Holocaust theology

2373:...it is no mere coincidence that all authentic questioners remained by their trust in God. For it could in no way be otherwise. Why so? If only the problem is meant with truth, and it is the expression and product of a true feeling of justice and uprightness, then it is logical that such a deep feeling can only come from being convinced that true justice is the justice that stems from a super-human source, that is, from something higher than both human intellect and human feeling. after the initial tempestuous assault , he has to see that the entire process of posing the problem and of wishing to understand with the intellect that which is higher than the intellect, is something that cannot take place. Moreover, he must—after a rattling outrage and a thorough grieving—ultimately come to the conclusion: Nevertheless I remain confident . On the contrary: even 2239:, worse than any Israel has known since it became a people.... In former times, whenever troubles befell Jacob, the matter was pondered and reasons sought—which sin had brought the troubles about—so that we could make amends and return to the Lord, may He be blessed.... But in our generation one need not look far for the sin responsible for our calamity.... The heretics have made all kinds of efforts to violate these oaths, to go up by force and to seize sovereignty and freedom by themselves, before the appointed time.... have lured the majority of the Jewish people into awful heresy, the likes of which have not been seen since the world was created.... And so it is no wonder that the Lord has lashed out in anger.... And there were also righteous people who perished because of the iniquity of the sinners and corrupters, so great was the wrath. 3109:

secular leadership, were to persist in ignoring the dictates of the Bible, a further holocaust was likely to befall them. This statement, aroused an uproar of protest among the secular community. Labor MK Shevah Weiss, a Holocaust survivor, accused Shach of suggesting that Hitler and his Nazi followers, who had so brutally slaughtered the Jewish people, had acted as emissaries of the Almighty. During the bitter parliamentary debate which ensued, Haredi MKs defended the rabbi's statement by claiming that by virtue of its ignorance, the secular community had incorrectly interpreted their leader's statement, which had only sought to explain that Judaism provides both reward and punishment. Was it even conceivable, asked Rabbi Schach's defenders, that, having lost his own family in the Holocaust, he would justify the Nazis' deeds?

270: 1018:. One third of the total worldwide Jewish population were killed during the Holocaust. The Eastern European Jewish population was particularly hard hit, being reduced by ninety percent. While a disproportionate number of Jewish religious scholars were killed, more than eighty percent of the world's total, the perpetrators of the Holocaust did not merely target religious Jews. A large percentage of the Jews killed both in Eastern and Western Europe were either nonobservant or had not received even an elementary level of Jewish education. 2335:

for even the Satan himself could not configure a calculus of transgressions for that generation which could justify—Heaven forbid!—a punishment so severe. There is no rational explanation and no elucidation based on Torah wisdom whatsoever for the Devastation, nothing but the knowledge that "thus it arises in My Mind!" and "It is a decree before Me." And even then, it is certainly not in the sense of a divine desire or innermost will of God—Heaven forbid!—for, as it says in Torah, "When man suffers, what does the

2470:, and to recognize that all existence is ultimately meaningless. According to this piece, there is no divine plan or purpose, no God that reveals His will to humankind, and God does not care about the world. Humans must assert and create their own value in life. This view has been rejected by Jews of all religious denominations, but his works were widely read in the Jewish community in the 1970s. Since that time Rubenstein has begun to move away from this view; his later works affirm a form of 6475: 2259:. He caused outrage in the secular Israeli media when he stated that "the Holy One, blessed be He, kept score for hundreds of years until it added up to six million Jews". In his defence, Haredi MKs said his comments had been misconstrued, and were not meant to justify Nazi atrocities. Shach believed that the secularism of some Israelis would cause another Holocaust, and he once said that if the Education Ministry were to be placed in the hands of 4813: 1106: 1100: 2317:"It is clear that 'no evil descends from Above,' and buried within torment and suffering is a core of exalted spiritual good. Not all human beings are able to perceive it, but it is very much there. So it is not impossible for the physical destruction of the Holocaust to be spiritually beneficial. On the contrary, it is quite possible that physical affliction is good for the spirit" ("Mada Ve'emuna," Machon Lubavitch, 1980, Kfar Chabad) 2401: 6489: 2115: 179: 36: 1112: 135: 77: 2267:, it would result in "over a million Israeli children being forced into apostasy, and that would be worse than what had happened to Jewish children during the Holocaust". Wishing to prevent deviation from the established order of prayers, he opposed the composition of new prayers to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust. There were Messianist 2744:. Certain commentators have also criticized a tendency to historicize and dogmatize certain political or secular events such as the Holocaust, which are not part of theology as traditionally understood, with the effect of attempting both to locate God's activity within history, and to embed it within wider political rhetoric. 2325:" is incurably diseased... God, like the professor-surgeon... seeks the good of Israel, and indeed, all He does is done for the good.... In the spiritual sense, no harm was done, because the everlasting spirit of the Jewish people was not destroyed." ("Mada Ve'emuna," Machon Lubavitch, 1980, Kfar Chabad) 3108:

One such instance, early in the year, was when 93-year-old Rabbi Eliezer Schach, spiritual leader of Israel's Orthodox "Haredi" community, declared that the Holocaust had occurred only because Jews had failed to adhere to the commandments of the Torah, and predicted that if Israel's Jews, under their

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Maintaining a religious lifestyle during the Holocaust required great strength and came at the risk of endangering oneself. At the outbreak of WWII, less than half of European Jews actively practiced a form of Judaism. In concentration camps, Jewish religious practices were banned, so any observances

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In our own times, the destruction of six million Jews that took place with such great and terrible cruelty—a tremendous desolation the likes of which never was (and never will be, may the Merciful One save us!) throughout all generations—cannot be considered a matter of punishment for transgressions,

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Useful surveys include: Daniel R. Langton, 'Theology' in Writing the Holocaust, D. Langton and J-M Dreyfus, eds (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011), 76–99; Stephen Katz, Shlomo Biderman, Gershon Greenberg, eds, Wrestling with God: Jewish Theological Responses During and After the Holocaust (Oxford:

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and laid down principles to serve as a guide for mankind, principles that are eternally valid. If this people, by its very existence, was a witness to the God who spoke to humanity and took us to himself, then that God finally had to die and power had to belong to man alone – to those men, who

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In a place like this, words fail; in the end, there can only be a dread silence – a silence which is itself a heartfelt cry to God: Why, Lord, did you remain silent? How could you tolerate all this? In silence, then, we bow our heads before the endless line of those who suffered and were put

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No man can really say that God is dead. How can we know that? Nevertheless, I am compelled to say that we live in the time of the "death of God". This is more a statement about man and his culture than about God. The death of God is a cultural fact ... When I say we live in the time of the death of

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It was in this context that Rabbi Shach fired off one of his controversial broadsides in December 1990: "Another Holocaust could befall us tomorrow", he warned, because of the secularism of Israel society. "Remember what an old Jew is telling you. God is patient. But he keeps a tally. And one day,

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In December 1990, the Israeli media was outraged after Shach declared the Holocaust as "definitely a punishment. The Holy One, Blessed Be He, kept score for hundreds of years until it added up to six million Jews." Convinced that G-d has enacted retribution on sinful Jews for violating the Sabbath

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is about a trial in which God is the defendant, and is reportedly based on events that Wiesel himself witnessed as a teenager in Auschwitz. Over the course of the trial, a number of arguments are made, both for and against God's guilt. Wiesel's theological stance, illustrated through the intuitive

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In latter years he would say that no explanation that human reason can provide can afford a satisfactory theodicy of Auschwitz, especially no explanation along the lines of divine punition. In his published discourses, for example, the following critique of any rational Auschwitz theodicy is to be

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to accuse God. Moltmann's trinitarian theology of the cross instead says that God is a protesting God who opposes the gods of this world of power and domination by entering into human pain and suffering on the cross and on the gallows of Auschwitz. Moltmann's theology of the cross was later

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Rabbi Shach also gave explicit expression to this view in strongly opposing the recitation of elegies for the Holocaust on the ninth of Av: "This constitutes a breaking of boundaries and provides a precedent for those who wish to restructure and reform to utilize for justifying further

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thought that by force they had made themselves masters of the world. By destroying Israel, by the Shoah, they ultimately wanted to tear up the taproot of the Christian faith and to replace it with a faith of their own invention: faith in the rule of man, the rule of the powerful.

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possibilities of literature, is a theology of existentialist protest, which neither denies God, nor accepts theodicies. Regarding the theme of protest in particular, Menachem Mendel Schneerson maintained a correspondence with Wiesel, urging him to perceive faith (

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held that man's free will depends on God's decision to remain hidden. If God were to reveal himself in history and hold back the hand of tyrants, man's free will would be rendered non-existent. This is a view that is loosely based on the kabbalistic concept of

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Rosenak, Avinoam (2005). "Faith, Crisis and Silence in Jewish Thought After the Holocaust in the Writings of Andre Neher" (Hebrew), Y. Amir (ed.), Andre Neher and Jewish Thought in Post-Holocaust France". Van Leer Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publication

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Shattered and broken, the survivors of my generation were then returning from camps and hospitals to the lecture room. A theology which did not speak of God in the sight of the one who was abandoned and crucified would have had nothing to say to us

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had died in those camps and was no longer tenable. Moltmann proposes instead a crucified God who is both a suffering and protesting God. That is, God is not detached from suffering but willingly enters into human suffering in compassion.

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Nonetheless, he proposes that the actions of the Nazis can be seen as having been motivated by a hatred of God and a desire to exalt human power, with the Holocaust serving as a means by which to erase witness to God and his Law:

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What happened in the Shoah is above and beyond measure (l'miskpat): above and beyond suffering, above and beyond any punishment. There is no transgression that merits such punishment... and it cannot be attributed to

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teaches that this is one of the reasons God created humans with free will and with obligations, and that in order to maintain that free will, God reduces the extent to which he manifests himself in the world

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Ms. Aloni's assumption of that portfolio, said Schach, would result in over a million Israeli children being forced into apostasy, and that was worse than what had happened to Jewish children during the

2711:: "We are being killed, accounted as sheep for the slaughter" were fulfilled in a terrifying way. Deep down, those vicious criminals, by wiping out this people, wanted to kill the God who called 2169:: LeKhaLotam (לכלתם, to destroy them) also implies KhaLah (כלה, desire and yearning); God is saying, "Even though you have sinned, I do not despise you, because you still desire to serve Me" ( 3030:

Schach has maintained that the Holocaust was the result of God's anger toward the Jews for their failure to abide by the mitzvot, and their falling under the spell of the enlightenment.

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suggested a reading of the events of the Holocaust as motivated by a hatred of God himself. The address begins by acknowledging the impossibility of an adequate theological response:

1014:. Jews were killed in higher proportions than other groups; some scholars limit the definition of the Holocaust to the Jewish victims of the Nazis as Jews alone were targeted for the 2163:

Although the risks and obstacles were great, the promise of the covenant, already with the Jewish patriarchs and for the Land of Israel, is held up as eternally sealed in holiness:

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A few Jewish commentators have objected to what they perceive as a desire to Christianize the Holocaust. There is debate as to whether Holocaust theology has contributed to the

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leaders to exploit such arguments on behalf of their own authority. In "Prayer in the Shoah" he gives his response to the idea that the Holocaust was a punishment from God:

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A scholarly literature, including a variety of anthologies and commentaries, has developed that reflects upon Holocaust theology as a religio-cultural phenomenon.

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54:7]). And most certainly there is no explanation in terms of punishment for sins. On the contrary, all those who were killed in the Desolation are called

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19:16) otherwise "I shall do to you, as I thought to do to them" (Numbers 33:56). Amalek and Israel were archenemies, their enmity originating from the

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had to be done in secret. Since so many practices required effort and access to specific items, many were unable to follow Judaic laws and traditions.

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from Hungary, says that the effort to associate the Shoah and sin is morally outrageous. He holds that it is unwarranted on a strict reading of the

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and his disciples, for their part, avoided this harsh position, but they too theologically related the Holocaust to the Jewish recognition of God's

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to death here; yet our silence becomes in turn a plea for forgiveness and reconciliation, a plea to the living God never to let this happen again.

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upon them. Kook writes: "When the end comes and Israel fails to recognize it, there comes a cruel divine operation that removes from its exile.

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of Roth's essay, in which the author comments that "Roth is painting a picture of God as the ultimate example of a bad and abusive parent!"

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Holocaust Prayer at the United States Capitol Rotunda, National Civic Commemoration of the Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust

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Another writer addressing survivors of the Holocaust and child abuse is John K. Roth, whose essay "A Theodicy of Protest" is included in

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God in Auschwitz and Auschwitz in the crucified God – that is the basis for real hope that both embraces and overcomes the world.

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called the visit historic, and the address and prayers "a repudiation of antisemitism and a repudiation of those... who refer to the

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in which one may believe that God may exist as the basis for reality and some also include Kabbalistic notions of the nature of God.

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seek to reconcile this view of God with the existence of evil and suffering. In so doing, they are confronting what is known as the

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and has proposed "worship of God through protest" as a legitimate response of survivors of both the Holocaust and child abuse.

2577:) as the transcendental precondition of authentic protest. In one of his books, Norman Lamm treats Wiesel's theological novel, 2289:, in 1939, stated that the Nazi persecution of the Jews was the fault of non-Orthodox Jews (Achiezer, volume III, Vilna 1939). 2192:

13:29). The Israelites were instructed to kill all those who dwelled in Canaan: "thou shalt save alive nothing that breathes" (

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wanted to crush the entire Jewish people, to cancel it from the register of the peoples of the earth. Thus the words of the

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Hear Dr. Walter Ziffer (the last Holocaust survivor in Asheville, North Carolina as of April 11, 2004) discuss this article.

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Oxford University Press, 2007); Dan Cohn-Sherbok, Holocaust Theology: A Reader (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2002).

2832: 2585:-style literature can explore where theodicy fails. The ending sees the hope of renewed mystical reconciliation with God. 2275:

as a collective punishment for ongoing Jewish unfaithfulness to God. Mordecai Atiyah was a leading advocate of this idea.

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Hunter, Alastair G. "Denominating Amalek: Racist stereotyping in the Bible and the Justification of Discrimination" in

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A Romanian Jewish-American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust survivor

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Turning Judaism Outward: A Biography of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson the Seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe

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Stern, Josef, "Maimonides on Amalek, Self-Corrective Mechanisms, and the War against Idolatry" in

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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speaks of how in a theology after Auschwitz the traditional notion of God needed to be revised:

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Wrestling with God: Jewish Theological Responses during and after the Holocaust: The Third Era

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He then went on to compare it to a Surgeon who amputates limbs to save the life of a patient:

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The Crucified God: The Cross of Christ as the Foundation and Criticism of Christian Theology

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Audio: Dr. Walter Ziffer, Holocaust survivor and theology professor, discusses this article

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Most coverage of the address was positive, with praise from Italian and Polish rabbis. The

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The theological view of the Lubavitcher Rebbe to the Holocaust, and other Jewish responses

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God, I mean that the thread uniting God and man, heaven and earth, has been broken ...

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the son of Hammedatha the Agagite" (Esther 3:1), the genocidal antagonist of the

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are categorically rejected, is adopted by Schneerson in his correspondence with

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In the address given on the occasion of his visit to the extermination camp of

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in Eastern Europe and military dictatorships in South America and South Korea.

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Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know about the Jewish Religion

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Because of our sinfulness we have suffered greatly, suffering as bitter as

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Sanctified aggression: legacies of biblical and post-biblical vocabularies

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Open Wounds: The Crisis of Jewish Thought in the Aftermath of Auschwitz

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Thinking about Good and Evil: Jewish Views from Antiquity to Modernity

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Hosanna! Eliezer Wiesel's Correspondence with the Lubavitcher Rebbe

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his patience runs out, as it ran out then, when six million died."

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Steven T. Katz; Shlomo Biderman; Gershon Greenberg, eds. (2006).

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Holocaust theology site, "Works of important Jewish theologians"

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Judaism and modernity: the religious philosophy of David Hartman

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Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: the politics of expansion

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considers Holocaust theology "fascinating" but a "dead end".

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of the late 1930s and early 1940s. It is primarily found in

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

2588: 2526:. He claims that it reinforces an alarming tendency among 4626: 4113: 4013: 2255:, and for the abandoning of religious observance for the 2990: 2988: 3502:

Judaism: A Quarterly Journal of Jewish Life and Thought

2554:, a work based on his experiences as a prisoner in the 3787:

The Center for Theological Reflection on the Holocaust

3547:

Faith and Doubt: Studies in Traditional Jewish Thought

2212:, king of Amalek, whom the Israelites failed to kill ( 3223:

Piety & Power: The World of Jewish Fundamentalism

2985: 2271:, at the other end of the spectrum, who also saw the 2830: 1064:

Within all of the monotheistic faiths many answers (

3124:

Piety and Power: The World of Jewish Fundamentalism

2997:

Messianism, Zionism and Jewish Religious Radicalism

3471: 3220: 3214: 3212: 2357:The same approach, in which all forms of rational 6507: 3151: 3093:Middle East Contemporary Survey, Volume Xv: 1991 3209: 3114: 2243:The well-known Lithuanian Jewish leader, Rabbi 3274: 3272: 3270: 2390: 154:sources that evaluate within a broader context 4841: 3812: 3561:Facing the Abusing God: A Theology of Protest 2139: 972: 3335:Vol. 1 (Brooklyn: Kehot, 1992), pp. 233–234. 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3120: 3041: 3009: 2906: 2597:(1993), has drawn on data from the field of 2381: 1074: 6330:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 3585: 3583: 3267: 3176: 3145: 3035: 2891: 2606:Encountering Evil: Live Options in Theodicy 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4848: 4834: 4278: 3819: 3805: 3469: 3182: 3089: 3083: 2834:The Faith and Doubt of Holocaust Survivors 2656:This is in contrast both with the move of 2341:say? 'My head is too heavy for me, etc.'" 2146: 2132: 979: 965: 3393:"Jewish Religious Life and the Holocaust" 3291: 3241: 3018:. Harvard University Press. p. 377. 3003: 2924: 2660:to justify God's actions and the move of 2643:The traditional notion of an impassible 2441:Learn how and when to remove this message 1057:. One solution to the problem of evil is 241:Learn how and when to remove this message 223:Learn how and when to remove this message 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 4877:Index of Jewish history-related articles 4562: 3580: 3514:All Rivers Run to the Sea: Memoirs vol 1 3416: 3189:On Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach 2994: 2900: 2885: 2742:betterment of Jewish-Christian relations 2612:Works of important Christian theologians 2566:concentration camps. Wiesel's 1979 play 6376:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5013: 3713: 3679: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3573:Roth et al. (1982) - Extracted from a 3488: 3278: 3096:. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 467. 2881:REBBE NACHMAN'S TORAH: EXODUS-LEVITICUS 2589:Post-Holocaust and child abuse theology 592:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean 14: 6508: 3839: 3593:(Augsburg Fortress:Minneapolis, 1993). 3218: 2837:. Transaction Publishers. p. 81. 2548:was the author of 57 books, including 2510: 1029:have traditionally taught that God is 4829: 4551: 3838: 3800: 3304: 3254: 3127:. Secker & Warburg. p. 143. 2999:. University of Chicago. p. 124. 2453: 2188:: "Amalek dwells in the south land" ( 144:focuses too much on specific examples 4855: 3664: 3596: 3425:. The Johns Hopkins University Press 3346:"Opening Statement – 7(A) – Chighel" 2930:The Annihilation of Lithuanian Jewry 2918: 2676: 2483: 2423:adding citations to reliable sources 2394: 2219: 172: 128: 70: 29: 27:Theological and philosophical debate 3158:. Chatto & Windus. p. 73. 24: 6323:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 6303:American Jewish Historical Society 3686:Journal of Inter-Religious Studies 3482: 3463: 2946:, Pluto Press, 2000, pp. 129–131. 2622: 2176:Many have identified Hitler as an 2158: 25: 6547: 4384:Attributes of God in Christianity 3764: 3660:"The Holocaust Was Not Christian" 2593:David R. Blumenthal, in his book 2462:'s original piece on this issue, 2180:. According to the Hebrew Bible, 45:This article has multiple issues. 6487: 6474: 6473: 4811: 3627:"Home - Simon Wiesenthal Center" 3090:Ami Ayalon (December 30, 1993). 3010:Jerome Mintz (August 19, 1998). 2399: 2251:was a divine punishment for the 2113: 1110: 1104: 1098: 268: 177: 133: 75: 34: 4442:Great Architect of the Universe 3746: 3707: 3673: 3648: 3619: 3567: 3552: 3540: 3519: 3507: 3494: 3437: 3410: 3385: 3375:"The Argument – 7(B) – Chighel" 3367: 3338: 3325: 3066: 2965: 2410:needs additional citations for 2167:To the point of destroying them 53:or discuss these issues on the 6395:Relations with other religions 3732:10.1080/17504902.2011.11087272 3478:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. 2936: 2870: 2861: 2851: 2824: 2797: 2539: 1002:debate concerning the role of 536:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari 13: 1: 6382:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 4221:Trinity of the Church Fathers 3500:"Prayer in the Shoah". From: 3048:. Kol Menachem. p. 392. 2831:Reeve Robert Brenner (2014). 2790: 2735: 6313:Leo Baeck Institute New York 6308:American Sephardi Federation 4552: 3826: 3470:Rubenstein, Richard (1966). 2669:from suffering people under 1006:in the universe in light of 751:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi 7: 5136:Constantinopolitan Karaites 4472:Phenomenological definition 3714:Langton, Daniel R. (2011). 3680:Langton, Daniel R. (2014). 2810:. Oxford University Press. 2753: 2391:Works of Jewish theologians 203:the claims made and adding 10: 6552: 6364:National Library of Israel 5005:Zionism, race and genetics 3191:. Peter Lang. p. 51. 3187:. In Doron Mendels (ed.). 2995:Ravitzky, Aviezer (1996). 2615: 2303:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 866:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 746:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm 6462: 6318:Yeshiva University Museum 6298:Center for Jewish History 6288: 6153: 6025: 5899: 5793: 5324: 4943: 4885: 4867: 4809: 4778: 4740: 4693: 4670: 4558: 4547: 4500: 4376: 4328: 4234: 4161: 4122: 4086: 4023: 4012: 3965: 3860: 3851: 3847: 3834: 3417:RACHMANI, MORIYA (2016). 3281:"The Rebbe and the Shoah" 3152:Mordecai Richler (1994). 2382:Religion in the Holocaust 2296: 2253:sins of the Jewish people 1075:Orthodox Jewish responses 776:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa 569:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat 327:Aristobulus of Alexandria 4910:Ancient Israel and Judah 4226:Trinitarian universalism 3754:Rethinking the Holocaust 3670:Goldhagen, 2002, p. 240. 3279:Treiman, Daniel (2007). 2877:Rebbe Nachman of Breslov 2579:The Town Beyond the Wall 741:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo 18:Theology after Auschwitz 5286:North African Sephardim 5259:Jewish tribes of Arabia 4428:Godhead in Christianity 3692:: 42–55. Archived from 3074:Mussar Iru'ay HaTekufah 3072:Yated Neeman 29/12/90. 2726:Simon Wiesenthal Center 2369:no. 8969, 23:370–371). 2291:Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler 6389:Holocaust Encyclopedia 6359:Jewish Virtual Library 3558:Blumenthal, D (1993): 3255:Bauer, Yehuda (2007). 3219:Landau, David (1993). 3155:This Year in Jerusalem 2722: 2696: 2654: 2641: 2595:Facing the Abusing God 2537: 2481: 2379: 2365:(R. M. M. Schneerson, 2355: 2327: 2319: 2241: 801:Isaac Orobio de Castro 771:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 468:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera 97:by rewriting it in an 6336:Encyclopaedia Judaica 6118:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 5303:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 5053:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 4254:Fate of the unlearned 4206:Shield of the Trinity 3331:R. M. M. Schneerson, 3305:Allen, Wayne (2021). 3121:David Landau (1993). 3042:Chaim Miller (2014). 3012:"Notes to Page 48-52" 2976:Pardes from Jerusalem 2701: 2691: 2667:liberation theologies 2650: 2636: 2618:Death of God theology 2532: 2476: 2371: 2332: 2323: 2315: 2287:Chaim Ozer Grodzinski 2233: 811:Samuel David Luzzatto 781:Samson Raphael Hirsch 402:Spanish and European: 370:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) 6521:20th-century Judaism 4915:Second Temple period 3185:"Holocaust Memorial" 2419:improve this article 1037:(all-powerful), and 513:Judah Leon Abravanel 150:improve this article 6353:Jewish Encyclopedia 6098:Hekhalot literature 5909:Religious movements 5444:Judeo-Tripolitanian 4788:Slavic Native Faith 4211:Trinitarian formula 4148:Father of Greatness 4031:Abrahamic religions 3333:Sefer HaSiḥot 5751, 3227:. Hill & Wang. 3183:Arye Edrei (2007). 3078:מוסר אירועי התקופה) 2760:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 2730:Holocaust as a myth 2516:David Weiss Halivni 2511:David Weiss Halivni 2293:had similar views. 2025:Abrahamic religions 1924:Selichot (S'lichot) 1716:Bar and bat mitzvah 1219:Principles of faith 943:Microcosm–macrocosm 861:Joseph Soloveitchik 531:Natan'el al-Fayyumi 332:Philo of Alexandria 256:Part of a series on 6516:Holocaust theology 6494:Judaism portal 6430:Jews and Halloween 6425:Jews and Christmas 5815:Rabbinic authority 5567:Judaeo-Piedmontese 5000:Xueta Christianity 4905:Origins of Judaism 4872:Outline of Judaism 4750:Abrahamic prophecy 4680:Ayyavazhi theology 4452:Apophatic theology 3841:Conceptions of God 3631:www.wiesenthal.com 3534:2016-03-04 at the 3061:and eating pork... 2867:Leviticus 26:42–44 2765:Norman Finkelstein 2703:The rulers of the 2520:Holocaust survivor 2460:Richard Rubenstein 2454:Richard Rubenstein 2171:Likutey Halakhot V 2120:Judaism portal 2085:Holocaust theology 992:Holocaust theology 856:Abraham Isaac Kook 836:Monsieur Chouchani 438:Joseph ibn Tzaddik 408:Hasdai ibn Shaprut 375:Ismaili philosophy 365:Brethren of Purity 188:possibly contains 99:encyclopedic style 86:is written like a 6503: 6502: 6469:extinct languages 6370:YIVO Encyclopedia 6145:Hebrew literature 6113:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 5953:Reconstructionist 5631:Judaeo-Portuguese 5320: 5319: 5276:Eastern Sephardim 4920:Synagogal Judaism 4823: 4822: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4434:Latter Day Saints 4403:Divine simplicity 4324: 4323: 4181:Consubstantiality 4157: 4156: 4008: 4007: 3952:Theistic finitism 3720:Holocaust Studies 3589:Jürgen Moltmann, 3525:Michael Chighel, 3318:978-0-8276-1471-0 3198:978-3-03911-064-3 3165:978-0-7011-6272-6 3134:978-0-436-24156-7 3103:978-0-8133-1869-1 3055:978-1-934152-36-2 3025:978-0-674-04109-7 2892:David Patterson. 2687:Pope Benedict XVI 2677:Pope Benedict XVI 2629:The Crucified God 2489:Eliezer Berkovits 2484:Eliezer Berkovits 2451: 2450: 2443: 2367:Iggerot Hakodesh, 2220:Haredi and Hardal 2198:Battle of Refidim 2156: 2155: 1508:Important figures 1182:Reconstructionist 989: 988: 826:Eliezer Berkovits 816:Elijah Benamozegh 806:Moses Mendelssohn 721:Francisco Sanches 680:Reconstructionist 483:Isaac ben Sheshet 478:Moses of Narbonne 458:Samuel ibn Tibbon 418:Abraham bar Hiyya 262:Jewish philosophy 251: 250: 243: 233: 232: 225: 190:original research 171: 170: 127: 126: 119: 68: 16:(Redirected from 6543: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6477: 6476: 5609:Judeo-Golpaygani 5210:Palestinian Jews 5185:Alexandrian Jews 5141:Crimean Karaites 5058:Unterlander Jews 5011: 5010: 4925:Rabbinic Judaism 4850: 4843: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4815: 4560: 4559: 4549: 4548: 4436: 4276: 4275: 4171:Athanasian Creed 4021: 4020: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3848: 3836: 3835: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3758: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3656:Daniel Goldhagen 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3633:. 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5143: 5138: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5028:Afrikaner-Jode 5019: 5017: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4821: 4820: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4727:Predestination 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4582:Biblical canon 4579: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4556: 4555: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4377:Other concepts 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4273: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4251: 4249:Apocalypticism 4246: 4240: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4163:Trinitarianism 4159: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4078:Zoroastrianism 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4027: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3910:Urmonotheismus 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3855: 3845: 3844: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3765:External links 3763: 3760: 3759: 3745: 3706: 3672: 3663: 3647: 3618: 3613:www.vatican.va 3595: 3579: 3566: 3551: 3539: 3518: 3506: 3493: 3481: 3462: 3436: 3409: 3384: 3366: 3337: 3324: 3317: 3290: 3266: 3240: 3233: 3208: 3197: 3175: 3164: 3144: 3133: 3113: 3102: 3082: 3080:(2011). pg. 36 3065: 3054: 3034: 3024: 3016:Hasidic People 3002: 2984: 2971:Roth, Daniel. 2964: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2935: 2932:. p. 172. 2917: 2899: 2896:. p. 216. 2884: 2869: 2860: 2850: 2843: 2823: 2816: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2775:Dorothee Sölle 2772: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2737: 2734: 2678: 2675: 2624: 2621: 2613: 2610: 2590: 2587: 2541: 2538: 2528:ultra-Orthodox 2512: 2509: 2485: 2482: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2407: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2305:, the seventh 2298: 2295: 2265:Shulamit Aloni 2221: 2218: 2206:Book of Esther 2160: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2051: 2048:Related topics 2047: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1938:Major holidays 1936: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1894:Birkat Hamazon 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1757:Ritual objects 1756: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1578:Rabbinic sages 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1484:Chevra kadisha 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1380:Shulchan Aruch 1377: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1256:Musar movement 1253: 1252: 1251: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1076: 1073: 1049:in the world. 1039:omnibenevolent 1016:Final Solution 987: 986: 984: 983: 976: 969: 961: 958: 957: 954: 953: 951: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 889: 886: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 869: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 786:Jacob Abendana 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 756:Tzvi Ashkenazi 753: 748: 743: 738: 736:Salomon Maimon 733: 731:Baruch Spinoza 728: 726:Uriel da Costa 723: 717: 713: 711: 708: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 675:Existentialist 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 641: 637: 634: 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 588: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 550: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 527: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 488:Hasdai Crescas 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 404: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 361: 359:Influenced by: 357: 354: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 329: 323: 319: 317: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 292: 288: 285: 278: 277: 274: 273: 265: 264: 258: 257: 249: 248: 231: 230: 213:September 2020 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 141: 139: 132: 125: 124: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6548: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6531:The Holocaust 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6496: 6495: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6420:Protestantism 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6108:Sefer HaBahir 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6035:Sifrei Kodesh 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5891:Who is a Jew? 5889: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820:Chosen people 5818: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5777: 5776:Scots-Yiddish 5774: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5749:Klezmer-loshn 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5619:Judeo-Shirazi 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5594:Judeo-Persian 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5584:Judeo-Marathi 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5562:Judeo-Italian 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5417:Judeo-Amazigh 5415: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:Hadhrami Jews 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205:Mountain Jews 5203: 5201: 5200:Egyptian Jews 5198: 5196: 5195:Bukharan Jews 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:Lists of Jews 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760:Denominations 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4732:Last Judgment 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4546: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4492:Unmoved mover 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393:Binitarianism 4391: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4114:Supreme Being 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3985:Gender of God 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3890:Kathenotheism 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3696:on 2017-01-16 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3637:on 2007-09-29 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3576: 3570: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3356:on 2015-08-01 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3234:9780809076055 3230: 3225: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2926:Ephraim Oshry 2921: 2914:. p. 36. 2913: 2909: 2903: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2864: 2854: 2846: 2844:9781412852975 2840: 2836: 2835: 2827: 2819: 2817:9780199885206 2813: 2809: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2645:unmoved mover 2640: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2445: 2442: 2434: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2408:This section 2406: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:enlightenment 2254: 2250: 2249:the Holocaust 2246: 2240: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 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1192:Humanistic 1066:theodicies 1035:omnipotent 1031:omniscient 821:Moses Hess 639:Positions: 586:Positions: 503:Judah Minz 473:Gersonides 448:Maimonides 311:Boethusian 290:Positions: 197:improve it 152:by adding 50:improve it 6467:indicate 6415:Mormonism 6400:Christian 6280:Symbolism 6268:Synagogue 6248:Mythology 6209:Education 6180:Astronomy 6163:Astrology 5980:relations 5785:Zarphatic 5733:Galitzish 5535:Yeshivish 5412:Catalanic 5375:Samaritan 5350:Ashkenazi 5331:Diasporic 5326:Languages 5271:Sephardim 5266:Romaniote 5153:Krymchaks 5087:Desi Jews 4963:Buddhists 4647:Practical 4642:Political 4607:Cosmology 4564:Christian 4423:Holocaust 4413:Egotheism 4368:Goddesses 4363:Mormonism 4291:Christian 4244:Afterlife 4130:Sustainer 3937:Polydeism 3932:Pantheism 3917:Mysticism 3900:Monolatry 3895:Nontheism 3875:Dystheism 3740:146512840 3397:Ushmm.org 3204:reforms." 2683:Auschwitz 2671:Stalinism 2583:Midrashic 2556:Auschwitz 2377:strongly! 2338:Shekhinah 2301:In 1980, 2273:Holocaust 2184:lived in 2178:Amalekite 2070:Criticism 2035:Pluralism 2013:Mormonism 1919:Kol Nidre 1693:education 1618:Acharonim 1464:Synagogue 1441:Jerusalem 1123:Movements 1047:suffering 1043:injustice 1021:Judaism, 933:Holocaust 923:Happiness 705:Rambamist 685:Holocaust 660:Chassidic 650:Sephardic 597:Kabbalist 525:Yemenite: 301:Sadducean 296:Hasmonean 201:verifying 56:talk page 6536:Theodicy 6480:Category 6450:Hinduism 6440:Buddhism 6342:Genetics 6258:Politics 6231:Marriage 6190:Holidays 6185:Calendar 6066:Rabbinic 6042:/Hebrew 5987:Haymanot 5914:Orthodox 5901:Branches 5874:Kabbalah 5869:Haskalah 5847:Holiness 5723:dialects 5703:Shassagh 5666:Krymchak 5646:Kayliñña 5540:Yinglish 5516:Galilean 5506:Talmudic 5501:Biblical 5476:Betanure 5395:Biblical 5390:Mishnaic 5385:Medieval 5370:Tiberian 5365:Yemenite 5355:Sephardi 5291:Paradesi 5235:Ḥabbanim 5225:Teimanim 5190:Baghdadi 5163:Maghrebi 5131:Karaites 5109:Gruzínim 5097:Kochinim 5015:Diaspora 4973:Karaites 4958:Atheists 4895:Timeline 4765:Kabbalah 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