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from politics to economics. Despite the increased disunity among the liberals, his cabinet lasted for four years because of the support of the
Catholics. One of Thorbecke's first acts in his second term was the abolition of the governmental departments for religious affairs. Other notable achievements include the construction of several canals, several acts on healthcare, the municipal tax reform in 1865 and the Secondary Education Act in May 1863.
869:. Thorbecke's first cabinet passed several acts of particular importance, including the Electoral Act and the Province Act in 1850, and the Municipality Act in the following year. Despite these successes, Thorbecke's reforms faced increasing resistance, and he was criticised for his haughtiness and his strained relationship with the King. In 1853, the
842:
agreed to the formation of a committee for revision of the constitution. Thorbecke was appointed as head of this committee on 17 March. The changes were in large part created by
Thorbecke and based on his earlier constitutional writings. The draft constitution was somewhat reluctantly approved by the
713:
of the French occupiers, and his tobacco factory went bankrupt in 1803, after which he was unable to find another source of employment and would spend most of his time on the education of Johan
Rudolph and his younger brother. Johan Rudolph proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing
925:
Thorbecke returned to being leader of the opposition in the House of
Representatives. In 1868, he formed the Van Bosse-Fock cabinet, but did not take part in the cabinet himself. Three years later, after this cabinet had collapsed over foreign policy, the 73-year-old Thorbecke did not hesitate to
891:
The collapse of the conservative cabinet in 1862 brought
Thorbecke back into power. On 31 January 1862, he started his second term as Minister of the Interior and chairman of the Council of Ministers. Thorbecke's relationship with the King had improved because the focus of his reforms had shifted
684:
becoming more powerful than the king. The amended constitution also granted individual rights to residents and citizens of the kingdom. This made the constitution one of the more progressive at the time. Thorbecke is generally considered a founding father of the modern political system of the
933:
Hated by some (he was not a man of concessions), he is nowadays considered a towering figure in Dutch parliamentary history. There are three statues of
Thorbecke (one in Amsterdam, one in The Hague and one in Zwolle), and a room in the Dutch parliament building is named after him.
792:, Thorbecke developed a more critical view of the government and indeed the autocratic system of government throughout the 1830s. His increasingly strong support for constitutional reform is shown in a series of essays he published from 1839 onward, starting with
78:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
714:
intelligence and curiosity. Because of the sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle with financial problems, he was able to enjoy a decent education. He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in
843:
States
General, and was proclaimed on 3 November 1848. The new constitution established civil rights and parliamentary competences, and introduced direct election of members of the House of Representatives and
1869:
830:. In the House, he developed into the leader of the liberal opposition and, later that year, joined forces with eight like-minded members in a vain attempt to amend the constitution in the so-called
1825:
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907:(HBS) school type would provide education to some hundreds of thousands of students between 1864 and 1974. As a result of a reform in 1968, the HBS was succeeded by the school types like
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statesman, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. Thorbecke is best known for heading the commission that drafted the revision of the
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1884:
1859:
1811:
873:
sought to restore its episcopal hierarchy in the
Netherlands. Common people, Protestant clergymen, and conservative notables opposed this in the anti-papal
1904:
1894:
1834:
858:
in late
October 1849, and his first cabinet took office on 13 November. In this cabinet, Thorbecke served as minister of the Interior and chaired the
2474:
2014:
1989:
81:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1864:
1488:
705:. His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, while his mother Christine Regina was born in the Lower Saxon
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2134:
1999:
1964:
1414:
335:
1974:
1843:
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2489:
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800:, literally "On contemporary citizenship", published in 1844, in which he argued that universal suffrage would eventually be unavoidable.
773:("Concerns about the Law and the State"). The work managed to gain some attention, and Thorbecke became professor of Political Science at
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Thorbecke spent nine years as leader of the opposition in the House of
Representatives. He pleaded for neutrality in the
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1270:(7 delen). Contains Thorbecke's letters as of October 1830 until his death. These volumes appeared between 1975 en 2002.
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start his third term. In December 1871 however, he fell ill and never fully recovered. Thorbecke died at his home in
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174:
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1260:(3 volumes). Contains Thorbecke's letters up until September 1830. Utrecht, 1955, Groningen, 1962, Utrecht, 1967.
676:. The new constitution transformed the country from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy, with the
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The cabinet collapsed on 10 February 1866 and Thorbecke resigned after a conflict regarding criminal law in the
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Shortly after taking his doctorate, Thorbecke was granted a state scholarship for a journey through Germany. At
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785:, where his students would describe him as a distant, analytical mind, living a secluded life in his study.
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847:, thus limiting the power of the King and turning the country into a complete constitutional monarchy.
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765:, and developed emotionally and spiritually. Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in
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in 1830. The following year, Thorbecke became professor of Diplomacy and Modern History at the
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The latter would later prove to be one of his governmental masterpieces. In addition to the
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1979:
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1555:
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See his PhD thesis links in External Links section below which has MDCCCXX on front matter.
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Thorbecke wrote many articles on history and several newspaper articles (especially in the
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8:
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834:("Proposition of the Nine Men"). Four years later, with much of Europe convulsed by the
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877:("April Movement"). Thorbecke, who remained passive in the issue in defence of the
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136:
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1297:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 876–877.
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796:, literally "Annotation on the constitution". The climax of this series was
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757:. He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to
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1705:
888:, and opposed the religious nature of the Primary Education Act in 1857.
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the following year, a position he was forced to resign from due to the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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758:
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Thorbecke's birthplace in Zwolle, nowadays known as the Thorbeckehuis
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1250:. 1938. Second edition with a preface by H. te Velde: Utrecht, 1986.
945:(in German). All of his speeches in parliament have been published.
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881:, was accused of Catholic sympathies, and he was forced to resign.
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1750:
1715:
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75:
788:
Originally a loyal supporter of the conservative government of
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Evangelical Lutheran Church Christians from the Netherlands
769:, where he wrote his first political work of significance,
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1307:
Thorbecke PhD Thesis on Asinius Pollio on Archive dot Org
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1503:
1302:
Thorbecke PhD Thesis on Asinius Pollio on Google Books
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Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
709:. Frederik Willem's business suffered badly from the
941:) on topics of the day. He published a study on the
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back in Zwolle until 1814. Thorbecke began studying
71:
1167:Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 4
749:he lectured as an extraordinary professor, and at
2391:
1228:Thorbecke en de wording van de Nederlandse natie
1844:Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
96:accompanying your translation by providing an
62:Click for important translation instructions.
49:expand this article with text translated from
1819:
1489:
1178:
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822:On 21 May 1844, Thorbecke was elected to the
2500:Ministers of the interior of the Netherlands
1835:Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands
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718:, where he lived until 1806, and attended a
664:(14 January 1798 – 4 June 1872) was a Dutch
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1031:
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771:Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat
688:
365:1 February 1862 – 10 February 1866
232:1 February 1862 – 10 February 1866
1826:
1812:
1496:
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1002:"Thorbecke, de belangrijkste van allemaal"
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993:
991:
989:
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490:17 October 1848 – 31 October 1849
457:19 November 1866 – 3 January 1868
446:25 February 1868 – 4 January 1871
147:
1280:
1132:"De Tweede Kamer en de grondwet van 1848"
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108:{{Translated|nl|Johan Rudolph Thorbecke}}
2475:Deaths from pneumonia in the Netherlands
1174:] (in Dutch). Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff.
1026:
1000:Van der List, Gerry (4 September 2008).
963:
813:
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405:1 November 1849 – 19 April 1853
275:1 November 1849 – 19 April 1853
1172:New Dutch biographic dictionary. Part 4
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1100:
984:
672:in 1848, amidst the liberal democratic
585: 1836; died 1870)
479:27 June 1853 – 31 January 1862
468:14 March 1866 – 1 October 1866
14:
2460:Dutch international relations scholars
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1218:Thorbecke: een filosoof in de politiek
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501:21 May 1844 – 19 October 1845
1807:
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798:Over het hedendaags staatsburgerschap
325:4 January 1871 – 4 June 1872
187:4 January 1871 – 4 June 1872
1268:De Briefwisseling van J.R. Thorbecke
1186:"Commissievergaderzaal Tweede Kamer"
1164:Molhuysen, P.C.; Blok, P.J. (1918).
959:
957:
31:
2490:Academic staff of Leiden University
1340:Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen
1150:
803:
753:, in 1824, published his treatise,
426:Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen
24:
2515:Prime ministers of the Netherlands
1505:Prime ministers of the Netherlands
1207:
1081:
930:on 4 June 1872, at the age of 74.
25:
2531:
1456:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1405:Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte
1395:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1349:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1274:
954:
867:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
386:Johan Herman Geertsema Carelszoon
263:Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte
175:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
2505:Ministers of State (Netherlands)
2378:
1774:
966:"Thorbecke: Romantisch liberaal"
818:Statue of Thorbecke in The Hague
647:
36:
1130:Turpijn, Jouke (January 2009).
1101:Stevens, Harm (13 March 1998).
964:Blessing, Maurice (July 2010).
670:Constitution of the Netherlands
582:
2455:Dutch people of German descent
2450:Dutch historians of philosophy
1870:Van Leyden van Westbarendrecht
1123:
1057:
879:separation of church and state
755:Ueber das Wesen der Geschichte
106:You may also add the template
13:
1:
2445:19th-century Dutch historians
1284:"Thorbecke, Jan Rudolf"
948:
810:Constitutional Reform of 1848
1940:Van der Heim van Duivendijke
1925:Van der Heim van Duivendijke
1920:Schimmelpenninck van der Oye
1103:"Een stijf Hollands heertje"
850:Despite initial reluctance,
27:Dutch politician (1798–1872)
7:
1571:Ju. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt
1551:Ja. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt
1386:Johan Herman Geertsema Czn.
794:Aanteekening op de grondwet
10:
2536:
1010:(in Dutch). Archived from
845:ministerial responsibility
807:
70:Machine translation, like
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1910:Van Doorn van Westcapelle
1850:
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1601:Van Lynden van Sandenburg
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1346:
1336:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1281:Tiedemann, Henry (1911).
734:, studies he finished in
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612:
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51:the corresponding article
2485:Leiden University alumni
2025:Kappeyne van de Coppello
1596:Kappeyne van de Coppello
1429:Minister of the Interior
1376:Minister of the Interior
1330:Minister of the Interior
1248:Thorbecke en de historie
1043:Parlement & Politiek
832:Voorstel der Negenmannen
824:House of Representatives
689:Early life and education
434:House of Representatives
313:Minister of the Interior
2435:Dutch education writers
2430:Dutch political writers
1449:Pieter Philip van Bosse
1439:Pieter Philip van Bosse
1294:Encyclopædia Britannica
1039:"Dr.Mr. J.R. Thorbecke"
854:appointed Thorbecke as
662:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
519:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
354:Pieter Philip van Bosse
306:Floris Adriaan van Hall
208:Pieter Philip van Bosse
141:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
117:For more guidance, see
2520:19th-century Lutherans
1975:Van Tets van Goudriaan
1254:J. Brandt-van der Veen
819:
738:defending a thesis on
701:Thorbecke was born in
698:
1666:Ruijs de Beerenbrouck
1651:Ruijs de Beerenbrouck
1136:Historisch Nieuwsblad
970:Historisch Nieuwsblad
943:philosophy of history
817:
808:Further information:
711:anti-British policies
696:
155:Johan Heinrich Neuman
119:Knowledge:Translation
90:copyright attribution
2465:Philosophy academics
2420:Dutch legal scholars
2410:Dutch civil servants
1566:Fransen van de Putte
860:Council of Ministers
724:classical literature
682:Council of Ministers
375:Schelto van Heemstra
251:Schelto van Heemstra
2425:Dutch legal writers
2085:Cort van der Linden
1875:Twent van Raaphorst
1646:Cort van der Linden
904:Hogere Burgerschool
836:Revolutions of 1848
674:revolutions of 1848
2510:People from Zwolle
2470:Philosophy writers
2055:Tak van Poortvliet
2050:De Savornin Lohman
1369:Baron van Heemstra
1323:Jacob de Kempenaer
1315:Political offices
1264:G.J. Hooykaas e.a.
1220:. Amsterdam, 2004.
939:Journal de La Haye
820:
779:Belgian Revolution
699:
415:Jacob de Kempenaer
294:Jacob de Kempenaer
98:interlanguage link
2387:
2386:
2035:Pijnacker Hordijk
1801:
1800:
1472:
1471:
1463:Succeeded by
1436:Succeeded by
1402:Succeeded by
1383:Succeeded by
1356:Succeeded by
1337:Succeeded by
1258:Thorbecke-Archief
1230:. Nijmegen, 1980.
920:Dutch East Indies
783:Leiden University
659:
658:
607:Leiden University
536:Batavian Republic
130:
129:
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
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2065:Goeman Borgesius
1900:Van Gobbelschroy
1880:Van der Capellen
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1778:
1536:Van der Brugghen
1516:Schimmelpenninck
1498:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1446:Preceded by
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1412:Preceded by
1366:Preceded by
1320:Preceded by
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1311:
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1192:. 22 August 2018
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997:
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961:
862:, thus becoming
804:Political career
775:Ghent University
651:
586:
584:
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528:
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510:Personal details
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76:Google Translate
61:
57:
40:
39:
32:
21:
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2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2440:Dutch educators
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2374:
2280:De Graaff-Nauta
2215:De Gaay Fortman
2105:De Beerenbrouck
2090:De Beerenbrouck
1846:
1837:
1832:
1802:
1797:
1779:
1770:
1507:
1502:
1468:
1466:Gerrit de Vries
1459:
1451:
1441:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1407:
1398:
1388:
1379:
1371:
1361:
1352:
1342:
1333:
1325:
1277:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1210:
1208:Further reading
1205:
1195:
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1184:
1183:
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1139:
1128:
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1114:
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1108:NRC Handelsblad
1099:
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1014:on 4 March 2016
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871:Catholic Church
812:
806:
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572:Adelheid Solger
550:
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529:14 January 1798
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2240:Korthals Altes
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2155:Van Maarseveen
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2147:
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2140:Van Maarseveen
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2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
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2080:T. Heemskerk
2040:J. Heemskerk
2020:J. Heemskerk
2015:J. Geertsema
2004:
1995:J. Heemskerk
1990:J. Geertsema
1984:
1980:Van Heemstra
1954:
1950:De Kempenaer
1686:Schermerhorn
1641:T. Heemskerk
1606:J. Heemskerk
1591:J. Heemskerk
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381:Succeeded by
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301:Succeeded by
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258:Succeeded by
227:
215:Succeeded by
182:
153:Portrait by
94:edit summary
85:
58:(April 2020)
56:
48:
29:
2405:1872 deaths
2400:1798 births
2360:Bruins Slot
2125:Van Boeijen
1970:Van Rappard
1930:Vollenhoven
1905:De la Coste
1885:Van Stralen
1860:Van Stralen
1418: [
1238:Rondom 1848
1142:10 November
1115:10 November
1049:10 November
1018:10 November
976:10 November
886:Crimean War
852:William III
763:Romanticism
559:Nationality
545:4 June 1872
411:Preceded by
389: [
371:Preceded by
339: [
331:Preceded by
289:Preceded by
283:William III
246:Preceded by
240:William III
203:Preceded by
196:William III
158: [
2394:Categories
2295:Van Boxtel
2145:Van Schaik
2060:Van Houten
1960:Van Reenen
1895:De Coninck
1756:Balkenende
1731:Biesheuvel
1636:De Meester
1460:1871–1872
1433:1871–1872
1399:1862–1866
1380:1862–1866
1353:1849–1853
1334:1849–1853
1244:J.B.Manger
1214:J. Drentje
1138:(in Dutch)
1111:(in Dutch)
1045:(in Dutch)
972:(in Dutch)
949:References
901:, the new
840:William II
728:philosophy
619:Politician
613:Occupation
602:Alma mater
525:1798-01-14
2370:Uitermark
2355:Ollongren
2345:Ollongren
2310:Ter Horst
2275:Van Thijn
2255:De Koning
2225:Van Thijn
2195:Samkalden
2180:Struycken
2010:Van Bosse
2005:Thorbecke
1985:Thorbecke
1955:Thorbecke
1790:education
1681:Gerbrandy
1581:Thorbecke
1576:Van Bosse
1561:Thorbecke
1541:Rochussen
1526:Thorbecke
928:The Hague
898:gymnasium
856:formateur
790:William I
767:Amsterdam
759:historism
751:Göttingen
742:in 1820.
732:Amsterdam
716:Amsterdam
707:Osnabrück
644:Signature
633:professor
630:historian
552:The Hague
497:In office
486:In office
475:In office
464:In office
453:In office
442:In office
401:In office
361:In office
321:In office
271:In office
228:In office
183:In office
112:talk page
18:Thorbecke
2365:De Jonge
2340:Plasterk
2330:Plasterk
2300:De Vries
2285:Dijkstal
2260:Van Dijk
2250:Van Dijk
2245:De Korte
2235:Rietkerk
2205:Beernink
2185:Toxopeus
2175:Suurhoff
2170:Van Oven
2160:Teulings
2150:Teulings
2135:Witteman
2110:De Wilde
1865:Mollerus
1794:religion
1721:Zijlstra
1711:Marijnen
1586:De Vries
1546:Van Hall
1531:Van Hall
1007:Elsevier
913:Atheneum
864:de facto
680:and the
593:Children
88:provide
53:in Dutch
2115:Boeijen
2095:De Geer
1915:De Kock
1746:Lubbers
1741:Van Agt
1736:Den Uyl
1726:De Jong
1706:De Quay
1676:De Geer
1661:De Geer
1626:Pierson
1291:(ed.).
747:Giessen
666:liberal
587:
579:
575:
280:Monarch
237:Monarch
192:Monarch
110:to the
92:in the
55:.
2320:Donner
2305:Remkes
2220:Wiegel
2200:Verdam
2120:Burger
2070:Kuyper
2045:Mackay
1965:Simons
1766:Schoof
1671:Colijn
1656:Colijn
1631:Kuyper
1611:Mackay
1196:7 June
736:Leiden
703:Zwolle
636:author
626:jurist
567:Spouse
532:Zwolle
164:, 1852
2350:Knops
2325:Spies
2290:Peper
2265:Dales
1945:Luzac
1890:Röell
1855:Gogel
1761:Rutte
1696:Drees
1621:Roëll
1422:]
1287:. In
1170:[
581:(
577:
562:Dutch
393:]
343:]
162:]
72:DeepL
2335:Blok
2230:Rood
2165:Beel
2130:Beel
2075:Rink
2000:Fock
1786:List
1716:Cals
1701:Beel
1691:Beel
1198:2021
1144:2015
1117:2015
1051:2015
1020:2015
978:2015
911:and
909:HAVO
826:for
761:and
726:and
542:Died
515:Born
86:must
84:You
2100:Kan
2030:Six
1751:Kok
730:in
74:or
2396::
1792:◌
1420:nl
1266::
1256::
1246::
1236::
1226::
1216::
1188:.
1152:^
1134:.
1105:.
1083:^
1068:^
1041:.
1028:^
1004:.
986:^
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956:^
922:.
915:.
838:,
583:m.
534:,
391:nl
341:nl
160:nl
1827:e
1820:t
1813:v
1796:)
1788:(
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1490:t
1483:v
1200:.
1146:.
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1053:.
1022:.
980:.
596:6
527:)
523:(
121:.
114:.
20:)
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