65:
266:
of Thrace, in 680/681. However, it is unclear whether this implies the existence of Thrace as a separate command, with
Theodore holding a dual post, or whether Thrace was administratively united to the
907:
649:
604:
922:
336:, counting 10 fortified places and 5,000 troops. Indeed, the boundaries of the theme fluctuated along with the northern frontier of Byzantium during the
642:
568:
Catalogue of
Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 1: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea
244:
Traditionally, it has been held that the theme (at the time primarily a military command) was constituted in c. 680, as a response to the
635:
332:(wrote ca. 903) mention the theme as extending "from the long wall " to the theme of Macedonia, and north up to the country of the
917:
609:
932:
618:
527:
221:
290:, in the late eighth century, the theme was divided, with the western part being constituted as the separate theme of
627:
576:
551:
542:
387:
From the eleventh century, Thrace and
Macedonia appear to have been usually combined, as attested by numerous
376:. Thus, at around the start of the tenth century, the theme comprised essentially the eastern half of modern
337:
45:
658:
927:
397:) holding jurisdiction over both themes. The name fell out of use as an administrative term in the
333:
295:
101:
912:
824:
361:
8:
854:
842:
836:
741:
729:
562:
789:
694:
398:
657:
848:
812:
771:
753:
723:
614:
572:
547:
537:
523:
401:, but it is still encountered in some historians of the time as an antiquarian term.
341:
309:
291:
890:
Thrace and
Macedonia were counted among the Eastern themes for hierarchical purposes
878:
765:
747:
705:
662:
365:
225:
155:
49:
20:
872:
818:
566:
517:
287:
275:
of Thrace are not clearly attested in literary sources until 742, while seals of
860:
830:
777:
690:
684:
377:
325:
205:
85:
901:
783:
667:
262:
105:
349:
329:
141:
866:
300:
698:
280:
93:
64:
24:
717:
250:
759:
711:
256:
89:
571:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
735:
519:
Byzantium in the
Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture
381:
357:
245:
229:
393:
373:
369:
345:
340:. Initially, the theme must have comprised most of the ancient
233:
192:
97:
321:
305:
210:
35:
279:
are also extant only from the eighth century on. Initially,
368:
to roughly the line of the present
Bulgarian frontier with
353:
908:
States and territories disestablished in the 14th century
380:, although it extended north along the coast to include
364:(r. 893–927) the border moved by stages south of the
23:, which was situated in the central western coast of
590:(in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
560:
433:
248:threat. This is based on the mention of a certain
16:Administrative subdivision of the Byzantine Empire
899:
546:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
923:States and territories established in the 680s
643:
316:("of Thrace") is also attested, possibly the
294:. From then on, the theme's capital was at
650:
636:
63:
602:
522:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
495:
493:
588:Constantino Porfirogenito: De Thematibus
610:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
585:
536:
499:
484:
472:
460:
448:
429:
427:
425:
900:
515:
490:
444:
442:
416:
631:
422:
613:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
466:
439:
344:, except for the country along the
168:• Divided into smaller units.
13:
596:
543:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
283:was probably the theme's capital.
232:, comprising varying parts of the
14:
944:
918:Themes of the Byzantine Empire
607:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
478:
454:
434:Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1991
410:
352:), but after the conquests of
1:
404:
228:located in the south-eastern
933:Geography of medieval Thrace
320:deputy at Arcadiopolis. The
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
234:eponymous geographic region
212:θέμα Θρᾴκης or θέμα Θρᾳκῷον
10:
949:
799:Western or European themes
508:
239:
211:
36:
18:
888:
798:
676:
209:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
152:
138:
128:
124:
116:
112:
81:
62:
55:
44:
37:θέμα Θρᾴκης, θέμα Θρᾳκῷον
32:
603:Humphreys, Mike (2018).
516:Haldon, John F. (1997).
348:overrun by the Bulgars (
338:Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
677:Eastern or Asian themes
314:tourmarches tes Thrakes
254:Theodore, Count of the
73:of Asia Minor and the
463:, pp. 2079–2080.
586:Pertusi, A. (1952).
563:Oikonomides, Nicolas
328:(wrote ca. 847) and
271:. In fact, separate
236:during its history.
77:of Thrace in c. 780.
487:, pp. 157–158.
298:, with subordinate
130:• Established
605:"Thrace, Theme of"
538:Kazhdan, Alexander
399:Palaiologan period
360:(r. 814–831), and
312:. Another, called
216:) was a province (
58:1230s–14th century
895:
894:
772:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
724:Bucellarian Theme
620:978-0-19-866277-8
529:978-0-521-31917-1
342:Diocese of Thrace
198:
197:
940:
706:Thracesian Theme
663:Byzantine Empire
652:
645:
638:
629:
628:
624:
591:
582:
557:
533:
503:
497:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
437:
431:
420:
414:
366:Balkan mountains
226:Byzantine Empire
215:
214:
213:
67:
50:Byzantine Empire
39:
38:
30:
29:
21:Thracesian Theme
948:
947:
943:
942:
941:
939:
938:
937:
928:Medieval Thrace
898:
897:
896:
891:
884:
873:Cherson/Klimata
794:
672:
656:
621:
599:
597:Further reading
594:
579:
565:, eds. (1991).
561:Nesbitt, John;
554:
530:
511:
506:
502:, p. 2080.
498:
491:
483:
479:
471:
467:
459:
455:
447:
440:
432:
423:
415:
411:
407:
288:Irene of Athens
242:
202:Theme of Thrace
169:
159:
145:
131:
68:
57:
40:
33:Theme of Thrace
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
946:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
893:
892:
889:
886:
885:
883:
882:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
802:
800:
796:
795:
793:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
712:Opsician Theme
708:
702:
691:Armeniac Theme
687:
685:Anatolic Theme
680:
678:
674:
673:
655:
654:
647:
640:
632:
626:
625:
619:
598:
595:
593:
592:
583:
577:
558:
552:
540:, ed. (1991).
534:
528:
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:
489:
477:
475:, p. 157.
465:
453:
451:, p. 156.
438:
436:, p. 155.
421:
419:, p. 216.
408:
406:
403:
378:Eastern Thrace
356:(r. 803–814),
326:Ibn Khordadbeh
286:Under Empress
241:
238:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
153:
150:
149:
146:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:Historical era
114:
113:
110:
109:
86:Constantinople
83:
79:
78:
69:The Byzantine
60:
59:
53:
52:
42:
41:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
945:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
903:
887:
880:
876:
874:
870:
868:
864:
862:
858:
856:
852:
850:
846:
844:
840:
838:
834:
832:
828:
826:
822:
820:
816:
814:
810:
808:
804:
803:
801:
797:
791:
787:
785:
781:
779:
775:
773:
769:
767:
763:
761:
757:
755:
751:
749:
745:
743:
739:
737:
733:
731:
727:
725:
721:
719:
715:
713:
709:
707:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
686:
682:
681:
679:
675:
670:
669:
668:De Thematibus
665:according to
664:
660:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
633:
630:
622:
616:
612:
611:
606:
601:
600:
589:
584:
580:
578:0-88402-194-7
574:
570:
569:
564:
559:
555:
553:0-19-504652-8
549:
545:
544:
539:
535:
531:
525:
521:
520:
514:
513:
501:
496:
494:
486:
481:
474:
469:
462:
457:
450:
445:
443:
435:
430:
428:
426:
418:
413:
409:
402:
400:
396:
395:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
264:
263:hypostrategos
259:
258:
253:
252:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
207:
203:
194:
191:
189:Today part of
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
165:
161:
157:
151:
147:
143:
137:
133:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
66:
61:
54:
51:
47:
43:
31:
26:
22:
913:Roman Thrace
825:Thessalonica
806:
666:
608:
587:
567:
541:
518:
500:Kazhdan 1991
485:Pertusi 1952
480:
473:Pertusi 1952
468:
461:Kazhdan 1991
456:
449:Pertusi 1952
412:
392:
391:and judges (
388:
386:
350:Lower Moesia
330:Ibn al-Faqih
324:geographers
317:
313:
299:
296:Arcadiopolis
285:
276:
272:
268:
261:
255:
249:
243:
217:
201:
199:
172:14th century
102:Arcadiopolis
74:
70:
867:Longobardia
855:Dyrrhachium
843:Cephallenia
837:Peloponnese
742:Mesopotamia
730:Paphlagonia
417:Haldon 1997
301:tourmarchai
120:Middle Ages
56:c. 680–1204
902:Categories
877:(omitted:
790:Aegean Sea
699:Charsianon
695:Cappadocia
405:References
318:strategos'
281:Adrianople
106:Lüleburgaz
94:Adrianople
25:Asia Minor
849:Nicopolis
813:Macedonia
754:Sebasteia
718:Optimates
389:strategoi
382:Anchialos
310:Sozopolis
292:Macedonia
277:strategoi
273:strategoi
251:patrikios
224:) of the
158:recovery
144:conquest
879:Dalmatia
766:Seleucia
760:Lykandos
748:Koloneia
671:(c. 950)
269:Opsikion
257:Opsikion
90:Istanbul
819:Strymon
736:Chaldia
693:(incl.
661:of the
509:Sources
358:Omurtag
334:Bulgars
240:History
230:Balkans
156:Nicaean
154:•
140:•
134:680/681
82:Capital
71:themata
48:of the
861:Sicily
831:Hellas
807:Thrace
778:Cyprus
659:Themes
617:
575:
550:
526:
394:kritai
374:Turkey
370:Greece
362:Symeon
346:Danube
246:Bulgar
193:Turkey
98:Edirne
784:Samos
306:Bizye
222:theme
218:thema
206:Greek
162:1230s
142:Latin
75:thema
46:Theme
871:12.
865:11.
859:10.
788:17.
782:16.
776:15.
770:14.
764:13.
758:12.
752:11.
746:10.
697:and
615:ISBN
573:ISBN
548:ISBN
524:ISBN
372:and
354:Krum
322:Arab
308:and
260:and
200:The
148:1204
92:) /
853:9.
847:8.
841:7.
835:6.
829:5.
823:4.
817:3.
811:2.
805:1.
740:9.
734:8.
728:7.
722:6.
716:5.
710:4.
704:3.
689:2.
683:1.
304:at
220:or
100:)/
904::
492:^
441:^
424:^
384:.
208::
881:)
701:)
651:e
644:t
637:v
623:.
581:.
556:.
532:.
204:(
108:)
104:(
96:(
88:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
