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dismounted and walked. I frequently tried to persuade myself in these intervals that the contents of my Essay could not be true. The more however I reflected upon them, or rather upon the authorities on which they were founded, the more I gave them credit. Coming in sight of Wades Mill in
Hertfordshire, I sat down disconsolate on the turf by the roadside and held my horse. Here a thought came into my mind, that if the contents of the Essay were true, it was time some person should see these calamities to their end. Agitated in this manner I reached home. This was in the summer of 1785.
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822:) was formed. Clarkson travelled the country to build support for its goal. He covered 10,000 miles, and activated the network of sympathetic anti-slavery societies which had been formed. This resulted in 777 petitions being delivered to parliament demanding the total emancipation of slaves. When the society adopted a policy of immediate emancipation, Clarkson and Wilberforce appeared together for the last time to lend their support. In 1833 the
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465:. Impressed by the high quality of craftsmanship and skill expressed in these items, Clarkson was horrified to think that the people who could create such items were being enslaved. He bought samples from the ship and started a collection to which he added over the years. It included crops, spices and
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Clarkson lived an additional 13 years. Although his eyesight was failing, he continued to campaign for abolition, focusing on the United States, where slavery had expanded in the Deep South and some states west of the
Mississippi River. He was the principal speaker in 1840 at the opening of the
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Clarkson noticed that pictures and artefacts could influence public opinion more than words alone. He began to display items from his collection of fine goods to reinforce his anti-slavery lectures. Demonstrating that
Africans were highly skilled artisans, he argued for an alternative humane trading
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in 1807 ended the trade and provided for
British naval support to enforce the law. Clarkson directed his efforts toward enforcement and extending the campaign to the rest of Europe, as Spain and France continued a trade in their American colonies. The United States also prohibited the international
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was a major base of slave-trading syndicates and home port for their ships. In 1787, Clarkson was attacked and nearly killed when visiting the city, as a gang of sailors was paid to assassinate him. He barely escaped with his life. Elsewhere, however, he gathered support. Clarkson's speech at the
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When the war with France appeared to be almost over, in 1804 Clarkson and his allies revived the anti-slave trade campaign. After his ten years' retreat, he mounted his horse to travel again all over Great
Britain and canvass support for the measure. He appeared to have returned with all his old
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soon after the prize is adjudged, I was called to
Cambridge for this purpose. I went and performed my office. On returning however to London, the subject of it almost wholly engrossed my thoughts. I became at times very seriously affected while upon the road. I stopped my horse occasionally, and
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In 1791 Wilberforce introduced the first Bill to abolish the slave trade; it was easily defeated by 163 votes to 88. As
Wilberforce continued to bring the issue of the slave trade before Parliament, Clarkson travelled and wrote anti-slavery works. Based on a plan of a slave ship he acquired in
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Clarkson was very effective at giving the committee a high public profile: he spent the next two years travelling around
England, promoting the cause and gathering evidence. He interviewed 20,000 sailors during his research. He obtained equipment used on slave-ships, such as iron handcuffs,
488:(1788). Another example was his "An Essay on the Slave Trade" (1789), the account of a sailor who had served aboard a slave ship. These works provided a grounding for William Wilberforce's first abolitionist speech in the House of Commons on 12 May 1789, and his twelve propositions.
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Clarkson also continued to write against the slave trade. He filled his works with vivid firsthand descriptions from sailors, surgeons and others who had been involved in the slave traffic. In 1788 Clarkson published large numbers of his
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Encouraged by publication of
Clarkson's essay, an informal committee was set up between small groups from the petitioning Quakers, Clarkson and others, with the goal of lobbying members of parliament (MPs). In May 1787, they formed the
508:– accounts by slaves who achieved freedom. As an African with direct experience of the slave trade and slavery, Equiano was pleased that his book became highly influential in the anti-slavery movement. Clarkson wrote to the Reverend
393:, who as an Anglican and an MP was connected within the British Parliament. Wilberforce was one of few parliamentarians to have had sympathy with the Quaker petition; he had already put a question about the slave trade before the
1067:, Wisbech, is named after him. A tree-lined road in Wisbech is named Clarkson Avenue in his honour (a side street is Wilberforce Road), and a pub opposite was called the Clarkson Arms (closed in 2018). Nearby is Clarkson Court.
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In 1879, a monument to
Clarkson was erected in Wadesmill; it reads: "On this spot where stands this monument in the month of June 1785 Thomas Clarkson resolved to devote his life to bringing about the abolition of the slave
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The essay was influential, resulting in Clarkson's being introduced to many others who were sympathetic to abolition, some of whom had already published and campaigned against slavery. These included influential men such as
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An Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, Particularly the African. Translated from a Latin Dissertation, Which Was Honoured With the First Prize in the University of Cambridge, for the Year 1785, With
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trade in 1807, and operated chiefly in the Caribbean to interdict illegal slave ships. In 1808 Clarkson published a book about the progress in abolition of the slave trade. He travelled to Paris in 1814 and
368:, and Philip Sansom. They were sympathetic to the religious revival that had predominantly nonconformist origins, but which sought wider non-denominational support for a "Great Awakening" amongst believers.
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This was the beginning of their protracted parliamentary campaign, during which Wilberforce introduced a motion in favour of abolition almost every year. Clarkson, Wilberforce and the other members of the
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207:(born 1764) and Anne. Both boys attended Wisbech Grammar School, Hill Street where the family lived. After the death of his father the family moved into a house on Bridge Street which is now marked by a
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and their supporters, were responsible for generating and sustaining a national movement that mobilised public opinion as never before. Parliament, however, refused to pass the bill. The outbreak of
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and in the United States, with support from other nonconformists, primarily Methodists and Baptists, on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1783, 300 Quakers, chiefly from the London area, presented
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was erected in Wisbech to commemorate his life and work. Work started in October 1880 and it was unveiled by Sir Henry Brand, Speaker of the House of Commons on 11 November 1881. The
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and James Arnold, two ship's surgeons he had met in Liverpool. They had been on many voyages aboard slave ships, and were able to recount their experiences in detail for publication.
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427:; instruments for forcing open slaves' jaws; and branding irons. He published engravings of the tools in pamphlets and displayed the instruments at public meetings.
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has a permanent display of anti-slavery artefacts collected by Thomas Clarkson and his brother John, and organises events linked to anti-slavery.
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system based on goods rather than labourers. He carried a "box" featuring his collection, which became an important part of his public meetings.
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in 1818, trying to reach international agreement on a timetable for abolition of the trade. He contributed the article on the "Slave Trade" for
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2031:(Anti-Slavery International, 1996) - used in events marking the bi-centenary in 2007 of the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade in the
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He rode some 35,000 miles for evidence and visited local anti-slave-trade societies founded across the country. He enlisted the help of
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essay competition at the university that was to set him on the course for most of the remainder of his life. The topic of the essay, set by
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287:(1738). He also researched the topic by meeting and interviewing those who had personal experience of the slave trade and of slavery.
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to Africa in early 1792. They were among the 3000 former United States slaves given their freedom by the British and granted land in
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Having translated the essay into English so that it could gain a wider audience, Clarkson published it in pamphlet form in 1786 as
1742:"Buying Frederick Douglass's freedom, 1846 | AP US History Study Guide from the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"
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until the early nineteenth century. The twelve founding members included nine Quakers, and three pioneering Anglicans: Clarkson,
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By 1794, Clarkson's health was failing, as he suffered from exhaustion. He retired from the campaign and spent some time in the
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The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament
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An essay on the slavery and commerce of the human species, particularly the African, translated from a Latin Dissertation.
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415:) on 28 October 1787 galvanised the anti-slavery campaign in the city. That same year, Clarkson published the pamphlet
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In his later years, Clarkson campaigned for the abolition of slavery worldwide. In 1840, he was the key speaker at the
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After winning the prize, Clarkson had what he called a spiritual revelation from God as he travelled by horse between
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The History of the Rise, Progress And Accomplishment of the Abolition of the Slave – Trade by the British Parliament
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A descendant, Canon John Clarkson, continues in his footsteps as one of the leaders of the Anti-Slavery Society.
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were founded for the settlement of freedmen. The town of Clarksonville, named in his honour, was established in
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Thomas Clarkson: 'Moral Steam Engine' or False Prophet? A Critical Approach to Three of his Antislavery Essays.
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Sonnet, To Thomas Clarkson, On the final passing of the Bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, March 1807.
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1834:"PLAYFORD, MONUMENT TO THOMAS CLARKSON, 10 METRES SOUTH WEST OF CHURCH OF ST MARY (Grade II) (1030509)"
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In 1857, an obelisk commemorating Clarkson was erected in St Mary's churchyard in Playford to a design by
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This experience and sense of calling ultimately led him to devote his life to abolishing the slave trade.
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village. In the early 1790s he met his wife, a niece of Mrs Hardcastle here. Clarkson wrote much of his
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to Thomas Clarkson has been erected in his memory by the Wisbech Society and is part of the town trail.
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The origins of war prevention : the British peace movement and international relations, 1730-1854
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enthusiasm and vigour. He was especially active in persuading MPs to back the parliamentary campaign.
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degree in 1783 and was set to continue at Cambridge to follow in his father's footsteps and enter the
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Why Here? Why Then? - The roles of John and Thomas Clarkson in the abolition of the slave trade 1807
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2217:"The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade"
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533:. Previously it had transported 609 slaves and was 267 tons burden, making 2.3 slaves per ton.
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161:(also known as the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade) and helped achieve passage of the
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British Abolitionism and the Rhetoric of Sensibility: Writing, Sentiment, and Slavery, 1760–1807
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In 1823 the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery (later known as the
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an African trading ship. Although not a slave ship, it carried cargo of high-quality goods:
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added Clarkson with Equiano and Wilberforce to the list of people to be honoured with a
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by Moravian missionary Hans Peter Hallbeck in honour of Clarkson and his abolition work.
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Move your cursor to identify his relatives and other figures (or click icon to enlarge).
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A Summary View of the Slave Trade and of the Probable Consequences of Its Abolition
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was passed, with emancipation completed on 1 August 1838 in the British colonies.
183:'s first convention in London which campaigned to end slavery in other countries.
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916:(1764–1828) took a major part in organising the relocation of approximately 1200
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846:. The scene at Clarkson's opening address was painted in a commemorative work by
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Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793–1798
842:(established in 1804 as the first black republic in the Western Hemisphere) and
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List of people granted honorary French citizenship during the French Revolution
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In 1833 the inhabitants of Wisbech requested Clarkson sit for his portrait by
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2165:, Wisbech & Fenland Museum, whose collection includes the Clarkson Chest.
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2213:, the life of Thomas Clarkson, The Wisbech Society and Preservation Trust.
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Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com
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in 1779. An excellent student, he appears to have enjoyed his time at the
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An article about Thomas Clarkson's stay at The Seven Stars Pub in Bristol
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Clarkson was the eldest son of the Reverend John Clarkson (1710–1766), a
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Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
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Several roads in the United Kingdom are named after him, for example in
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Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World
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1129:. An initial celebration was held in Playford Church on 30 July 2010.
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Portsmouth, he had an image drawn of slaves loaded on the slave ship
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with their signatures on the first petition against the slave trade.
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269:. He read everything he could on the subject, including the works of
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Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution
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The Clarkson chest and Clarkson Collection are now on display in
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Thomas Clarkson: biography and bibliography by Brycchan Carey
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The Clarksons of Wisbech and the abolition of the slave trade
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Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "poetical illustration 2".
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Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "poetical illustration 1".
1584:, The Abolition Project website. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
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1816:"Clarkson, Eastern Cape | South African History Online"
1362:"Person: Clarkson, John (1746 - 1766) (CCEd Person ID 5184)"
1340:(Reprint. ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 521.
854:; Clarkson is shown, finishing his speech with arm raised.
1620:, The Abolition Project, 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2014
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In 1839 the Court of the Common Council gave Clarkson the
389:, as well as Clarkson. Clarkson also approached the young
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Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace
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Works by Thomas Clarkson at the online library of liberty
1599:, Abolition Project website. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
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In the 2006 film about the abolition of the slave trade,
434:, where he received information from the landlord of the
230:, although he was a serious, devout man. He received his
2207:, study of relationship of university to the slave trade
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Bury the Chains, The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery
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Thomas Clarkson and the Campaign Against the Slave Trade
1946:"Church honours anti-slavery campaigner Thomas Clarkson"
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In 1996, a tablet was dedicated to Clarkson's memory in
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Wall monument to Clarkson in Playford church, carved by
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Clarkson is the central figure in this 1841 painting by
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The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
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Following this step, a small offshoot group formed the
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1794:"Thomas Clarkson (1760–1846), Anti-Slavery Campaigner"
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Portraits of The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840
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The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835
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Clarkson's research took him to English ports such as
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Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
1698:, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–379.
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Throughout his life Clarkson was a frequent guest of
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effectively prevented further debate for many years.
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In 1839 a mission station in South Africa was named
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In 1834, after the abolition of slavery in Jamaica,
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established by the British in West Africa, founding
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As it is usual to read these essays publicly in the
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1501:GMG Woodgate (1960). "Thomas Clarkson of Wisbech".
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400:Clarkson took a leading part in the affairs of the
168:He became a pacifist in 1816 and, with his brother
145:(28 March 1760 – 26 September 1846) was an English
2158:Parliament & The British Slave Trade 1600–1807
936:. John Clarkson was appointed its first Governor.
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2021:(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). 131–37.
1858:"Clarkson monument on High Cross Hill (1281321)"
1211:And Thou henceforth wilt have a good Man's calm,
1181:Hast heard the constant Voice its charge repeat,
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946:of Clarkson a few weeks before he died drawn by
618:On 19 January 1796 he married Catherine Buck of
486:Essay on the Impolicy of the African Slave Trade
242:in 1783 but never proceeded to priest's orders.
2187:"Archival material relating to Thomas Clarkson"
1176:Didst first lead forth this pilgrimage sublime,
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1696:Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838
1186:Which, out of thy young heart's oracular seat,
562:Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
402:Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
379:Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
360:, thus Quakers were generally barred from the
350:Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
1976:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "picture".
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1248:on an engraving of a painting of Clarkson by
1191:First roused thee.—O true yoke-fellow of Time
1171:But Thou, who, starting in thy fervent prime,
953:Thomas Clarkson died on 26 September 1846 in
1731:, New York: HarperCollins, 2006 Pbk, p. 420.
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1221:Repose at length, firm Friend of human kind!
1216:A great Man's happiness; thy zeal shall find
1156:Clarkson! it was an obstinate Hill to climb:
614:Playford Hall, the Clarksons' home from 1816
584:, later Haiti, that promised to restore the
19:For other people named Thomas Clarkson, see
2296:People educated at St Paul's School, London
2116:(Part of his British Abolitionists project)
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1263:, Clarkson was played by the British actor
907:History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade
504:, one of the genre of what became known as
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1161:How toilsome, nay how dire it was, by Thee
1107:, marking the abolition of the slave trade
595:, where he bought an estate, Eusemere, by
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2291:People educated at Wisbech Grammar School
1694:Dryden, John. 1992 "Pas de Six Ans!" In:
1671:The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840
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2009:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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599:. There he became a friend of the poet
285:Travels Into the Inland Parts of Africa
172:, was among the twelve founders of the
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2261:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
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1979:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840
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1970:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840
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1961:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840
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1582:"Thomas Clarkson: Collecting Evidence"
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551:Print of Clarkson, circa 1840, after
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2219:Thomas Clarkson manuscript, held by
1206:The bloody Writing is for ever torn,
1196:With unabating effort, see, the palm
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294:and London. He broke his journey at
246:Revelation of the horrors of slavery
2154:Excerpt from an 1823 Clarkson book.
1755:Hugh Brogan's biography of Clarkson
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1473:
570:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
13:
2152:Thoughts on The Haitian Revolution
2103:Brief Biography of Thomas Clarkson
2046:(Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan, 2005)
1995:Barker, G.F.R. "Thomas Clarkson",
1989:
1863:National Heritage List for England
1839:National Heritage List for England
1646:(New York: Clarendon Press, 1982).
1521:"Janus: Papers of Thomas Clarkson"
1105:United Kingdom commemorative stamp
469:, along with refined trade goods.
14:
2322:
2134:Works by or about Thomas Clarkson
2091:
1712:National Portrait Gallery, London
1618:"Brookes' Diagram-Clarkson's Box"
852:National Portrait Gallery, London
494:(Gustavus Vassa) a member of the
302:, Hertfordshire. He later wrote:
2233:
2011:(Oxford: University Press, 2005)
1998:Dictionary of National Biography
1791:
1633:(London: Penguin, 1938), p. 109.
1288:List of abolitionist forerunners
1103:In 2007, Clarkson appeared on a
529:, carrying 454 slaves after the
21:Thomas Clarkson (disambiguation)
16:English abolitionist (1760–1846)
2176:, The Abolition Project website
2001:(Oxford University Press, 1887)
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1660:. Philadelphia: James P. Parke.
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660:
1484:"Clarkson, Thomas (CLRK779T2)"
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1433:
1418:
1393:
1381:Pixeltocode. Uk, Pixeltocode.
1374:
1354:
1329:
1304:
1278:Aborigines' Protection Society
1:
2266:18th-century Anglican deacons
1885:"Wisbech Society | Town tour"
1545:Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme
1298:
1134:Representation in other media
1029:Freedom of the City of London
872:
857:In 1846 Clarkson was host to
832:World Anti-Slavery Convention
809:World Anti-Slavery Convention
2182:, Bristol Historical Society
2108:Biography of Thomas Clarkson
2078:Thomas Clarkson: A Biography
1425:Ellen Gibson Wilson (1992).
1043:Wisbech & Fenland Museum
962:Wisbech & Fenland Museum
893:(the first treasurer of the
224:St John's College, Cambridge
114:St John's College, Cambridge
7:
2311:Sierra Leone Creole history
2286:English Christian pacifists
2232:(public domain audiobooks)
2174:The Thomas Clarkson section
1681:, London, NPG599, Given by
1488:A Cambridge Alumni Database
1469:. 13 March 1894. p. 6.
1271:
1252:dwells on his achievements.
1127:Church's calendar of saints
250:In 1785 Clarkson entered a
10:
2327:
2065:Rodriguez, Junius P., ed.
2053:(Stuttgart: Ibidem, 2007).
1523:. University of Cambridge.
1490:. University of Cambridge.
1465:"Wisbech Grammar School".
926:American Revolutionary War
867:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
574:Secretary of State for War
514:Trinity College, Cambridge
333:, many Quakers, and other
256:university vice-chancellor
18:
1907:30 September 2011 at the
1679:National Portrait Gallery
1656:Clarkson, Thomas (1808).
1387:Westminster Abbey Website
967:
909:(1808) at Hatcham House.
895:London Missionary Society
381:. The Committee included
195:priest and headmaster of
129:
119:
109:
101:
82:
77:, Cambridgeshire, England
56:
50:National Portrait Gallery
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30:
2226:Works by Thomas Clarkson
2125:Works by Thomas Clarkson
1902:Abolition of slave trade
1509:. Wisbech Society: 6–10.
1427:The Clarksons of Wisbech
1316:www.wisbechmuseum.org.uk
1246:Letitia Elizabeth Landon
578:William Pitt the Younger
187:Early life and education
2169:Thomas Clarkson Academy
2098:Thomas Clarkson website
2087:(Wisbech Society, 1992)
1982:. Fisher, Son & Co.
1973:. Fisher, Son & Co.
1964:. Fisher, Son & Co.
1597:Home: "Thomas Clarkson"
1543:. Vol. 1. London:
1467:London Evening Standard
1336:Ceadel, Martin (1996).
1115:Church of England Synod
1065:Thomas Clarkson Academy
976:Clarkson's Memorial in
523:Plan of the slave ship
228:University of Cambridge
46:Carl Frederik von Breda
2148:The Louverture Project
2083:Wilson, Ellen Gibson.
2076:Wilson, Ellen Gibson.
2057:Powell, Roger (2007).
1757:. (May require log in)
1675:Benjamin Robert Haydon
1001:
993:
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930:colony of Sierra Leone
897:) at Hatcham House in
886:
834:in London, chaired by
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498:published his memoir,
478:Alexander Falconbridge
457:, and produce such as
313:
197:Wisbech Grammar School
157:. He helped found the
2281:English abolitionists
2069:. (Armonk, New York:
2007:. "Thomas Clarkson",
1926:The Church of England
1911:Anti Slavery Society.
1768:"Clarkson Collection"
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372:Anti-slavery campaign
304:
2191:UK National Archives
2150:: Thomas Clarkson –
1772:wisbechmuseum.org.uk
948:William Dillwyn Sims
924:, Canada, after the
912:His younger brother
820:Anti-Slavery Society
531:Slave Trade Act 1788
413:Manchester Cathedral
238:. He was ordained a
211:. Thomas went on to
203:. His siblings were
163:Slave Trade Act 1807
2306:People from Wisbech
2163:Clarkson Collection
1744:. 18 February 2014.
1608:Walvin 2011, p. 27.
1547:. pp. 209–210.
1083:William Wilberforce
1081:, near the tomb of
1050:George Biddell Airy
576:for prime minister
391:William Wilberforce
44:Thomas Clarkson by
2276:Burials in Suffolk
1445:www.waymarking.com
1429:. Wisbech Society.
1401:"parish registers"
1231:William Wordsworth
1141:William Wordsworth
1113:In July 2010, the
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859:Frederick Douglass
816:
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605:Dorothy Wordsworth
601:William Wordsworth
557:
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423:leg-shackles, and
96:, Suffolk, England
48:, painting in the
2221:Haverford College
2211:"Thomas Clarkson"
2129:Project Gutenberg
2080:(Macmillan, 1989)
2025:Gifford, Zerbanoo
1891:on 11 April 2019.
1441:"Thomas Clarkson"
1405:wisbechmiseum.org
1383:"Thomas Clarkson"
1312:"Thomas Clarkson"
1079:Westminster Abbey
1061:Clarkson Memorial
1011:Wisbech Town Hall
955:Playford, Suffolk
891:Joseph Hardcastle
883:Clarkson Memorial
814:
653:Rees's Cyclopædia
441:Clarkson visited
236:Anglican ministry
193:Church of England
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86:26 September 1846
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512:(1756-1807) at
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383:Granville Sharp
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421:
416:
406:
399:
375:
347:
327:James Ramsay
323:
319:
317:
314:
308:senate-house
305:
289:
284:
278:abolitionist
262:
249:
221:
190:
178:
167:
147:abolitionist
142:
141:
124:Abolitionism
88:(1846-09-26)
25:
2256:1846 deaths
2251:1760 births
1410:21 December
1250:Samuel Lane
1072:blue plaque
1007:Samuel Lane
922:Nova Scotia
443:The Lively,
425:thumbscrews
267:slave trade
222:He entered
209:blue plaque
151:slave trade
102:Nationality
75:Isle of Ely
2245:Categories
1869:15 October
1777:12 January
1299:References
1024:, Jamaica.
980:churchyard
873:Later life
632:Woodbridge
626:, between
553:Henry Room
449:and woven
343:Parliament
217:exhibition
63:1760-03-28
1568:. London.
1565:Additions
1450:9 January
1321:9 January
1139:The poet
1094:Cambridge
901:, then a
885:, Wisbech
597:Ullswater
408:Liverpool
296:Wadesmill
292:Cambridge
136:, brother
130:Relatives
2230:LibriVox
1905:Archived
1800:16 April
1796:. Art UK
1677:, 1841,
1561:(1786).
1537:(1808).
1272:See also
1143:wrote a
1036:Clarkson
978:Playford
934:Freetown
899:Deptford
459:palm oil
451:textiles
354:Test Act
94:Playford
2136:at the
2073:, 2007)
1931:8 April
1710:at the
1685:in 1880
1125:in the
1123:30 July
1098:Ipswich
1056:trade."
844:Jamaica
628:Ipswich
541:Brookes
526:Brookes
463:peppers
455:beeswax
432:Bristol
339:Britain
298:, near
153:in the
105:English
71:Wisbech
1344:
1145:sonnet
992:(1877)
968:Legacy
903:Surrey
830:first
275:Quaker
261:, was
240:deacon
1948:, BBC
840:Haiti
252:Latin
1933:2021
1871:2019
1802:2021
1779:2019
1452:2021
1412:2019
1342:ISBN
1323:2021
1096:and
1090:Hull
1059:The
881:The
630:and
603:and
461:and
329:and
300:Ware
273:, a
205:John
170:John
83:Died
57:Born
2228:at
2127:at
1121:on
358:MPs
2247::
2189:.
2040:.
2027:,
2017:.
1924:.
1860:.
1856:.
1836:.
1832:.
1770:.
1725:,
1673:,
1589:^
1574:^
1507:21
1505:.
1486:.
1475:^
1443:.
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1385:.
1364:.
1314:.
1092:,
1070:A
964:.
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453:,
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73:,
2193:.
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1935:.
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655:,
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61:(
23:.
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