50:
556:; the policy of planting English settlers in Offaly and Leix was carried out by him in 1562 with a certain measure of success; and although he fell far short of establishing English rule throughout any large part of Ireland, he made its influence felt in remote parts of the island, such as Thomond and the Glynnes of Antrim, where the independence of the native septs had hitherto been subjected not even to nominal interference. His letters from Ireland display a just conception of the problems with which he was confronted, and of the methods by which their solution should be undertaken; and his failure was due, not to lack of statesmanship or of executive capacity on his own part, but to the insufficiency of the resources placed at his command and want of insight and persistence on the part of Elizabeth and her ministers. He also had to contend with the hostility of certain highly placed officials in the Dublin administration, led by
195:
435:
532:'s coronation in January 1559; and in the following July, he returned to Ireland with a fresh commission, now as lord lieutenant, from the new queen, whose policy required him to come to terms if possible with the troublesome leaders of the O'Neills and the MacDonnells. Shane O'Neill refused to meet Sussex without security for his safety, and having established his power in Ulster he demanded terms of peace which Elizabeth was unwilling to grant. Sussex failed in his efforts to bring Shane to submission, either by open warfare or by subterfuge.
627:
341:, the "prevailing anarchy in Ireland, a country which, nominally subject to the English Crown, was torn by feuds among its practically independent native chieftains, rendered the task of the lord deputy one of no ordinary difficulty; a difficulty that was increased by the ignorance of English statesmen con- cerning Ireland and Irish conditions, and by their incapacity to devise or to carry into execution any consistent and thorough- going policy for bringing the half-conquered island under an orderly system of administration."
867:
539:, who was commissioned by Elizabeth to open negotiations with O'Neill, the result of which was that the latter repaired to London and made a formal submission to the queen. Shane's conduct on his return to Ireland was no less rebellious than before, and energetic measures against him became more imperative than ever. Having obtained Elizabeth's sanction, Sussex conducted a campaign in the summer of 1563 with
507:
promised to wreak the most havoc, and kill the most people. Once in Ulster's Gaelic heartland Sussex's army moved freely about, burning at will. Presumably because he could not linger in the province for as long as he would have liked, the earl prioritised the fastest route to a lasting impact: famine. Hence his ordering the slaughter of 4,000 captured cows in
581:, especially in regard to the suggested marriage between Leicester and the queen. He does not appear to have incurred Elizabeth's displeasure, for in 1566 and the following year she employed him in negotiations for bringing about a different matrimonial alliance which he warmly supported, the proposal that she should bestow her hand on the
392:. Brutal methods were deployed, as Sussex sent the earl of Ormond, Sir Nicholas Bagenal and other captains to Rathlin Island on 3 September 1557. They stayed for three days and hunted down the occupants of the island, and it was noted that they killed 'as many as they might come by or get out of caves, both man, woman, child and beasts'.
543:
as his temporary headquarters; but except for some indecisive skirmishing and the seizure of many of O'Neill's cattle, the operations led to no result and left O'Neill with his power little diminished. His continued failure to effect a purpose for the accomplishment of which he possessed inadequate
597:
of
Northumberland and Westmorland in the following year. The weakness of the force at his disposal rendered necessary at the outset a caution which engendered some suspicion of his loyalty, and this suspicion was increased by the counsel of moderation which he urged upon the queen; but in 1570 he
506:
Far from being reluctant to employ scorched earth tactics because of the high civilian mortality that it wrought (as has been claimed elsewhere), the government forces resorted to land and crop-burning repeatedly during the mid-Tudor and early
Elizabethan years, and did so precisely because it
613:
in
September 1579. She was greeted by a theatrical entertainment of Jupiter and a thunderstorm. The next day there was jousting, and a pageant of a sleeping knight, which the Queen revived. The Earl of Sussex gave Elizabeth a white palfey horse, a cloak, and a
576:
On his return to
England, Sussex, who before leaving Ireland had to endure the indignity of an inquiry into his administration instigated by his enemies and led by John Parker, threw himself into opposition to
407:, reviving the laws for the suppression of heresy and forbidding the immigration of Scots. Having carried this legislation, Sussex endeavoured to give forcible effect to it, first by taking the field against
287:
He was born about 1525, and after his father's succession to the earldom in 1542 was styled
Viscount Fitzwalter. After serving in the army abroad, he was employed in 1551 to negotiate a marriage between King
882:
650:, which she endowed by her will, and whose name commemorates the father and the husband of the countess. The earl left no children, and at his death, his titles passed to his brother
609:, and he was henceforth in frequent attendance on Queen Elizabeth, both in her progresses through the country and at court, until his death. Elizabeth I came to his house
544:
resources led Sussex to pray for his recall from
Ireland, and his wish was granted in May 1564. His government of Ireland had not, however, been wholly without fruit.
49:
395:
Having defeated O'Neill and his allies, the MacDonnells, the lord deputy, who by the death of his father in
February 1557 became Earl of Sussex, returned to
408:
568:
sympathies, a charge to which Sussex was clearly vulnerable in light of his loyal service to Queen Mary in her efforts to stamp out heresy in
Ireland.
312:
1049:
264:
515:, it was possible to ride 30 miles across much of central and southern Ulster without seeing any sign of life. Famine stalked the province.
1186:
635:
887:
337:
1226:
933:
906:
1181:
423:. In June of the following year Sussex turned his attention to the west, where the head of the O'Brien clan had ousted his nephew
536:
552:
Sussex was the first representative of the
English Crown who enforced authority to any considerable extent beyond the limits of
1211:
1206:
778:
420:
415:
he ravaged (causing artificial famine by the burning of crops and killing of livestock), restoring to their nominal rights the
1201:
1196:
1191:
1100:
319:. As a reward, Philip gave him three diamonds, two rubies, and a sword. Mary created him Baron Fitzwalter in August 1553.
1134:
1117:
1081:
651:
237:
165:
972:
847:
639:
385:
248:
241:
150:
528:
In the metropolis, the news reached him of the queen's death. Crossing to
England, he took part in the ceremonial of
424:
40:
20:
502:, he fired and plundered the settlements of the Scots on the Antrim coast before returning to Dublin for Christmas.
913:
647:
578:
475:
820:
Neil Younger, 'Drama, Politics, and News in the Earl of Sussex's Entertainment of Elizabeth I at New Hall, 1579',
582:
1066:
996:
923:
561:
194:
439:
328:
511:. As early as 1558 large parts of the country were destroyed by war, whole areas depopulated. According to
458:
643:
590:
399:, where he summoned a parliament in June of that year. Statutes were passed declaring the legitimacy of
1221:
1037:
1011:
981:
962:
70:
348:
policy for Ireland: the reversal of the partial attempts that had been made during the short reign of
1216:
557:
434:
260:
296:. Radclyffe's prominence in the kingdom was shown by his inclusion among the signatories to the
940:
529:
332:
225:
217:
1171:
669:
1176:
1149:
349:
289:
213:
8:
615:
594:
32:
456:
glens called for drastic treatment by the lord deputy. Sussex sailed from Dublin in the
1108:
610:
512:
404:
364:. But before Fitzwalter could attend to such matters he had to make an expedition into
361:
316:
293:
268:
252:
843:
400:
345:
308:
182:
626:
1143:
1056:
606:
483:
463:
272:
256:
431:
to open its gates to him, restored Thomond, and proclaimed The O'Brien a traitor.
411:, whom he failed to capture, and afterwards against Shane O'Neill, whose lands in
1088:
675:
479:
381:
301:
1124:
565:
522:
Age of Atrocity: Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland, 2010.
471:
416:
369:
297:
508:
427:, from his possessions, and refused to pay allegiance to the Crown; he forced
360:
of King's County and Queen's County in 1556, named after Mary and her husband
1165:
891:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–165.
878:
873:
752:
731:
564:. Parker, a strong Protestant and English by birth, accused Sussex of having
499:
495:
487:
453:
452:
In the autumn of 1558 the continued inroads of the Scottish islanders in the
412:
377:
353:
221:
1021:
748:
491:
113:
618:"to keep her from evil weather that might hap" in the next day's hunting.
663:
276:
91:
840:
Age of Atrocity: Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland
593:, a position which threw on him the responsibility of dealing with the
598:
laid waste the border, invaded Scotland, and raided the country round
240:, and his first wife Elizabeth Howard. His maternal grandparents were
356:
there, the "plantation" by English settlers in the midlands and the
599:
553:
428:
872:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
467:
373:
368:, which was being kept in a constant state of disturbance by the
357:
586:
540:
535:
He was preparing for a fresh attempt when he was superseded by
396:
389:
365:
224:
of English history, and a leading courtier during the reign of
380:
coast in the district of the "Glynnes" (now known as the
482:
and Glynnes (died 1565), and then marched south to burn
736:
Elizabethan Life: Wills of Essex Gentry and Merchants
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
589:
to London in March 1568, and in July he was appointed
376:
and the Islands who were making settlements along the
602:, reducing the rebel leaders to complete submission.
198:
Arms of Sir Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, KG
696:
486:and Machrimore. He then burnt farms on the islands
634:He married twice: first to Elizabeth, daughter of
585:. When this project failed, Sussex returned from
1163:
630:Frances Sydney The Countess of Sussex c. 1570–75
766:Campaign journals of the Elizabethan Irish Wars
470:peninsula. He burnt farms and houses including
247:His maternal uncles included, among others,
216:(c. 1525 – 9 June 1583), was
636:Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton
331:, in April 1556, Fitzwalter was appointed
48:
19:For other people with similar names, see
877:
799:(Navy Records Society, 2011), pp. 386-9.
719:
625:
547:
433:
338:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
193:
837:
808:
646:. His second wife was the foundress of
537:Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare
327:Returning to England from a mission to
1164:
779:"Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex"
747:Since 1922 Queen's County is known as
300:of 16 June 1553 settling the crown on
883:Sussex, Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of
571:
244:, and his second wife, Agnes Tilney.
83:6 May 1560 – 13 October 1565
693:Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex
322:
914:Captain of the Gentlemen Pensioners
795:C. S. Knighton & David Loades,
421:Matthew O'Neill, Baron of Dungannon
238:Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex
166:Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex
140:9 June 1583 (aged 57–58)
13:
1187:Garter Knights appointed by Mary I
242:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
14:
1238:
1227:Members of Parliament for Norfolk
307:Nevertheless, he won favour with
265:the 1st Baron Howard of Effingham
21:Thomas Radcliffe (disambiguation)
865:
755:, based on earlier Gaelic names.
648:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
579:Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
1182:Earls of Sussex (1529 creation)
858:
830:
595:rebellion of the Northern Earls
814:
802:
789:
771:
758:
741:
725:
687:
562:Master of the Rolls in Ireland
425:Conor O'Brien, Earl of Thomond
388:to dominate more territory in
1:
1212:16th-century English nobility
1207:People of Elizabethan Ireland
681:
476:James MacDonnell or MacDonald
443:
440:Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger
329:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
282:
55:
1050:The Lord Howard of Effingham
797:Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
738:(Chelmsford, 1978), pp. 1–2.
7:
1202:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
1197:Lord-lieutenants of Suffolk
1192:Lord-lieutenants of Norfolk
907:The Marquess of Northampton
824:, 58:2 (June 2015), p. 364.
657:
644:William Sidney of Penshurst
621:
605:In July 1572 Sussex became
591:Lord President of the North
10:
1243:
1038:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
982:Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk
963:Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk
275:, was the mother of Queen
71:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
18:
1141:
1131:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1097:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1035:
1018:
1009:
1003:
988:
979:
969:
960:
955:
947:
938:
930:
920:
911:
903:
898:
783:National Portrait Gallery
384:), and by the efforts of
236:He was the eldest son of
231:
188:
178:
171:Elizabeth Howard (mother)
158:
144:
136:
128:
123:
119:
107:
97:
87:
76:
69:
65:
47:
30:
888:Encyclopædia Britannica
838:Edwards, David (2010).
768:(Dublin, 20154), pp 8-9
751:, and King's County as
438:The Earl of Sussex, by
304:as Edward's successor.
249:the 3rd Duke of Norfolk
1012:Lord Deputy of Ireland
941:Lord Deputy of Ireland
822:The Historical Journal
631:
526:
449:
333:Lord Deputy of Ireland
313:arranging her marriage
311:, who employed him in
218:Lord Deputy of Ireland
199:
103:Himself as Lord Deputy
16:Lord Deputy of Ireland
842:. Four Courts Press.
629:
548:Sussex the politician
504:
437:
197:
148:Elizabeth Wriothesley
1150:writ in acceleration
934:Sir Anthony St Leger
419:and his reputed son
344:Fitzwalter effected
290:Edward VI of England
54:The Earl of Sussex,
1101:The Earl of Bedford
1092:south of the Trent
973:The Duke of Norfolk
335:. According to the
151:Lady Frances Sidney
33:The Right Honorable
1109:Peerage of England
1082:The Earl of Sussex
993:Title next held by
899:Political offices
642:, daughter of Sir
638:; and secondly to
632:
572:Sussex as courtier
513:Archbishop Dowdall
450:
405:Kingdom of Ireland
317:Philip II of Spain
294:Henry II of France
292:and a daughter of
269:Lord Thomas Howard
255:(father of: Queen
253:Lord Edmund Howard
211:3rd Earl of Sussex
200:
37:The Earl of Sussex
1222:Barons FitzWalter
1160:
1159:
1153:
1132:Succeeded by
1098:Succeeded by
1064:Succeeded by
1031:
1019:Succeeded by
970:Succeeded by
948:Succeeded by
921:Succeeded by
401:Mary I of England
323:Sussex in Ireland
261:Sir Edward Howard
192:
191:
183:Roman Catholicism
1234:
1217:Radclyffe family
1147:
1144:Baron FitzWalter
1115:Preceded by
1079:Preceded by
1067:The Lord Hunsdon
1057:Lord Chamberlain
1047:Preceded by
1025:
1022:Sir Henry Sidney
1004:Preceded by
997:The Lord Hunsdon
931:Preceded by
924:The Lord Hunsdon
904:Preceded by
896:
895:
892:
871:
869:
868:
853:
825:
818:
812:
806:
800:
793:
787:
786:
775:
769:
762:
756:
745:
739:
729:
723:
717:
694:
691:
607:Lord Chamberlain
583:Archduke Charles
524:
464:Campbeltown Loch
448:
445:
403:as Queen of the
273:Elizabeth Boleyn
257:Catherine Howard
203:Thomas Radclyffe
124:Personal details
114:Sir Henry Sidney
110:
100:
81:
60:
57:
52:
28:
27:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1135:Henry Radclyffe
1128:
1120:
1118:Henry Radclyffe
1103:
1094:
1091:
1089:Justice in Eyre
1084:
1069:
1060:
1052:
1041:
1024:
1015:
1007:
994:
985:
975:
966:
951:
944:
936:
926:
917:
909:
881:, ed. (1911). "
866:
864:
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856:
850:
833:
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819:
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790:
777:
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772:
764:David Edwards,
763:
759:
746:
742:
730:
726:
718:
697:
692:
688:
684:
660:
624:
574:
550:
530:Queen Elizabeth
525:
520:David Edwards,
519:
459:Mary Willoughby
446:
409:Donough O'Conor
382:Glens of Antrim
325:
285:
234:
174:
153:
149:
108:
98:
82:
77:
61:
58:
43:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1158:
1157:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1125:Earl of Sussex
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1074:Legal offices
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1028:as lord deputy
1020:
1017:
1008:
1006:Lords Justices
1005:
1001:
1000:
992:
987:
977:
976:
971:
968:
959:
953:
952:
950:Lords Justices
949:
946:
937:
932:
928:
927:
922:
919:
910:
905:
901:
900:
894:
893:
879:Chisholm, Hugh
860:
857:
855:
854:
849:978-1846822674
848:
834:
832:
829:
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788:
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724:
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673:
666:
659:
656:
623:
620:
573:
570:
566:Roman Catholic
549:
546:
517:
474:, a castle of
417:Earl of Tyrone
370:Highland Scots
324:
321:
302:Lady Jane Grey
298:letters patent
284:
281:
233:
230:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
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154:(m. 1555-1583)
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59: 1575-80
53:
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31:
15:
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2:
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916:
915:
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902:
897:
890:
889:
884:
880:
875:
874:public domain
863:
862:
851:
845:
841:
836:
835:
823:
817:
811:, p. 74.
810:
805:
798:
792:
784:
780:
774:
767:
761:
754:
753:County Offaly
750:
744:
737:
733:
732:F. G. Emmison
728:
721:
720:Chisholm 1911
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
690:
686:
677:
674:
672:
671:
667:
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637:
628:
619:
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612:
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601:
596:
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588:
584:
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569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
545:
542:
538:
533:
531:
523:
516:
514:
510:
503:
501:
500:Carrickfergus
498:. Landing at
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
455:
441:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
386:Shane O'Neill
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Protestantism
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
320:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
280:
278:
274:
271:). His aunt,
270:
266:
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90:
86:
80:
75:
72:
68:
64:
51:
46:
42:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1172:1520s births
1142:
1123:
1087:
1055:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1010:
995:
989:
980:
961:
956:
939:
912:
886:
839:
831:Bibliography
821:
816:
809:Edwards 2010
804:
796:
791:
782:
773:
765:
760:
749:County Laois
743:
735:
727:
689:
676:Sussex's Men
668:
633:
604:
575:
551:
534:
527:
521:
505:
457:
451:
447: 1580s
394:
346:Queen Mary's
343:
336:
326:
306:
286:
246:
235:
222:Tudor period
210:
206:
202:
201:
109:Succeeded by
78:
25:
1177:1583 deaths
664:Elizabeth R
558:John Parker
509:Tír Eoghain
352:to promote
277:Anne Boleyn
226:Elizabeth I
220:during the
99:Preceded by
92:Elizabeth I
1166:Categories
1156:1553–1583
1129:1557–1583
1095:1557–1583
1061:1572–1585
1042:1560–1565
1016:1559–1560
986:1557–1583
967:1557–1559
945:1556–1558
918:1553–1558
859:References
682:References
309:Queen Mary
283:Early life
670:Elizabeth
616:safeguard
484:Dunaverty
350:Edward VI
207:Ratclyffe
145:Spouse(s)
79:In office
658:See also
611:New Hall
600:Dumfries
554:the Pale
518:—
480:Dunyvaig
429:Limerick
179:Religion
168:(father)
957:Unknown
876::
640:Frances
496:Cumbrae
472:Saddell
468:Kintyre
466:on the
374:Kintyre
358:shiring
159:Parents
88:Monarch
990:Vacant
870:
846:
622:Family
587:Vienna
560:, the
541:Armagh
494:, and
454:Antrim
413:Tyrone
397:Dublin
390:Ulster
378:Antrim
366:Ulster
362:Philip
267:; and
232:Family
652:Henry
488:Arran
372:from
315:with
844:ISBN
492:Bute
251:and
205:(or
137:Died
132:1525
129:Born
885:".
478:of
462:to
209:),
1168::
781:.
734:,
698:^
654:.
490:,
444:c.
442:,
279:.
263:;
259:;
228:.
214:KG
56:c.
41:KG
1152:)
1148:(
852:.
785:.
722:.
23:.
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