The Well of Loneliness

285:, many of whose guests are lesbians and gay men. Immediately after this meeting Stephen announces she has decided to settle in Paris at 35 Rue Jacob (purchased at Seymour's recommendation), with its temple in a corner of an overgrown garden. Barney lived and held her salon at 20 Rue Jacob. Stephen is wary of Valérie, and does not visit her salon until after the war, when Brockett persuades her that Mary is becoming too isolated. She finds Valérie to be an "indestructible creature" capable of bestowing a sense of self-respect on others, at least temporarily: "everyone felt very normal and brave when they gathered together at Valérie Seymour's". With Stephen's misgivings "drugged", she and Mary are drawn further into the "desolate country" of Paris gay life. At Alec's Bar – the worst in a series of depressing nightspots – they encounter "the battered remnants of men who...despised of the world, must despise themselves beyond all hope, it seemed, of salvation". 799:, echoes this sentiment, where his "antifeminism and reluctance to see active lust in women committed him to fusing inversion and masculinity". In a society "very conscious of sex and its vast importance", Stephen feels excluded from the rigid, feminine role imposed on her as a biological female. Hence, for Stephen's lesbianism to be recognised by the readers in that time, Hall had to deliberately show Stephen "enter(ing) the male world, as a lesbian in male body drag", which simultaneously enabled the feminine women in the novel to demonstrate their lesbianism through "association with their masculine partners". 270: 375:, she prays that the affliction be transferred to her: "I would like to wash Collins in my blood, Lord Jesus – I would like very much to be a Saviour to Collins – I love her, and I want to be hurt like You were". This childish desire for martyrdom prefigures Stephen's ultimate self-sacrifice for Mary's sake. After she tricks Mary into leaving her – carrying out a plan that leads Valérie to exclaim "you were made for a martyr!" – Stephen, left alone in her home, sees the room thronged with inverts, living, dead and unborn. They call on her to 1859:, Kershaw "made up in costume what she lacked in psychology", with designer boots, breeches and riding crop. Then she changed into a white dress for a final speech in which she "begged humanity, 'already used to earthquakes and murderers', to try to put up with a minor calamity like the play's and the book's Lesbian protagonist, Stephen Gordon". Hall threatened a lawsuit to stop the production, but the issue soon became moot, since the play closed after only a few nights. The public skirmish between Hall and Kershaw increased sales of the novel. 422: 456:, the first modern writer to propose a theory of homosexuality, but does not share his findings with Stephen. Her mother, Lady Anna, is distant, seeing Stephen as a "blemished, unworthy, maimed reproduction" of Sir Phillip. At eighteen Stephen forms a close friendship with a Canadian man, Martin Hallam, but is horrified when he declares his love for her. The following winter Sir Phillip is crushed by a falling tree; at the last moment he tries to explain to Lady Anna that Stephen is an 306: 1445:. But when Kipling appeared on the morning of the trial, Inskip told him he would not be needed. James Melville had wired the defence witnesses the night before to tell them not to come in. The panel of twelve magistrates who heard the appeal had to rely on passages Inskip read to them for knowledge of the book, since the Director of Public Prosecutions had refused to release copies for them to read. After deliberating for only five minutes, they upheld Biron's decision. 1849:. Hall accepted a £100 advance, but when she and Troubridge saw Kershaw act, they found her too feminine for the role of Stephen. Hall tried to void the contract on a technicality, but Kershaw refused to change her plans. The play opened on 2 September 1930. No playwright was credited, implying that Hall had written the adaptation herself; it was actually written by one of Kershaw's ex-husbands, who reworked the story to make it more upbeat. According to 6499: 328:, war work provides a publicly acceptable role for inverted women. The narrative voice asks that their contributions not be forgotten and predicts that they will not go back into hiding: "a battalion was formed in those terrible years that would never again be completely disbanded". This military metaphor continues later in the novel when inverts in postwar Paris are repeatedly referred to as a "miserable army". Hall invokes the image of the 235: 3427:, pp. 399–400, refers to its "uncanny rhetorical power – a power unaffected by its manifest failures as a work of art – to activate readerly feeling ... Something in the very pathos of Stephen Gordon's torment ... provokes an exorbitant identification in us. Whoever we are, we tend to see ourselves in her." She also notes a "level of emotional seriousness and personal engagement one seldom sees" in criticism of 6487: 6511: 2403:, p. 173) and, in response to Hall's claim to be writing on behalf of some of the most persecuted and misunderstood people in the world, remarks "It is doubtful whether Radclyffe Hall and Una, Natalie Barney...and the rest, with their fine houses, stylish lovers, inherited incomes, sparkling careers and villas in the sun, were among the most persecuted and misunderstood people in the world." ( 768:, who suggested that those attracted to others of their own sex were born neither male nor female, but both: they were "sexually intermediate types" This theory posited that "the woman who attracts and is attracted by other women is herself half male" and that "homo-sexuality in a woman is the outcome of her masculinity and presupposes a higher degree of development". 691:, truck drivers would call out on the street to any woman who wore a collar and tie: "Oh, you're Miss Radclyffe Hall". Some welcomed their newfound visibility: when Hall spoke at a luncheon in 1932, the audience was full of women who had imitated her look. But in a study of lesbian women in Salt Lake City in the 1920s and '30s, nearly all regretted the publication of 597:, had opposed a bill that would have criminalised lesbianism on the grounds that "of every thousand women ... 999 have never even heard a whisper of these practices". In reality, awareness of lesbianism had been gradually increasing since World War I, but it was still a subject most people had never heard of, or perhaps just preferred to ignore. 1421:

necessarily unacceptable; a book that depicted the "moral and physical degradation which indulgence in those vices must necessary involve" might be allowed, but no reasonable person could say that a plea for the recognition and toleration of inverts was not obscene. He ordered the book destroyed, with the defendants to pay court costs.

36: 130:, but their happiness together is marred by social isolation and rejection, which Hall depicts as the typical sufferings of "inverts", with predictably debilitating effects. The novel portrays "inversion" as a natural, God-given state and makes an explicit plea: "Give us also the right to our existence". 1834:; its cryptic style, full of in-jokes and ornate language, may have been intended to disguise its content from censors. It could not in any case be prosecuted by the Home Office, since it was published only in France, in a small, privately printed edition. It did not become widely available until 1972. 1574:

in the United States at the same time as Cape in the United Kingdom. But after Cape brought forward the publication date, Knopf found itself in the position of publishing a book that had been withdrawn in its home country. They refused, telling Hall that nothing they could do would keep the book from

1391:

the inverts in our defence". She took advantage of a lunch recess to tell him that if he continued to maintain her book had no lesbian content she would stand up in court and tell the magistrate the truth before anyone could stop her. Birkett was forced to retract. He argued instead that the book was

468:

against boredom", allowing her "a few rather schoolgirlish kisses". The pair conduct a relationship that, although not explicitly stated, seems to have some sexual element, at least for Stephen. Then Stephen discovers that Angela is having an affair with a man. Fearing exposure, Angela shows a letter

1825:

as Dame Evangeline Musset. Much as Sir Phillip paces his study worrying about Stephen, Dame Musset's father "pac his library in the most normal of Night-Shirts". When, unlike Sir Phillip, he confronts his daughter, she replies confidently: "Thou, good Governor, wast expecting a Son when you lay atop

1368:

could decide whether the book was obscene without hearing any testimony on the question. "I don't think people are entitled to express an opinion upon a matter which is the decision of the court," he said. Since Hall herself was not on trial, she did not have the right to her own counsel, and Cape's

1315:

Harold Rubinstein sent out 160 letters to potential witnesses. Many were reluctant to appear in court; according to Virginia Woolf, "they generally put it down to the weak heart of a father, or a cousin who is about to have twins". About 40 turned up on the day of the trial, including Woolf herself,

601:

made sexual inversion a subject of household conversation for the first time. The banning of the book drew so much attention to the very subject it was intended to suppress that it left British authorities wary of further attempts to censor books for lesbian content. In 1935, after a complaint about

506:

Martin Hallam, now living in Paris, rekindles his old friendship with Stephen. In time, he falls in love with Mary. Persuaded that she cannot give Mary happiness, Stephen pretends to have an affair with Valérie Seymour to drive her into Martin's arms. The novel ends with Stephen's plea to God: "Give

444:

who are expecting a boy and who christen her with the name they had already chosen. Even at birth she is physically unusual, a "narrow-hipped, wide-shouldered little tadpole of a baby". She hates dresses, wants to cut her hair short and longs to be a boy. At seven she develops a crush on a housemaid

220:

In April 1928, she told her editor that her new book would require complete commitment from its publisher and that she would not allow even one word to be altered. "I have put my pen at the service of some of the most persecuted and misunderstood people in the world...So far as I know nothing of the

1405:

writes to her mother in these terms: "You insulted what to me is natural and sacred." "What to me is sacred"? Natural and sacred! Then I am asked to say that this book is in no sense a defence of unnatural practices between women, or a glorification, or a praise of them, to put it perhaps not quite

559:

aspect of sexual life as it exists among us today. The relation of certain people, who, while different from their fellow human beings, are sometimes of the highest character and the finest aptitudes—to the often hostile society in which they move, presents difficult and still unresolved problems".

490:

Stephen moves to London and writes a well-received first novel. Her second novel is less successful, and her friend, the playwright Jonathan Brockett, himself an invert, urges her to travel to Paris to improve her writing through a fuller experience of life. There she makes her first, brief contact

833:

s ideas and attitudes now strike many readers as dated, and few critics praise its literary quality. Nevertheless, it continues to compel critical attention, to provoke strong identification and intense emotional reactions in some readers, and to elicit a high level of personal engagement from its

678:

articles cropped the photo so tightly that it became difficult to tell she was not wearing trousers. Hall's style of dress was not scandalous in the 1920s; short hairstyles were common, and the combination of tailored jackets and short skirts was a recognised fashion, discussed in magazines as the

296:

was sincerely meant, but she also knew that such bars did not represent the only homosexual communities in Paris. It is a commonplace of criticism that her own experience of lesbian life was not as miserable as Stephen's. By focusing on misery and describing its cause as "ceaseless persecution" by

1544:

has been in print continuously ever since and has been translated into at least fourteen languages. In the 1960s it was still selling 100,000 copies a year in the United States alone. Looking back on the controversy in 1972, Flanner remarked on how unlikely it seemed that a "rather innocent" book

915:

as a thinly veiled autobiography. Angela Crossby may be a composite of various women with whom Hall had affairs in her youth, but Mary, whose lack of outside interests leaves her idle when Stephen is working, does not resemble Hall's partner Una Troubridge, an accomplished sculptor who translated

763:

at the time. During the interwar period the definition was most often understood as a scientific term describing a psychological gender duality, rather than referencing a sexual preference. In other words, the term was used as a scientific neologism for androgyny, and related to understandings of

758:

The understanding of sexuality represented in the novel is considered strictly in binary terms and exists within misogynistic stereotypes that were prevalent when the novel was published. This contributes to the undertones of biphobia that are present in the treatment of the femme characters that

742:

women who experience attraction towards Stephen but eventually end up in heterosexual relationships. Mary's femininity, in particular, is belittled by Hall's presentation of her: She is not Stephen's equal in age, education, family, or wealth, and so is constantly infantilised by her lover. This,

558:

with great interest because—apart from its fine qualities as a novel by a writer of accomplished art—it possesses a notable psychological and sociological significance. So far as I know, it is the first English novel which presents, in a completely faithful and uncompromising form, one particular

1624:

from the publisher's offices, and Friede was charged with selling an obscene publication. But Covici and Friede had already moved the printing plates out of New York in order to continue publishing the book. By the time the case came to trial, it had already been reprinted six times. Despite its

1722:

Covici-Friede then imported a copy of the Pegasus Press edition from France as a further test case and to solidify the book's US copyright. Customs barred the book from entering the country, which might also have prevented it from being shipped from state to state. Two months later in July, the

554:, who saw homosexuality as a form of arrested psychological development, and some of whom believed it could be changed. Indeed, Havelock Ellis' commentary for the novel, which, although edited and censored to some extent, aligns the novel directly with theories of sexual inversion: "I have read 1221:

A novelist may not wish to treat any of the subjects mentioned above but the sense that they are prohibited or prohibitable, that there is a taboo-list, will work on him and will make him alert and cautious instead of surrendering himself to his creative impulses. And he will tend to cling to

970:

he adroitness and cleverness of the book intensifies its moral danger. It is a seductive and insidious piece of special pleading designed to display perverted decadence as a martyrdom inflicted upon these outcasts by a cruel society. It flings a veil of sentiment over their depravity. It even

794:

in its historical and social context. Newton argues that "Hall and many other feminists like her embraced the image of the mannish lesbian primarily because they desperately wanted to break out of the asexual model of romantic friendship" prevalent in the nineteenth century. Sex was seen as

469:

from Stephen to her husband, who sends a copy to Stephen's mother. Lady Anna denounces Stephen for "presum to use the word love in connection with...these unnatural cravings of your unbalanced mind and undisciplined body." Stephen replies, "As my father loved you, I loved...It was good, good,

1420:

of obscenity: a work was obscene if it tended to "deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences". He held that the book's literary merit was irrelevant because a well-written obscene book was even more harmful than a poorly written one. The topic in itself was not

785:

identity. As a child, Stephen insists that she is male – "Yes, of course I'm a boy … I must be a boy 'cause I feel exactly like one", – and, when talking to their mother, Stephen says that "All my life I've never felt like a woman, and you know it." Through Stephen's final rejection of Mary,

902:

Papers from the author's archive, which are set to be digitised by the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas alongside those of her partner, the artist Una Vincenzo, Lady Troubridge, show that the novel was supported by thousands of readers, who wrote to Hall in outrage at the ban.

542:(1886), the first book Stephen finds in her father's study, inversion is described as a degenerative disorder common in families with histories of mental illness. Exposure to these ideas leads Stephen to describe herself and other inverts as "hideously maimed and ugly". Later texts such as 209:. She had long thought of writing a novel about sexual inversion; now, she believed, her literary reputation would allow such a work to be given a hearing. Since she knew she was risking scandal and "the shipwreck of her whole career", she sought and received the blessing of her partner, 776:

Other criticism focuses on the potential confusion of sexuality with gender in the novel. Jay Prosser argues that in "rightly tracing Hall's debt to nineteenth-century sexologists, critics have wrongly reduced sexual inversion to homosexuality." What many refer to as Stephen's

177:

in British and American culture. For decades it was the best-known lesbian novel in English, and often the first source of information about lesbianism that young people could find. Some readers have valued it, while others have criticised it for Stephen's expressions of

743:

coupled with Mary's dependence on Stephen, seems to emphasise the supposed inferiority of the feminine to the masculine. As Clare Hemmings argues, Mary is merely used as "a means for Stephen to reach her own understanding of the true nature of the deviant's plight".

1400:, appearing for Leopold Hill, took a similar line: the book was "written in a reverend spirit", not to inspire libidinous thoughts but to examine a social question. The theme itself should not be forbidden, and the book's treatment of its theme was unexceptionable. 883:, thought it was poorly structured, or complained of sloppiness in style. There was praise for its sincerity and artistry, and some expressed sympathy with Hall's moral argument. In the three weeks after the book appeared in bookstores, no reviewer called for its 566:

reversal. Female inverts were, to a greater or lesser degree, inclined to traditionally male pursuits and dress; according to Krafft-Ebing, they had a "masculine soul". Krafft-Ebing believed that the most extreme inverts also exhibited reversal of

654:, who read it in 1938, remembered laughing at its "earnest humourlessness" and "impermissible allowance of self-pity". Yet it has also produced powerful emotional responses, both positive and negative. One woman was so angry at the thought of how 1596:

to a Boston police officer to create a censorship test case, which he had lost; he was awaiting an appeal, which he would also lose. He took out a $ 10,000 bank loan to outbid another publisher which had offered a $ 7,500 advance, and enlisted

895:: "One cannot say what effect this book will have on the public attitude of silence or derision, but every reader will agree with Mr. Havelock Ellis in the preface, that 'the poignant situations are set forth with a complete absence of offence. 1021:; instead, he argued, homosexuals were damned by their own choice – which meant that others could be corrupted by "their propaganda". Above all, children must be protected: "I would rather give a healthy boy or a healthy girl a phial of 1199:

newspaper, called Douglas a "stunt journalist"; he said no one would give the book to a child, no child would want to read it, and any who did would find nothing harmful. Dawson also printed a scathing condemnation of the Home Office by

858: – about twice the cost of an average novel – to make it less attractive to sensation-seekers. Publication, originally scheduled for late 1928, was brought forward when he discovered that another novel with a lesbian theme, 1481:

itself endorsed the view that lesbianism was innate. It portrayed Hall as a humourless moralist who had a great deal in common with the opponents of her novel. One illustration, picking up on the theme of religious martyrdom in

3392:: "o many , especially some younger lesbian students for whom the coming out process has been relatively painless, The Well is an affront, an out-dated, unbelievable, ugly insult to their self-image and to their self-esteem." 1785:

and would not inspire readers to adopt "the practices referred to". Mackenzie was disappointed; he had hoped a censorship case would increase his book's sales. Despite advertising that tried to cash in on the controversy over

317:, co-commander of the only women's unit to serve on the front in France. Lowther, like Stephen, came from an aristocratic family, adopted a masculine style of dress, and was an accomplished fencer, tennis player, motorist and 254:'s novels continued in their influence upon 1920s Parisian society depicting lesbian and gay subculture. When Stephen first travels to Paris, at the urging of her friend Jonathan Brockett – who may be based on 1352:, who was the star witness after Havelock Ellis bowed out, declared that homosexuality ran in families and a person could no more become it by reading books than if he could become syphilitic by reading about 786:

ostensibly so that Mary can participate in a heterosexual relationship with Martin and therefore have a more secure life, Prosser surmises that "Stephen affirms her identification with the heterosexual man".

499:. She falls in love with a younger fellow driver, Mary Llewellyn, who comes to live with her after the war ends. They are happy at first, but Mary becomes lonely when Stephen returns to writing. Rejected by 182:, and viewed it as inspiring shame. The novel was subject to great criticism in its time (some of which may have been motivated by prejudice) but has come to be recognised as a classic of queer literature. 789:

Esther Newton, writing in 1989, provides a different perspective of Hall's seemingly confusing depiction of Stephen's lesbianism and its conflation with her gender, hinging her discussion on understanding

463:

Stephen begins to dress in masculine clothes made by a tailor rather than a dressmaker. At twenty-one she falls in love with Angela Crossby, the American wife of a new neighbour. Angela uses Stephen as an

575:

in Stephen's unusual proportions at birth and in the scene set at Valerie Seymour's salon, where "the timbre of a voice, the build of an ankle, the texture of a hand" reveals the inversion of the guests.

221:

kind has ever been attempted before in fiction." One of the reasons Hall cited for making the book, was that she wanted to be the first person to "smash the conspiracy of silence" about sexual inversion.

679:"severely masculine" look. Some lesbians, like Hall, adopted variations of the style as a way of signalling their sexuality, but it was a code that only a few knew how to read. With the controversy over 1718:

theme – a "delicate social problem" – did not violate the law unless written in such a way as to make it obscene. After "a careful reading of the entire book", they cleared it of all charges.

473: – I'd have laid down my life a thousand times over for Angela Crossby." After the argument Stephen goes to her father's study and for the first time opens his locked bookcase. She finds a book by 3397:, p. 125: "very few critics have ever given the novel itself high praise. On the contrary, they often point out that stylistically, the work is marred by inflated language and stilted dialogue." 795:

something that "could only occur in the presence of an imperial and imperious penis", such that sex between women was simply not recognised to exist. Newton shows how sexologists of the time, like

1672:. Besides, freedom of expression was protected by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. To make sure these supporters did not go unheard, he incorporated their opinions into his 1892:. Little of Hall's novel can be discerned in its story of a butch lesbian who is blinded with acid and run over by a truck, freeing the naïve young roommate she seduced to find love with a 1486:, showed Hall nailed to a cross. The image horrified Hall; her guilt at being depicted in a drawing that she saw as blasphemous led to her choice of a religious subject for her next novel, 5000:

Dunn, Sara; Warland, Betsy; Munt, Sally (1994). "Inversions: Writings by Dykes, Queers and Lesbians by Betsy Warland; New Lesbian Criticism: Literary and Cultural Readings by Sally Munt".

250:

In Hall's time, Paris was known for having a relatively large and visible gay and lesbian community – in part because France, unlike England, had no laws against male homosexuality.

3548: 503:, Mary throws herself into Parisian nightlife. Stephen believes Mary is becoming hardened and embittered and feels powerless to provide her with "a more normal and complete existence". 911:

Although Hall's childhood bore little resemblance to Stephen's life, in the 1970s and 1980s, some writers such as Hall's early biographers Lovat Dickson and Richard Ormrod had treated

1112:

and considered it a fine book, not at all obscene; he wanted no part of suppressing it. On 19 October he released the seized copies for delivery to Leopold Hill's premises, where the

332:

soldier to depict inverts as psychologically damaged by their outcast status: "for bombs do not trouble the nerves of the invert, but rather that terrible silent bombardment from the

1826:

of your Choosing ... Am I not doing after your very Desire, and is it not the more commendable, seeing that I do it without the Tools for the Trade, and yet nothing complain?"

292:

called her "a digger-up of worms with the pretension of a distinguished archaeologist". Hall's correspondence shows that the negative view of bars like Alec's that she expressed in

1636:, Ernst argued that because lesbianism itself was not an obscene subject, the book did not have any sexual explicitness. Ernst obtained statements from authors including Dreiser, 876:

appeared on 27 July, in a black cover with a plain jacket. Cape sent review copies only to newspapers and magazines he thought would handle the subject matter non-sensationally.

1617:, hoping both to further challenge censorship of literature and to generate more publicity; he was disappointed when they told him they saw nothing wrong with the book. 674:

with a photograph of Radclyffe Hall in a silk smoking jacket and bow tie, holding a cigarette and monocle. She was also wearing a straight knee-length skirt, but later

1906: – a self-identified "doctor" appeared after the screening to sell pamphlets purporting to explain homosexuality. He was arrested for selling obscene literature. 1329: 3422:, p. 2: "The novel continues to unsettle and provoke. Generations of feminists...may have dismissed or celebrated the novel...but they have never ignored it." 806:, pointing out that the novel did raise awareness of homosexuality among the British public and cleared the way for later work that tackled gay and lesbian issues. 550: – described inversion simply as a difference, not as a defect. By 1901 Krafft-Ebing had adopted a similar view. Hall championed their ideas over those of the 2399:'s comments on the subject are particularly sharp; she says Hall "might have acknowledged the privilege, seductions, freedom, and fun that graced her daily life" ( 621:

was the only work of lesbian literature anyone had read or heard of. For many young lesbians in the 1950s, it was the only source of information about lesbianism.

1159:

ran a review that, without commenting on Douglas's action, said the novel "present as a martyr a woman in the grip of a vice". Most of the British press defended

313:

Although Hall's author's note disclaims any real-world basis for the ambulance unit that Stephen joins, she drew heavily on the wartime experiences of her friend

5856:

Stevens, Lillian L. (14 July 1990). "Texas Lesbians, in Particular; The Third Annual Texas Lesbian Conference Builds on the Past with a Promise for the Future".

1345: 950: 258: – she has not yet spoken about her inversion to anyone. Brockett, acting as tour guide, hints at a secret history of inversion in the city by referring to 217:

and bring about "a more tolerant understanding" – as well as to "spur all classes of inverts to make good through hard work...and sober and useful living".

1711:; he could only remand the case to the New York Court of Special Sessions for judgement. On 19 April, that court issued a three-paragraph decision stating that 5035:

Elliott, Bridget (1998). "Performing the Picture or Painting the Other: Romaine Brooks, Gluck and the Question of Decadence in 1923". In Deepwell, Katy (ed.).

409:

use of religious imagery outraged the book's opponents, but Hall's vision of inversion as a God-given state was an influential contribution to the language of

1185: 479: 3403:(1990s): "the persistent implication is that if Hall had only been a better writer, she might have been a better modernist and certainly a better lesbian". 658:

would affect an "isolated emerging lesbian" that she "wrote a note in the library book, to tell other readers that women loving women can be beautiful". A

759:

exhibit female-female sexual attraction, especially so in the treatment of Mary. These choices could be partly explained by the understanding of the term

6375:

Zaragoza, Gora (2018). "Gender, Translation, and Censorship: The Well of Loneliness (1928) in Spain as an Example of Translation in Cultural Evolution".

3409:, p. 398: "Their authors are all in varying degree...quick to acknowledge their own frustrations with Hall's often monstrously overwrought parable." 3234:

Helt, Brenda (Spring 2010). "Passionate Debates on "Odious Subjects": Bisexuality and Woolf's Opposition to Theories of Androgyny and Sexual Identity".

571:; Ellis's research had not demonstrated any such physical differences, but he devoted a great deal of study to the search for them. The idea appears in 6581: 1097:

on bookshop shelves soon came to the attention of the Home Office. On 3 October Joynson-Hicks issued a warrant for shipments of the book to be seized.

2995:, p. 719: "ost of us lesbians in the 1950s grew up knowing nothing about lesbianism except Stephen Gordon's swagger Stephen Gordon's breeches". 1613:

to buy a copy directly from him, to ensure that he, not a bookseller, would be the one prosecuted. He also travelled to Boston to give a copy to the

1540:

told Troubridge that any publisher reprinting the book would risk prosecution. In 1949, Falcon Press brought out an edition with no legal challenge.

1632:

had established that books should be judged by their effects on adults rather than on children and that literary merit was relevant. When defending

1078: 399: 6611: 1090: 4403: 1727:

ruled that the book did not contain "one word, phrase, sentence or paragraph which could be truthfully pointed out as offensive to modesty".

683:, Hall became the public face of sexual inversion, and all women who favoured masculine fashions came under new scrutiny. Lesbian journalist 1498:

The Pegasus Press edition of the book remained available in France, and some copies made their way into the UK. In a "Letter from Paris" in

1266:, the plan broke down when Hall objected to the wording of the letter, insisting it mention her book's "artistic merit – even genius". 850:

who, though cautious about publishing a controversial book, saw the potential for a commercial success. Cape tested the waters with a small

6556: 4191: 1610: 1222:

subjects that are officially acceptable, such as murder and adultery, and to shun anything original lest it bring him into forbidden areas.

127: 398:, a sign of shame and exile, throughout the novel as a metaphor for the situation of inverts. Her defence of inversion took the form of a 4171: 4502: 6616: 6546: 1703:

In an opinion issued on 19 February 1929, Magistrate Hyman Bushel declined to take the book's literary qualities into account and said

5360: 6399: 5532:

Marshik, Celia (2003). "History's "Abrupt Revenges": Censoring War's Perversions in The Well of Loneliness and Sleeveless Errand".

1025:

than this novel. Poison kills the body, but moral poison kills the soul." He called on the publishers to withdraw the book and the

920:'s novels into English. Hall said she drew on herself only for the "fundamental emotions that are characteristic of the inverted". 5385: 1074:

was "gravely detrimental to the public interest"; if Cape did not withdraw it voluntarily, criminal proceedings would be brought.

2646:

In his decision condemning the book, Sir Chartres Biron called the references to God "singularly inappropriate and disgusting".

687: – who considered Hall's style of dress "rather effeminate" compared to her own – said that after the publication of 6601: 6365: 6240: 6114: 5997: 5846: 5796: 5769: 5746: 5721: 5661: 5640: 5420: 5349: 5323: 5130: 5078: 5052: 4831: 4772: 4692: 4665: 4594: 4571: 4548: 4491: 3314: 3219: 3200: 1438: 371:, dreams as a child that "in some queer way she Jesus". When she discovers that Collins, object of her childhood crush, has 1529:

would allow the book to be republished. Unknown to Troubridge, he added a postscript saying "I am not really anxious to do

1458:, an anonymous lampoon in verse by "several hands", appeared in late 1928. It satirised both sides of the controversy over 6626: 6606: 6284: 590: 495:

hostess Valérie Seymour. During World War I she joins an ambulance unit, eventually serving at the front and earning the

288:

Many of those familiar with the subculture she described, including her own friends, disagreed with her portrayal of it;

4950:

Prosser, Jay (2001). "'Some Primitive Thing Conceived in a Turbulent Age of Transition': The Transsexual Emerging from

1700:

had greater social value because it was more serious in tone and made a case against misunderstanding and intolerance.

151:

because it defended "unnatural practices between women"; not until 1949, twenty years later, was it again published in

4460: 1773:, like earlier English novels in which critics have identified lesbian themes, is marked by complete reticence, while 5578: 1213: 1034: 1064:

known for his crackdowns on alcohol, nightclubs and gambling, as well as for his opposition to a revised version of

6561: 1707:

was "calculated to deprave and corrupt minds open to its immoral influences". Under New York law, Bushel was not a

1379:

Birkett arrived in court two hours late. In his defence, he tried to claim that the relationships between women in

1117: 386:

After Stephen reads Krafft-Ebing in her father's library, she opens the Bible at random, seeking a sign, and reads

1625:

price of $ 5 – twice the cost of an average novel – it sold more than 100,000 copies in its first year.

6434: 4941:

Newton, Esther (1984). "The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and The New Woman". In Doan; Prosser (eds.).

824:

beliefs, while others argue that the book's tragedy and its depiction of shame are its most compelling aspects.

321:

enthusiast. In later years she said the character of Stephen was based on her, which may have been partly true.

1602: 1559:. In May 1999, a dramatized version was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and has since been repeated on Radio 4 Extra. 628:

s name recognition made it possible to find when bookstores and libraries did not yet have sections devoted to

6591: 6586: 6007:

Whitlock, Gillian (1987). "'Everything is Out of Place': Radclyffe Hall and the Lesbian Literary Tradition".

3549:"'It has made me want to live': public support for lesbian novelist Radclyffe Hall over banned book revealed" 1038: 965:

with gossip, murderers' confessions, and features about the love affairs of great men and women of the past.

650:

says that "like many bookish lesbians I seem to have spent much of my adult life making jokes about it", and

5807: 5240: 1508:

reported that it sold most heavily at the news vendor's cart that served passengers travelling to London on

868:, was to be published in September. Though the two books proved to have little in common, Hall and Cape saw 6621: 6596: 6571: 6541: 6536: 1893: 1209: 997:

promising to expose "A Book That Should Be Suppressed". In his editorial the next day, Douglas wrote that "

568: 383:

her. It is with their collective voice that she demands of God, "Give us also the right to our existence".

6418: 5069:

Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present

4782:

Doan, Laura (2004). "Sappho's Apotheosis? Radclyffe Hall's Queer Kinship with the Watchdogs of the Lord".

820:

lesbian novel ever written" persists and is still controversial. Some critics see the book as reinforcing

201:, about the spiritual awakening of an Italian headwaiter, had become a best-seller; it would soon win the 6459: 5858: 5044: 4722:

Cook, Blanche Wiesen (1979). "'Women Alone Stir My Imagination': Lesbianism and the Cultural Tradition".

1764: 1724: 1397: 1321: 1191: 998: 863: 457: 160: 119: 5953:

Taylor, Melanie A. (1998). "'The Masculine Soul Heaving in the Female Bosom': Theories of inversion and

1803:, not only contains a character based on Radclyffe Hall but includes passages that may be a response to 1093:, who acted as distributor. With publicity increasing demand, sales were brisk, but the reappearance of 126:) is apparent from an early age. She finds love with Mary Llewellyn, whom she meets while serving as an 6531: 6477: 5808:"Radclyffe Hall's 'The Well of Loneliness' as an Early Example of Transsexual Autobiographical Writing" 1148: 1005:

brought home the need for society to "cleans itself from the leprosy of these lepers". For Douglas the

945:

by promoting physical health and manliness. His colourfully worded editorials on subjects such as "the

134: 6352:

Watkins, Susan (2007). "'The aristocracy of intellect': Inversion and Inheritance in Radclyffe Hall's

4876:

A Writer of Misfits': 'John' Radclyffe Hall and the Discourse of Inversion". In Doan; Prosser (eds.).

1790:

by announcing that Radclyffe Hall was the model for one of the characters, it sold only 2,000 copies.

1533:

and am rather relieved than otherwise by any lack of enthusiasm I may encounter in official circles."

723:

for defining lesbianism in terms of masculinity, as well as for presenting lesbian life as "joyless".

6406: 5959: 5215: 4657: 4586: 4507: 1430: 1066: 957:

family of papers prosper in the cutthroat circulation wars of the late 1920s. These leader articles (

213:, before she began work. Her goals were social and political; she wanted to end public silence about 6124:

Busl, Gretchen (2017). "Drag's Double Inversion: Insufficient Language and Gender Performativity in

519:

as "The first long and very serious novel entirely upon the subject of sexual inversion". She wrote

6576: 6566: 6161:

Hill, Emily S. (2016). "God's Miserable Army: Love, Suffering, and Queer Faith in Radclyffe Hall's

1357: 1295: 1164: 764:

gender and sex, but not to sexual preferences. Some women in this period ascribed to the theory of

528: 4413: 2101:

was banned in England and not published there again until 1959", but the latter date is incorrect.

1387:

in nature. Biron replied, "I have read the book." Hall had urged Birkett before the trial not to "

610:

resulted in infinitely greater publicity about lesbianism than if there had been no prosecution."

6551: 2047:, which also reprints the full text of several contemporary reviews and reactions, including the 1645: 1521:

in a Collected Memorial Edition of Hall's works. Peter Davies of the Windmill Press wrote to the

1179: 1061: 278: 5157:

Franks, Claudia Stillman (1982). "Stephen Gordon, Novelist: A Re-Evaluation of Radclyffe Hall's

4605:

Bullough, Vern; Bullough, Bonnie (1977). "Lesbianism in the 1920s and 1930s: A Newfound Study".

3453:

For more on the practice of setting a high price for books with "dangerous" subject matter, see

452:

Stephen's father, Sir Phillip, dotes on her; he seeks to understand her through the writings of

5458: 1614: 1300: 1089:

to Paris, and by 28 September, Pegasus Press was shipping its edition to the London bookseller

395: 357: 269: 206: 4540: 4524: 3192: 809:

In more recent criticism, critics have tended to focus on the novel's historical context, but

535:, who regarded homosexuality as an inborn and unalterable trait: congenital sexual inversion. 6390: 5838: 5431: 5241:"Hall of Mirrors: Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness and Modernist Fictions of Identity" 1898: 1777:

may have been protected by its Modernist playfulness. The Home Office considered prosecuting

1567: 1057: 1018: 971:

suggests that their self-made debasement is unavoidable, because they cannot save themselves.

938: 453: 353: 345: 263: 5867:

Stimpson, Catharine R. (Winter 1981). "Zero Degree Deviancy: The Lesbian Novel in English".

5632: 5495:

Love, Heather (2000). "Hard Times and Heartaches: Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness".

5452:

Langer, Cassandra; Chadwick, Whitney; Lucchesi, Joe (Autumn 2001 – Winter 2002). "Review of

662:

survivor said, "Remembering that book, I wanted to live long enough to kiss another woman."

3480: 1902:

reported that during the film's run in Los Angeles in 1937 – as a double feature with

1872: 1755: 1590:'s house and immediately decided to acquire it. He had previously sold a copy of Dreiser's 1510: 1337: 1325: 1052:

to the Home Secretary for his opinion, offering to withdraw the book if it would be in the

1029:

to take action if they did not. (The comparison between pornography and poison was made by

118:. It follows the life of Stephen Gordon, an Englishwoman from an upper-class family whose " 5368: 1818: 1681: 8: 5067: 1845:, an American actress who was staging banned plays in Paris, proposed a dramatisation of 1641: 1592: 1205: 1154: 1113: 716: 372: 6187: 1862:

A 1951 French film set in a girls' boarding school was released in the United States as

1293:

were equally willing to praise its artistry. The petition dwindled to a short letter in

500: 297:"the so-called just and righteous", she intensified the urgency of her plea for change. 6411: 6340: 6307: 6271: 6215: 6149: 6085: 6044: 5941: 5933: 5892: 5832: 5700: 5613: 5605: 5588:

Newton, Esther (1984). "The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman".

5557: 5520: 5483: 5393: 5281: 5227: 5186: 5109: 5037: 5023: 4807: 4747: 4684: 4640: 4560: 4176: 1736: 1030: 1014: 107: 4703: 3074: 2191: 2019:, p. 313. For accounts of the British trial and the events leading up to it, see 1208:

and started a counter-campaign that helped Hall obtain statements of support from the

879:

Early reviews were mixed. Some critics found the novel too preachy; others, including

6449: 6361: 6344: 6311: 6263: 6236: 6219: 6207: 6153: 6110: 6036: 6031: 5993: 5976: 5945: 5925: 5896: 5884: 5842: 5792: 5781: 5765: 5742: 5717: 5692: 5657: 5651: 5636: 5617: 5574: 5561: 5549: 5524: 5512: 5475: 5436: 5416: 5410: 5345: 5319: 5298: 5273: 5219: 5178: 5142: 5126: 5074: 5048: 5015: 4827: 4811: 4799: 4768: 4761: 4751: 4739: 4688: 4677: 4661: 4644: 4632: 4624: 4590: 4567: 4544: 4487: 3310: 3215: 3196: 1881: 1760: 1653: 1290: 1273:

s sentimental romanticism, traditional form, and lofty style – using words like

1196: 1143: 1082: 1077:

Cape announced that he had stopped publication, but he secretly leased the rights to

942: 859: 614: 492: 429: 380: 333: 282: 243: 143:. Douglas wrote that "I would rather give a healthy boy or a healthy girl a phial of 6089: 2620: 1910: 277:

Brockett next introduces Stephen to Valérie Seymour, who – like her prototype,

148: 6332: 6299: 6199: 6174: 6141: 6077: 6026: 6018: 6009: 5968: 5917: 5876: 5684: 5597: 5541: 5504: 5467: 5315: 5263: 5255: 5170: 5101: 5062: 5007: 4791: 4731: 4616: 3243: 1842: 1637: 1587: 1537: 1467: 1434: 1361: 1333: 1137: 1105: 704: 259: 156: 6455: 6428: 6303: 6145: 5972: 4863:

Douglas, James (1928). "A Book That Must Be Suppressed". In Doan; Prosser (eds.).

4704:"Judging a Book by Its... Price, Distribution, and Lesbian Representation in 1928" 2593:, pp. 49–52 discusses this scene in light of Hall's interest in spiritualism. 1135:

s campaign drew the attention of other papers. Some backed Douglas, including the

6491: 6465: 6423: 6097:

Blackford, Holly (2020). "Seeing Red: The Inside Nature of the Queer Outsider in

5788: 5002: 4607: 4408: 3090: 2173:

For an overview of critical responses and controversies, see the introduction to

1795: 1742: 1669: 1555: 1549:

could have created such a scandal. In 1974, it was read to the British public on

1526: 1442: 1053: 884: 803: 778: 708: 634: 629: 594: 496: 387: 35: 5904:

Taylor, Leslie A. (2001). "'I Made Up My Mind to Get It': The American Trial of

5390:

glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture

4915:

Medd, Jodie (2001). "War Wounds: The Nation, Shell Shock, and Psychoanalysis in

1813: 646:

stories – and not just those of older lesbians". It has often been mocked:

6285:"An 'ordinary novel': genre trouble in Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness" 5758:

Wild Heart: A Life: Natalie Clifford Barney and the Decadence of Literary Paris

5738: 5626: 4889:

All My Life I've Been Waiting for Something...': Theorizing Femme Narrative in

3247: 2052: 1855: 1822: 1750: 1661: 1649: 1606: 1534: 1500: 1466:

Men – never mind their intellect". Though the introduction, by journalist

1393: 1373: 1365: 1263: 1251: 1044:

In what Hall described as an act of "imbecility coupled with momentary panic",

1026: 979: 933: 796: 765: 750:'traitorous femme' who remains untrustworthy as she may leave you for a man". 551: 532: 441: 425: 356: – a fact that brought her into conflict with the church, which condemned 314: 289: 210: 139: 111: 49: 20: 6203: 6081: 5105: 4795: 1441:, solicited testimony from biological and medical experts and from the writer 993:

began on 18 August, with poster and billboard advertising and a teaser in the

255: 6525: 6515: 6336: 6267: 6211: 6040: 5980: 5929: 5888: 5761: 5696: 5553: 5516: 5479: 5277: 5223: 5182: 5149: 5019: 4803: 4743: 4628: 3732: 3620: 2396: 1950: 1922: 1877: 1850: 1708: 1665: 1657: 1628:

In the US, as in the UK, the Hicklin test of obscenity applied, but New York

1579: 1505: 1477:

s moral argument as "feeble" and dismissed Havelock Ellis as a "psychopath",

1384: 1317: 1255: 1239: 1235: 1116:

were waiting with a search warrant. Hill and Cape were summoned to appear at

1045: 1010: 880: 847: 437: 421: 368: 305: 251: 239: 214: 186: 123: 115: 85: 6178: 2866:, p. 7, "The Mythic Moral Panic: Radclyffe Hall and the New Genealogy". 2794:, p. 2, "The Mythic Moral Panic: Radclyffe Hall and the New Genealogy". 2097:, p. 603, writes that "in 1928, Radclyffe Hall's lesbian bildungsroman 133:

Shortly after the book's publication, it became the target of a campaign by

6503: 6470: 6319:

Spišiaková, Eva (2020). "'We've called her Stephen': Czech translations of

6064:

Armstrong, Mary A. (2008). "Stable Identity: Horses, Inversion Theory, and

5341: 5302: 4636: 4365:, p. 71. Kershaw's wardrobe change for the curtain speech is noted in 4340: 3704: 3553: 1918: 1817:

of a lesbian literary and artistic circle in Paris, written in an archaic,

1800: 1598: 1417: 1349: 1174: 1022: 1001:

and perversion" had already become too visible and that the publication of

684: 651: 647: 474: 376: 144: 6414:

including correspondence, document facsimiles, and text of legal judgments

5921: 5545: 5508: 5268: 1741:

Three other novels with lesbian themes were published in England in 1928:

4305:, p. 8. Susan Sniader Lanser notes the resemblance of this scene to 1914: 1673: 1550: 1522: 1259: 1247: 1201: 1086: 782: 606:, a Home Office memo noted: "It is notorious that the prosecution of the 563: 484: 410: 329: 202: 179: 6275: 6188:"Banned Books and Publishers' Ploys: The Well of Loneliness as Exemplar" 3842: 3363: 1081:, an English-language publisher in France. His partner Wren Howard took 802:

The novel has had its defenders among feminists in the academy, such as

6048: 5937: 5609: 5487: 5285: 5231: 5113: 5027: 4989:: Radclyffe Hall and the Lesbian Modernists". In Doan; Prosser (eds.). 3652: 3511: 1620:

In New York, Sumner and several police detectives seized 865 copies of

821: 643: 349: 234: 5704: 5412:

Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community

5190: 2910: 1517:

In 1946, three years after Hall's death, Troubridge wanted to include

1173:

had only started its campaign because it was August, the journalistic

6444: 6358:

Scandalous Fictions: The Twentieth-Century Novel in the Public Sphere

6233:

Secrecy and Sapphic Modernism: Reading Romans à Clef between the Wars

5144:

Sex Variant Women in Literature: A Historical and Quantitative Survey

4536: 3799: 3229: 3227: 2027:, pp. 225–267. For a detailed examination of controversies over 1969:

autobiographical aspects date back to the book's initial publication.

1370: 1312: 1286: 958: 937:, did not agree. Douglas was a dedicated moralist and an exponent of 851: 746:

Moreover, Hemmings continues that both Mary and Angela represent the

712: 659: 6022: 5471: 5259: 5011: 4763:

Fashioning Sapphism: The Origins of a Modern English Lesbian Culture

3568: 1993: 5990:

Looking Like What You Are: Sexual Style, Race, and Lesbian Identity

5880: 5688: 5601: 5198:

Gilmore, Leigh (1994). "Obscenity, Modernity, Identity: Legalizing

5174: 4735: 4620: 3022: 1629: 1578:

Cape sold the US rights to the recently formed publishing house of

1353: 1006: 977:

Douglas, James (19 August 1928). "A Book That Must Be Suppressed".

855: 735: 731: 524: 197:

In 1926, Radclyffe Hall was at the height of her career. Her novel

6510: 3224: 273:

The Temple of Friendship at Natalie Barney's home at 20, Rue Jacob

5815: 5571:

Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present

4841:

Biron, Sir Chartres (1928). "Judgment". In Doan; Prosser (eds.).

4654:

The Apparitional Lesbian: Female Homosexuality and Modern Culture

4229: 4047: 3335: 2907:, p. 218, connects these aspects of the novel with sexology. 1406:

so strongly. "Natural" and "Sacred"! "Good" repeated three times.

1356:. None were allowed to offer their views of the novel. Under the 946: 917: 887:

or suggested that it should not have been published. A review in

465: 446: 318: 174: 152: 3933: 3584: 711:

identities that Hall's novel had helped to define, writers like

445:

named Collins and is devastated when she sees Collins kissing a

6377:

Redefining Translation and Interpretation in Cultural Evolution

4562:

Screened Out: Playing Gay in Hollywood from Edison to Stonewall

3142: 2297: 1462:, but its primary targets were Douglas and Joynson-Hicks, "Two 4976:

Rule, Jane (1975). "Radclyffe Hall". In Doan; Prosser (eds.).

3010: 1605:, to defend the book against legal challenges. Friede invited 546:(1896) by Havelock Ellis – who contributed a foreword to 155:. In the United States, the book survived legal challenges in 4219: 4217: 3765: 3763: 2496: 2192:"Public Domain Day 2024 | Duke University School of Law" 1692:

described a lesbian relationship in more explicit terms than

1341: 1289:

aesthetics; not all those willing to defend it on grounds of

1101: 846:

but turned it down. Hall's agent then sent the manuscript to

739: 698: 67: 6250:

Pająk, Paulina (2018). "'Echo Texts': Woolf, Krzywicka, and

4102: 3899: 3897: 2134: 1299:, signed by Forster and Virginia Woolf, that focused on the 436:

The book's protagonist, Stephen Gordon, is born in the late

348:

in 1912, was devoutly religious. She was also a believer in

5675:

and the Suppressed Randiness of Virginia Woolf's Orlando".

5671:

Parkes, Adam (1994). "Lesbianism, History, and Censorship:

4440: 4328: 4316: 4078: 4008: 3945: 3720: 3692: 3504:, pp. 50–73, "A Selection of Early Reviews"; see also 3038: 2998: 2845: 2230: 2202: 1913:

produced a play based on the novel. The play was staged in

1416:

In his judgement, issued on 16 November, Biron applied the

771: 402:: God had created inverts, so humanity should accept them. 391: 4262: 4260: 4214: 3820: 3818: 3760: 3748: 3668: 2974: 1493: 4372: 4272: 4090: 4068: 4066: 3894: 3858: 3830: 3680: 3596: 3460: 3435: 2881: 2439: 2427: 2378: 2287: 2285: 2270: 6391:

Facsimiles of correspondence relating to the seizure of

6227:

Nair, Sashi (2014). "'Moral poison': Radclyffe Hall and

5409:

Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky; Davis, Madeline D. (1994).

4428: 3118: 2749: 2665: 2560: 2545:, p. 156, notes the significance of Stephen's name. 2366: 2354: 2342: 2260: 2258: 837: 584: 5088:

Fitzgerald, William (February 1978). "Radclyffe Hall's

4967:

and the Spaces of Inversion". In Doan; Prosser (eds.).

4284: 4257: 3981: 3909: 3882: 3870: 3815: 3640: 3130: 3106: 3062: 2950: 2926: 2833: 2725: 2451: 2110:

A detailed discussion of the US trials can be found in

1684:, which had been cleared of obscenity in the 1922 case 1242:

drafted a letter of protest against the suppression of

487: – and, reading it, learns that she is an invert. 309:

Women of the Hackett Lowther Unit working on ambulances

5454:

Amazons in the Drawing Room: The Art of Romaine Brooks

5451: 4202: 4152: 4063: 4035: 4025: 4023: 3969: 3266: 3254: 3096: 2282: 2063: 2061: 1246:, assembling a list of supporters that included Shaw, 6475: 6109:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 75–91. 5361:"Is She or Isn't She? Using Academic Controversy and 4963:

Rosner, Victoria (2001). "Once More unto the Breach:

4850:

Castle, Terry (2001). "Afterword: It Was Good, Good,

4384: 4140: 3998: 3996: 3921: 3775: 2548: 2512: 2313: 2255: 1981: 1311:

The obscenity trial began on 9 November 1928. Cape's

6325:

Target. International Journal of Translation Studies

4245: 3957: 3608: 3351: 3323: 2677: 2524: 1781:, but concluded that it lacked the "earnestness" of 1120:

to show cause why the book should not be destroyed.

730:

arguably embodies what modern readers may regard as

5714:

Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality

5365:

to Introduce the Social Construction of Lesbianism"

4020: 3787: 3050: 2821: 2797: 2773: 2761: 2737: 2701: 2653: 2608: 2596: 2572: 2463: 2058: 1837: 613:In a study of a working-class lesbian community in 367:Stephen, born on Christmas Eve and named after the 229: 6107:Literary Cultures and Twentieth-Century Childhoods 5780: 5141: 5066: 5036: 4760: 4676: 4559: 3993: 3478:For example, the anonymous reviewers in Glasgow's 2938: 2869: 2809: 2713: 2689: 2078: 2076: 2039:. An overview can be found in the introduction to 1962:According to William Fitzgerald, speculation over 5783:The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies 4985:Winning, Joanne (2001). "Writing by the Light of 4601:Includes an introduction by Susan Sniader Lanser. 2962: 1582:and Donald Friede. Friede had heard gossip about 872:as a competitor and wanted to beat it to market. 695:because it had drawn unwanted attention to them. 6523: 5432:"The Times Book Club and The Well of Loneliness" 4604: 3309:. Great Britain: Penguin Classics. p. 461. 3148: 1909:In 1985, the Mexican writer and social activist 1376:had persuaded her not to give evidence herself. 1189:both ran positive reviews. Arnold Dawson of the 339: 4999: 3016: 2167: 2073: 1316:Forster, and such diverse figures as biologist 491:with urban invert culture, meeting the lesbian 6400:Letter by Radclyffe Hall about the writing of 5812:Third International Congress on Sex and Gender 2160:) contains a reader response survey. See also 941:, a movement which sought to reinvigorate the 670:James Douglas illustrated his denunciation of 224: 3171:, p. 146. The word "joyless" is Cook's. 1525:'s legal adviser to ask whether the post-war 1100:One consignment of 250 copies was stopped at 5649: 5408: 3590: 3044: 3004: 2980: 2157: 1730: 1611:New York Society for the Suppression of Vice 1227:E. M. Forster and Virginia Woolf, letter to 428:, an American who lived in Paris and held a 173:s legal battles increased the visibility of 147:than this novel." A British court judged it 4821:Palatable Poison: Critical Perspectives on 4818: 4172:"Customs Seeks to Bar 'Well of Loneliness'" 3848: 3769: 3754: 3742: 3674: 3658: 3534: 3517: 3505: 3501: 3489: 3419: 3400: 3341: 3164: 2174: 2040: 2003: 1676:. His argument relied on a comparison with 1562: 604:The Single Woman and Her Emotional Problems 579: 238:Marie Antoinette's Temple of Love near the 128:ambulance driver during the First World War 6318: 5087: 4871: 4533:Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories 4484:Our Three Selves: A Life of Radclyffe Hall 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 3602: 3168: 2542: 1870:, but was actually adapted from the novel 923: 699:Negative portrayal of the feminine lesbian 34: 6582:LGBTQ-related controversies in literature 6360:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 48–69. 6235:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 36–68. 6096: 6063: 6030: 5755: 5267: 4708:2000 MLA Convention: Economies of Writing 4434: 4192:"'Well of Loneliness' Held Not Offensive" 2671: 2336: 906: 665: 432:there, was the model for Valérie Seymour. 360:. Both these beliefs made their way into 6374: 6185: 6006: 5866: 5332: 5061: 4906:as War Novel". In Doan; Prosser (eds.). 4884: 4819:Doan, Laura; Prosser, Jay, eds. (2001). 4503:"How Censors Held Line against Lesbians" 3329: 3211: 3188: 2956: 2916: 2851: 2634: 2420:, pp. 388–389. Interpretation from 1917:'s Fru Fru Theatre and was performed by 1853:, who reported on the opening night for 1392:tasteful and possessed a high degree of 953:) and "modern sex novelists" helped the 772:Conflations between sexuality and gender 420: 304: 268: 233: 6351: 5992:. New York: New York University Press. 5855: 5830: 5730: 5716:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5711: 5587: 5531: 5383: 5358: 5197: 5120: 5034: 4984: 4949: 4940: 4862: 4826:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4767:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4557: 4446: 4362: 4350: 4266: 4251: 4235: 4114: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4014: 3951: 3939: 3915: 3888: 3876: 3852: 3824: 3726: 3714: 3698: 3686: 3646: 3634: 3521: 3389: 3373: 3293: 3272: 3260: 3100: 3056: 3032: 2920: 2707: 2626: 2518: 2291: 2249: 2236: 2208: 2094: 2020: 1987: 1494:Subsequent publication and availability 1448: 951:extension of suffrage to women under 30 6524: 5987: 5952: 5903: 5805: 5670: 5568: 5156: 5139: 4962: 4849: 4701: 4651: 4580: 4522: 4458: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4302: 4290: 4239: 4223: 4208: 4158: 4131: 3975: 3864: 3805: 3626: 3574: 3454: 3424: 3406: 3394: 3357: 3172: 3028: 2887: 2590: 2433: 2319: 2307: 2303: 2276: 2264: 2111: 1070:. He took only two days to reply that 6612:Obscenity controversies in literature 6282: 6249: 6070:Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 5778: 5429: 5238: 4840: 4674: 4500: 4481: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4346: 4278: 4146: 4108: 4057: 4053: 4002: 3987: 3963: 3927: 3903: 3836: 3809: 3781: 3738: 3710: 3630: 3578: 3546: 3466: 3441: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3175:, p. 21, notes the influence of 2968: 2904: 2755: 2683: 2647: 2530: 2502: 2445: 2421: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2220: 2154:Reflections on the Well of Loneliness 2067: 2024: 1429:Hill and Cape appealed to the London 838:Publication and contemporary response 595:Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain 585:Awareness of homosexuality in society 507:us also the right to our existence!" 6226: 6160: 6123: 5653:Reflecting on The Well of Loneliness 5494: 5456:by Whitney Chadwick; Joe Lucchesi". 5309: 5292: 4975: 4932:of Shame". In Doan; Prosser (eds.). 4927: 4914: 4901: 4781: 4758: 4721: 4041: 4029: 3793: 3662: 3614: 3488:, 11 August 1928; both reprinted in 3377: 3369: 3345: 3304: 3233: 3160: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3097:Langer, Chadwick & Lucchesi 2001 3080: 3068: 2992: 2944: 2932: 2900: 2875: 2863: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2695: 2659: 2630: 2614: 2602: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2506: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2469: 2457: 2417: 2404: 2400: 2348: 2332: 2161: 2140: 2124: 2082: 2032: 2016: 1999: 1876:, now known to have been written by 460:but dies without managing to do so. 114:that was first published in 1928 by 6557:Controversies in the United Kingdom 5910:Journal of the History of Sexuality 5631:. New York: Harcourt, Inc. p. 5624: 5430:Kitch, Tasmin (11 September 2003). 5208:Journal of the History of Sexuality 5163:Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 4679:Radclyffe Hall: A Woman Called John 2485:, p. 271. Interpretation from 2335:, p. 352; interpretation from 2051:editorial and Chief Magistrate Sir 781:', Prosser suggests, is actually a 523:in part to popularise the ideas of 13: 6057: 5100:(1). Taylor & Francis: 50–53. 3486:North Mail and Newcastle Chronicle 3278: 1866:to capitalise on the notoriety of 1156:Daily News and Westminster Gazette 703:In the 1970s and early '80s, when 562:The term sexual inversion implied 262:'s rumoured relationship with the 246:, where Stephen and Brockett visit 14: 6638: 6617:Works published under a pseudonym 6547:British novels adapted into plays 6384: 6323:and their transgender readings". 5335:Introduction to Radclyffe Hall's 3547:Flood, Alison (10 January 2019). 1056:to do so. The Home Secretary was 738:ideas in its presentation of the 632:. As late as 1994, an article in 483:, a text about homosexuality and 477: – assumed by critics to be 19:For the experimental device, see 6509: 6497: 6485: 5656:. London / New York: Routledge. 5573:. New York City: Vintage Books. 4459:Rabell, Malkah (18 March 1985). 4452: 4396: 4356: 4296: 4184: 4164: 3540: 3533:Con O'Leary, 11 August 1928, in 3527: 3495: 3472: 3447: 3413: 1956: 1838:Adaptations and derivative works 1830:is far more overtly sexual than 390:, "And the Lord set a mark upon 230:Paris lesbian and gay subculture 4501:Baker, Simon (4 October 2005). 3508:, pp. 4–5, "Introduction". 3383: 3298: 3205: 3182: 3154: 2986: 2893: 2857: 2785: 2640: 2584: 2536: 2475: 2410: 2390: 2325: 2242: 2214: 2184: 2146: 2031:in the 1920s, see chapter 1 of 416: 352:and had once hoped to become a 344:Hall, who had converted to the 6412:Radclyffe Hall at Times Online 5123:Paris was Yesterday: 1925–1939 4902:Kent, Susan Kingsley (2001). " 4525:"Below the Belt: (Un)Covering 4486:. London: GMP Publishers Ltd. 2164:, "Hard Times and Heartaches". 2117: 2104: 2088: 2009: 1939: 1888:, stated it was "inspired by" 1603:American Civil Liberties Union 1575:being treated as pornography. 1344:Joseph Frederick Stern of the 1214:South Wales Miners' Federation 1177:when good stories are scarce. 753: 379:with God for them and finally 300: 189:in the United States in 2024. 1: 6304:10.1080/0950236X.2016.1238001 6146:10.1080/0013838X.2017.1283120 5973:10.1080/09589236.1998.9960722 5908:, New York City, 1928–1929". 4523:Barale, Michèle Aina (1991). 3017:Dunn, Warland & Munt 1994 1928: 1411:Sir Chartres Biron's judgment 1118:Bow Street Magistrates' Court 1039:Obscene Publications Act 1857 931:James Douglas, editor of the 889:T.P.'s & Cassell's Weekly 854:of 1500 copies, priced at 15 569:secondary sex characteristics 340:Christianity and spiritualism 192: 6602:Novels set in Worcestershire 6192:Journal of Modern Literature 5834:The Trials of Radclyffe Hall 5677:Twentieth Century Literature 5534:Journal of Modern Literature 5297:. London: The Falcon Press. 5248:Twentieth Century Literature 5140:Foster, Jeanette H. (1956). 5092:: Sources and Inspiration". 4954:". In Doan; Prosser (eds.). 4919:". In Doan; Prosser (eds.). 4893:". In Doan; Prosser (eds.). 4872:Halberstam, Judith (2001). " 4854:". In Doan; Prosser (eds.). 4683:. Woodstock & New York: 4412:. 3 May 1954. Archived from 3236:Twentieth Century Literature 3149:Bullough & Bullough 1977 1975: 1210:National Union of Railwaymen 891:foresaw no difficulties for 369:first martyr of Christianity 281: – is the hostess of a 16:1928 novel by Radclyffe Hall 7: 6460:Project Gutenberg Australia 6186:McCleery, Alistair (2019). 5756:Rodriguez, Suzanne (2002). 5094:The Journal of Sex Research 5045:Manchester University Press 5043:. Manchester and New York: 5039:Women Artists and Modernism 4198:. 27 July 1929. p. 11. 1725:United States Customs Court 1322:British Sexological Society 1306: 1123: 1104:. Then the Chairman of the 989:Douglas's campaign against 510: 350:communication with the dead 225:Social and cultural context 10: 6643: 6627:Works subject to a lawsuit 6607:Novels with lesbian themes 5650:O'Rourke, Rebecca (1989). 5497:Journal of Lesbian Studies 5359:Hopkins, Annis H. (1998). 4474: 4180:. 16 May 1929. p. 18. 3248:10.1215/0041462X-2010-3002 1734: 1320:, Laurence Housman of the 1303:of censorship on writers. 1285: – did not appeal to 1009:view of homosexuality was 961:) shared the pages of the 617:, in the 1940s and 1950s, 440:to upper-class parents in 40:Cover of the first edition 18: 6407:Lesbian Herstory Archives 6204:10.2979/jmodelite.43.1.03 6082:10.1080/10436920701884712 6032:2027/spo.0499697.0013.306 5960:Journal of Gender Studies 5734:The Friendly Young Ladies 5333:Hennegan, Alison (1982). 5216:University of Texas Press 5106:10.1080/00224497809550992 4885:Hemmings, Clare (2001). " 4796:10.1007/s12119-004-1013-2 4658:Columbia University Press 4587:New York University Press 4558:Barrios, Richard (2003). 4508:The Sydney Morning Herald 4467:(in Spanish). p. 19. 3484:, 9 August 1928, and the 1731:Other 1928 lesbian novels 1696:did. According to Ernst, 1431:Court of Quarter Sessions 1424: 1067:The Book of Common Prayer 842:Three publishers praised 394: ..." Hall uses the 91: 81: 73: 63: 55: 45: 33: 6396:at The National Archives 6337:10.1075/target.19107.spi 5806:Schaff, Barbara (1998). 5386:"Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich" 5384:Kennedy, Hubert (2004). 5310:Hall, Radclyffe (1981). 5293:Hall, Radclyffe (1949). 4928:Munt, Sally R. (2001). " 4702:Cohler, Deborah (2000). 4531:. In Fuss, Diana (ed.). 3942:, pp. 216, 225–226. 3305:Hall, Radclyffe (2015). 2981:Kennedy & Davis 1994 2489:, pp. 241–245, and 2143:, pp. 718–719, 731. 2023:, pp. 192–241, and 1933: 1563:US publication and trial 1358:Obscene Publications Act 1296:The Nation and Athenaeum 1229:The Nation and Athenaeum 1128:From its beginning, the 1013:, incompatible with the 580:Social impact and legacy 529:Richard von Krafft-Ebing 6562:English-language novels 6167:Literature and Theology 5831:Souhami, Diana (1999). 5121:Flanner, Janet (1979). 4784:Sexuality & Culture 4566:. New York: Routledge. 4482:Baker, Michael (1985). 4461:"El pozo de la soledad" 3849:Doan & Prosser 2001 3770:Doan & Prosser 2001 3755:Doan & Prosser 2001 3743:Doan & Prosser 2001 3675:Doan & Prosser 2001 3659:Doan & Prosser 2001 3535:Doan & Prosser 2001 3518:Doan & Prosser 2001 3506:Doan & Prosser 2001 3502:Doan & Prosser 2001 3490:Doan & Prosser 2001 3420:Doan & Prosser 2001 3401:Doan & Prosser 2001 3342:Doan & Prosser 2001 3165:Doan & Prosser 2001 3083:, pp. 114–117 and 2175:Doan & Prosser 2001 2041:Doan & Prosser 2001 2004:Doan & Prosser 2001 1799:by the American writer 1646:Edna St. Vincent Millay 1570:had planned to publish 1488:The Master of the House 1330:London Morality Council 602:a health book entitled 336:of God's good people". 279:Natalie Clifford Barney 29:The Well of Loneliness 6466:The Well of Loneliness 6456:The Well of Loneliness 6445:The Well of Loneliness 6430:The Well of Loneliness 6419:The Well of Loneliness 6393:The Well of Loneliness 6354:The Well of Loneliness 6321:The Well of Loneliness 6283:Roche, Hannah (2018). 6252:The Well of Loneliness 6229:The Well of Loneliness 6163:The Well of Loneliness 6126:The Well of Loneliness 6103:The Well of Loneliness 6066:The Well of Loneliness 5955:The Well of Loneliness 5906:The Well of Loneliness 5731:Renault, Mary (1984). 5673:The Well of Loneliness 5363:The Well of Loneliness 5342:Virago Modern Classics 5312:The Well of Loneliness 5295:The Well of Loneliness 5200:The Well of Loneliness 5159:The Well of Loneliness 5090:The Well of Loneliness 4965:The Well of Loneliness 4917:The Well of Loneliness 4904:The Well of Loneliness 4891:The Well of Loneliness 4823:The Well of Loneliness 4652:Castle, Terry (1993). 4581:Barnes, Djuna (1992). 4527:The Well of Loneliness 4111:, pp. 353, 374n1. 3307:The Well of Loneliness 2114:, "I Made Up My Mind". 2099:The Well of Loneliness 2029:The Well of Loneliness 1964:The Well of Loneliness 1947:The Well of Loneliness 1945:In the United States, 1904:Love Life of a Gorilla 1886:Children of Loneliness 1847:The Well of Loneliness 1690:Mademoiselle de Maupin 1678:Mademoiselle de Maupin 1615:Watch and Ward Society 1572:The Well of Loneliness 1531:The Well of Loneliness 1460:The Well of Loneliness 1408: 1381:The Well of Loneliness 1224: 991:The Well of Loneliness 973: 913:The Well of Loneliness 907:Possible autobiography 681:The Well of Loneliness 666:Clothing and sexuality 642:"regularly appears in 619:The Well of Loneliness 599:The Well of Loneliness 556:The Well of Loneliness 521:The Well of Loneliness 517:The Well of Loneliness 433: 362:The Well of Loneliness 326:The Well of Loneliness 310: 274: 247: 207:James Tait Black Prize 168:The Well of Loneliness 103:The Well of Loneliness 6179:10.1093/litthe/frv013 5988:Walker, Lisa (2001). 5922:10.1353/sex.2001.0042 5712:Prosser, Jay (1998). 5569:Miller, Neil (1995). 5546:10.1353/jml.2004.0019 5509:10.1300/J155v04n02_08 5415:. New York: Penguin. 5239:Green, Laura (2003). 5125:. New York: Penguin. 4675:Cline, Sally (1998). 3492:, pp. 57 and 61. 1899:Motion Picture Herald 1864:The Pit of Loneliness 1793:A fourth 1928 novel, 1568:Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1527:Labour administration 1403: 1346:East London Synagogue 1219: 1058:William Joynson-Hicks 1037:, on introducing the 968: 939:muscular Christianity 540:Psychopathia Sexualis 480:Psychopathia Sexualis 454:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs 424: 346:Roman Catholic Church 308: 272: 264:Princesse de Lamballe 237: 185:The book entered the 6592:Novels set in London 6587:Novels about writers 6256:Woolf Studies Annual 6099:Anne of Green Gables 5779:Russo, Vito (1987). 5371:on 10 September 2004 4759:Doan, Laura (2001). 4349:, pp. 277–279; 4337:, pp. xv–xviii. 4325:, pp. xli–xlii. 3741:, pp. 245–246; 3713:, pp. 247–248; 3127:, pp. 113, 123. 2919:, pp. 189–194; 2629:, pp. 167–168; 2569:, pp. 202, 207. 2448:, pp. 216, 247. 2387:, pp. 227, 273. 2239:, pp. 164, 171. 2211:, pp. 159, 172. 1769:. None were banned. 1601:, co-founder of the 1456:The Sink of Solitude 1450:The Sink of Solitude 1338:Royal Academy of Art 1108:balked. He had read 949:vote" (that is, the 6622:Covici-Friede books 6597:Novels set in Paris 6572:Jonathan Cape books 6542:British LGBT novels 6537:1928 British novels 5625:Nin, Anaïs (1986). 5459:Woman's Art Journal 5073:. New York: Quill. 4993:. pp. 372–393. 4971:. pp. 316–335. 4958:. pp. 129–144. 4936:. pp. 199–215. 4923:. pp. 232–254. 4910:. pp. 216–231. 4897:. pp. 179–196. 4880:. pp. 145–161. 4858:. pp. 394–402. 4449:, pp. 158–160. 4381:, pp. 277–278. 4353:, pp. 250–259. 4281:, pp. 254–255. 4226:, pp. 281–287. 4087:, pp. 405–406. 4017:, pp. 233–235. 3954:, pp. 226–227. 3906:, pp. 256–258. 3839:, pp. 248–249. 3812:, pp. 252–258. 3729:, pp. 207–210. 3717:, pp. 204–206. 3701:, pp. 194–196. 3593:, pp. 101–103. 3469:, pp. 208–209. 3444:, pp. 235–238. 3179:on butch and femme. 3139:, pp. 124–125. 3115:, pp. 27, 193. 3071:, pp. 185–191. 2935:, pp. 132–136. 2890:, pp. 288–289. 2854:, pp. 317–325. 2842:, pp. 141–150. 2758:, pp. 284–285. 2734:, pp. 147–149. 2493:, pp. 223–224. 2460:, pp. 271–272. 2436:, pp. 327–330. 2375:, pp. 253–254. 2363:, pp. 273–274. 2351:, p. 356, 387. 2279:, pp. 323–324. 2129:Fashioning Sapphism 2055:'s legal judgement. 2037:Fashioning Sapphism 1896:. A critic for the 1821:style and starring 1779:Extraordinary Women 1766:Extraordinary Women 1763:'s satirical novel 1642:F. Scott Fitzgerald 1593:An American Tragedy 1206:George Bernard Shaw 1169:suggested that the 1114:Metropolitan Police 870:Extraordinary Women 865:Extraordinary Women 818:the most depressing 717:Blanche Wiesen Cook 30: 5859:Gay Community News 5396:on 19 October 2006 5337:Well of Loneliness 4945:. pp. 89–109. 4685:The Overlook Press 4196:The New York Times 4177:The New York Times 3867:, pp. 187–88. 3661:, pp. 10–11; 3167:, pp. 15–16; 2407:, pp. 181–82) 1737:Lesbian literature 1686:Halsey v. New York 1607:John Saxton Sumner 1433:. The prosecutor, 1031:Lord Chief Justice 1015:Christian doctrine 608:Well of Loneliness 538:In Krafft-Ebing's 434: 400:religious argument 311: 275: 248: 110:by British author 28: 6532:1920s LGBT novels 6450:Project Gutenberg 6367:978-0-230-28784-6 6242:978-0-230-35618-4 6116:978-3-030-35392-6 5999:978-0-8147-9372-5 5848:978-0-385-48941-6 5798:978-0-06-096132-9 5771:978-0-06-093780-5 5748:978-0-394-73369-2 5723:978-0-231-10934-5 5663:978-0-415-01841-8 5642:978-0-15-640057-2 5422:978-0-14-023550-0 5351:978-0-86068-254-7 5325:978-0-380-54247-5 5214:(4). Austin, TX: 5132:978-0-14-005068-4 5080:978-0-688-00396-8 5063:Faderman, Lillian 5054:978-0-7190-5082-4 4980:. pp. 77–88. 4867:. pp. 36–38. 4845:. pp. 39–49. 4833:978-0-231-11875-0 4774:978-0-231-11007-5 4694:978-0-87951-708-3 4667:978-0-231-07652-4 4596:978-0-8147-1180-4 4573:978-0-415-92328-6 4550:978-0-415-90237-3 4493:978-0-85449-042-4 4416:on 4 January 2008 4044:, pp. 95–96. 3990:, pp. 39–49. 3745:, pp. 69–70. 3689:, pp. 36–38. 3581:, pp. 16–20. 3316:978-0-141-19183-6 3220:978-0-231-11874-3 3201:978-0-231-11874-3 2557:, pp. 21–22. 1949:was published by 1882:exploitation film 1761:Compton Mackenzie 1682:Théophile Gautier 1654:Sherwood Anderson 943:Church of England 860:Compton Mackenzie 705:lesbian feminists 615:Buffalo, New York 99: 98: 92:Publication place 6634: 6514: 6513: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6452: 6380: 6371: 6348: 6315: 6292:Textual Practice 6289: 6279: 6246: 6223: 6182: 6157: 6120: 6093: 6052: 6034: 6010:Feminist Studies 6003: 5984: 5949: 5900: 5869:Critical Inquiry 5863: 5852: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5818:on 11 March 2007 5814:. Archived from 5802: 5789:Harper & Row 5786: 5775: 5752: 5727: 5708: 5667: 5646: 5621: 5584: 5565: 5528: 5491: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5426: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5392:. Archived from 5380: 5378: 5376: 5367:. Archived from 5355: 5329: 5306: 5289: 5271: 5245: 5235: 5194: 5153: 5147: 5136: 5117: 5084: 5072: 5058: 5042: 5031: 4994: 4991:Palatable Poison 4981: 4978:Palatable Poison 4972: 4969:Palatable Poison 4959: 4956:Palatable Poison 4946: 4943:Palatable Poison 4937: 4934:Palatable Poison 4924: 4921:Palatable Poison 4911: 4908:Palatable Poison 4898: 4895:Palatable Poison 4888: 4881: 4878:Palatable Poison 4875: 4868: 4865:Palatable Poison 4859: 4856:Palatable Poison 4846: 4843:Palatable Poison 4837: 4815: 4778: 4766: 4755: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4698: 4682: 4671: 4648: 4600: 4577: 4565: 4554: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4497: 4469: 4468: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4360: 4354: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4129: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4099:, p. 103n6. 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4061: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3813: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3515: 3509: 3499: 3493: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3417: 3411: 3387: 3381: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3302: 3296: 3291: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3231: 3222: 3209: 3203: 3186: 3180: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3094: 3088: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2914: 2908: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2500: 2494: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2414: 2408: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2225:Our Three Selves 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2196:web.law.duke.edu 2188: 2182: 2179:Palatable Poison 2171: 2165: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2071: 2065: 2056: 2045:Palatable Poison 2013: 2007: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1943: 1843:Willette Kershaw 1717: 1638:Ernest Hemingway 1588:Theodore Dreiser 1538:James Chuter Ede 1476: 1468:P. R. Stephensen 1435:Attorney General 1412: 1362:Chief Magistrate 1334:Charles Ricketts 1301:chilling effects 1291:literary freedom 1272: 1231: 1186:Lady's Pictorial 1138:Sunday Chronicle 1134: 1106:Board of Customs 999:sexual inversion 985: 984: 898: 832: 815: 779:butch lesbianism 749: 627: 544:Sexual Inversion 408: 373:housemaid's knee 260:Marie Antoinette 172: 137:, editor of the 120:sexual inversion 38: 31: 27: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6577:Lesbian fiction 6567:Feminist novels 6522: 6521: 6520: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6476: 6442: 6424:Standard Ebooks 6387: 6368: 6287: 6243: 6134:English Studies 6117: 6060: 6058:Further reading 6055: 6023:10.2307/3177881 6000: 5849: 5821: 5819: 5799: 5772: 5749: 5724: 5664: 5643: 5581: 5472:10.2307/1358903 5442: 5440: 5423: 5399: 5397: 5374: 5372: 5352: 5326: 5260:10.2307/3175982 5243: 5133: 5081: 5055: 5012:10.2307/1395428 5006:(46): 106–108. 5003:Feminist Review 4886: 4873: 4834: 4775: 4712: 4710: 4695: 4668: 4597: 4583:Ladies Almanack 4574: 4551: 4513: 4511: 4494: 4477: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4361: 4357: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4293:, p. xxxi. 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238:, p. 375; 4234: 4230: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4130: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4064: 4056:, p. 257; 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3816: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633:, p. 214; 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3603:Fitzgerald 1978 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577:, p. 137; 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3516: 3512: 3500: 3496: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3418: 3414: 3388: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3232: 3225: 3214:, p. 180, 3210: 3206: 3187: 3183: 3169:Halberstam 2001 3163:, p. 731; 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3095: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031:, p. 394; 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2915: 2911: 2903:, p. 352. 2899:Quotation from 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2633:, p. 213; 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2543:Halberstam 2001 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2501: 2497: 2481:Quotation from 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2416:Quotation from 2415: 2411: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2331:Quotation from 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2306:, p. 323; 2302: 2298: 2290: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2256: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223:, p. 188, 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2172: 2168: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2105: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2074: 2066: 2059: 2015:Quotation from 2014: 2010: 2002:, p. 437; 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1840: 1828:Ladies Almanack 1809:Ladies Almanack 1796:Ladies Almanack 1743:Elizabeth Bowen 1739: 1733: 1715: 1670:John Dos Passos 1565: 1556:Book at Bedtime 1496: 1474: 1453: 1443:Rudyard Kipling 1427: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1309: 1270: 1262:. According to 1233: 1226: 1223: 1132: 1126: 1054:public interest 1048:sent a copy of 987: 976: 975: 972: 929: 909: 896: 840: 830: 816:reputation as " 813: 804:Alison Hennegan 774: 756: 747: 709:butch and femme 701: 668: 635:Feminist Review 630:LGBT literature 625: 591:Lord Birkenhead 587: 582: 515:Hall describes 513: 497:Croix de Guerre 419: 406: 342: 303: 232: 227: 195: 170: 166:Publicity over 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6640: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6552:Censored books 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6519: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6474: 6473: 6462: 6453: 6440: 6438: 6426: 6415: 6409: 6397: 6386: 6385:External links 6383: 6382: 6381: 6372: 6366: 6349: 6331:(1): 144–162. 6316: 6298:(1): 101–117. 6280: 6247: 6241: 6224: 6183: 6173:(3): 359–374. 6158: 6140:(3): 310–323. 6121: 6115: 6094: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6017:(3): 554–582. 6004: 5998: 5985: 5967:(3): 287–296. 5950: 5916:(2): 250–286. 5901: 5881:10.1086/448159 5875:(2): 363–379. 5864: 5853: 5847: 5828: 5803: 5797: 5776: 5770: 5753: 5747: 5739:Pantheon Books 5728: 5722: 5709: 5689:10.2307/441599 5683:(4): 434–460. 5668: 5662: 5647: 5641: 5628:Henry and June 5622: 5602:10.1086/494087 5596:(4): 557–575. 5585: 5579: 5566: 5540:(2): 145–159. 5529: 5503:(2): 115–128. 5492: 5449: 5427: 5421: 5406: 5381: 5356: 5350: 5330: 5324: 5307: 5290: 5269:2047/d20003276 5254:(3): 277–297. 5236: 5195: 5175:10.2307/464075 5169:(2): 125–139. 5154: 5137: 5131: 5118: 5085: 5079: 5059: 5053: 5032: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4982: 4973: 4960: 4947: 4938: 4925: 4912: 4899: 4882: 4869: 4860: 4847: 4832: 4816: 4779: 4773: 4756: 4736:10.1086/493659 4730:(4): 718–739. 4719: 4699: 4693: 4672: 4666: 4649: 4621:10.1086/493419 4615:(4): 895–904. 4602: 4595: 4578: 4572: 4555: 4549: 4520: 4498: 4492: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4451: 4439: 4435:Rodriguez 2002 4427: 4395: 4393:, p. 102. 4383: 4371: 4369:, p. 265. 4355: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4313:, p. xxxv 4295: 4283: 4271: 4269:, p. 237. 4256: 4244: 4228: 4213: 4211:, p. 283. 4201: 4183: 4163: 4161:, p. 284. 4151: 4149:, p. 271. 4139: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4062: 4060:, p. 280. 4046: 4034: 4019: 4007: 3992: 3980: 3978:, p. 189. 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3930:, p. 260. 3920: 3918:, p. 225. 3908: 3893: 3891:, p. 197. 3881: 3879:, p. 211. 3869: 3857: 3855:, p. 173. 3851:, p. 14; 3841: 3829: 3827:, p. 376. 3814: 3808:, p. 94; 3798: 3786: 3784:, p. 246. 3774: 3759: 3747: 3731: 3719: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3651: 3649:, p. 166. 3639: 3637:, p. 174. 3619: 3617:, p. 340. 3607: 3595: 3583: 3567: 3539: 3526: 3524:, p. 213. 3510: 3494: 3471: 3459: 3446: 3434: 3412: 3382: 3380:, p. 213. 3376:, p. 90; 3362: 3350: 3344:, p. 17; 3334: 3322: 3315: 3297: 3277: 3275:, p. 169. 3265: 3263:, p. 137. 3253: 3242:(2): 131–167. 3223: 3204: 3181: 3153: 3151:, p. 897. 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3099:, p. 45; 3089: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3047:, p. 128. 3037: 3035:, p. 281. 3021: 3019:, p. 107. 3009: 3007:, p. 115. 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2959:, p. 559. 2949: 2937: 2925: 2909: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2830:, p. 204. 2820: 2808: 2806:, p. 126. 2796: 2784: 2782:, p. 437. 2772: 2770:, p. 379. 2760: 2748: 2746:, p. 201. 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2686:, p. 210. 2676: 2674:, p. 274. 2672:Rodriguez 2002 2664: 2662:, p. 213. 2652: 2639: 2637:, p. 368. 2619: 2617:, p. 242. 2607: 2605:, p. 205. 2595: 2583: 2581:, p. 434. 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2533:, p. 143. 2523: 2511: 2505:, p. 81; 2495: 2474: 2472:, p. 387. 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2424:, p. 227. 2409: 2389: 2377: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2339:, p. 275. 2337:Rodriguez 2002 2324: 2322:, p. 324. 2312: 2296: 2294:, p. 173. 2281: 2269: 2267:, p. 251. 2254: 2252:, p. 181. 2241: 2229: 2213: 2201: 2183: 2166: 2145: 2133: 2116: 2103: 2087: 2072: 2070:, p. 353. 2057: 2053:Chartres Biron 2049:Sunday Express 2008: 2006:, p. 213. 1992: 1990:, p. 603. 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1955: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1911:Nancy Cárdenas 1880:. A mid-1930s 1856:The New Yorker 1839: 1836: 1823:Natalie Barney 1751:Virginia Woolf 1732: 1729: 1662:Upton Sinclair 1650:Sinclair Lewis 1586:at a party at 1564: 1561: 1535:Home Secretary 1511:La Fleche D'Or 1501:The New Yorker 1495: 1492: 1452: 1447: 1426: 1423: 1404: 1402: 1398:James Melville 1394:literary merit 1374:Norman Birkett 1366:Chartres Biron 1324:, Robert Cust 1308: 1305: 1264:Virginia Woolf 1252:Arnold Bennett 1220: 1218: 1171:Sunday Express 1130:Sunday Express 1125: 1122: 1085:moulds of the 1027:Home Secretary 980:Sunday Express 969: 967: 963:Sunday Express 934:Sunday Express 928: 925:Sunday Express 922: 908: 905: 839: 836: 773: 770: 766:Otto Weininger 755: 752: 700: 697: 676:Sunday Express 667: 664: 586: 583: 581: 578: 552:psychoanalysts 533:Havelock Ellis 512: 509: 501:polite society 442:Worcestershire 430:literary salon 426:Natalie Barney 418: 415: 341: 338: 315:Toupie Lowther 302: 299: 290:Romaine Brooks 283:literary salon 231: 228: 226: 223: 211:Una Troubridge 194: 191: 157:New York state 140:Sunday Express 112:Radclyffe Hall 97: 96: 95:United Kingdom 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 50:Radclyffe Hall 47: 43: 42: 39: 21:Pit of despair 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6639: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5862:. p. 16. 5861: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5829: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5762:HarperCollins 5759: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5580:0-09-957691-0 5576: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5407: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5150:Vantage Press 5146: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4790:(2): 80–106. 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4528: 4521: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4437:, p. 40. 4436: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4404:"New Picture" 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4210: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4075:, p. 48. 4074: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4032:, p. 88. 4031: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3966:, p. 44. 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3796:, p. 19. 3795: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3772:, p. 13. 3771: 3766: 3764: 3757:, p. 67. 3756: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3677:, p. 11. 3676: 3671: 3665:, p. 15. 3664: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3605:, p. 50. 3604: 3599: 3592: 3591:O'Rourke 1989 3587: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3537:, p. 61. 3536: 3530: 3523: 3520:, p. 5; 3519: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3360:, p. 21. 3359: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3330:Hennegan 1982 3326: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3212:Hemmings 2001 3208: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189:Hemmings 2001 3185: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3103:, p. 74. 3102: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3045:O'Rourke 1989 3041: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3005:O'Rourke 1989 3001: 2994: 2989: 2983:, p. 34. 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2957:Whitlock 1987 2953: 2947:, p. 25. 2946: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2922: 2918: 2917:Hemmings 2001 2913: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2878:, p. 26. 2877: 2872: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2852:Faderman 1981 2848: 2841: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2818:, p. 82. 2817: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2722:, p. 15. 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2698:, p. 13. 2697: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2650:, p. 48. 2649: 2643: 2636: 2635:Stimpson 1981 2632: 2628: 2623: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2521:, p. 99. 2520: 2515: 2509:, p. 88. 2508: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397:Diana Souhami 2393: 2386: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2251: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2158:O'Rourke 1989 2155: 2149: 2142: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1965: 1959: 1952: 1951:Covici-Friede 1948: 1942: 1938: 1926: 1924: 1923:Sonia Infante 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:Dorothy Bussy 1875: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1851:Janet Flanner 1848: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1709:trier of fact 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666:Ellen Glasgow 1663: 1659: 1658:H. L. Mencken 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580:Pascal Covici 1576: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1506:Janet Flanner 1503: 1502: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439:Thomas Inskip 1436: 1432: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:Julian Huxley 1314: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:Vera Brittain 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:E. M. Forster 1237: 1236:Leonard Woolf 1232: 1230: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079:Pegasus Press 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Jonathan Cape 1042: 1040: 1036: 1035:Lord Campbell 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011:pseudoscience 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 995:Daily Express 992: 986: 982: 981: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 935: 926: 921: 919: 914: 904: 900: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881:Leonard Woolf 877: 875: 871: 867: 866: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:Jonathan Cape 845: 835: 829: 825: 823: 819: 812: 807: 805: 800: 798: 793: 787: 784: 780: 769: 767: 762: 751: 744: 741: 737: 733: 729: 726:Furthermore, 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 707:rejected the 706: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 673: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 636: 631: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 600: 596: 592: 577: 574: 570: 565: 560: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 508: 504: 502: 498: 494: 488: 486: 482: 481: 476: 472: 467: 461: 459: 455: 450: 448: 443: 439: 438:Victorian era 431: 427: 423: 414: 412: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 337: 335: 331: 330:shell-shocked 327: 322: 320: 316: 307: 298: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 271: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 252:Marcel Proust 245: 241: 240:Petit Trianon 236: 222: 218: 216: 215:homosexuality 212: 208: 204: 200: 190: 188: 187:public domain 183: 181: 176: 169: 164: 162: 161:Customs Court 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 141: 136: 135:James Douglas 131: 129: 125: 124:homosexuality 121: 117: 116:Jonathan Cape 113: 109: 108:lesbian novel 105: 104: 94: 90: 87: 86:Jonathan Cape 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 51: 48: 44: 37: 32: 26: 22: 6471:Google Books 6464: 6458:courtesy of 6443: 6429: 6417: 6401: 6392: 6376: 6357: 6353: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6295: 6291: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6232: 6228: 6198:(1): 34–52. 6195: 6191: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6076:(1): 47–78. 6073: 6069: 6065: 6014: 6008: 5989: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5872: 5868: 5857: 5837:. 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S. Eliot 1202:H. G. Wells 1007:sexological 885:suppression 783:transgender 761:bisexuality 754:Bisexuality 719:criticised 638:noted that 564:gender role 525:sexologists 485:paraphilias 411:LGBT rights 301:World War I 256:Noël Coward 203:Prix Femina 180:self-hatred 6526:Categories 6435:Faded Page 5822:18 January 5443:3 December 5400:5 December 5340:. London: 4514:19 January 4420:18 January 4391:Russo 1987 4379:Cline 1998 4367:Baker 1985 4347:Cline 1998 4279:Baker 1985 4147:Cline 1998 4109:Baker 1985 4058:Cline 1998 4054:Baker 1985 4003:Kitch 2003 3988:Biron 1928 3964:Biron 1928 3928:Cline 1998 3904:Cline 1998 3837:Cline 1998 3810:Cline 1998 3782:Cline 1998 3739:Cline 1998 3711:Cline 1998 3631:Baker 1985 3579:Cline 1998 3560:1 February 3467:Baker 1985 3442:Cline 1998 3191:, p. 2969:Baker 2005 2905:Baker 1985 2756:Green 2003 2684:Baker 1985 2648:Biron 1928 2531:Cline 1998 2503:Cline 1998 2446:Baker 1985 2422:Cline 1998 2385:Cline 1998 2373:Baker 1985 2361:Cline 1998 2248:Quoted in 2221:Baker 1985 2068:Baker 1985 2025:Cline 1998 1929:References 1735:See also: 1166:The Nation 1144:The People 959:editorials 822:homophobic 644:coming-out 244:Versailles 193:Background 6345:213383610 6312:156538545 6268:1080-9317 6262:: 11–34. 6220:214024619 6212:0022-281X 6154:151475634 6130:Nightwood 6041:0046-3663 5981:0958-9236 5946:142799942 5930:1043-4070 5897:162249181 5889:0093-1896 5839:Doubleday 5697:0041-462X 5618:144754535 5562:162222203 5554:0022-281X 5525:147760713 5517:1089-4160 5480:0270-7993 5278:0041-462X 5224:1043-4070 5204:Nightwood 5183:0732-7730 5020:0141-7789 4812:145762089 4804:1095-5143 4752:144924349 4744:0097-9740 4645:145652567 4629:0097-9740 4537:Routledge 4042:Doan 2004 4030:Doan 2004 3794:Doan 2001 3663:Doan 2001 3615:Hall 1981 3378:Munt 2001 3370:Love 2000 3346:Love 2000 3161:Cook 1979 3137:Doan 2001 3125:Doan 2001 3113:Doan 2001 3081:Doan 2001 3069:Doan 2001 2993:Cook 1979 2945:Doan 2001 2933:Doan 2001 2901:Hall 1981 2876:Doan 2001 2864:Doan 2001 2840:Doan 2001 2828:Hall 1981 2816:Rule 1975 2804:Doan 2001 2792:Doan 2001 2780:Hall 1981 2768:Hall 1981 2744:Hall 1981 2732:Hall 1981 2720:Hall 1981 2696:Hall 1981 2660:Munt 2001 2631:Munt 2001 2615:Medd 2001 2603:Hall 1981 2579:Hall 1981 2567:Munt 2001 2555:Hall 1981 2507:Doan 2004 2491:Kent 2001 2487:Medd 2001 2483:Hall 1981 2470:Hall 1981 2458:Hall 1981 2418:Hall 1981 2405:Love 2000 2401:Love 2000 2349:Hall 1981 2333:Hall 1981 2162:Love 2000 2141:Cook 1979 2125:Doan 2001 2083:Hall 1949 2033:Doan 2001 2017:Hall 1981 2000:Hall 1981 1976:Citations 1771:The Hotel 1747:The Hotel 1371:barrister 1360:of 1857, 1313:solicitor 1287:Modernist 1019:free will 856:shillings 852:print run 834:critics. 713:Jane Rule 660:Holocaust 589:In 1921, 377:intercede 334:batteries 82:Publisher 74:Published 6492:Feminism 6437:(Canada) 6402:The Well 6276:26475572 6090:13118656 5065:(1981). 4987:The Well 4952:The Well 4930:The Well 4637:21213641 4307:The Well 3429:The Well 3177:The Well 1894:fullback 1890:The Well 1868:The Well 1832:The Well 1805:The Well 1788:The Well 1783:The Well 1713:The Well 1705:The Well 1698:The Well 1694:The Well 1634:The Well 1630:case law 1622:The Well 1584:The Well 1547:The Well 1542:The Well 1519:The Well 1484:The Well 1479:The Sink 1472:The Well 1385:platonic 1354:syphilis 1307:UK trial 1268:The Well 1244:The Well 1212:and the 1161:The Well 1124:Response 1110:The Well 1095:The Well 1072:The Well 1050:The Well 1003:The Well 927:campaign 893:The Well 874:The Well 844:The Well 828:The Well 811:The Well 792:The Well 736:biphobic 728:The Well 721:The Well 693:The Well 689:The Well 672:The Well 656:The Well 640:The Well 623:The Well 573:The Well 548:The Well 527:such as 511:Sexology 404:The Well 294:The Well 205:and the 175:lesbians 56:Language 6478:Portals 6405:at the 6049:3177881 5938:3704816 5610:3173611 5488:1358903 5303:4944993 5286:3175982 5232:4617155 5114:3812156 5028:1395428 4541:235–258 4475:Sources 1775:Orlando 1756:Orlando 1609:of the 1336:of the 1328:of the 1279:betoken 955:Express 947:flapper 918:Colette 466:anodyne 447:footman 381:possess 319:jujitsu 159:and in 153:England 149:obscene 59:English 6516:Novels 6364: 6343: 6310: 6274: 6266: 6239: 6218: 6210: 6152: 6113: 6088: 6047: 6039: 5996: 5979: 5944: 5936: 5928: 5895: 5887: 5845: 5795: 5768: 5745: 5720: 5705:441599 5703: 5695: 5660: 5639: 5616: 5608: 5577: 5560: 5552: 5523: 5515: 5486: 5478: 5419: 5348: 5322: 5301: 5284: 5276: 5230: 5222: 5191:464075 5189: 5181: 5129: 5112: 5077: 5051: 5026: 5018: 4830: 4810: 4802: 4771: 4750: 4742: 4691: 4664: 4643: 4635: 4627: 4593: 4570: 4547: 4490: 4465:El Día 4136:passim 3481:Herald 3313: 3218: 3199: 3085:passim 1873:Olivia 1716:'s 1425:Appeal 1275:withal 1197:Labour 1153:. 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