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turtles. If a turtle eats a plastic bag, it tends to clog the turtle's digestive system and result in the animal dying. There have been many cases of dissection showing plastic and other debris inside turtles' stomachs and intestines. Marine debris has caused mortality in all species of sea turtles. There have also been cases where sea turtles have been found with plastic straws in their noses, plastic bags or toothbrushes in their stomachs, or fish hooks stuck on their flippers. Plastic straws can be dangerous to sea turtles, too, because they are often mistaken for food. This can cause the sea turtle to choke or die of starvation because they feel full and do not eat, when they are actually full of plastic. Despite being small, plastic straws are among the top items that pollute the ocean. As previously mentioned, ingestion is also more likely to occur if the plastic resembles their typical food. Studies have found that turtles had a 50% chance of dying if they ingested more than fourteen pieces of plastic
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human-made lights are brighter than celestial lights, causing sea turtles to move toward them. A sea turtle not going in the direction of the ocean is referred to as a disorientation event. Disorientations lead to an increased risk of predation, exhaustion, dehydration, and/or injury. These events are often fatal. Disorientations can be caused by any light source that is directly or indirectly seen from the beach. Also, heavily lit beaches may cause an adult to have a false crawl. This is when the female decides the beach is not suitable for her nest and goes back to the water. False crawls cause exhaustion for the adult and may lead to her releasing her eggs in the ocean. This would be fatal to all the eggs.
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243:. Blunt force trauma is from the hull of the boat hitting the turtle and results in a cracking, less obvious, injury on the turtle's carapace. Propeller strikes form clear cut, parallel lines on the carapace of the turtle. The propeller wounds can cut into the spinal cord or lungs if deep enough, as these are located dorsally on the animal attached to the underside of the carapace. Sea turtle stranding data is the primary method of quantifying boat strike injuries, which has increased by 20% in
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cages. The effects of the use of steel mesh as a cage material may not be known for many years until assessments can be made of the success rate of the first adult populations that developed within such cages begin attempting landfall for nest-making. Gravid turtles or their hatchlings may also be affected by the presence of magnetic fields arising from power cables, iron debris, steel seawalls or other human activities that locally modify
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effects excessive lighting has on sea turtles and there have been substantial attempts to darken beaches and replace harmful artificial lighting with turtle-safe lights. Coastal communities have also been creating and updating their lighting ordinances with the common goal to help save sea turtles. Lighting ordinances allow local governments to enforce safer lighting for sea turtles.
449:, and the Northwest Atlantic as the regions in the direst need of preservation endeavors. In 1963, the Marine Turtle Group was created by the chairman of the Survival Service Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources as the first international forum for sea turtle research and conservation. In the United States in 1973, the
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turtles' injuries are so severe that they can never become healed to the extent of being able to survive on their own outside of the facilities, hundreds of the patients from both the Gordon and
Patricia Gray Veterinary Hospital in Juno Beach and the Sea Turtle Hospital in Topsail Island have been successfully rehabilitated and released in the last couple of decades.
342:, while others claim that eating them yields longevity. In some islands, parts of the sea turtle are used in ceremonies and are considered sacred. Other times, the carcasses harvested are made into jewelry, instruments, souvenirs, sunglasses, or wall decorations, especially hawksbill sea turtles, which are desired for the striking details of the shell.
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461:(USFWS) to enforce the ESA with regards to sea turtles. USFWS is responsible for all sea turtle conservation on nesting beaches and NOAA Fisheries are responsible for the marine conservation of sea turtles. The conservation of sea turtles on an international scale has been led by two major environmental agreements: the
429:. These tumors are either smooth or contain pointed projections and they are red, pink, grey, black, or purple in color. These tumors are usually located anywhere on the soft skin tissue of the sea turtle, either the neck, eyes, or bottom of the flippers and range in size anywhere from a pea to a grapefruit.
465:– South-East Asian Marine Turtle Memorandum of Understanding and the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles. In an attempt to lessen the number of turtles killed by fishing incidents, several new types of turtle-safe fishing equipment have been introduced such as the
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is classified as "data deficient" which means that there is insufficient information available for a proper assessment of conservation status. Although sea turtles usually lay around one hundred eggs at a time, on average only one of the eggs from the nest will survive to adulthood. While many of the
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Breeding season is in particular a dangerous time for sea turtles due to the pollution of beach nesting sites. Contamination of their diet can lead to disruption of digestion as well as physical injury to the sea turtles' digestive tracts. The nesting of female sea turtles is often deterred due to
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As awareness of the negative impact artificial lighting has on sea turtles has grown, there have been several large-scale conservation efforts by Marine Life programs and conservation groups to educate the public on turtle conservation. Communities situated on or near a beach have been warned of the
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Eight million tons of plastic make their way to the ocean every year. For many marine species, including sea turtles, plastics in our oceans can lead to threats of entanglement, habitat degradation, and ingestion. Discarded plastic bags floating in the ocean resemble jellyfish, a common food of sea
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Evaluating the progress of conservation programs is difficult, because many sea turtle populations have not been assessed adequately. Most information on sea turtle populations comes from counting nests on beaches, but this does not provide an accurate picture of the whole sea turtle population. A
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habits of sea turtles increase their exposure to marine pollution at each of the stages of their lives including eggs, hatchlings, juveniles, sub adults, or nesting adults. In a 1994 study off of
Florida's Atlantic coast, 63% of hatchlings surveyed were found to have ingested tar. Loggerheads in
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Ferrous metal wire mesh screens are commonly used to protect sea turtle nests from predators' excavating and devouring the eggs and hatchlings. A new concern is that nestlings' delicate magnetic sense may not develop normally in the presence of the magnetic field interference from these steel mesh
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Owing to the popularity of numerous sea turtle species, people often travel to areas where the turtles nest, live to observe and photograph them. This has resulted in numerous deaths of the turtles through boat collisions, tourists attempting to catch or steal individuals, and other incidents. In
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fishing are three types of fishing with the most sea turtle accidents. Deaths occur often because of drowning, where the sea turtle was ensnared and could not come up for air. Another dangerous aspect of fishing that is common is when sea turtles inadvertently swallow sharp hooks, which can get
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between 1985 and 2005. In general, sea turtles are not able to avoid boat collisions when boats are travelling too quickly. Also, the faster a boat is travelling the more damage is done to the turtle, making incidents more lethal. When sea turtles surface to breathe they continue swimming in the
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are particularly dangerous to sea turtles. Although oil does not tend to stick to them as it does to other marine life, sea turtles are still at risk when they surface for air, where oil can get in their eyes, skin, and lungs, which can lead to significant health problems. Even if they are not
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population by: a) rescuing sick or injured turtles and taking them to the treatment facility, b) rehabilitating these turtles through various types of treatment and/or surgery, and c) releasing turtles back into the ocean once they have been successfully nursed back to health. Although some sea
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is a threat to adult and hatchling sea turtles. Sea turtles use the brightest horizon as a guide to the ocean. This was created by celestial lights reflecting off the ocean’s surface. With human development along the coast, artificial light sources are growing in abundance. Unfortunately, these
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and flood nests. As the overall temperature of the Earth rises, so does the temperature of the sand, which diminishes the rate of hatchling survival. The temperature of the sand also affects gender, as higher temperatures have been shown to yield more female hatchlings. Changes in climate also
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regions near popular nesting beaches during nesting season. Vessel modification are another way that boaters can reduce their influence on marine life. Jet board motors have an impeller that eliminates the threat of propeller damage to marine turtles. The motor rests only a few inches from the
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the potential of oily effluence. If the female does lay eggs, the development of the eggs is at risk due to either oil in the sand or contamination from the mother turtle that was oiled while nesting. If the eggs in the nest have contact with oil while in the last half of their
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has melted and has led to the rise of sea levels. This rise in sea levels has been a factor in the loss of beach, which for sea turtles means less nesting area. Global warming has been associated with severe weather, which could mean harsh and numerous storms that
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of the boat, meaning it is less likely to hit turtles that are not surfacing to breathe. Propeller guards are slightly helpful at idle speeds, but once a boat begins to reach higher planning speeds they are ineffective in protecting the turtle from the propeller.
173:, and particularly the coasts of Texas and Florida. Sea turtles existing in the exact areas where oil spills occur are not the only ones at risk due to the strong and far reaching ocean currents which can move pollution to great distances from its derivation.
409:. These tumors often grow to be so large that they hinder a sea turtle's ability to see, eat, and swim, therefore rendering the sea turtle unable to survive. Inexplicably, the majority of the cases of fibropapillomatosis have been diagnosed in the
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Bjorndal, Karen; Bowen, Brian; Chaloupka, M.; Crowder, L. B.; Heppell, S. S.; Jones, C. M.; Lutcavage, M. E.; Policansky, D.; et al. (2011). "Better
Science Needed for Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico".
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issues as well as excessive swelling. Many regions heavily associated with oil, either exploration, transportation, or processing, are also significant sea turtle environments, including the
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Sea turtles that strand alive with boat injuries can be treated at rehabilitation facilities. Treatment is not always successful, but there are turtles that do survive boat strike injuries.
252:. This depth is the ideal depth for the propeller of the boat to hit the turtle, it also makes it even more difficult for boaters to try to avoid the turtles, since they cannot be seen.
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Haas, Heather, Erin LaCasella, Robin LeRoux, Henry
Miliken, and Brett Hayward. "Characteristics of sea turtles incidentally captured in the U.S. Atlantic sea scallop dredge fishery."
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things that endanger these hatchlings are natural, such as predators including sharks, raccoons, foxes, and seagulls, many new threats to the sea turtle species are anthropogenic.
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is estimated to have serious effects on wildlife over the next few decades. There is evidence that sea turtles have already been affected. With the increase of temperature,
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is both directly harmful to sea turtles as well as indirectly, through the deterioration of their natural habitats. Some of the most dangerous ocean pollutants include
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2010 United States
National Research Council report concluded that more detailed information on sea turtles' life cycles, such as birth rates and mortality, is needed.
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Work, Paul A.; Sapp, Adam L.; Scott, David W.; Dodd, Mark G. (2010). "Influence of small vessel operation and propulsion system on loggerhead sea turtle injuries".
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often use large-scale nets and hook systems that are indiscriminate and catch whatever comes along, be it sea turtle, dolphin, or even shark. What is known as "
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species to be endangered. Of the seven extant species of sea turtles, six in the family
Cheloniidae and one in the family Dermochelyidae, all are listed on the
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Witherington, B.E.; Kubilis, Anne; Brost, Beth; Meylan, Anne (2009). "Decreasing annual nest counts in a globally important loggerhead sea turtle population".
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Antworth, Rebecca, David Pike, and John Stiner. "Nesting ecology, current status, and conservation of sea turtles on an uninhabited beach in
Florida, USA."
141:. Extended exposure has been found to deteriorate the health of a sea turtle in general, making it more weak and vulnerable to a variety of other threats.
39:. The list classifies six species of sea turtle as "threatened", two of them as "critically endangered", one as "endangered" and three as "vulnerable". The
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directly in contact with marine pollution, sea turtles can still ingest harmful chemicals through the food they eat. Oil is also a cause for the death of
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Heithaus, Michael, Aaron
Wirsing, Jordan Thomson, and Derek Burkholder. "A review of lethal and non-lethal effects of predators on adult marine turtles."
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Markey, Sean. "Global
Warming Has Devastating Effect on Coral Reefs, Study Shows." National Geographic News 28 Oct 2010: n. pag. Web. 9 Dec 2010. <
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Image of a manatee with boat strike injuries. Similar injuries occur on turtle with parallel cuts (as shown in the image) or by blunt force trauma.
425:). Cases of this disease have been found in all major oceans. Although the causes of this disease are not clear, many believe the source to be
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Memorandum of
Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia
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Le Guern Lytle, Claire. "Sea Turtle Egg Poaching Legalized in Costa Rica: The Debate ." Coastal Care. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec 2010. <
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In many countries sea turtles are captured, killed, and traded for their meat, shells and leather flippers. Eggs are also at risk of
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water column just below the surface; this allows them to get a few breaths in at a time, and then dive into deeper water to hunt or
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Butler, Rhett. "Sex sells sea turtle conservation in Mexico." Environmental News August 19, 2005: n. pag. Web. 9 Dec 2010. <
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was passed, providing protection for all sea turtle species, and in 1977, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the
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Laist, David W.; Shaw, Cameron (2006). "Preliminary Evidence That Boat Speed Restrictions Reduce Deaths of Florida Manatees".
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Wright, Sara. "Hilton Head Island sees record sea turtle nesting season." Bluffton Today (2010): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec 2010. <
286:, over 8 million sea turtles died between 1990 and 2010 due to injuries caused by being accidentally caught by fishing boats.
784:"Diagnosis and Management of Marine Debris Ingestion and Entanglement by Using Advanced Imaging and Endoscopy in Sea Turtles"
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Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
181:, the rate of hatchling survival sharply decreases and those that do survive have a greater chance of physical deformities.
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has been outlawed in most countries and turtle conservation education has been growing in both in size and efficiency.
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for consumption, and are considered a delicacy in certain cultures. Other cultures believe sea turtle eggs to be
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Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa
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influence currents and change the number and location of prey species. Water that is too warm can also cause
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Heinrich, George (2012). "Boat strikes: A threat to the Suwannee Cooter (Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis)".
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There are ways to mitigate the problem. Speed reduction zones have been beneficial for species such as the
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Singel, K (2007). "Navigating Florida's waterways: boat related strandings of marine turtles in Florida".
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235:, and vessel collisions. Boat strike injuries result in two types of injuries: blunt force trauma and
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203:, tourists have recently been criticised for interfering with the nesting habits of the resident
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stuck within the soft tissue of the throat and stomach, or damage vital organs and intestines.
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http://coastalcare.org/2011/07/legalized-poaching-turtles-eggs-and-playa-ostional-costa-rica/
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Rehabilitation centers have been established as well, such as the Marine Life Center in
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Captured sea turtle waiting to be slaughtered for meat at the Jamestown Fishing Harbor,
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Proceeding of the 27th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation
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species have also been affected by the oil's role in the reduction of certain
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There are numerous threats to sea turtles associated with boats, including
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that are essential to certain species, such as the hawksbill sea turtle.
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swelling that can dislocate the intestines and liver leading to serious
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492:. The purpose of these centers is to help protect the local and
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696:"Straw Wars: The Fight to Rid the Oceans of Discarded Plastic"
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148:, formerly known as the Caribbean Conservation Program, the
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294:" is a large contributor to sea turtle deaths, as seen in
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particular have been shown to have the most problems with
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Lohmann, Catherine, and Kenneth Lohmann. "Sea turtles ."
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Loggerhead sea turtle escapes from fishing net through a
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http://www.smartgear.org/smartgear_bycatch/bycatch_
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Fibropapillomatosis and its effect on green turtles
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604:
354:Placard "I speak for the sea turtles", at the
3762:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
2000:
1599:
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405:manifests itself in turtles through external
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615:"Sea Turtle Threats: Oil Spills."
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280:According to a study published in
31:are numerous and have caused many
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85:An oiled Kemp's ridley sea turtle
1282:(2010): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec 2010.
1184:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00027.x
659:(2002): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec 2010.
184:
3708:
3128:
1545:
1502:
1450:
1426:
1409:
1397:
1384:
1358:
1345:
1333:
1313:
1300:
1287:
1272:
1259:
1246:
1198:
1155:
1084:
1069:
1054:
1035:
1020:
995:
970:
903:
879:
822:
775:
764:
717:
688:
675:
77:Oil spills and marine pollution
1613:
1031:. CRC Press. pp. 388–404.
662:
649:
578:
553:
540:
527:
490:Topsail Island, North Carolina
459:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
451:Endangered Species Act of 1973
417:) while none have been in the
1:
834:www.nationalgeographic.com.au
521:
356:People's Climate March (2017)
1417:Loggerhead Marinelife Center
750:10.1016/0025-326X(94)90391-3
702:. 2018-02-23. Archived from
7:
3775:List of Testudines families
1141:10.1016/j.jembe.2010.07.019
1097:Endangered Species Research
562:"What Animals Eat Turtles?"
504:
314:
10:
3822:
3806:Environmental conservation
937:10.1038/s41598-018-30038-z
535:http://www.iucnredlist.org
385:
378:, which is detrimental to
275:
193:
3758:
3715:
3701:
3663:
3549:
3522:
3387:
3157:
3135:
3119:
3052:
2918:
2880:
2798:
2767:
2615:
2579:
2570:
2370:
2349:
2195:
2082:
2073:
2020:
1991:
1936:
1868:
1721:
1712:
1690:
1689:
1662:
1621:
1063:The Anatomy of Sea Turtle
730:Marine Pollution Bulletin
646:. 2010. Web. 8 Dec 2010.
1355:, 2010. Web. 8 Dec 2010.
700:National Geographic News
685:, 2010. Web. 8 Dec 2010.
214:
205:olive ridley sea turtles
131:Kemp's ridley sea turtle
1511:Ecological Applications
1480:10.1126/science.1199935
1392:Biological Conservation
977:Gunawardana, Maleesha.
670:Biological Conservation
657:Sea Turtle Conservancy
475:turtle excluder devices
1569:Cite journal requires
1434:Topsail Turtle Project
1029:Biology of Sea Turtles
1027:Lutcavage, ME (2003).
617:Sea Turtle Conservancy
419:leatherback sea turtle
398:
358:
331:
224:
157:ingestion, leading to
146:Sea Turtle Conservancy
86:
71:Earth's magnetic field
29:Threats to sea turtles
25:
22:turtle excluder device
1164:Marine Mammal Science
1091:Hazel, Julia (2007).
891:For A Strawless Ocean
494:endangered sea turtle
393:
353:
322:
222:
127:loggerhead sea turtle
84:
64:Magnetic interference
19:
537:>. 11 August 2018
423:Dermochelys coriacea
283:Conservation Letters
123:hawksbill sea turtle
3801:Turtle conservation
1523:2009EcoAp..19...30W
1472:2011Sci...331..537B
1176:2006MMamS..22..472L
1061:Wyneken, J (2001).
928:2018NatSR...812536W
742:1994MarPB..28..154B
486:Juno Beach, Florida
403:fibropapillomatosis
401:A disease known as
396:fibropapillomatosis
233:habitat degradation
108:, and a variety of
104:, untreated waste,
53:Artificial lighting
48:Artificial lighting
41:flatback sea turtle
2883:Nanhsiungchelyidae
2848:Macrocephalochelys
1443:2011-10-20 at the
1326:2010-12-24 at the
1267:Fisheries Research
1254:Fisheries Research
1205:Brulliard, Karin.
916:Scientific Reports
887:"Why This Matters"
626:2010-11-21 at the
399:
394:A sea turtle with
359:
332:
225:
87:
26:
3783:
3782:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
2794:
2793:
2566:
2565:
2069:
2068:
1987:
1986:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1531:10.1890/08-0434.1
1466:(6017): 537–538.
1110:10.3354/esr003105
800:10.5818/17-09-126
706:on August 4, 2019
144:According to the
3813:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3218:Chupacabrachelys
3133:
3132:
3126:
3125:
2803:
2802:
2581:Carettochelyidae
2577:
2576:
2080:
2079:
1998:
1997:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1454:
1448:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1231:. Archived from
1220:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1135:(1–2): 168–175.
1124:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
974:
968:
967:
949:
939:
907:
901:
900:
898:
897:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
868:. 14 August 2019
858:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:on June 19, 2018
836:. Archived from
826:
820:
819:
779:
773:
768:
762:
761:
721:
715:
714:
712:
711:
692:
686:
679:
673:
666:
660:
653:
647:
640:
631:
613:
602:
595:
589:
582:
576:
575:
573:
572:
557:
551:
544:
538:
531:
445:, the Southwest
411:green sea turtle
179:incubation phase
90:Marine pollution
3821:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3746:
3689:
3666:Sahonachelyidae
3659:
3545:
3518:
3383:
3314:Phosphatochelys
3153:
3107:
3048:
3043:Terlinguachelys
3011:Pneumatoarthrus
2914:
2876:
2790:
2763:
2611:
2562:
2366:
2345:
2333:Siebenrockiella
2191:
2065:
2016:
1983:
1932:
1919:Mesodermochelys
1864:
1725:
1696:
1658:
1617:
1612:
1582:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1507:
1503:
1455:
1451:
1445:Wayback Machine
1431:
1427:
1415:"Our Mission."
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1328:Wayback Machine
1318:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1203:
1199:
1160:
1156:
1125:
1118:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1001:
1000:
996:
987:
985:
975:
971:
908:
904:
895:
893:
885:
884:
880:
871:
869:
860:
859:
852:
843:
841:
828:
827:
823:
780:
776:
769:
765:
722:
718:
709:
707:
694:
693:
689:
681:United States.
680:
676:
667:
663:
654:
650:
641:
634:
628:Wayback Machine
614:
605:
599:Current Biology
596:
592:
583:
579:
570:
568:
560:Bolton, Naomi.
558:
554:
545:
541:
532:
528:
524:
507:
435:
388:
376:coral bleaching
348:
317:
296:Baja California
278:
257:Florida manatee
217:
196:
187:
79:
66:
50:
12:
11:
5:
3819:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3768:. † = extinct.
3759:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3719:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3561:Albertwoodemys
3555:
3553:
3551:Podocnemididae
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3448:Lomalatachelys
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3298:Labrostochelys
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3138:Araripemydidae
3130:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2840:Emarginachelys
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2785:Sinaspideretes
2780:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2462:Hesperotestudo
2457:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2354:
2352:Platysternidae
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2002:Dermatemydidae
1995:
1993:Kinosternoidea
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1962:Procolpochelys
1957:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1870:Dermochelyidae
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1759:Carolinochelys
1754:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1571:|journal=
1544:
1501:
1449:
1425:
1408:
1396:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1344:
1332:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1280:Discovery News
1271:
1258:
1245:
1212:
1197:
1170:(2): 472–479.
1154:
1116:
1083:
1068:
1053:
1034:
1019:
994:
969:
902:
878:
850:
821:
774:
763:
736:(3): 154–158.
716:
687:
674:
661:
648:
632:
603:
590:
577:
552:
539:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
513:
506:
503:
455:NOAA Fisheries
441:, the Eastern
434:
431:
415:Chelonia mydas
387:
384:
362:Global warming
347:
346:Global warming
344:
316:
313:
277:
274:
239:slices in the
216:
213:
195:
192:
186:
183:
167:Gulf of Mexico
78:
75:
65:
62:
49:
46:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3818:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3743:
3742:
3741:Tacuarembemys
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:Sahonachelys
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:Peltocephalus
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3624:Lapparentemys
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3524:Pelomedusidae
3521:
3515:
3514:
3513:Yaminuechelys
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3484:Prochelidella
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3398:Acanthochelys
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:Kinkonychelys
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:Itapecuruemys
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3226:Eotaphrosphys
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3160:Bothremydidae
3156:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:Argillochelys
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:Santanachelys
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2979:Desmatochelys
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:Calcarichelys
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2947:Atlantochelys
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2921:Protostegidae
2917:
2911:
2910:
2909:Jiangxichelys
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:Anomalochelys
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2871:Protochelydra
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:Planiplastron
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2723:
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2670:Drazinderetes
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2606:Carettochelys
2603:
2601:
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2595:
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2592:
2587:
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2263:Leucocephalon
2260:
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2250:
2246:
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2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
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2225:
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2222:
2218:
2216:
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2214:Banhxeochelys
2210:
2208:
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2203:
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2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
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2075:Testudinoidea
2072:
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2047:
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2041:
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2035:
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2028:
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2025:
2023:
2022:Kinosternidae
2019:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1970:Protosphargis
1966:
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1748:
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1726:(Sea turtles)
1724:
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1249:
1235:on 2012-03-10
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938:
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925:
921:
917:
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906:
892:
888:
882:
867:
866:Green Matters
863:
857:
855:
839:
835:
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817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
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747:
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581:
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563:
556:
549:
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517:
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512:
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498:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Mediterranean
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:
392:
383:
381:
377:
372:
371:erode beaches
367:
363:
357:
352:
343:
341:
337:
330:
326:
321:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
273:
270:
267:
262:
258:
253:
251:
246:
242:
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212:
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202:
191:
185:Ocean plastic
182:
180:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:
142:
140:
139:invertebrates
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
83:
74:
72:
61:
57:
54:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
23:
18:
3764:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3682:
3674:
3652:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3616:Erymnochelys
3614:
3607:
3601:Cerrejonemys
3599:
3591:
3583:
3577:Brontochelys
3575:
3567:
3559:
3538:
3531:
3511:
3503:
3496:
3491:Pseudemydura
3489:
3482:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3146:
3100:
3094:Prionochelys
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2971:Cratochelone
2969:
2961:
2955:Bouliachelys
2953:
2945:
2937:
2931:Alienochelys
2929:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2832:Chelydropsis
2830:
2822:
2814:
2783:
2777:Basilochelys
2775:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2701:Khunnuchelys
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2617:Trionychidae
2604:
2597:
2591:Allaeochelys
2589:
2555:
2548:
2542:Stigmochelys
2540:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2505:Megalochelys
2503:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2416:Cylindraspis
2414:
2407:
2400:
2395:Centrochelys
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:Testudinidae
2361:Platysternon
2359:
2340:Vijayachelys
2338:
2331:
2324:
2319:Rhinoclemmys
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2284:Melanochelys
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2184:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2094:Acherontemys
2092:
2060:Sternotherus
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2009:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1927:Psephophorus
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1857:
1849:
1843:Pacifichelys
1841:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1812:Lepidochelys
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:Gigantatypus
1787:
1781:Eretmochelys
1779:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1723:Chelonioidea
1691:
1643:
1562:cite journal
1547:
1517:(1): 30–54.
1514:
1510:
1504:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1433:
1428:
1416:
1411:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1335:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1224:Science AAAS
1223:
1200:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1132:
1128:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1012:22 September
1010:. Retrieved
1006:
997:
986:. Retrieved
982:
972:
922:(1): 12536.
919:
915:
905:
894:. Retrieved
890:
881:
870:. Retrieved
865:
842:. Retrieved
838:the original
833:
824:
791:
787:
777:
766:
733:
729:
719:
708:. Retrieved
704:the original
699:
690:
682:
677:
669:
664:
656:
651:
643:
616:
598:
593:
585:
580:
569:. Retrieved
565:
555:
542:
529:
499:
483:
467:circle hooks
463:Indian Ocean
436:
422:
414:
400:
360:
340:aphrodisiacs
333:
281:
279:
271:
254:
226:
197:
188:
175:
143:
94:toxic metals
88:
67:
58:
51:
28:
27:
3796:Sea turtles
3654:Stupendemys
3609:Cordichelys
3455:Mesoclemmys
3440:Hydromedusa
3362:Taphrosphys
3354:Sankuchemys
3346:Rhothonemys
3322:Polysternon
3202:Cearachelys
3186:Azabbaremys
3170:Araiochelys
3086:Ctenochelys
3078:Bashuchelys
3027:Rhinochelys
3003:Ocepechelon
2995:Notochelone
2987:Iserosaurus
2855:Macrochelys
2807:Chelydridae
2730:Palaeoamyda
2655:Cyclanorbis
2520:Psammobates
2513:Oligopherus
2476:Indotestudo
2424:Cymatholcus
2402:Chelonoidis
2388:Astrochelys
2197:Geoemydidae
2115:Deirochelys
2053:Staurotypus
2046:Kinosternon
2039:Hoplochelys
1954:Peritresius
1903:Dermochelys
1896:Cosmochelys
1888:Corsochelys
1805:Itilochelys
1797:Glarichelys
1744:Allopleuron
1734:Cheloniidae
1673:Superfamily
1103:: 105–113.
211:with them.
102:fertilizers
3790:Categories
3733:Caririemys
3646:Podocnemis
3632:Latentemys
3593:Carbonemys
3533:Pelomedusa
3370:Ummulisani
3290:Kurmademys
3258:Inaechelys
3242:Galianemys
3210:Chedighaii
3148:Araripemys
3121:Pleurodira
3102:Toxochelys
3019:Protostega
2824:Chelydrops
2744:Pelodiscus
2737:Pelochelys
2685:Gilmoremys
2662:Cycloderma
2572:Trionychia
2439:Geochelone
2432:Floridemys
2298:Notochelys
2186:Wilburemys
2157:Malaclemys
2011:Dermatemys
1978:Puppigerus
1911:Eosphargis
1828:Miocaretta
1820:Mexichelys
1714:Cryptodira
1654:Testudines
1615:Testudines
1239:2012-05-12
1050:: 349–357.
988:2020-08-22
896:2019-11-16
872:2019-11-16
844:2019-11-16
710:2019-11-16
571:2021-02-06
522:References
229:oil spills
201:Costa Rica
159:esophageal
114:Oil spills
112:products.
33:sea turtle
3773:See also
3725:Caribemys
3585:Caninemys
3569:Bauruemys
3498:Rheodytes
3462:Myuchelys
3405:Chelodina
3330:Puentemys
3306:Nigeremys
3250:Ilatardia
3194:Bothremys
2901:Basilemys
2715:Nilssonia
2693:Hutchemys
2641:Axestemys
2599:Anosteira
2454:Hadrianus
2312:Pangshura
2270:Malayemys
2235:Geoclemys
2178:Trachemys
2171:Terrapene
2164:Pseudemys
2150:Graptemys
2143:Glyptemys
2136:Emydoidea
2129:Actinemys
2101:Chrysemys
1946:Euclastes
1774:Eochelone
1625:Kingdom:
1366:Endeavour
1351:Florida.
1192:0824-0469
1149:0022-0981
983:www.ft.lk
816:225754213
808:1529-9651
794:(2): 74.
758:0025-326X
566:Sciencing
471:fish bait
366:polar ice
288:Fisheries
237:propeller
171:Caribbean
150:migration
110:petroleum
106:chemicals
3540:Pelusios
3505:Rhinemys
3476:Platemys
3469:Phrynops
3389:Chelidae
3378:Zolhafah
3274:Jainemys
2939:Archelon
2816:Chelydra
2708:Lissemys
2550:Stylemys
2535:Solitudo
2497:Manouria
2446:Gopherus
2409:Chersina
2277:Mauremys
2256:Heosemys
2249:Hardella
2242:Geoemyda
2228:Cyclemys
2084:Emydidae
2031:Claudius
1880:Arabemys
1859:Tasbacka
1851:Syllomus
1766:Chelonia
1664:Suborder
1648:Diapsida
1639:Reptilia
1633:Chordata
1631:Phylum:
1627:Animalia
1539:19323172
1496:33994573
1488:21292956
1441:Archived
1324:Archived
964:52273648
956:30213956
624:Archived
505:See also
479:Poaching
457:and the
447:Atlantic
336:poaching
315:Poaching
300:Longline
241:carapace
169:and the
163:buoyancy
119:seagrass
3684:Sokatra
3433:Emydura
3338:Rosasia
3234:Foxemys
3178:Arenila
2758:Trionyx
2751:Rafetus
2677:Dogania
2633:Apalone
2557:Testudo
2483:Kinixys
2469:Homopus
2326:Sacalia
2305:Orlitia
2291:Morenia
2206:Batagur
2108:Clemmys
1835:Natator
1751:Caretta
1652:Order:
1637:Class:
1519:Bibcode
1468:Bibcode
1460:Science
1172:Bibcode
947:6137038
924:Bibcode
738:Bibcode
443:Pacific
386:Disease
308:gillnet
292:bycatch
276:Fishing
261:coastal
245:Florida
209:selfies
194:Tourism
155:tarball
135:sponges
3716:
3709:
3702:
3426:Elusor
3419:Elseya
3412:Chelus
3129:
3062:Adocus
3053:
2799:
2768:
2648:Chitra
2350:
1937:
1682:Family
1537:
1494:
1486:
1190:
1147:
1007:cbc.ca
962:
954:
944:
814:
806:
756:
473:, and
407:tumors
306:, and
250:forage
129:, and
2722:Palea
2626:Amyda
2527:Pyxis
2221:Cuora
1693:Genus
1644:Clade
1492:S2CID
1447:>.
1423:>.
1381:>.
1342:>.
1330:>.
1310:>.
1297:>.
960:S2CID
812:S2CID
630:>.
550:>.
427:viral
380:reefs
329:Ghana
325:Accra
304:trawl
215:Boats
24:(TED)
2122:Emys
1575:help
1535:PMID
1484:PMID
1188:ISSN
1145:ISSN
1014:2018
952:PMID
804:ISSN
754:ISSN
266:hull
137:and
98:PCBs
1527:doi
1476:doi
1464:331
1180:doi
1137:doi
1133:393
1105:doi
942:PMC
932:doi
796:doi
746:doi
477:.
3792::
1646::
1566::
1564:}}
1560:{{
1533:.
1525:.
1515:19
1513:.
1490:.
1482:.
1474:.
1462:.
1215:^
1186:.
1178:.
1168:22
1166:.
1143:.
1131:.
1119:^
1099:.
1095:.
1046:.
1005:.
981:.
958:.
950:.
940:.
930:.
918:.
914:.
889:.
864:.
853:^
832:.
810:.
802:.
792:30
790:.
786:.
752:.
744:.
734:28
732:.
728:.
698:.
635:^
606:^
564:.
469:,
327:,
302:,
298:.
231:,
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