31:
765:) are the body of knowledge of both factual and scientific views and possess a usual scientific quality of the tests of repeatability, consistency with existing well-established science and experimentation. There do exist mainstream theories that are generally accepted theories based solely upon their effects explaining a wide variety of data, although the detection, explanation, and possible composition are subjects of debate.
695:(QFT), begun in the late 1920s. In the aftermath of World War 2, more progress brought much renewed interest in QFT, which had since the early efforts, stagnated. The same period also saw fresh attacks on the problems of superconductivity and phase transitions, as well as the first applications of QFT in the area of theoretical condensed matter. The 1960s and 70s saw the formulation of the
358:
1021:"Thought" experiments are situations created in one's mind, asking a question akin to "suppose you are in this situation, assuming such is true, what would follow?". They are usually created to investigate phenomena that are not readily experienced in every-day situations. Famous examples of such thought experiments are
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decades and have eluded methods of discovery and testing. Proposed theories can include fringe theories in the process of becoming established (and, sometimes, gaining wider acceptance). Proposed theories usually have not been tested. In addition to the theories like those listed below, there are also different
378:(or Ockham), in which the simpler of two theories that describe the same matter just as adequately is preferred (but conceptual simplicity may mean mathematical complexity). They are also more likely to be accepted if they connect a wide range of phenomena. Testing the consequences of a theory is part of the
574:. In it contained a grand synthesis of the work of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler; as well as Newton's theories of mechanics and gravitation, which held sway as worldviews until the early 20th century. Simultaneously, progress was also made in optics (in particular colour theory and the ancient science of
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of physics are usually relatively new theories which deal with the study of physics which include scientific approaches, means for determining the validity of models and new types of reasoning used to arrive at the theory. However, some proposed theories include theories that have been around for
954:
include any new area of scientific endeavor in the process of becoming established and some proposed theories. It can include speculative sciences. This includes physics fields and physical theories presented in accordance with known evidence, and a body of associated predictions have been made
140:
is a model of physical events. It is judged by the extent to which its predictions agree with empirical observations. The quality of a physical theory is also judged on its ability to make new predictions which can be verified by new observations. A physical theory differs from a
291:, formalise, reinterpret or generalise extant theories, or create completely new ones altogether. Sometimes the vision provided by pure mathematical systems can provide clues to how a physical system might be modeled; e.g., the notion, due to
722:
All of these achievements depended on the theoretical physics as a moving force both to suggest experiments and to consolidate results — often by ingenious application of existing mathematics, or, as in the case of
Descartes and Newton (with
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Famous series of books dealing with theoretical concepts in physics covering 10 volumes, translated into many languages and reprinted over many editions. Often known simply as "Landau and
Lifschits" or "Landau-Lifschits" in the
273:. "Modelers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of
365:
Physical theories become accepted if they are able to make correct predictions and no (or few) incorrect ones. The theory should have, at least as a secondary objective, a certain economy and elegance (compare to
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Sometimes the word "theory" can be used ambiguously in this sense, not to describe scientific theories, but research (sub)fields and programmes. Examples: relativity theory, quantum field theory, string
1033:, and so on. These usually lead to real experiments designed to verify that the conclusion (and therefore the assumptions) of the thought experiments are correct. The EPR thought experiment led to the
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Arguably these are the most celebrated theories in physics: Newton's theory of gravitation, Einstein's theory of relativity and
Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism share some of these attributes.
1432:
See 'Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol.2, 1676–1687' ed. H W Turnbull, Cambridge
University Press 1960; at page 297, document #235, letter from Hooke to Newton dated 24 November 1679.
916:, which may or may not be considered different theories since it is debatable whether they yield different predictions for physical experiments, even in principle. For example,
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There is some debate as to whether or not theoretical physics uses mathematics to build intuition and illustrativeness to extract physical insight (especially when normal
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fails), rather than as a tool in formalizing theories. This links to the question of it using mathematics in a less formally rigorous, and more intuitive or
334:. Sometimes though, advances may proceed along different paths. For example, an essentially correct theory may need some conceptual or factual revisions;
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Some fringe theories go on to become a widely accepted part of physics. Other fringe theories end up being disproven. Some fringe theories are a form of
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1903:
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Bestselling three-volume textbook covering the span of physics. Reference for both (under)graduate student and professional researcher alike.
149:, judgment of mathematical applicability is not based on agreement with any experimental results. A physical theory similarly differs from a
1992:
326:) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied. In the latter case, a
637:) emerged as an offshoot of thermodynamics late in the 19th century. Another important event in the 19th century was the discovery of
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scale. Where experimentation cannot be done, theoretical physics still tries to advance through the use of mathematical models.
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Modern theoretical physics attempts to unify theories and explain phenomena in further attempts to understand the
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Among the great conceptual achievements of the 19th and 20th centuries were the consolidation of the idea of
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would extend the theory of classical mechanics considerably. They picked up the interactive intertwining of
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itself might be curved. Theoretical problems that need computational investigation are often the concern of
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slowly began to acquire the form we know today, and other sciences spun off from the rubric of
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A physical theory involves one or more relationships between various measurable quantities.
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of electricity are two cases in this point. However, an exception to all the above is the
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while giving little weight to experiments and observations. For example, while developing
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Theoretical
Concepts in Physics: An Alternative View of Theoretical Reasoning in Physics
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This approach is often favoured by (pure) mathematicians and mathematical physicists.
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529:'s expressions for planetary orbits, which summarized the meticulous observations of
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675:(which indeed, was an original motivation for the theory) and of anomalies in the
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Theoretical physics consists of several different approaches. In this regard,
38:. Wormholes have never been observed, but they are predicted to exist through
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to physics problems. Some attempt to create approximate theories, called
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656:. Newtonian mechanics was subsumed under special relativity and Newton's
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began to provide a macroscopic explanation for the properties of matter.
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A series of lessons from a master educator of theoretical physicists.
1205:"On the role of the Michelson-Morley experiment: Einstein in Chicago"
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of nuclear physics are good candidates for examples of this approach.
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568:, another theoretician/experimentalist of the highest order, writing
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The great push toward the modern concept of explanation started with
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of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict
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350:, a theory combining aspects of different, opposing models via the
283:, because fully developed theories may be regarded as unsolvable or
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Penrose, R (2004). "9: Fourier decompositions and hyperfunctions".
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models of the Solar system, the Bohr model of hydrogen atoms and
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Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect
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using QFT and progress in condensed matter physics (theoretical
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string and the musical tone it produces. Other examples include
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studies of heat conduction led to a new branch of mathematics:
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Theoretical physics began at least 2,300 years ago, under the
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429:, whose views held sway for a millennium. During the rise of
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realized that a ship floats by displacing its mass of water,
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88:. In some cases, theoretical physics adheres to standards of
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as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and
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606:
1041:, leading to the acceptance of the current formulation of
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73:, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.
605:(as well as its global conservation) by the inclusion of
1498:, (in French). 2nd edition - 1914. English translation:
691:. Quantum mechanics soon gave way to the formulation of
385:
Physical theories can be grouped into three categories:
1523:(3 vol.). First edition: Addison–Wesley, (1964, 1966).
162:
711:), in parallel to the applications of relativity to
544:who was both a consummate theoretician and a great
1490:(Macropaedia). Vol. 25 (15th ed.). 1994.
1165:are good candidates for examples of this approach.
185:
108:invariant, but was apparently uninterested in the
2005:
1500:The physical theory - its purpose, its structure
1301:
218:understood the relation between the length of a
1078:Timeline of developments in theoretical physics
668:. Quantum mechanics led to an understanding of
521:. Thus began the modern era of theory with the
1426:
525:paradigm shift in astronomy, soon followed by
1681:
1667:
1496:La théorie physique - Son objet, sa structure
1342:The Pythagorean Theorem: A 4,000-year History
374:" after the 13th-century English philosopher
145:in that while both are based on some form of
1389:(Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
1290:Theories, Theorems, Lemmas, and Corollaries.
361:Relationship between mathematics and physics
598:begun two millennia earlier by Pythagoras.
80:generally depends on the interplay between
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1660:
1643:How to become a GOOD Theoretical Physicist
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1441:
1202:
269:to agree with experimental results, often
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851:Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
387:
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318:of heat, burning consisting of evolving
29:
1417:Simplicity in the Philosophy of Science
1011:Thought experiments vs real experiments
821:Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
497:to theory, began with scholars such as
120:. Conversely, Einstein was awarded the
14:
2006:
1872:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
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393:
1655:
1579:Eight Lectures on theoretical physics
1263:
1209:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
1031:simple illustrations of time dilation
435:acknowledged intellectual disciplines
338:, first postulated millennia ago (by
253:forms a good example. For instance: "
1614:Vorlesungen ĂĽber theoretische Physik
1288:Mark C. Chu-Carroll, March 13, 2007:
1239:
914:interpretations of quantum mechanics
902:
399:
340:several thinkers in Greece and India
1603:A set of lectures given in 1909 at
1421:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1387:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
271:without deep physical understanding
24:
1638:MIT Center for Theoretical Physics
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1282:
1039:tested to various degrees of rigor
946:
697:Standard model of particle physics
170:
167:
164:
25:
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1631:
1247:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921"
1004:Tesla's dynamic theory of gravity
727:), by inventing new mathematics.
186:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ric} =kg}
1506:philosophical bookstore (1981),
701:foundations of superconductivity
330:will be required to recover the
1993:Timeline of physics discoveries
1619:Lectures on Theoretical Physics
1520:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
1456:
1435:
1410:
1407:Enc. Britannica (1994), pg 834.
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1398:Enc. Britannica (1994), pg 844.
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1383:Bohr's Correspondence Principle
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1304:Vibration of Continuous Systems
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509:gathered pace, the concepts of
246:are not continuously variable.
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1063:List of theoretical physicists
871:Relativistic quantum mechanics
370:), a notion sometimes called "
352:Bohr complementarity principle
13:
1:
1536:Course of Theoretical Physics
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1073:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
969:
635:Quantum statistical mechanics
287:. Other theorists may try to
202:to describe the curvature of
251:theoretical particle physics
7:
1957:Quantum information science
1558:; 2d edition (4 Dec 2003).
1203:van Dongen, Jeroen (2009).
1142:semi-empirical mass formula
1056:
768:
733:infinite, orthogonal series
556:were incorporated into the
131:
110:Michelson–Morley experiment
34:Visual representation of a
10:
2030:
1788:Classical electromagnetism
1556:Cambridge University Press
1348:Princeton University Press
1014:
999:Stochastic electrodynamics
977:Aether (classical element)
955:according to that theory.
856:Quantum information theory
816:Classical electromagnetism
761:(sometimes referred to as
513:, energy, space, time and
410:
406:
324:revolving around the Earth
1965:
1902:
1830:
1746:
1718:
1690:
1582:. Library of Alexandria.
1448:. Jonathan Cape. p.
1419:(retrieved 19 Aug 2014),
1302:Singiresu S. Rao (2007).
1292:Good Math, Bad Math blog.
1232:10.1007/s00407-009-0050-5
1140:in spectroscopy, and the
962:and others are a form of
836:Quantum complexity theory
611:electricity and magnetism
322:, or astronomical bodies
69:. This is in contrast to
1894:Condensed matter physics
1346:(illustrated ed.).
1306:(illustrated ed.).
1088:
328:correspondence principle
1488:Encyclopædia Britannica
841:Quantum electrodynamics
811:Kinetic theory of gases
419:Pre-socratic philosophy
332:previously known result
100:was concerned with the
1978:Nobel Prize in Physics
1840:Relativistic mechanics
1027:EPR thought experiment
918:AdS/CFT correspondence
866:Quantum thermodynamics
831:Quantum chromodynamics
806:Ginzburg–Landau theory
791:Classical field theory
717:cosmology respectively
639:electromagnetic theory
619:laws of thermodynamics
588:William Rowan Hamilton
362:
314:of light propagation,
208:
187:
102:Lorentz transformation
47:
36:Schwarzschild wormhole
1983:Philosophy of physics
1622:); German, 6 volumes.
1308:John Wiley & Sons
1270:Theorems and Theories
1068:Philosophy of physics
896:Wave–particle duality
713:problems in astronomy
627:Statistical mechanics
580:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
571:Principia Mathematica
507:Scientific Revolution
431:medieval universities
411:Further information:
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348:wave–particle duality
301:computational physics
275:mathematical modeling
194:The equations for an
188:
155:
33:
18:Theoretical physicist
1942:Mathematical physics
1645:, a website made by
1612:Sommerfeld, Arnold.
1576:Planck, Max (1909).
1111:mathematical physics
938:theory of everything
891:Theory of relativity
846:Quantum field theory
693:quantum field theory
160:
143:mathematical theorem
126:photoelectric effect
71:experimental physics
2014:Theoretical physics
1917:Atmospheric physics
1756:Classical mechanics
1684:branches of physics
1605:Columbia University
1466:The Road to Reality
1445:The Road to Reality
1442:Penrose, R (2004).
1163:nuclear shell model
1083:Double field theory
982:Luminiferous aether
922:Chern–Simons theory
886:Statistical physics
786:Classical mechanics
759:Mainstream theories
754:Mainstream theories
748:elementary particle
631:statistical physics
421:, and continued by
388:mainstream theories
368:mathematical beauty
151:mathematical theory
124:for explaining the
118:luminiferous aether
116:'s drift through a
106:Maxwell's equations
90:mathematical rigour
76:The advancement of
59:mathematical models
51:Theoretical physics
40:mathematical models
1973:History of physics
1381:Bokulich, Alisa, "
1275:2014-08-19 at the
1051:working hypothesis
1037:, which were then
1017:Thought experiment
826:Physical cosmology
705:critical phenomena
666:general relativity
576:geometrical optics
519:natural philosophy
413:History of physics
363:
280:effective theories
236:quantum mechanical
200:general relativity
183:
94:special relativity
48:
2001:
2000:
1988:Physics education
1937:Materials science
1904:Interdisciplinary
1862:Quantum mechanics
1502:. Republished by
1484:Physical Sciences
1338:Eli Maor (2007).
1043:quantum mechanics
1035:Bell inequalities
1023:Schrödinger's cat
930:magnetic monopole
909:proposed theories
903:Proposed theories
876:Scattering theory
861:Quantum mechanics
654:quantum mechanics
650:relativity theory
552:and mechanics of
550:analytic geometry
540:, one of the few
489:, the concept of
394:proposed theories
380:scientific method
295:and others, that
196:Einstein manifold
67:natural phenomena
44:scientific theory
27:Branch of physics
16:(Redirected from
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1927:Chemical physics
1867:Particle physics
1793:Classical optics
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376:William of Occam
344:two-fluid theory
257:" might employ (
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644:The pillars of
546:experimentalist
527:Johannes Kepler
437:were the seven
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285:too complicated
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1215:(6): 655–663.
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1015:Main article:
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881:Standard Model
878:
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838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
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798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
772:
770:
767:
755:
752:
677:specific heats
646:modern physics
584:Leonhard Euler
499:Ibn al-Haytham
408:
405:
316:caloric theory
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
133:
130:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1991:
1989:
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1958:
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1952:Ocean physics
1950:
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1925:
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1920:
1918:
1915:
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1887:Modern optics
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1736:Computational
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1371:9780691125268
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1327:9780471771715
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1279:, Sam Nelson.
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1134:Johann Balmer
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978:
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964:pseudoscience
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934:string theory
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796:Dynamo theory
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632:
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539:
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528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Francis Bacon
500:
496:
493:science, the
492:
488:
484:
481:. During the
480:
476:
472:
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463:
458:
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396:
395:
390:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:Occam's razor
369:
359:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:atomic theory
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:aether theory
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
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281:
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272:
268:
265:formulas and
264:
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91:
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79:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
57:that employs
56:
52:
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41:
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1912:Astrophysics
1730:
1726:Experimental
1617:
1613:
1578:
1551:
1534:
1519:
1499:
1495:
1483:
1465:
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1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1241:
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1198:
1179:
1170:
1149:
1132:The work of
1128:
1118:
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1020:
960:protoscience
957:
951:
950:
942:
908:
906:
801:Field theory
781:Chaos theory
762:
758:
757:
744:cosmological
737:
721:
709:among others
660:was given a
643:
600:
570:
566:Isaac Newton
535:
495:counterpoint
491:experimental
460:
442:
439:liberal arts
416:
398:
392:
386:
384:
364:
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135:
84:studies and
82:experimental
75:
63:abstractions
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49:
1815:Statistical
1731:Theoretical
1708:Engineering
1545:literature.
1504:Joseph Vrin
1350:. pp.
1047:probabilism
742:, from the
613:, and then
592:mathematics
531:Tycho Brahe
487:Renaissance
483:Middle Ages
459:and of the
433:, the only
238:idea that (
122:Nobel Prize
104:which left
1932:Geophysics
1922:Biophysics
1766:Analytical
1719:Approaches
1588:1465521887
1564:052152878X
1512:2711602214
1256:2008-10-09
1191:References
1159:Copernican
1103:experience
542:physicists
523:Copernican
467:arithmetic
462:Quadrivium
342:) and the
320:phlogiston
267:heuristics
230:of unseen
216:Pythagoras
212:Archimedes
198:, used in
1882:Molecular
1783:Acoustics
1776:Continuum
1771:Celestial
1761:Newtonian
1748:Classical
1691:Divisions
1222:0908.1545
1155:Ptolemaic
1107:heuristic
729:Fourier's
689:molecules
673:radiation
670:blackbody
662:kinematic
562:mechanics
554:Descartes
515:causality
505:. As the
479:astronomy
427:Aristotle
308:paradigms
263:empirical
232:particles
220:vibrating
204:spacetime
2008:Category
1310:. 5,12.
1273:Archived
1057:See also
970:Examples
926:graviton
776:Big Bang
769:Examples
740:Universe
558:calculus
471:geometry
457:rhetoric
234:and the
132:Overview
1966:Related
1850:General
1845:Special
1703:Applied
1385:", The
1123:theory.
746:to the
725:Leibniz
658:gravity
623:entropy
596:physics
538:Galileo
449:grammar
444:Trivium
441:of the
407:History
310:(e.g.,
293:Riemann
228:motions
224:entropy
78:science
55:physics
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1832:Modern
1682:Major
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1249:. The
1025:, the
681:solids
617:. The
603:energy
548:. The
511:matter
455:, and
244:energy
240:action
147:axioms
86:theory
1354:–20.
1217:arXiv
1089:Notes
1049:as a
685:atoms
615:light
475:music
465:like
453:logic
447:like
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297:space
289:unify
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242:and)
114:Earth
1803:Wave
1698:Pure
1592:ISBN
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594:and
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560:and
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