466:, in which he espoused his belief that the traditions of historic Christianity did not reflect the truth. In so doing, he made an open break with orthodox theology. He instead argued for a type of Christian belief and worship in which the essence of Jesus's teachings remained permanent but the words, traditions, and other forms of their conveyance did not. He stressed the immediacy of God and saw the Church as a communion, looking upon Christ as the supreme expression of God. Ultimately, he rejected all miracles and revelation and saw the Bible as full of contradictions and mistakes. He retained his faith in God but suggested that people experience God intuitively and personally, and that they should center their religious beliefs on individual experience.
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442:. In it Parker broke for the first time with supernatural realism, as he also increasingly did in his sermons. To him, Christianity was natural rather than miraculous. More and more, he praised social reform movements such as those for temperance, peace, and the abolition of slavery. In 1840 he described such movements as divinely inspired, though he added that they did not fully address the spiritual and intellectual ills of society. Controversy mounted regarding these and other Transcendentalist elements in his work. So did criticism, which often saddened and distressed him.
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1503:, pp. 401–402 Grodzins write that in Europe, "Parker's temperament grew steadier. The extraordinary sensitivity to rebuff, the intense 'agony of spirit,' seemed to disappear. Before his trip to Europe, he burst easily and often into tears; afterward, he almost never did so. He later would confront controversies far more severe, opponents far more dangerous, than any he had faced in 1841, 1842, and 1843; but none would so deeply affect him."
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with grief and defiance. He remained unwilling to concede that his views placed him beyond the outer bounds of
Unitarian liberalism. After this unwilling break with the Unitarian establishment, he spent two years (1841–1843) adjusting to the reality of his newly controversial and independent career and increasing his social activism on religious grounds. He began to see himself as a prophetic religious reformer.
242:. Out of eleven siblings, only five remained: three brothers, including Theodore, and two sisters. His mother, to whom he was emotionally close, died when he was eleven. He responded to these tragedies by refusing to lapse into what he called "the valley of tears", focusing instead on other events and demands, and by affirming "the immortality of the soul", later a benchmark of his theology.
368:, in 1837. At first, he found the location less than stimulating and work constraining. He adapted to pastoral life, however, and preached in many pulpits around Boston as a visitor. He gained a wide reputation as an earnest, effective speaker. In 1840 Harvard awarded him an honorary master's degree on the basis of his extensive learning.
277:. He was accepted but could not pay the tuition, so he lived and studied at home, continued to work on his father's farm, and joined his classmates only for exams. Under that program, he was able to complete three years of study in one. He then took various posts as a teacher, conducting an academy from 1831 to 1834 at
1573:, p. 476. Also see Grodzins. "Theodore Parker". Unitarian Universalist Historical Society. The Boston Music Hall became the Orpheum Theater, with addresses at 6 ½ Hamilton Place and 413-415 Washington Street. “Orpheum Theater,” BOS.1769, Massachusetts Cultural Resources Information System (MACRIS),
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become more steadily affectionate. Despite complex issues that occasionally resurfaced, he and Lydia were happier. "My wife is kind as an angel," he would write in his journal during denominational trials in 1845. His travels also seemed to stimulate a growing interest in political and social issues.
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and Parker wrote of the world as divine, and of themselves as part of this divinity. Unlike
Emerson and other Transcendentalists, however, Parker believed the movement was rooted in deeply religious ideas and did not believe it should retreat from religion. All shared a conviction that slavery should
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In 1843 and 1844, Theodore and Lydia traveled in Europe. While there his theology, career, and personal life matured and steadied. He was no longer as sensitive to criticism and bore difficulties more easily. Away from extended family problems in West
Roxbury, his marriage seems to have improved and
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Parker's West
Roxbury church remained loyal. Sermons and media attacked him, however, when he denied Biblical miracles and the literal authority of the Bible and Jesus. Many questioned his Christianity. Nearly all the pulpits in the Boston area were closed to him, and he lost friends. Parker reacted
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Parker gradually introduced
Transcendentalist ideas into his sermons. He tempered his radicalism with diplomacy and discretion, however. "I preach abundant heresies," he wrote to a friend, "and they all go down—for the listeners do not know how heretical they are." For years he had wrestled with the
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Parker delivered one especially popular sermon twenty-five times between 1838 and 1841. In it, he argued against the popular notion that religion could be reduced to morality. "The principle of morality is obedience to the Law of con," he wrote, while religion required more: that we "feel naturally,
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Theater in
February. Although the arrangement was temporary at first, he resigned his West Roxbury pastorate in early 1846 (to the dismay of his faithful parishioners there). He elected to call his new congregation the 28th Congregational Society of Boston; after the Melodeon, Parker's congregation
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influence on his theology. Morality involves right acting, while religion requires love of God and regular prayer, which Parker considered essential to human life. "No feeling is more deeply planted in human nature than the tendency to adore a superior being," he preached, "to reverence him, to bow
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Parker called the late 1830s a "period of…disappointment". Citing "home; children; & a good professional sphere," he wrote in his journal that "All fail me, & all equally." Increasing controversies in his career culminated in a break with orthodoxy in the early 1840s. The fallout from these
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There have been moments when roaring waters of disappointment poured upon us in staggering torrents. We can remember days when unfavorable court decisions came upon us like tidal waves, leaving us treading in the deep and confused waters of despair. But amid all of this we have kept going with the
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In
January, 1845, a sizeable group of supporters gathered at Marlboro Chapel in Boston and resolved to provide Parker "a chance to be heard in Boston." Calling themselves "Friends of Theodore Parker," they hired a hall and invited him to preach there on Sunday mornings. Despite misgivings, Parker
549:. Stanton called his sermons "soul-satisfying" when beginning her career, and she credited him with introducing her to the idea of a Heavenly Mother in the Trinity. Parker was increasingly known for preaching what he and his followers identified as a type of prophetic Christian social activism.
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Descriptions of Parker as a teenager recall him as "raw" and rough, emotional and poetic, sincere, "arch", "roguish", volatile, witty, and quick. He excelled at academics and gained an early education through country schools and personal study. He studied long and late when farm chores allowed,
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Theodore Parker's 1845 pilgrimage to
Lexington was a defining moment in the career of one of New England's most influential antislavery activists. Occurring as it did in the very midst of the national crisis over Texas annexation, Parker's mystical connection with the memory of his illustrious
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James Walker in 1838. 'That question is of such frequent recurrence among laymen as well as clergymen, that any well-considered attempt to answer it, or supply the means of answering it, is almost sure of hearty welcome." Questions regarding biblical realism and meaning, and the answers clergy
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and called on his fellow
Bostonians in 1847 'to protest against this most infamous war,'" while at the same time promoting economic expansionism and exposing a racist view of Mexicans' inherent inferiority, calling them "a wretched people; wretched in their origin, history, and character".
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factuality of the Hebrew
Scriptures, and by 1837 he was wishing "some wise man would now write a book…and show up the absurdity of…the Old Testament miracles, prophecies, dreams, miraculous births, etc.'" He was hardly alone. "'What shall we do with the Old Testament?' asked fellow
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which required the return of escaped slaves to their owners. Parker worked with many fugitive slaves, some of whom were among his congregation. As in the case of William and Ellen Craft, he hid them in his home. Although he was indicted for his actions, he was never convicted.
1727:. The Collected Works of Theodore Parker: Minister of the Twenty-eighth Congregational Society at Boston, U.S. : Containing His Theological, Polemical, and Critical Writings, Sermons, Speeches, and Addresses, and Literary Miscellanies. publisher not identified. p.
584:. This act required law enforcement and citizens of all states—free states as well as slave states—to assist in recovering fugitive slaves. Parker called the law "a hateful statute of kidnappers" and helped organize open resistance to it. He and his followers formed the
991:, pp. 27–28 Theodore's sisters Rebecca, Ruth, and Hannah all died before he was five; by the time he was eleven, his grandmother and loved mother had also died. His brother John and two remaining sisters, Emily, Mary, and Lydia, died while he was a young man.
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I do not pretend to understand the moral universe; the arc is a long one, my eye reaches but little ways; I cannot calculate the curve and complete the figure by the experience of sight; I can divine it by conscience. And from what I see I am sure it bends towards
517:. The debate over the nature and degree of Parker's "infidelity" caused Unitarians to adopt a liberal creed, which they had formerly declined to do based on an inclusive principle. Their position proved too orthodox to include Parker.
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teaching himself math, Latin, and other subjects. At seventeen he began teaching in local schools. He continued teaching himself and private students in advanced and specialized subjects. He learned Hebrew from Joshua Seixas (son of
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The domestic function of the woman does not exhaust her powers... To make one half of the human race consume its energies in the functions of housekeeper, wife and mother is a monstrous waste of the most precious material God ever
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Returning to the United States, Parker found Unitarianism on the cusp of a division over his right to fellowship as a minister. His controversial 1841 sermon had created a stir that ballooned into an all-out storm in 1844 at the
1975:
A democracy,—that is a government of all the people, by all the people, for all the people; of course, a government of the principles of eternal justice, the unchanging law of God; for shortness' sake I will call it the idea of
281:, where his late mother's family lived. At Watertown, he met his future wife, Lydia Dodge Cabot. He announced their engagement to his father in October, 1833. Theodore and Lydia were married four years later on April 20, 1837.
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Parker and Lydia Cabot married in 1837, but the union was rocky from the start. In 1840 he befriended a neighbor, Anna Blake Shaw. Although their relationship was by all accounts not sexual, it caused problems with his wife.
1284:
Hankins, The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists, 28; 105; 143. On 105, Hankins notes that Parker was a Transcendentalist antislavery advocate and considered "perhaps the most important theologian the movement
766:, Parker made common use of the phrase, "A democracy—of all the people, by all the people, for all the people" in his letters and writing. It appears publicly in a speech by Parker at an 1850 anti-slavery convention.
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607:, the moral and mental destitution of the rich, the physical destitution of the poor" though none became "a dominant factor in his experience" with the exception of his antislavery views. He "denounced the
1761:"While other abolitionists frequently claimed the revolutionary tradition for their cause, Parker's antislavery vision also rested upon a deep sense of filial obligation to the revolutionaries themselves.
1255:
Gary J. Dorrien, The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805-1900, 77. Dorrien writes that Emerson's Harvard address "had a formative and catalyzing effect" on Parker.
1039:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 187. Also see Shalom Goldman, "James/Joshua Seixas (1802–1874): Jewish Apostasy and Christian Hebraism in Early Nineteenth-Century America",
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2424:(New York: G.P. Putnam, 1880), 39. Early attempt to memorialize Parker. Most conclusions, methods, and evidence have been superseded, but a valuable early record written by a contemporary.
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theology in the 1830s and followed its minister, Theodore Parker, to a more liberal position in the 1840s. When the First Parish of West Roxbury merged with the Unitarian Church of
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2357:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Highly acclaimed, award-winning scholarly biography. Examines new evidence and reassesses conclusions of earlier biographies.
645:. After Brown's arrest, Parker wrote a public letter, "John Brown's Expedition Reviewed", arguing for the right of slaves to kill their masters and defending Brown's actions.
495:
Parker's family life, temperament, and work steadied during the 1840s. The second half of his career revolved around antislavery, democracy, and religious social activism.
770:, Lincoln's law partner, witnessed Parker use the phrase in a July 4, 1858 address and claimed to have given Lincoln a copy, which Lincoln later used in formulating his
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After 1846, Parker shifted from a focus on Transcendentalism and challenging the bounds of Unitarian theology to a focus on the gathering national divisions over
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in 1861, only twice were slaves captured in Boston and transported back to the South. On both occasions, Bostonians combatted the actions with mass protests.
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1934:
1470:, p. 294, and taken from the Theodore Parker Papers, bMS 101, Harvard Divinity School Library of Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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288:, which outlined his skepticism of biblical miracles and an otherwise liberal approach to the Bible. These were to be themes throughout his career.
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1466:, pp. 91–102 sketches out the initial difficulties of their marriage. Also see the journal entry reprinted as the figure "Marital strife" in
1454:, p. 340 notes that "For Parker, the ideal religious reformer was the solitary, heroic prophet. He was starting to see himself in this role."
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John Parker of Lexington and his Descendants, Showing his Earlier Ancestry in America from Dea. Thomas Parker of Reading, Mass. from 1635 to 1893
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The 28th Congregational Society, now renamed Theodore Parker Unitarian Church, located on 1851 Centre Street in West Roxbury was designated a
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in August 2010, was bordered by five quotations, two of which (by Lincoln and King) are inspired by the writings of Parker, as noted above.
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As Parker's early biographer John White Chadwick wrote, Parker was involved with almost all of the reform movements of the time: "peace,
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For more on UUism claiming Parker as a founding figure, see Daniel McKanan, "Unitarianism, Universalism, and Unitarian Universalism,"
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faith that as we struggle, God struggles with us, and that the arc of the moral universe, although long, is bending toward justice.
1808:
1516:, p. 414. For renewed affection between the Parkers during and after their European trip, despite ongoing marital issues, see
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816:. In each instance, King's paraphrase included the words "The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice".
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before him, to feel his presence, to pray to him for aid in times of need" and "to bless him when the heart is full of joy."
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1109:, pp. 31, 391. For an account written by a contemporary describing Parker's time and writings at Watertown, including
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Official guidebook written by Pastore Luigi Santini, published by the Administration of the Cimitero agli Allori in 1981.
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Hankins, Barry. The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004: 143.
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The Hastings Memorial, A Genealogical Account of the Descendants of Thomas Hastings of Watertown, Mass. from 1634 to 1864
397:'s Divinity School Address that year had been deeply arresting to him, and he welcomed the opportunity to associate with
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In 1838 Parker published his first major article, a critical review of an orthodox work written by his former professor
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and Hannah Manuel), whom he may have baptized in a covert conversion to Christianity. He also studied for a time under
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in 1848, as the abolition crisis was heating up, and took a strong stance against slavery and advocated violating the
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588:, which refused to assist with the recovery of fugitive slaves and helped hide them. For example, they smuggled away
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honor Theodore Parker as "a canonical figure—the model of a prophetic minister in the American Unitarian tradition."
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343:. He completed the divinity school program quickly, in 1836, in order to marry and begin preaching without delay.
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2362:"Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God": Theodore Parker's proverbial fight for the Ideal American Society.
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when Georgian slave catchers came to Boston to arrest them. Due to such efforts, from 1850 to the onset of the
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allegiance to a superior Being: dependence on him & accountability to him." The theme of dependence echoes
144:
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For his lack of speaking fluency in French and German, despite translating thousands of pages in writing, see
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1603:(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001). For "soul-satisfying," see 45. For "Heavenly Mother," see 165.
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How long? Not long, because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. (Yes, sir)
1339:, p. 184 records one such experience of criticism, after which he "went weeping through the streets."
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323:, and German. His journal and letters show that he was acquainted with many other languages, including
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685:, but died scarcely a month following his arrival. It was less than a year before the outbreak of the
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669:, Italy, where he died on May 10, 1860. He sought refuge in Florence because of his friendship with
2160:. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Archived from
2124:. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Archived from
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uses the same quote in his short story "Lovers Anonymous", first published in the October issue of
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Following a lifetime of overwork, Parker's ill health forced his retirement in 1859. He developed
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First collected edition of the antislavery writings and speeches of abolitionist Theodore Parker
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reached the Alabama State Capitol; "Where Do We Go From Here?", delivered in August 1967 to the
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1384:. PREACHED AT THE ORDINATION OF MR. CHARLES C. SHACKFORD, IN THE HAWES PLACE CHURCH IN BOSTON.
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927:. Boston: Samuel G. Drake Publisher (an undated NEHGS photoduplicate of the 1866 edition), 30.
812:; and his "Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution" sermon, delivered in March 1968 at the
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events affected him deeply, and it took him a few years to land on his feet and move forward.
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We shall overcome because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.
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2158:""Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution," Sermond delivered at the national Cathedral"
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in 1962, the congregation decided to name their new community in memory of Theodore Parker.
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The church in West Roxbury where Parker held his first pastorate (1837–1846) was renamed
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2030:"Statement on Ending the Bus Boycott (statement for Montgomery Improvement Association)"
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1268:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003: 32–33.
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In 1830, at age 19, Parker walked the ten miles from Lexington to Cambridge to apply to
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Let us realize that the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.
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Established as a Calvinist Protestant church, the congregation adopted a conservative
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in 1834. He specialized in the study of German theology and was drawn to the ideas of
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On his resignation in West Roxbury and choosing a name for his new congregation, see
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Fellman, Michael (1974). "Theodore Parker and the Abolitionist Role in the 1850s,"
2065:. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University
2032:. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University
940:, pp. 15–16, 21–30, 34–36, 468–470, Press of Charles Hamilton, Worcester, MA, 1893.
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revolutionary ancestor emerged as the bedrock of his identity as an abolitionist.
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Yet his abolitionism became his most controversial stance. He wrote the scathing
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White, Peter (1980). "Reason and Intuition in the Theology of Theodore Parker".
1750:"A Brave Man's Child: Theodore Parker and the Memory of the American Revolution"
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1017:. New York: Center for Jewish History, American Jewish Historical Society. *P-60
953:, pp. 5, 27, 49, 53–54, 154, Niagara Frontier Publishing Co., Buffalo, NY, 1911.
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In 1841, Parker laid bare his radical theological position in a sermon titled
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Parker's statue in front of the Theodore Parker Church, a Unitarian parish in
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Parker's congregation grew to 2,000 and included influential figures such as
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In 1837, Parker had begun attending meetings of the group later known as the
211:, the youngest child in a large farming family. His paternal grandfather was
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1861:"William Wesselhoeft (1794-1858) - Pioneers of homeopathy by T. L. Bradford"
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Parker predicted the inevitable success of the abolitionist cause this way:
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visited Florence, he went first from the railroad station to Parker's tomb.
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2122:""Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention"
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1520:, pp. 387–401. For more interest in political and social issues, see
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1093:(Boston: Unitarian Universalist Association, 1947), 23. For marriage, see
1015:"Guide to the Papers of the Seixas Family, undated, 1746–1911, 1926, 1939"
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Most of Theodore's family had died by the time he was 27, probably due to
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1809:"Theodore Parker, Slavery, and the Troubled Conscience of the Unitarians"
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1421:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 830.
696:. Wesselhoeft gave the oration at Parker's funeral. He is buried in the
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1964:
1694:. Harper Perennial modern classics. Taylor & Francis. p. 157.
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2274:. Boston: Houghton and Mifflin,. Early biography memorializing Parker.
1089:, 36; an earlier and more poetic account is in Henry Steele Commager,
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While at Watertown, Parker produced his first significant manuscript,
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1965:"The American Idea:" speech at N.E. Anti-Slavery Convention, Boston"
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Directory of Theodore Parker biographies, works and articles at
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pp16-7, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 2020.
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as it emerged and developed throughout the nineteenth century.
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231:, who came from England in 1635 and was one of the founders of
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The Collected Works of Theodore Parker: Discourses of politics
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For Parker's time in Watertown and engagement, see Grodzins,
292:
1218:, p. 80; for his initial response to West Roxbury, see
778:'s prologue to the first English translation of the Bible.)
719:, also buried here, wrote the first anti-slavery novel and
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Parker was a patient of William Wesselhoeft, who practiced
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Anna Leon-Guerrero; Kristine Zentgraf (21 November 2008).
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on 2008-07-04 – via Antislavery Literature Project.
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A DISCOURSE OF THE TRANSIENT AND PERMANENT IN CHRISTIANITY
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God's Sacred Tongue: Hebrew & the American Imagination
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A Discourse on the Transient and Permanent in Christianity
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Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship
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223:, who came from the East Anglia region of England to the
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The Collected Works of Theodore Parker: Sermons. Prayers
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collected and published Parker's writings in 14 volumes.
603:, education, the condition of women, penal legislation,
576:. In Boston, he led the movement to combat the stricter
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American Heretic: Theodore Parker and Transcendentalism
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American Heretic: Theodore Parker and Transcendentalism
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American Heretic: Theodore Parker and Transcendentalism
2001:"The Moral Arc of the Universe: Bending Toward Justice"
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1483:, p. 177; for the relationship with his wife, see
774:. (Parker himself might have developed his phrase from
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311:. He wrote and spoke (with varying degrees of fluency)
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Eight months after the publication of Friedan's book,
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The Centenary Edition of the Works of Theodore Parker
2491:
Theodore Parker Church in West Roxbury, Massachusetts
2230:
The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists
1691:
A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present
848:
magazine and reprinted in Vonnegut's 1999 collection
665:, then without effective treatment, and departed for
364:
area, but for family reasons accepted a pastorate at
1772:
16:
American transcendentalist and minister (1810–1860)
1586:On the size of Parker's Melodean congregation, see
1910:, 1893. NY: Library of America, reprint, 1994:1015
418:be abolished and social reforms should take root.
291:Parker considered a career in law, but his strong
2148:
2146:
1827:Puritan Spirits and the Abolitionist Imagination,
804:", delivered in March 1965, when the last of the
173:(August 24, 1810 – May 10, 1860) was an American
19:For other individuals named Theodore Parker, see
3290:
1681:
1629:Potter, David Morris., and Don E. Fehrenbacher.
792:would paraphrase these words in a number of his
1962:
1880:"American Tombs in Florence's English Cemetery"
1806:
1446:, p. 344 shows his first open support for
1013:Flatow, Alisa M.; Anflick, Adina, eds. (2019).
507:
2143:
521:accepted and preached his first sermon at the
360:Parker had spent 1836 visiting pulpits in the
2583:
2558:Theodore Parker Unitarian Church Study Report
1575:https://mhc-macris.net/details?mhcid=bos.1769
1342:
1012:
751:Theodore Parker Unitarian Universalist Church
254:, who later preached at Parker's ordination.
215:, the leader of the Lexington militia at the
2258:Bowden, Henry Warner. "Parker, Theodore" in
1998:
1747:
907:
905:
637:, he supported financially the abolitionist
427:increasingly found through the German-based
2370:37.) Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
1958:
1956:
1892:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1720:
1198:"Our History | Theodore Parker Church"
723:wrote the second. Both books were used by
219:. Among his colonial Yankee ancestors were
202:
2590:
2576:
2294:(1933). "The Dilemma of Theodore Parker".
2053:
2051:
41:
2893:B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing
2112:
2110:
1306:Shalom Goldman, God's Sacred Tongue, 187.
972:Unitarian Universalist Historical Society
965:
902:
2508:"The Good Boy; or, Is Christ Necessary?"
2497:The Life and Writings of Theodore Parker
2312:The Critical Theology of Theodore Parker
2214:
2090:Contemporary Readings in Social Problems
1953:
1587:
1570:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1480:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1443:
1431:
1405:
1336:
1315:
1294:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1215:
1184:
1159:
1147:
1106:
1094:
1073:
1000:
988:
810:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
652:
486:
449:
256:
3062:Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown
2227:
2048:
1935:"A Letter from Mr. John White Chadwick"
1871:
1800:
1766:
1350:"History of the Theodore Parker Church"
911:
445:
3291:
3004:John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)
2971:Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
2548:Descendants of Thomas Hastings website
2539:in the Harvard Divinity School Library
2526:in the Harvard Divinity School Library
2272:Theodore Parker: Preacher and Reformer
2185:
2107:
1939:The American Monthly Review of Reviews
1646:. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 248.
1377:
1056:. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 117.
961:
959:
483:Mature home life and career, 1843–1859
3309:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
3035:John Brown's Provisional Constitution
2994:John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum
2966:Burning of Winchester Medical College
2571:
2373:
1644:American Transcendentalism: A History
1392:alternate digitization at archive.org
1054:American Transcendentalism: A History
3354:Infectious disease deaths in Tuscany
2469:Review by Parker of David Strauss's
2188:"Oval Office rug gets history wrong"
2152:
2116:
2057:
2024:
1932:
1908:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
1741:
1687:
1479:For his relationship with Shaw, see
1386:Electronic Texts in American Studies
882:, social reformer inspired by Parker
753:in 1962. It retains this name today.
736:
564:Reform movements and social theology
384:
295:led him to theology. He entered the
2989:John Brown Farm State Historic Site
956:
855:The beige rug chosen for President
498:
13:
3344:Members of the Transcendental Club
3319:American people of English descent
2599:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
2401:
2261:American National Biography Online
2252:
2221:University of North Carolina Press
1999:Manker-Seale, Susan (2006-01-15).
1807:Charles Stephen (25 August 2002).
1773:James Kendall Hosmer, ed. (1910).
1754:www.wsc.ma.edu (Summer 2001 issue)
1633:, New York: Harper & Row, 1976
1121:(New York: G.P. Putnam, 1880), 39.
355:
14:
3365:
3203:Origins of the American Civil War
3093:Abolitionism in the United States
2444:Works by or about Theodore Parker
2428:
2389:. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.).
2093:. SAGE Publications. p. 24.
762:According to Unitarian clergyman
1848:John Brown's Expedition Reviewed
1721:Parker, T.; Cobbe, F.P. (1863).
1378:Parker, Theodore (19 May 1841).
1327:Grodzins, American Heretic, 205.
1200:. March 13, 2014. Archived from
1091:Theodore Parker: Yankee Crusader
523:Melodeon (Boston, Massachusetts)
473:
160:
21:Theodore Parker (disambiguation)
3278:Winchester and Potomac Railroad
2563:Daguerreotype of Parker c. 1843
2179:
2018:
1992:
1981:
1963:Theodore Parker (29 May 1850).
1926:
1913:
1900:
1853:
1840:
1819:
1656:
1636:
1631:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
1623:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1506:
1490:
1473:
1457:
1437:
1425:
1371:
1330:
1321:
1309:
1300:
1288:
1278:
1258:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1208:
1190:
1178:
1165:
1153:
1140:
1124:
1100:
1079:
1067:
1046:
265:depicting Parker's interest in
3334:Harvard Divinity School alumni
3048:The Last Moments of John Brown
2999:John Brown House (Akron, Ohio)
2482:"Primitive Christianity" from
2207:
1787:American Unitarian Association
1029:
1006:
994:
982:
943:
930:
917:
875:American Unitarian Association
625:, a controversial part of the
580:, a controversial part of the
1:
3324:American temperance activists
3055:A Plea for Captain John Brown
2537:The Papers of Theodore Parker
2412:Theodore Parker: An Anthology
2284:. First scholarly biography;
891:
711:was later replaced by one by
48:
3339:Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
2918:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
2422:Theodore Parker: A Biography
2395:Journal of Religious History
2186:Stiehm, Jamie (2010-09-04).
1662:Polner, Murray (2010-03-01)
1512:For "kind as an angel," see
1119:Theodore Parker: A Biography
951:Parker in America, 1630–1910
896:
886:List of opponents of slavery
823:'s influential best seller,
508:Independent Boston pastorate
7:
3041:The Last Days of John Brown
2961:Battle Hymn of the Republic
2903:Charles Town, West Virginia
2888:Allstadt House and Ordinary
2554:Boston Landmarks Commission
2418:Octavius Brooks Frothingham
2328:Journal of American History
2309:Dirks, John Edward (1948).
1115:Octavius Brooks Frothingham
868:
806:Selma to Montgomery marches
558:Boston Landmarks Commission
456:West Roxbury, Massachusetts
366:West Roxbury, Massachusetts
10:
3370:
2710:Thomas Wentworth Higginson
2360:Kraller, Anna-Lisa. 2016.
727:for her antislavery novel
623:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
586:Boston Vigilance Committee
530:on Winter Street, Boston.
18:
3314:Abolitionists from Boston
3085:
2976:Heyward Shepherd monument
2953:
2880:
2743:
2725:Franklin Benjamin Sanborn
2700:
2647:John Anthony Copeland Jr.
2605:
2063:"Our God is Marching On!"
1676:The American Conservative
923:Buckminster, Lydia N.H.,
657:Parker's tomb in Florence
618:To a Southern Slaveholder
545:(a personal friend), and
346:
263:Christopher Pearse Cranch
159:
154:
150:
140:
136:
125:
117:
109:
99:
80:
58:
40:
28:
3030:John Brown's last speech
2435:Works by Theodore Parker
2380:"Parker, Theodore"
1412:"Parker, Theodore"
1214:For pulpit touring, see
648:
279:Watertown, Massachusetts
225:Massachusetts Bay Colony
209:Lexington, Massachusetts
203:Early life and education
73:Lexington, Massachusetts
2543:Harvard Divinity School
2530:Harvard Divinity School
2386:Encyclopædia Britannica
2286:excerpt and text search
2228:Hankins, Barry (2004).
2215:Grodzins, Dean (2002).
2154:King, Martin Luther Jr.
2118:King, Martin Luther Jr.
2059:King, Martin Luther Jr.
2026:King, Martin Luther Jr.
1988:Wikiquote:John Wycliffe
1418:Encyclopædia Britannica
744:Unitarian Universalists
641:, whom many consider a
590:Ellen and William Craft
515:Church of the Disciples
376:, an indication of the
297:Harvard Divinity School
286:The History of the Jews
188:church. A reformer and
3076:Virginia v. John Brown
2782:John E.P. Daingerfield
2682:Francis Jackson Meriam
2615:Osborne Perry Anderson
2475:The Christian Examiner
2408:Commager, Henry Steele
2364:(Supplement Series to
2292:Commager, Henry Steele
2278:Commager, Henry Steele
1614:Keep Your Top Eye Open
839:
833:from Theodore Parker:
798:Montgomery bus boycott
790:Martin Luther King Jr.
787:
715:. The British writer
707:Parker's headstone by
658:
572:and the challenges of
547:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
539:William Lloyd Garrison
492:
459:
431:, formed the basis of
409:, and several others.
270:
198:Martin Luther King Jr.
3223:Pottawatomie massacre
2735:George Luther Stearns
2375:Smith, John Frederick
2296:New England Quarterly
1933:Shaw, Albert (1901).
1906:Douglass, Frederick.
1815:on 29 September 2007.
1748:Paul E. Teed (2001).
1620:Accessed 2 June 2011.
1111:A History of the Jews
949:Parker, Augustus G.,
834:
826:The Feminine Mystique
782:
725:Harriet Beecher Stowe
713:William Wetmore Story
656:
490:
453:
260:
248:Gershom Mendes Seixas
130:John Parker (captain)
3208:Battle of Osawatomie
3153:Fire on the Mountain
3105:Battle of Black Jack
2945:Winchester, Virginia
2940:Sandy Hook, Maryland
2913:Harpers Ferry Armory
2692:Aaron Dwight Stevens
2677:Lewis Sheridan Leary
2607:John Brown's raiders
2268:Chadwick, John White
1601:Mrs. Stanton's Bible
1590:, pp. 477, 491.
794:speeches and sermons
446:Break with Orthodoxy
433:liberal Christianity
229:Deacon Thomas Parker
3329:American Unitarians
3248:Henry David Thoreau
3147:Ralph Waldo Emerson
3110:Battle of the Spurs
2762:Owen Brown (father)
2715:Samuel Gridley Howe
2219:. Chapel Hill, NC:
2192:The Washington Post
2164:on 24 February 2017
2128:on 24 February 2017
1618:Teachinghistory.org
1536:, pp. 412, 431
1487:, pp. 100–102.
1434:, pp. 307, 361
764:John White Chadwick
683:Frances Power Cobbe
633:As a member of the
440:John Gorham Palfrey
415:Henry David Thoreau
403:Amos Bronson Alcott
395:Ralph Waldo Emerson
391:Transcendental Club
217:Battle of Lexington
207:Parker was born in
3175:Haitian Revolution
3165:The Good Lord Bird
3159:Wm. Lloyd Garrison
3142:Frederick Douglass
3115:James Madison Bell
2756:Mary Ann Day Brown
2455:Transcendentalists
2397:. 11#1 pp 111–120.
2353:2014-10-02 at the
2319:2011-10-26 at the
2120:(16 August 1967).
1923:7/1 (2013), 15–24.
1825:Gradert, Kenyon.
1669:2010-12-17 at the
1499:, p. 370. In
1043:7:1 (1993), 65–88.
936:Parker, Theodore,
814:National Cathedral
802:How Long, Not Long
772:Gettysburg Address
768:William H. Herndon
702:Frederick Douglass
700:in Florence. When
687:American Civil War
659:
627:Compromise of 1850
594:American Civil War
582:Compromise of 1850
578:Fugitive Slave Act
493:
460:
411:Transcendentalists
271:
104:Harvard University
3286:
3285:
3213:Quindaro Townsite
3185:Elijah P. Lovejoy
3137:George DeBaptiste
3132:John Stuart Curry
3023:John Brown's Body
3015:John Brown's Body
3009:John Brown's body
2930:John Brown's Fort
2923:Historic District
2908:Gibson-Todd House
2852:George H. Steuart
2802:Stonewall Jackson
2792:George Henry Hoyt
2751:John Wilkes Booth
2744:Other individuals
2687:Dangerfield Newby
2439:Project Gutenberg
2330:61#3 pp 666–684.
2243:978-0-313-31848-1
2156:(31 March 1968).
2100:978-1-4129-6530-9
2061:(25 March 1965).
2028:(25 March 1965).
1835:978-0-226-69402-3
1701:978-1-317-32530-7
1688:Zinn, H. (2015).
1264:Buell, Lawrence.
968:"Theodore Parker"
850:Bagombo Snuff Box
788:A century later,
737:Legacy and honors
730:Uncle Tom's Cabin
671:Elizabeth Barrett
605:prison discipline
535:Louisa May Alcott
528:Boston Music Hall
385:Transcendentalism
175:transcendentalist
168:
167:
121:Lydia Dodge Cabot
3361:
3198:James Montgomery
2862:Lewis Washington
2847:Lysander Spooner
2842:Heyward Shepherd
2822:Wendell Phillips
2637:Owen Brown (son)
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2552:City of Boston,
2518:by Dean Grodzins
2448:Internet Archive
2390:
2382:
2298:6#2 pp 257–277.
2247:
2232:. Westport, CT:
2224:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2003:. Archived from
1996:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1921:Religion Compass
1917:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1811:. Archived from
1804:
1798:
1797:
1789:. Archived from
1770:
1764:
1763:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1685:
1679:
1660:
1654:
1642:Gura, Philip F.
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1612:Buescher, John.
1610:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1510:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1461:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1403:
1394:
1389:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1352:. Archived from
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1122:
1104:
1098:
1087:American Heretic
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1052:Gura, Philip F.
1050:
1044:
1035:Shalom Goldman,
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1010:
1004:
1003:, pp. 20–21
998:
992:
986:
980:
979:
974:. Archived from
963:
954:
947:
941:
934:
928:
921:
915:
909:
757:Frances P. Cobbe
721:Richard Hildreth
709:Joel Tanner Hart
698:English Cemetery
499:Travel to Europe
429:higher criticism
407:Orestes Brownson
164:
87:
68:
66:
53:
50:
45:
26:
25:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3237:Seven Angry Men
3218:Allan Pinkerton
3120:Bleeding Kansas
3081:
2949:
2876:
2857:J. E. B. Stuart
2767:John Brown, Jr.
2739:
2720:Theodore Parker
2696:
2672:John Henry Kagi
2652:Barclay Coppock
2601:
2596:
2431:
2404:
2402:Primary sources
2355:Wayback Machine
2321:Wayback Machine
2282:Theodore Parker
2255:
2253:Further reading
2250:
2244:
2234:Greenwood Press
2210:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2165:
2151:
2144:
2131:
2129:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2068:
2066:
2056:
2049:
2035:
2033:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1961:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1824:
1820:
1805:
1801:
1777:The Slave Power
1771:
1767:
1760:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1686:
1682:
1671:Wayback Machine
1661:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1588:Grodzins (2002)
1585:
1581:
1571:Grodzins (2002)
1568:
1564:
1558:Grodzins (2002)
1556:
1552:
1546:Grodzins (2002)
1544:
1540:
1534:Grodzins (2002)
1532:
1528:
1522:Grodzins (2002)
1518:Grodzins (2002)
1514:Grodzins (2002)
1511:
1507:
1501:Grodzins (2002)
1497:Grodzins (2002)
1495:
1491:
1485:Grodzins (2002)
1481:Grodzins (2002)
1478:
1474:
1468:Grodzins (2002)
1464:Grodzins (2002)
1462:
1458:
1452:Grodzins (2002)
1444:Grodzins (2002)
1442:
1438:
1432:Grodzins (2002)
1430:
1426:
1404:
1397:
1376:
1372:
1356:on 2008-05-09.
1348:
1347:
1343:
1337:Grodzins (2002)
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1316:Grodzins (2002)
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1295:Grodzins (2002)
1293:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1244:Grodzins (2002)
1242:
1238:
1232:Grodzins (2002)
1230:
1226:
1220:Grodzins (2002)
1216:Grodzins (2002)
1213:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1185:Grodzins (2002)
1183:
1179:
1173:Theodore Parker
1170:
1166:
1160:Grodzins (2002)
1158:
1154:
1148:Grodzins (2002)
1145:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1107:Grodzins (2002)
1105:
1101:
1095:Grodzins (2002)
1084:
1080:
1074:Grodzins (2002)
1072:
1068:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1001:Grodzins (2002)
999:
995:
989:Grodzins (2002)
987:
983:
966:Dean Grodzins.
964:
957:
948:
944:
935:
931:
922:
918:
910:
903:
899:
894:
871:
866:
739:
675:Robert Browning
651:
566:
554:Boston Landmark
543:Julia Ward Howe
510:
501:
485:
476:
448:
387:
358:
356:First pastorate
349:
275:Harvard College
252:Convers Francis
221:Thomas Hastings
205:
194:Abraham Lincoln
171:Theodore Parker
95:
89:
85:
76:
70:
69:August 24, 1810
64:
62:
54:
51:
36:
35:Theodore Parker
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3367:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:Harriet Tubman
3250:
3245:
3243:Storer College
3240:
3233:
3229:Santa Fe Trail
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3069:Tragic Prelude
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
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2837:George Sennott
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2817:Richard Parker
2814:
2812:James M. Mason
2809:
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2777:Samuel Chilton
2774:
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2493:
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2486:(January 1842)
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2430:
2429:External links
2427:
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1505:
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1409:, ed. (1911).
1407:Chisholm, Hugh
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1139:
1123:
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1041:Jewish History
1028:
1005:
993:
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978:on 2012-05-30.
955:
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912:Hankins (2004)
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2471:Life of Jesus
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2021:
2007:on 2007-08-11
2006:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1941:. p. 336
1940:
1936:
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1652:0-8090-3477-8
1649:
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1596:
1589:
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1559:
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1548:, p. 457
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1317:
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1297:, p. 148
1296:
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1274:0-674-01139-2
1271:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1246:, p. 145
1245:
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1234:, p. 175
1233:
1228:
1222:, p. 89.
1221:
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1203:
1199:
1193:
1187:, p. 118
1186:
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1136:0-313-31848-4
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1059:
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914:, p. 143
913:
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901:
887:
884:
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876:
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872:
862:
859:'s remodeled
858:
854:
851:
847:
843:
842:Kurt Vonnegut
838:
832:
828:
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821:Betty Friedan
818:
815:
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803:
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776:John Wycliffe
773:
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474:Personal life
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132:(grandfather)
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83:
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61:
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39:
32:
27:
22:
3273:Walt Whitman
3268:Wakarusa War
3235:
3228:
3190:
3164:
3151:
3124:
3097:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3022:
3014:
2981:
2935:Kennedy Farm
2867:Walt Whitman
2730:Gerrit Smith
2719:
2642:Watson Brown
2632:Oliver Brown
2536:
2534:Listings of
2523:
2521:Listings of
2515:
2496:
2483:
2477:(April 1840)
2474:
2470:
2461:
2454:
2411:
2394:
2384:
2365:
2361:
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2311:
2295:
2281:
2271:
2260:
2229:
2216:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2181:
2173:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2137:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2089:
2082:
2074:
2067:. Retrieved
2041:
2034:. Retrieved
2020:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:the original
1994:
1983:
1974:
1970:Bartleby.com
1968:
1943:. Retrieved
1938:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1873:
1865:homeoint.org
1864:
1855:
1842:
1826:
1821:
1813:the original
1802:
1794:
1791:the original
1776:
1768:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1723:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1690:
1683:
1674:
1658:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1608:
1600:
1599:Kathi Kern,
1595:
1582:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1508:
1492:
1475:
1459:
1439:
1427:
1416:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1357:
1354:the original
1344:
1332:
1323:
1311:
1302:
1290:
1280:
1265:
1260:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1210:
1202:the original
1192:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1162:, p. 39
1155:
1142:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1097:, p. 87
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:, p. 22
1069:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1008:
996:
984:
976:the original
971:
950:
945:
937:
932:
924:
919:
857:Barack Obama
849:
845:
835:
824:
783:
728:
706:
691:
663:tuberculosis
660:
632:
616:
614:
598:
567:
551:
532:
519:
511:
502:
494:
477:
468:
463:
461:
437:
420:
388:
370:
359:
350:
290:
285:
283:
272:
244:
240:tuberculosis
237:
206:
190:abolitionist
170:
169:
145:Unitarianism
86:(1860-05-10)
84:May 10, 1860
31:The Reverend
3304:1860 deaths
3299:1810 births
3180:Victor Hugo
3170:miniseries)
2984:(biography)
2512:Caleb Crain
2208:Works cited
2168:23 February
2132:23 February
2069:23 February
2036:23 February
1664:Left Behind
861:Oval Office
679:Isa Blagden
609:Mexican War
526:met in the
213:John Parker
52: 1855
3349:Secret Six
3293:Categories
3258:Nat Turner
3099:La Amistad
2982:John Brown
2954:Afterwards
2702:Secret Six
2620:John Brown
2197:2010-09-04
2011:2008-02-29
1734:2017-09-18
1707:2017-09-18
1450:activism;
1448:Temperance
1364:Roslindale
1285:produced."
1171:Commager,
892:References
694:homeopathy
639:John Brown
635:Secret Six
601:temperance
110:Occupation
65:1810-08-24
2898:Beall-Air
2881:Locations
1360:Unitarian
897:Citations
819:In 1963,
643:terrorist
574:democracy
560:in 1985.
424:Unitarian
301:Coleridge
186:Unitarian
179:reforming
155:Signature
126:Relatives
100:Education
2484:The Dial
2377:(1885).
2351:Archived
2344:(2002).
2317:Archived
2280:(1947).
2270:(1901).
1976:Freedom.
1888:cite web
1667:Archived
1175:, 23-24.
1021:17 April
869:See also
831:epigraph
785:justice.
733:(1852).
667:Florence
413:such as
341:Ethiopic
269:thinking
182:minister
141:Religion
113:Minister
92:Florence
47:Parker,
3167:(book,
3086:Related
2446:at the
2336:1899926
1266:Emerson
846:Redbook
570:slavery
556:by the
399:Emerson
325:Chaldee
309:Emerson
305:Carlyle
233:Reading
184:of the
94:, Italy
3231:(film)
3193:(play)
3025:(song)
3017:(poem)
2758:(wife)
2499:(1865)
2464:(1879)
2414:(1960)
2410:, ed.
2334:
2304:359125
2302:
2240:
2097:
1945:17 Aug
1833:
1783:Boston
1698:
1650:
1272:
1134:
1113:, see
1060:
378:German
362:Boston
347:Career
337:Coptic
333:Arabic
329:Syriac
321:Hebrew
307:, and
267:German
118:Spouse
75:, U.S.
2473:from
2332:JSTOR
2300:JSTOR
837:made.
649:Death
317:Greek
313:Latin
293:faith
2625:body
2263:2000
2238:ISBN
2170:2017
2134:2017
2095:ISBN
2071:2017
2038:2017
1947:2022
1894:link
1831:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1023:2019
681:and
673:and
339:and
196:and
177:and
81:Died
59:Born
2541:at
2528:at
2510:by
2501:by
2437:at
3295::
2556:,
2420:,
2383:.
2323:).
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