerland and the United States in the early twentieth century. Italy was the major user, from 1901 until 1976, although lines through two tunnels also used the system; the
905:
527:", but lower for the low frequency used than for industrial frequency. Losses are also increased, though not in the same proportion, as the impedance is largely reactive.
284:
In some places in Italy, three-phase catenary was reconfigured to work on the standard 3000 V DC electrification scheme in Italy, as seen here at the defunct
599:
1068:
554:
with the long bow collectors reaching right to the ends of the locomotive, or with a pair of pantographs, also mounted as far apart as possible.
350:
843:
1023:
549:
The locomotive needs to pick up power from two (or three) overhead conductors. Early locomotives on the
Italian State Railways used a wide
437:
This category does not cover railways with a single-phase (or DC) supply which is converted to three-phase on the locomotive or power car,
794:
Electric
Traction for Railway Trains; a book for students, electrical and mechanical engineers, superintendents of motive power and others
74: Hz), and a relatively low voltage (3,000 or 3,600 volts) compared with later AC systems. (However, both regenerative braking and
1073:
1063:
292:
in 1991 (closed 2001). Regular DC catenary is on the left while reconfigured three-phase catenary is on the middle and on the right.
487:
Usually, the locomotives had one, two, or four motors on the body chassis (not on the bogies), and did not require gearing. The
336:
220:
All use standard frequency (50 Hz, or 60 Hz (Brazil)) rather than low frequency, using between 725 and 3,000 volts.
983:
960:
441:, most railway equipment from the 1990s and earlier using solid-state converters. The Kando system of the 1930s developed by
399:
3,600 V / 16.7 Hz Genoa-Turin, Turin-Frejus-Modane
Gallery (F) and other lines in Piedmont and Liguria from 1910 to 1976
1053:
1048:
249:
226:
in China and Japan can also use three-phase electrification via multiple third rails located on the side of the guideway.
1058:
604:
1038:
881:
827:
935:
860:
1043:
132:
253:
453:
on the locomotive to convert the single-phase supply to three phases, as did the phase-splitting system on the
419:
367:
118:
40:
454:
483:(Italy 1914–63). Note the long bow collectors, with their pickup points at the far ends of the locomotive.
561:
were used. They worked well with a maximum speed of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h). The dual conductor
594:
223:
280:
380:
360:
160:
125:
44:
946:
952:
409:
147:
109:
The following is a list of the railways that have used this method of electrification in the past:
35:
between
Switzerland and Italy from 1906 to 1930 (but not connected to the Italian system), and the
582:
272:
213:
21:
566:
539:
450:
387:
343:
192:
188:
89:
234:
This list shows the voltage and frequency used in various systems, historical and current.
56:
442:
43:
in the United States from 1909 to 1939. The first standard gauge line was in
Switzerland,
8:
510:(16.7) Hz, the supply could be fed directly to the motor without an onboard transformer.
285:
88: Hz were successfully implemented also for single-phase systems, like for the Swiss
837:
998:
979:
956:
931:
911:
877:
856:
823:
802:
562:
535:
374:
925:
893:
871:
565:
system is used on four mountain railways that continue to use three-phase power (
493:
488:
476:
312:
530:
792:
578:
570:
469:
329:
199:
167:
114:
36:
32:
806:
465:
1032:
550:
480:
402:
3,600 V / 16.7 Hz Trento-Bolzano-Brennero, Bolzano-Merano FS 1929 - 1965
1002:
574:
558:
305:
206:
798:
524:
140:
915:
446:
16:
600:
Railway electrification system#Polyphase alternating current systems
814:
Cornolò, Giovanni; Gut, Martin (2000). Albertelli, Ermanno (ed.).
767:
425:
7,000 V / 50 Hz
Experiments, Torino-Bussoleno FS 1927 - 1928
298:
289:
634:
632:
405:
3,600 V / 16.7 Hz Genova-La Spezia e
Fornovo FS 1926 - 1948
1018:
851:
Hollingsworth, Brian; Cook, Arthur (2000). "Class E432 1-D-1".
543:
978:] (in Italian). Brescia: Club Fermodellistico Bresciano.
695:
629:
136:
995:
Generation, Transmission and
Utilization of Electrical Power
976:
History of electrification and three-phase locomotives F.S.
322:
972:
Storia dell'elettrificazione e dei locomotori trifasi F.S.
755:
649:
647:
731:
707:
683:
671:
659:
644:
617:
318:
460 V / 60 Hz Panama Canal Authority, date unknown
216:
in France, still using the original locomotives of 1912
20:
Train using a multiphase electrification system on the
743:
898:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: University Tutorial Press.
719:
415:
5,200 V / 25 Hz Gergal-SantaFe FC Sur - Spagna
873:Italian Railways (Railway Histories of the World)
850:
773:
1030:
396:3,600 V / 16.7 Hz Valtellina FS 1930 - 1953
393:3,000 V / 15.8 Hz Valtellina FS 1917 - 1930
276:Two Italian three-phase locomotives Class E.432
101:by pole-changing or cascade operation or both.
47:(40 km or 25 mi), from 1899 to 1933.
386:3,300 V / 16.7 Hz Galleria del Sempione,
920:pp 542–3 (para 872) & pp 630–1 (para 919)
869:
820:Three-phase railways in the World, 1895-2000
428:10,000 V / 45 Hz Roma-Sulmona FS 1929 - 1944
910:. Vol. III. London: Chapman and Hall.
903:
895:Alternating Current: Electrical Engineering
638:
969:
842:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
813:
356:725 V / 50 Hz Gornergratbahn, current
944:
923:
737:
623:
529:
475:
464:
279:
271:
229:
146:The Italian part of the Mont-Cenis line
15:
891:
761:
749:
408:3,600 V / 16.7 Hz Sondrio-Tirano (
1069:Electric railways in the United States
1031:
951:(2nd ed.). Bloomington, Indiana:
449:, and used in Hungary and Italy, used
337:Taoyuan International Airport Skytrain
29:Three-phase AC railway electrification
992:
930:. Milwaukee: Kalmbach Publishing Co.
816:Ferrovie trifasi nel mondo, 1895-2000
790:
725:
713:
701:
689:
677:
665:
653:
104:
948:When the Steam Railroads Electrified
945:Middleton, William D. (March 2002).
927:When the Steam Railroads Electrified
432:
418:6,600 V / 25 Hz Cascade Range,
236:
156:The Santa Fe - Gergal line in Spain.
60:Swiss systems used a low frequency (
605:Category:Three-phase AC locomotives
183:The four current such railways are
153:Many other lines in Northern Italy.
13:
904:Meares, J.W.; Neale, R.E. (1933).
855:. Pavilion Books. pp. 56–57.
517:
174:
14:
1085:
1012:
1074:Railways using three-phase power
1064:Electric railways in Switzerland
1017:
997:(3rd ed.). London: Pitman.
892:Maccall, William Tolmé (1930) .
557:In the United States, a pair of
240:
95:
907:Electrical Engineering Practice
774:Hollingsworth & Cook (2000)
924:Middleton, William D. (1974).
876:. England: David and Charles.
460:
170:between Switzerland and Italy.
1:
993:Starr, Arthur Tisso (1953) .
791:Burch, Edward Parris (1911).
783:
420:Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
368:Hasle-Rüegsau–Langnau railway
50:
1024:Three-phase electrifications
970:Pedrazzini, Claudio (2017).
610:
455:Norfolk and Western Railroad
351:Zhujiang New Town APM System
7:
1054:Electric railways in France
1049:Electric railways in Brazil
870:Kalla-Bishop, P.M. (1971).
822:] (in Italian). Parma.
641:, p. 630-631, para 919
588:
10:
1090:
1059:Electric railways in Italy
595:Three-phase electric power
224:Automated guideway transit
1039:History of rail transport
704:, pp. 471 & 569.
639:Meares & Neale (1933)
381:Ferrovia della Valtellina
126:Ferrovia della Valtellina
953:Indiana University Press
410:Ferrovia Alta Valtellina
301:Factory Experiments 1892
1044:Electric rail transport
583:Petit train de la Rhune
581:in Switzerland and the
451:rotary phase converters
325:Factory Experiment 1896
214:Petit train de la Rhune
22:Petit train de la Rhune
571:Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
567:Corcovado Rack Railway
546:
540:Corcovado Rack Railway
484:
473:
457:in the United States.
344:Bukit Panjang LRT line
293:
277:
189:Corcovado Rack Railway
119:Great Northern Railway
41:Great Northern Railway
25:
1026:at Wikimedia Commons
533:
479:
468:
379:3,000 V / 15 Hz
373:1,125 V / 50 Hz
361:Burgdorf–Thun railway
283:
275:
230:Voltage and frequency
161:Burgdorf–Thun railway
45:from Burgdorf to Thun
19:
900:pp 412–3 & 423-5
254:adding missing items
57:regenerative braking
55:The system provides
716:, pp. 346–349.
692:, pp. 342–346.
680:, pp. 339–342.
668:, pp. 349–353.
656:, pp. 133–134.
366:750 V / 40 Hz
359:750 V / 40 Hz
349:650 V / 50 Hz
342:600 V / 50 Hz
335:600 V / 60 Hz
328:550 V / 40 Hz
311:350 V / 40 Hz
304:200 V / 25 Hz
286:San Lorenzo al Mare
92:"Crocodile" type.)
853:Modern Locomotives
764:, p. 423-424.
547:
485:
474:
353:, at opening, 2010
346:, at opening, 1999
339:, at opening, 2003
332:, at opening, 1898
321:500 V / ??Hz
294:
278:
252:; you can help by
105:Historical systems
26:
1022:Media related to
985:978-88-942040-7-0
962:978-0-253-33979-9
776:, pp. 56–57.
433:Converter systems
270:
269:
90:Ce 6/8 II and III
1081:
1021:
1006:
989:
966:
941:
919:
899:
887:
866:
847:
841:
833:
810:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
738:Middleton (1974)
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
642:
636:
627:
624:Middleton (1974)
621:
509:
508:
504:
501:
494:liquid rheostats
489:induction motors
375:Jungfrau Railway
265:
262:
244:
243:
237:
87:
86:
82:
79:
73:
72:
68:
65:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1029:
1028:
1015:
1010:
986:
963:
938:
884:
863:
835:
834:
830:
786:
781:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
736:
732:
724:
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684:
676:
672:
664:
660:
652:
645:
637:
630:
622:
618:
613:
591:
520:
518:Overhead wiring
506:
502:
499:
497:
472:(Italy 1906–65)
463:
435:
266:
260:
257:
241:
232:
209:in Switzerland.
202:in Switzerland.
177:
175:Current systems
163:in Switzerland.
107:
98:
84:
80:
77:
75:
70:
66:
63:
61:
53:
12:
11:
5:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
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1041:
1014:
1013:External links
1011:
1009:
1008:
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984:
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961:
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936:
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901:
889:
883:978-0715351680
882:
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861:
848:
829:978-8887372106
828:
811:
787:
785:
782:
779:
778:
766:
762:Maccall (1930)
754:
752:, p. 412.
750:Maccall (1930)
742:
740:, p. 161.
730:
728:, p. 347.
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
643:
628:
626:, p. 156.
615:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
602:
597:
590:
587:
579:Gornergratbahn
519:
516:
470:FS Class E.550
462:
459:
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416:
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406:
403:
400:
397:
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377:
371:
364:
357:
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347:
340:
333:
330:Gornergratbahn
326:
319:
316:
313:Lugano Tramway
309:
302:
268:
267:
247:
245:
231:
228:
218:
217:
210:
203:
200:Gornergratbahn
196:
193:Rio de Janeiro
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:Simplon Tunnel
164:
157:
154:
151:
144:
129:
122:
115:Cascade Tunnel
106:
103:
97:
94:
52:
49:
37:Cascade Tunnel
33:Simplon Tunnel
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1086:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
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1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
981:
977:
973:
968:
964:
958:
954:
950:
949:
943:
939:
937:0-89024-028-0
933:
929:
928:
922:
917:
913:
909:
908:
902:
897:
896:
890:
885:
879:
875:
874:
868:
864:
862:0-86288-351-2
858:
854:
849:
845:
839:
831:
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821:
817:
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808:
804:
800:
796:
795:
789:
788:
775:
770:
763:
758:
751:
746:
739:
734:
727:
722:
715:
710:
703:
698:
691:
686:
679:
674:
667:
662:
655:
650:
648:
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635:
633:
625:
620:
616:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:trolley poles
555:
552:
551:bow collector
545:
541:
537:
532:
528:
526:
515:
511:
495:
490:
482:
481:FS Class E330
478:
471:
467:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
427:
424:
422:, 1909 - 1927
421:
417:
414:
411:
407:
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255:
251:
248:This list is
246:
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208:
204:
201:
197:
194:
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186:
185:
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169:
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145:
142:
138:
134:
133:Giovi Railway
130:
127:
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120:
116:
112:
111:
110:
102:
96:Disadvantages
93:
91:
58:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
23:
18:
1016:
994:
975:
971:
947:
926:
906:
894:
872:
852:
819:
815:
797:. New York:
793:
769:
757:
745:
733:
726:Starr (1953)
721:
714:Burch (1911)
709:
702:Burch (1911)
697:
690:Burch (1911)
685:
678:Burch (1911)
673:
666:Burch (1911)
661:
654:Burch (1911)
619:
585:in France).
575:Jungfraubahn
556:
548:
521:
512:
486:
443:Kálmán Kandó
438:
436:
306:Panama Canal
258:
233:
222:
219:
207:Jungfraubahn
182:
178:
148:Turin–Modane
108:
99:
54:
28:
27:
799:McGraw-Hill
525:skin effect
461:Locomotives
390:1906 - 1930
383:1902 - 1917
370:, 1919–1932
363:, 1899–1933
288:station in
141:Pontedecimo
1033:Categories
916:B00N997B1K
888:p. 98
807:1086307472
784:References
563:pantograph
536:pantograph
447:Ganz Works
250:incomplete
51:Advantages
838:cite book
611:Footnotes
542:train in
297:Various,
261:July 2021
143:in Italy.
128:in Italy.
1003:11069538
589:See also
534:3-phase
135:between
24:, France
505:⁄
445:at the
299:Siemens
290:Liguria
195:Brazil.
117:of the
83:⁄
69:⁄
39:of the
1001:
982:
959:
934:
914:
880:
859:
826:
805:
544:Brazil
1007:p 347
974:[
818:[
538:on a
137:Genoa
999:OCLC
980:ISBN
957:ISBN
932:ISBN
912:ASIN
878:ISBN
857:ISBN
844:link
824:ISBN
803:OCLC
577:and
439:e.g.
323:Ganz
315:1895
308:1915
212:The
205:The
198:The
187:The
166:The
159:The
139:and
131:The
124:The
113:The
569:in
388:SBB
256:.
191:in
1035::
955:.
840:}}
836:{{
801:.
646:^
631:^
573:,
498:16
76:16
62:16
1005:.
988:.
965:.
940:.
918:.
886:.
865:.
846:)
832:.
809:.
507:3
503:2
500:+
412:)
263:)
259:(
150:.
121:.
85:3
81:2
78:+
71:3
67:2
64:+
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
