140:, description by the use of many far-fetched and imaginative metaphors and images, which might be seen as the main purpose of the poem; the poet expresses both admiration and fear of the wave, turning in the dialogue section into comic deference when he realizes that it has come from his lady. But "The Wave" is also a love poem in which the beloved, unusually for a medieval poem, is seen as potentially inconstant. She is described in other poems by Gruffudd as having eyes the colour of a ripe berry or a cow, coral and gold cheeks, a neck whiter than a swan or a seagull, and a fine mouth which delivers wise words. He calls her here by the name Goleuddydd, as does Dafydd ap Gwilym when in his elegy for Gruffudd Gryg he describes his friend as the "bard of water-bright Goleuddydd".
75:
poet converse. The wave says that it has been sent to him by the maid
Goleuddydd, who has long grieved for him, to ask if he is still alive. The poet replies that she has been the cause of much sorrow to him, and asks for news of her. Is she true to him? The wave says that she will not remain true if he does not return to her soon, for love at a distance cannot last. The poet again addresses this
120:, who reigned from 1369 to 1379. For most of Henry II's reign Castile and England were enemies, making Santiago too dangerous a destination for English and Welsh pilgrims, but there was a brief truce from 1375 to 1377. Gruffudd Gryg's most recent editors believe that his pilgrimage must have taken place in 1376.
116:, whose accession in 1399 would on this reading mark the earliest date the poems could have been written. The discovery in 1957 of legal documents from the 1330s which name Gruffudd Gryg, apparently as an adult, rendered this hypothesis implausible, but the Henry in question has more recently been reidentified as
103:
at
Santiago de Compostella. The other two are an address to the moon reproaching it for causing a storm at sea on his outward journey, and a nostalgic description of the island of Anglesey, written in Spain. The poem to the moon contains the only clue to the dating of this group, a reference to the
74:
In the first section the poet describes a terrific wave in the ocean off Spain, comparing it to a rampart, a wound, a dragon, a mountain, the sea's brain, and "yeast for the ale that the whales brew". He also expresses the feelings of fear it provokes in him. In the second section the wave and the
193:
which deserve to be placed on a par with Dafydd's finest work". Sir Ifor
Williams went even further, considering its mastery of description to be not just as good but perhaps better. Gruffudd's most recent editors have claimed that it is " of the most extraordinary
148:
There are several references to pilgrimages and to the
Santiago grave of St James in medieval Welsh poetry, for example in Dafydd ap Gwilym's poem "A Girl's Pilgrimage". "The Wave" was seen by the scholar
177:
Some of the greatest figures in Welsh
Studies have bestowed high praise on "The Wave", comparing it to Dafydd ap Gwilym's poems. Thomas Parry wrote that the poem's
128:"The Wave" is a poem expressing Gruffudd's homesickness as, on board a ship in a Spanish harbour, he awaits favourable weather for his return journey. It is also a
41:
poem, which is to say one in which an animal or inanimate object is sent bearing a message of love. In this case an ocean wave is sent by the poet's beloved in
209:
49:. It is thought to have been written in or about the 1370s. "The Wave" is a widely acclaimed poem, and has been compared favourably with the finest poems of
381:
320:
169:
or messenger, and "The Wave on the River Dyfi", which resembles
Gruffudd's poem not just in its subject but in points of phrasing and imagery.
594:
132:, a love poem in which a non-human messenger is sent to the beloved, in this case one of the massive North Atlantic billows for which the
206:
The only complete translation of "The Wave", by H. Idris Bell, appeared in the volume for the 1942 session (published in 1944) of
766:
945:
257:. Cyfres Beirdd yr Uchelwyr, 37. Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru. pp. 68–70.
100:
978:
862:
633:
262:
857:. Cyfres Beirdd yr Uchelwyr, 37 (in Welsh). Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru.
983:
899:
832:
802:
735:
522:
330:
601:(in Welsh). Adran y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Abertawe/Chanolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru
968:
512:
181:
showed all his "intricate skill", and Dafydd
Johnston that it was "every bit as inventive" as his
988:
46:
621:
881:
292:
150:
189:
was of the opinion that "The Wave" was one of "a handful of highly original and exceptional
963:
8:
973:
698:
117:
113:
153:
as being a poem very much in Dafydd's manner, resembling him in its use of humour and
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326:
258:
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50:
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398:
922:
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788:
725:
252:
231:
186:
162:
87:. Will it bear him back to his lover? If so, he swears he will wander no more.
517:. Binghamton: Center for Medieval & Early Renaissance Studies. p. 83.
390:
76:
957:
918:
668:
227:
133:
109:
34:
316:
673:"Gruffudd Gryg, an Anglesey bard of the second half of the 14th century"
949:
891:
762:
63:
405:
84:
80:
42:
622:"The Aftermath of 1282: Dafydd ap Gwilym and His Contemporaries"
538:
29:
429:
562:
480:
45:, and reaches him as he returns by ship from a pilgrimage to
679:. Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru/The National Library of Wales
492:
794:
Aspects of the Poetry of Dafydd ap Gwilym: Collected Papers
574:
441:
53:, who is often considered the greatest of the Welsh poets.
771:
99:
by
Gruffudd Gryg relating to his pilgrimage by sea to the
727:
A Bibliography of Welsh
Literature in English Translation
112:
and Thomas Roberts as meaning England under the rule of
649:
628:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 123.
550:
470:
468:
453:
417:
362:
360:
358:
210:
Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
677:
Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig/Dictionary of Welsh Biography
295:
renders this as "Yeast for the ale sea-horses brew".
465:
355:
322:
Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Volume 5
236:. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. pp. 137–139
730:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 69.
955:
851:Lewis, Barry J.; Salisbury, Eurig, eds. (2010).
251:Lewis, Barry J.; Salisbury, Eurig, eds. (2010).
917:
568:
544:
498:
411:
850:
486:
447:
435:
165:", which, like "The Wave", uses an elemental
385:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
136:is known. It involves a lengthy passage of
927:(in Welsh). Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru
624:. In Evans, Geraint; Fulton, Helen (eds.).
108:, "Henry's land". This was interpreted by
824:Dafydd ap Gwilym: Influences and Analogues
626:The Cambridge History of Welsh Literature
325:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 1770.
787:
723:
667:
655:
619:
423:
924:Cywyddau Dafydd ap Gwilym a'i Gyfoeswyr
820:
580:
556:
459:
382:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
233:Cywyddau Dafydd ap Gwilym a'i Gyfoeswyr
123:
956:
797:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
510:
95:"The Wave" is one of a group of three
880:
767:"Translations from the Cywyddwyr. II"
705:. University of Wales/Prifysgol Cymru
366:
761:
511:Loomis, Richard Morgan, ed. (1982).
474:
315:
595:"Nodiadau: 51 - Y Don ar Afon Dyfi"
592:
214:
13:
104:storm having thrown his ship onto
14:
1000:
940:
921:; Roberts, Thomas, eds. (1935) .
230:; Roberts, Thomas, eds. (1935) .
161:were Dafydd's work, notably his "
946:Complete translation of the poem
724:Reynolds, S. Rhian, ed. (2005).
67:
62:This is based on the version by
717:
691:
661:
613:
586:
504:
372:
346:
309:
286:
201:
1:
887:A History of Welsh Literature
755:
33:by the mid 14th-century poet
399:UK public library membership
302:
172:
143:
7:
894:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
827:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
569:Williams & Roberts 1935
545:Williams & Roberts 1935
514:Dafydd ap Gwilym: The Poems
499:Williams & Roberts 1935
412:Williams & Roberts 1935
220:
10:
1005:
487:Lewis & Salisbury 2010
448:Lewis & Salisbury 2010
436:Lewis & Salisbury 2010
56:
979:Medieval Welsh literature
620:Johnston, Dafydd (2019).
821:Edwards, Huw M. (1996).
703:University of Wales Shop
279:
414:, pp. xcviii, 228.
90:
83:, jewelled path, white
47:Santiago de Compostella
27:") is a Welsh-language
984:Water waves in culture
699:"Gwaith Gruffudd Gryg"
593:Edwards, Huw Meirion.
391:10.1093/ref:odnb/11706
157:. Most 14th-century
16:Poem by Gruffudd Gryg
854:Gwaith Gruffudd Gryg
599:Dafydd ap Gwilym.net
583:, pp. 125, 130.
254:Gwaith Gruffudd Gryg
124:Themes and treatment
118:Henry II of Castile
969:14th-century poems
101:shrine of St James
438:, pp. 19–21.
397:(Subscription or
379:"Gruffudd Gryg".
71:
996:
936:
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908:
890:. Translated by
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789:Bromwich, Rachel
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66:, for which see
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51:Dafydd ap Gwilym
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198:ever written."
187:Rachel Bromwich
175:
159:cywyddau llatai
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126:
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59:
17:
12:
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5:
1002:
992:
991:
989:Poems in Welsh
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763:Bell, H. Idris
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669:Williams, Ifor
660:
658:, p. 155.
648:
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585:
573:
561:
559:, p. 191.
549:
537:
523:
503:
491:
489:, p. 163.
479:
477:, p. 131.
464:
462:, p. 132.
452:
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428:
426:, p. 159.
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864:9780947531782
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656:Bromwich 1986
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635:9781107106765
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571:, p. ci.
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526:
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507:
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495:
488:
483:
476:
471:
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456:
450:, p. 22.
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424:Bromwich 1986
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317:Koch, John T.
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134:Bay of Biscay
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130:cywydd llatai
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110:Ifor Williams
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64:H. Idris Bell
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:Gruffudd Gryg
32:
31:
26:
22:
944:
929:. Retrieved
923:
905:. Retrieved
886:
868:. Retrieved
853:
838:. Retrieved
823:
808:. Retrieved
793:
775:. Retrieved
770:
741:. Retrieved
726:
719:
707:. Retrieved
702:
693:
681:. Retrieved
676:
663:
651:
639:. Retrieved
625:
615:
603:. Retrieved
598:
588:
581:Edwards 1996
576:
564:
557:Edwards 1996
552:
540:
528:. Retrieved
513:
506:
501:, p. c.
494:
482:
460:Edwards 1996
455:
443:
431:
419:
407:
380:
374:
348:
336:. Retrieved
321:
311:
293:Thomas Parry
288:
268:. Retrieved
253:
238:. Retrieved
232:
207:
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182:
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166:
158:
154:
151:Thomas Parry
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129:
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60:
38:
37:. It is a
28:
24:
20:
18:
964:1370s works
202:Translation
77:Offa's Dyke
68:Translation
23:" (Welsh: "
974:Love poems
958:Categories
901:0198152086
834:0198159013
804:0708309054
756:References
737:0708318827
524:0866980156
401:required.)
367:Parry 1955
332:1851094407
773:: 130–147
475:Bell 1942
303:Citations
217:, below.
173:Reception
144:Analogues
106:tir Harri
85:anchoress
81:Milky Way
884:(1955).
791:(1986).
777:24 April
765:(1942).
671:(1959).
319:(2006).
221:Editions
196:cywyddau
191:cywyddau
185:poems.
163:The Wind
114:Henry IV
97:cywyddau
70:, below.
43:Anglesey
21:The Wave
931:5 March
907:5 March
870:6 April
840:5 March
810:5 March
743:5 March
709:6 March
683:6 March
641:6 March
605:5 March
530:5 March
352:Line 28
270:6 April
240:5 March
213:. See
57:Summary
25:I'r Don
898:
861:
831:
801:
734:
632:
521:
395:
329:
261:
183:llatai
179:dyfalu
167:llatai
155:dyfalu
138:dyfalu
39:llatai
30:cywydd
338:5 May
280:Notes
933:2024
909:2024
896:ISBN
872:2024
859:ISBN
842:2024
829:ISBN
812:2024
799:ISBN
779:2024
745:2024
732:ISBN
711:2024
685:2024
643:2023
630:ISBN
607:2024
532:2024
519:ISBN
340:2023
327:ISBN
272:2024
259:ISBN
242:2024
208:The
91:Date
948:by
387:doi
960::
769:.
701:.
675:.
597:.
467:^
357:^
79:,
935:.
911:.
874:.
844:.
814:.
781:.
747:.
713:.
687:.
645:.
609:.
534:.
393:.
389::
342:.
274:.
244:.
19:"
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