Tower of Babel - Knowledge

56: 946:, seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence on his power... Now the multitude were very ready to follow the determination of Nimrod and to esteem it a piece of cowardice to submit to God; and they built a tower, neither sparing any pains, nor being in any degree negligent about the work: and, by reason of the multitude of hands employed in it, it grew very high, sooner than any one could expect; but the thickness of it was so great, and it was so strongly built, that thereby its great height seemed, upon the view, to be less than it really was. It was built of burnt brick, cemented together with mortar, made of 1247: 950:, that it might not be liable to admit water. When God saw that they acted so madly, he did not resolve to destroy them utterly, since they were not grown wiser by the destruction of the former sinners ; but he caused a tumult among them, by producing in them diverse languages, and causing that, through the multitude of those languages, they should not be able to understand one another. The place wherein they built the tower is now called Babylon, because of the confusion of that language which they readily understood before; for the Hebrews mean by the word Babel, confusion. The 538:(2,000 kg per cubic metre) and the crushing strength of these materials is generally rather better than 6,000 lbs per square inch or 40 mega-pascals. Elementary arithmetic shows that a tower with parallel walls could have been built to a height of 2.1 km (1.3 mi) before the bricks at the bottom were crushed. However, by making the walls taper towards the top they ... could well have been built to a height where the men of Shinnar would run short of oxygen and had difficulty in breathing before the brick walls crushed beneath their own dead weight." 1031: 310: 1865: 547: 1927:. He wrote that he was told when the light of the Sun first appeared upon the land, giants appeared and set off in search of the Sun. Not finding it, they built a tower to reach the sky. An angered God of the Heavens called upon the inhabitants of the sky, who destroyed the tower and scattered its inhabitants. The story was not related to either a flood or the confusion of languages, although Frazer connects its construction and the scattering of the giants with the Tower of Babel. 4929: 2404: 1197: 2147:, in a flashback, plays upon themes of lack of communication between the designers of the tower and the workers who are constructing it. The short scene states how the words used to glorify the tower's construction by its designers took on totally different, oppressive meanings to the workers. This led to its destruction as they rose up against the designers because of the insufferable working conditions. The appearance of the tower was modeled after 664: 2418: 902: 2432: 1167:. Church apologists have also supported this connection and argue the reality of the Tower of Babel: "Although there are many in our day who consider the accounts of the Flood and tower of Babel to be fiction, Latter-day Saints affirm their reality." In either case, the church firmly believes in the factual nature of at least one "great tower" built in the region of ancient Sumer/Assyria/Babylonia. 1510:) provides 15 names for Japheth's descendants, 30 for Ham's, and 27 for Shem's, these figures became established as the 72 languages resulting from the confusion at Babel—although the exact listing of these languages changed over time. (The LXX Bible has two additional names, Elisa and Cainan, not found in the Masoretic text of this chapter, so early rabbinic traditions, such as the 971:, describes the just rewards of sinners and the righteous in the afterlife. Among the sinners are those who instigated the Tower of Babel. In the account, Baruch is first taken (in a vision) to see the resting place of the souls of "those who built the tower of strife against God, and the Lord banished them." Next he is shown another place, and there, occupying the form of dogs, 1192:

be protected from the turbulent chaos. And the womb planned these things according to my will, that she might pour forth completely. A tower came to be through the demons. The darkness was disturbed by his loss. He loosened the muscles of the womb. And the demon who was going to enter the tower was protected so that the races might continue to acquire coherence through him.

1399:). Beginning in Renaissance Europe, priority over Hebrew was claimed for the alleged Japhetic languages, which were supposedly never corrupted because their speakers had not participated in the construction of the Tower of Babel. Among the candidates for a living descendant of the Adamic language were: 345:) resulting from the construction of the Tower of Babel accounts for the fragmentation of human languages: God was concerned that humans had blasphemed by building the tower to avoid a second flood and so God brought into existence multiple languages, rendering humanity unable to understand each other. 3330:, p. 11 "How much history lies behind the story of Genesis? Because the action of the primeval story is not represented as taking place on the plane of ordinary human history and has so many affinities with ancient mythology, it is very far-fetched to speak of its narratives as historical at all." 1191:

And he caused the flood, and he destroyed your (Shem's) race, to take the light and to take away from faith. But I proclaimed quickly by the mouth of the demon that a tower come up to be up to the particle of light, which was left in the demons and their race - which was water - that the demon might

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offers many different accounts of other causes for building the Tower of Babel, and of the intentions of its builders. According to one midrash the builders of the Tower, called "the generation of secession" in the Jewish sources, said: "God has no right to choose the upper world for Himself, and to

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provides yet another figure – quoting Isidore, he says that the tower was 5,164 paces high, or 7.6 km (4.7 mi), and quoting Josephus that the tower was wider than it was high, more like a mountain than a tower. He also quotes unnamed authors who say that the spiral path was so wide that it

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explained this apparent contradiction by arguing that the story "without mentioning it, goes back to tell how it came about that the one language common to all men was broken up into many tongues". Modern scholarship has traditionally held that the two chapters were written by different sources, the

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Now the whole earth had one language and the same words. And as they migrated from the east, they came upon a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks and fire them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone and bitumen for mortar. Then

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Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah, a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God as if it were through his means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage

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There have been some contemporary challenges to this classical interpretation, with emphasis placed on the explicit motive of cultural and linguistic homogeneity mentioned in the narrative (v. 1, 4, 6); this reading of the text sees God's actions not as a punishment for pride, but as an etiology of

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said, "Look, they are one people, and they have all one language, and this is only the beginning of what they will do; nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down and confuse their language there, so that they will not understand one another's speech." So

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In the biblical introduction of the Tower of Babel account, in Genesis 11:1, it is said that everyone on Earth spoke the same language, but this is inconsistent with the biblical description of the post-Noahic world described in Genesis 10:5, where it is said that the descendants of Shem, Ham, and

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Those who gave counsel to build the tower, for they whom thou seest drove forth multitudes of both men and women, to make bricks; among whom, a woman making bricks was not allowed to be released in the hour of child-birth, but brought forth while she was making bricks, and carried her child in her

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The building of the Tower was meant to bid defiance not only to God, but also to Abraham, who exhorted the builders to reverence. The passage mentions that the builders spoke sharp words against God, saying that once every 1,656 years, heaven tottered so that the water poured down upon the earth,

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And they began to build, and in the fourth week they made brick with fire, and the bricks served them for stone, and the clay with which they cemented them together was asphalt which comes out of the sea, and out of the fountains of water in the land of Shinar. And they built it: forty and three

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also makes mention of this tower, and of the confusion of the language, when she says thus:—"When all men were of one language, some of them built a high tower, as if they would thereby ascend up to heaven; but the gods sent storms of wind and overthrew the tower, and gave everyone a peculiar

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Some among that generation even wanted to war against God in heaven (Talmud Sanhedrin 109a). They were encouraged in this undertaking by the notion that arrows that they shot into the sky fell back dripping with blood, so that the people really believed that they could wage war against the

1361:(c. 1308–1320), however, Dante changes his view to another that treats the Adamic language as the product of Adam. This had the consequence that it could no longer be regarded as immutable, and hence Hebrew could not be regarded as identical with the language of Paradise. Dante concludes ( 936:

and mentioned the Tower of Babel. He wrote that it was Nimrod who had the tower built and that Nimrod was a tyrant who tried to turn the people away from God. In this account, God confused the people rather than destroying them because annihilation with a Flood had not taught them to be

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Rendering the heights of heaven no safer than the earth, they say the giants attempted to take the Celestial kingdom, piling mountains up to the distant stars. Then the all-powerful father of the gods hurled his bolt of lightning, fractured Olympus and threw Mount Pelion down from Ossa

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wrote a satirical tract in 1688, where he made fun of the contest between the European nationalists to claim their native tongue as the Adamic language. Caricaturing the attempts by the Swede Olaus Rudbeck to pronounce Swedish the original language of mankind, Kempe wrote a scathing

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are situated on each side, which make in all one hundred. The doors of these gates, which are of wonderful size, are cast in bronze. The same historian tells many other tales of this city, and says: 'Although such was the glory of its building still it was conquered and destroyed.'"

2255:, the Tower of Babel is used by the Atlanteans as an interstellar communication device. Later in the series, the Neo Atlanteans rebuild the Tower of Babel and use its communication beam as a weapon of mass destruction. Both the original and the rebuilt tower resembles the painting 1818:(14th century). Villani adds that it "was begun 700 years after the Flood, and there were 2,354 years from the beginning of the world to the confusion of the Tower of Babel. And we find that they were 107 years working at it; and men lived long in those times". According to the 2162:. In his retelling, Oakeshott expresses disdain for human willingness to sacrifice individuality, culture, and quality of life for grand collective projects. He attributes this behavior to fascination with novelty, persistent dissatisfaction, greed, and lack of self-reflection. 1609:) mentions the number of 72; however, his list of names from the Bible drops the sons of Joktan and substitutes the sons of Abraham and Lot, resulting in only about 56 names total; he then appends a list of some of the nations known in his own day, such as the 615:

and not as an historical account of events. Genesis is described as beginning with historicized myth and ending with mythicized history. Nevertheless, the story of Babel can be interpreted in terms of its context: Elsewhere in Genesis, it is stated that Babel

980:, and sought to pierce the heavens, saying, "Let us see (whether) the heaven is made of clay, or of brass, or of iron." When God saw this He did not permit them, but smote them with blindness and confusion of speech, and rendered them as thou seest. 1018:, Chapter 9:12–36). According to Josephus and Midrash Pirke R. El. xxiv., it was mainly Nimrod who persuaded his contemporaries to build the Tower, while other rabbinical sources assert, on the contrary, that Nimrod separated from the builders. 1094:(xiii. 72), but without the tower: mankind were swept together by winds into the plain that was afterward called "Babil", where they were assigned their separate languages by God, and were then scattered again in the same way. In the 2328:

the campaign level "Nekravol" contains the Tower of Babel, but instead of its biblical purpose, it functions as a processing line for the suffering of human souls. In-game it is referred to as "The Citadel", but the concept art for

624:'s kingdom, which is located in Lower Mesopotamia. The Bible does not specifically mention that Nimrod ordered the building of the tower, but many other sources have associated its construction with him. Genesis 11:9 attributes the 1123:

Although variations similar to the biblical narrative of the Tower of Babel exist within Islamic tradition, the central theme of God separating humankind on the basis of language is alien to Islam according to the author

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According to another midrashic account, one third of the Tower builders were punished by being transformed into semi-demonic creatures and banished into three parallel dimensions, inhabited now by their descendants.

595:, who has put forth substantial modifications to the hypothesis, suggests that these verses are part of what he calls a "Pre-Yahwistic stage". Other scholars reject the documentary hypothesis altogether. The " 590:

suggests that the intentional word play regarding the city of Babel, and the noise of the people's "babbling" is found in the Hebrew words as easily as in English, is considered typical of the Yahwist source.

2016:, wherein the wicked men build a tower of masts to pursue the Creator-God, Nyambe, who has fled to Heaven on a spider-web, but the men perish when the masts collapse. He further relates similar tales of the 266:

they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth." The L

155:, observing these efforts and remarking on humanity's power in unity, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other and scatters them around the world, leaving the city unfinished. 2004: 1277:

There have also been a number of traditions around the world that describe a divine confusion of the one original language into several, albeit without any tower. Aside from the Ancient Greek myth that

678:: "temple of the foundation of heaven and earth") was the name of a ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in the city of Babylon. It was famously rebuilt by the 6th-century-BCE Neo-Babylonian dynasty rulers 976:

apron, and continued to make bricks. And the Lord appeared to them and confused their speech, when they had built the tower to the height of four hundred and sixty-three cubits. And they took a

2384:, the final monument the island inhabitants can create is called the Tower of Babel, which begins to sink the island. The titular Doshin the Giant then sacrifices himself to save the island. 341:, which is intended explain the origin of a custom, ritual, geographical feature, name, or other phenomenon —namely the origins of the multiplicity of languages. The confusion of tongues ( 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 1077:

taught magic to some people in Babylon and warned them that magic is a sin and that their teaching them magic is a test of faith. A tale about Babil appears more fully in the writings of

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in Rome, while later conical depictions of the tower (as depicted in Doré's illustration) resemble much later Muslim towers observed by 19th-century explorers in the area, notably the

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the Great's conquests. He managed to move the tiles of the tower to another location, but his death stopped the reconstruction, and it was demolished during the reign of his successor

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Some modern scholars have associated the Tower of Babel with known historical structures and accounts, particularly from ancient Mesopotamia. The most widely attributed inspiration is

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speculated that the authors of Genesis 11:1–9 were inspired by the existence of an apparently incomplete ziggurat at Babylon, and by the phonological similarity between Babylonian

2172:(1996) is about the question "whether language can be shared, or, if that turns out to be illusory, how individuals, in talking to each other, fail to understand each other". 1841:, expressed amazement at how much this 'number of tongues' could be surpassed, there being hundreds of mutually unintelligible languages indigenous only to Peru and Brazil. 1418: 1144:

and his family ask God that their language not be confounded at the time of the "great tower". Because of their prayers, God preserves their language and leads them to the

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documented similarities between Old Testament stories, such as the Flood, and indigenous legends around the world. He identified Livingston's account with a tale found in

1617:. This listing was to prove quite influential on later accounts that made the Lombards and Franks themselves into descendants of eponymous grandsons of Japheth, e.g. the 572:. Modern biblical scholarship rejects Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch but is divided on the question of its authorship. Many scholars subscribe to some form of the 421:

The Book of Genesis does not specify the tower's height; the phrase, "its top in the sky" (v.4) was an idiom for impressive height, rather than implying arrogance. The

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There are several mediaeval historiographic accounts that attempt to make an enumeration of the languages scattered at the Tower of Babel. Because a count of all the

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leave the lower world to us; therefore we will build us a tower, with an idol on the top holding a sword, so that it may appear as if it intended to war with God" (

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was an ancient Greek unit of length, based on the circumference of a typical sports stadium of the time which was about 176 metres (577 ft). Twenty-five

1155:(LDS Church) assert that the "great tower" was indeed the Tower of Babel – as in the 1981 introduction to the Book of Mormon – despite the chronology of the 1942:

or tower, to preserve themselves in the event of a second deluge. However, their languages were confounded and they went to separate parts of the Earth.

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scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore it was called Babel, because there the L

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series refers to the Tower of Babel in a context of intercultural conflict and cooperation (Jews and Muslims during the French colonization in Algeria).

4078: 5341: 4839: 440: 2048:, which Frazer considered to show clear 'Abrahamic' influence, also relate that their ancestors migrated there following the abandonment of a great 1474: 1473:

The primacy of Hebrew was still defended by some authors until the emergence of modern linguistics in the second half of the 18th century, e.g. by

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therefore they would support it by columns that there might not be another deluge (Gen. R. l.c.; Tan. l.c.; similarly Josephus, "Ant." i. 4, § 2).

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escaped a great flood, then became wicked and attempted to build a house reaching to heaven, but the Great Spirit destroyed it with thunderbolts.

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30 generations from Adam, when the languages were confused and the Karen separated from the Karenni. He notes yet another version current in the

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Prior to this event, humanity was stated to speak a single language, although the preceding Genesis 10:5 states that the descendants of

4849: 2797: 1931: 1514:, speak instead of "70 languages".) Some of the earliest sources for 72 (sometimes 73) languages are the 2nd-century Christian writers 55: 2158:

surveyed historic variations of the Tower of Babel in different cultures and produced a modern retelling of his own in his 1983 book,

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in Hebrew. The first century Roman-Jewish author Flavius Josephus similarly explained that the name was derived from the Hebrew word

212:; it is always "the city and the tower" or just "the city". The original derivation of the name Babel, which is the Hebrew name for 4867: 1096: 439:

mentions that the "tower of strife" reached a height of 463 cubits, or 211.8 m (695 ft), taller than any structure built

4354: 1649: 471:) as saying the tower was "laid out foursquare on a very level plain. Its wall, made of baked brick cemented with pitch, is fifty 5395: 1365:

XXVI) that Hebrew is a derivative of the language of Adam. In particular, the chief Hebrew name for God in scholastic tradition,

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contained lodgings for workers and animals, and other authors who claim that the path was wide enough to have fields for growing

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mentions the tower's height as being 5,433 cubits and 2 palms, or 2,484 m (8,150 ft), about three times the height of

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years were they building it; its breadth was 203 bricks, and the height was the third of one; its height amounted to 5433

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high, or 5.92 km (3.68 mi) and 1,000 paces thick, and each pace is three of our feet." The 14th-century traveler

1088: 1104:, a fuller version is given: Nimrod has the tower built in Babil, God destroys it, and the language of mankind, formerly 3630: 5331: 4844: 2077:, which can be placed in someone's ear for them to instantly understand anything said to them in any form of language. 1923:(1537–1588) reported hearing an account about the pyramid from a hundred-year-old priest at Cholula, shortly after the 1003: 17: 224:, meaning "gate of God". However, that form and interpretation itself are now usually thought to derive from Akkadian 4380: 4249:

Dorschel, Andreas (25 November 2004). "Ach, Sie waren nicht in Oxford? Antonia S. Byatts Roman "Der Turm zu Babel"".

4132: 3951: 3835: 3801: 3700: 3287: 3160: 3049: 2531: 2268: 1718: 1590:) contain one of the first attempts to list each of the 72 peoples who were believed to have spoken these languages. 3718: 1881: 4654: 4606: 1888:'s telling of the myth, the Giants attempt to reach the gods in heaven by stacking mountains, but are repelled by 2251: 1160: 754: 191: 31: 1912:

Various traditions similar to that of the tower of Babel are found in Latin America. Some writers connected the

890:, and several sons of Joktan. However, Joktan finally saves the twelve from the wrath of the other two princes. 599:" scholars tend to see the books of Genesis through 2 Kings as written by a single, anonymous author during the 5144: 4490: 3110: 3085: 3010: 2763:

Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: Introduction and Annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).

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has a story with similarities to the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, although set in the Egypt of Moses:

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land, "the whole universe, the well-guarded people—may they all address Enlil together in a single language."

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that substitute a pile of porridge pestles for the masts. Frazer moreover cites such legends found among the

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in 1849 had such a tradition, but with the builders' heads getting "cracked by the fall of the scaffolding".

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According to modern scholars, the biblical story of the Tower of Babel was likely influenced by Etemenanki.

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to restore (or in Kramer's translation, to disrupt) the linguistic unity of the inhabited regions—named as

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A philosophicall essay for the reunion of the languages, or, the art of knowing all by the mastery of one

1373: 245:, meaning to jumble or to confuse, after Yahweh distorted the common language of humankind. According to 2060:, where mankind's languages are confused following a failed attempt to build houses reaching to heaven. 4999: 4704: 2471: 2194:" that imagined a miner's climbing the tower all the way to the top where he meets the vault of heaven. 964: 551: 4442: 3249: 381:

The story's theme of competition between God and humans appears elsewhere in Genesis, in the story of

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Despite no mention of the Tower of Babel in the original text of the Book of Mormon, some leaders in

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The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE), James Orr, M.A., D.D., General Editor – 1915 (

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considers the height of the Tower of Babel. He wrote, "brick and stone weigh about 120 lb per

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Kyojin no Doshin 1: Koushiki Gaidobukku (Doshin the Giant 1: Official Guide book) for 64DD version

4101: 3741: 5416: 5374: 5037: 4823: 4813: 4742: 4573: 4225: 4224:. Eric Voegelin Institute series in political philosophy. University of Missouri Press. pp. 3407: 2096: 2028:, where the men stack poles or trees in a failed attempt to reach the Moon. He further cited the 1678: 1659: 1414: 1381: 921: 577: 2295:

The Tower of Babel appears as an important location in the Babylonian story arc of the Japanese

1352:(1302–1305). He argues that the Adamic language is of divine origin and therefore unchangeable. 1128:. In Islamic belief, he argues, God created nations to know each other and not to be separated. 5104: 5031: 4709: 4436: 4039: 3793: 3403: 2560: 2549: 2318: 2143: 1263: 1231: 1141: 909: 573: 410: 4251: 4177: 4149: 4124: 3964: 3690: 2919: 1712: 1405: 5461: 5441: 5018: 4873: 4808: 4479: 4431: 3765: 2959: 1955: 1884:, the battle fought between the Giants and the Olympian gods for supremacy of the cosmos. In 1850: 1700: 1550: 1515: 1450: 1396: 1348: 1258:

The literal belief that the world's linguistic variety originated with the tower of Babel is

749: 706: 600: 4116: 5369: 5214: 4932: 4855: 4579: 4489: 4025: 2446: 2289: 2082: 1311: 858:, the direction for the building is ascribed not only to Nimrod, who is made prince of the 723: 406: 3559: 2772: 8: 5222: 5154: 5061: 4914: 4899: 4889: 4798: 4473: 3981: 3873: 3412: 2486: 2009: 1889: 1632: 1246: 1083: 995: 887: 806: 687: 596: 4095: 1058:

to build him a stone (or clay) tower so that he can mount up to heaven and confront the

475:(23 m or 75 ft) wide, two hundred (91.5 m or 300 ft) high, and four hundred and seventy 5471: 5110: 4894: 4818: 4793: 4699: 4684: 4218: 4182: 4057: 3638: 3357: 3248:, from the 1916 translation by Earnest Brehaut, Book I, chapter 6. Available online in 3196: 3179:

Hiebert, Theodore (2007). "The Tower of Babel and the Origin of the World's Cultures".

3127: 2219: 2116: 1735: 1619: 1593: 1572: 1567: 1525: 1400: 1235: 1221: 1180: 1040: 712: 361: 5347: 4618:

Easton's Bible Dictionary, M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., published by Thomas Nelson, 1897. (

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Pickthal, M. "Quran" (in English), Suras 28:36 and 40:36–37. Amana Publishers, UK 1996

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Moye, Richard H. (1990). "In the Beginning: Myth and History in Genesis and Exodus".

3308: 3283: 3261: 3156: 3148: 3081: 3045: 2965: 2925: 2830: 2803: 2776: 2733: 2476: 2388: 2285: 2155: 2057: 1987: 1938:, states that after men had multiplied following a great deluge, they erected a tall 1741: 1538: 1479: 1030: 719: 691: 683: 675: 233: 217: 148: 4597: 4188:. SUNY Series in Ethical Theory. State University of New York Press. p. 185ff. 1834: 1826: 1108:, is then confused into 72 languages. Another Muslim historian of the 13th century, 5421: 5228: 5150: 5122: 5098: 4990: 4778: 3783: 3729: 3349: 3225: 3188: 3119: 2508: 2481: 2380: 2312: 2277: 2111: 1814: 1809: 1769: 1434: 1426: 1145: 823: 499:(1300): He relates that "it measured eighty miles round, and it was already 4,000 496: 450: 422: 390: 256:

due to the Hebrew terms for Babylon and "to confuse" having similar pronunciation.

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The Languages of Paradise: Race, Religion, and Philology in the Nineteenth Century

2878: 2850: 1183:, a tower, interpreted as the Tower of Babel, is brought by demons along with the 809:(911–605 BC), bears a number of similarities to the later written biblical story. 239:

Per the story in Genesis, the city received the name "Babel" from the Hebrew verb

5466: 5446: 5305: 5078: 4978: 4803: 4783: 4719: 3935: 3787: 3756: 2765: 2727: 2540: 2456: 2230: 2198: 1917: 1877: 1873: 1784: 1780: 1533: 1467: 1463: 1442: 1410: 1384: 1343: 1337: 1325: 1117: 1105: 1078: 1074: 791: 625: 592: 504: 476: 366: 205: 178: 151:), where they agree to build a great city with a tower that would reach the sky. 129: 3600: 3102: 1204: 313:

German Late Medieval depiction of the tower's construction from a manuscript of

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Folk-lore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend and Law

3965:"Metamorphoses (Kline) 1, the Ovid Collection, Univ. Of Virginia E-Text Center" 3879:

Folk-lore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend and Law

3746:(Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), ch. 6. 3620: 3399: 3395: 3391: 2694: 2580: 2423: 2053: 2017: 2013: 1864: 1422: 1307: 1137: 1125: 1000: 968: 587: 507:

also included an account of the tower and reported that its height had been 64

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Other sources that mention 72 (or 70) languages scattered from Babel are the

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aligning more closely with the 21st century BC Sumerian tower temple myth of

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which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into

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for its construction, at one point reciting an incantation imploring the god

621: 546: 480: 4446:, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 178 270:

came down to see the city and the tower, which mortals had built. And the L

5246: 5055: 5005: 4904: 4727: 4284: 4154:. British Idealist Studies 1: Oakeshott. Andrews UK Limited. p. 121f. 3779: 3508: 2437: 2409: 2372: 2331: 2324: 2240:, has created an orchestral piece titled "Tower of Babel" which appears in 2041: 2029: 2021: 1967: 1503: 1371:, must be derived of a different Adamic name for God, which Dante gives as 1251: 1035: 933: 855: 727: 679: 444: 426: 382: 4531:

Klaus Seybold, "Der Turmbau zu Babel: Zur Entstehung von Genesis XI 1–9,"

3540:

Kramer, Samuel Noah (1968). "The 'Babel of Tongues': A Sumerian Version".

3042:

A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: the Hebrew Bible in its Context

2903:

Kramer, Samuel Noah (1968). "The 'Babel of Tongues': A Sumerian Version".

1808:; mentions 22 for Shem, 31 for Ham and 17 for Japheth for a total of 70); 555:(19th-century illustration), depicts the Tower of Babel in the background. 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5177: 5043: 5012: 4694: 4670: 4584: 4293: 3606: 3473: 2224: 2176: 2165: 2124: 2100: 2033: 1598: 1392: 1295: 1109: 883: 531: 338: 121: 3200: 3131: 2322:, the level "E2M8" is named and takes place at the "Tower of Babel". In 2272:

the last stages of the game and the final boss fight occur in the tower.

826:

contains one of the most detailed accounts found anywhere of the Tower.

373:. However, that theory has been debated among scholars in recent years. 5264: 5234: 3516: 3361: 2359: 2339:

artbook, and the Steam Trading Card) refers to it as the "Tower Babel".

2187: 2138: 1991: 1764: 1610: 1507: 1196: 1184: 1176: 955:

language; and for this reason it was that the city was called Babylon."

668: 653: 565: 564:

Jewish and Christian tradition attributes the composition of the whole

535: 160: 4466:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. 4435: 3214: 2946:

Geschichte Mesopotamiens. Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen

1822:, however, the project was begun only 200 years following the Deluge. 1274:

Japheth gave rise to different nations, each with their own language.

4472: 4406: 4336:"Le chat du rabbin Tome 7 : La tour de Bab-El-Oued – Joann Sfar" 3668:"Surat Al-Baqarah [2:102] – The Noble Qur'an – القرآن الكريم" 3192: 3123: 2092: 1966:

Traces of a somewhat similar story have also been reported among the

1692: 1287: 875: 695: 663: 612: 515: 433: 253: 3353: 2879:"Tower of Babel | Story, Summary, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica" 2851:"Tower of Babel | Story, Summary, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica" 2217:

This biblical episode is dramatized in the Indian television series

5282: 5270: 4909: 4151:

Religious and Poetic Experience in the Thought of Michael Oakeshott

3229: 2823:

Schwartz, Howard; Loebel-Fried, Caren; Ginsburg, Elliot K. (2007).

2451: 2343: 2234: 2208:

The Tower of Babel appears in the 47th episode of the anime series

2025: 1753: 1665: 1654: 1555: 1520: 1388: 1367: 1333: 1267: 795: 767: 759: 436: 166: 133: 4943: 4355:"Why the Past 10 Years of American Life Have Been Uniquely Stupid" 2316:, the Tower of Babel appears multiple times. In the original 1993 2296: 1290:, Frazer specifically mentions such accounts among the Wasania of 1116:(an ancestor of Abraham) was allowed to keep the original tongue, 878:. Twelve men are arrested for refusing to bring bricks, including 5315: 5310: 5258: 5252: 5240: 5087: 3946:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press. 2045: 1935: 1318: 1208: 1051: 947: 943: 901: 879: 871: 867: 859: 802: 783: 581: 511:, or 13 km (8 mi), according to the local inhabitants. 508: 370: 349: 213: 174: 125: 93: 4289:"Bible ki Kahaniyan: Another religious saga on the small screen" 5288: 5276: 2233:, the composer for the music appearing in several parts of the 2078: 2049: 1825:

The tradition of 72 languages persisted into later times. Both

1614: 1459: 1279: 1164: 1066: 863: 787: 775: 472: 398: 394: 170: 152: 144: 4639: 4580:

Babel In Biblia: The Tower in Ancient Literature by Jim Rovira

4551:

Ed. by Reto Geiser and Tilo Richter, Standpunkte, Basel 2016,

2523: 196:

which describes events and locations in southern Mesopotamia.

5128: 5116: 2461: 2299: 2037: 1975: 1971: 1758: 1303: 1291: 1070: 1047: 951: 832: 771: 569: 520: 500: 357: 353: 209: 186: 140: 83: 30:

This article is about the biblical myth. For other uses, see

4455: 3778: 2822: 1120:

in this case, because he would not partake in the building.

4747: 3390: 3103:"The Tower of Babel and the Origin of the World's Cultures" 2617: 2574: 2517: 1885: 1329: 1321:

myth of "the Cooking of Languages" has also been compared.

1283: 1113: 779: 763: 488: 397:

act of defiance against God ordered by the arrogant tyrant

97: 4607:

HERBARIUM Art Project. Anatomy of the Tower of Babel. 2010

1328:

was widely considered the language used by God to address

1148:. From there, they travel across the sea to the Americas. 3667: 2697:. As with other verses where "Lord" is fully capitalised. 1059: 617: 3827:

Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism

1340:) by various Jewish, Christian, and Muslim scholastics. 1262:

and is contrary to the known facts about the origin and

447:

in 1889, which is 324 m (1,063 ft) in height.

4625:

Nave Topical Bible, Orville J. Nave, AM., D.D., LL.D. (

4220:

Michael Oakeshott on Religion, Aesthetics, and Politics

4141: 580:, tend to see Genesis 11:1–9 as being composed by the 4450: 4430: 3513:

Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vol.1: The Old Testament

3076:

Louth, Andrew; Oden, Thomas C.; Conti, Marco (2001).

2532: 1497: 568:, which includes the story of the Tower of Babel, to 291:

scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth.

287:) the language of all the earth, and from there the L 3976: 3974: 2655: 2636: 2604: 2554: 2520: 2514: 2399: 2371:

The fragmentation of modern society, in part due to

2347:

features an opening number titled "Tower of Babble."

2281:

the Tower of Babel is an available "Great Building".

919:

The Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus, in his

893: 240: 3554:"Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: composite text." 2726:Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D. (2004). 2511: 2127:staged a multilingual theatrical interpretation of 389:. The first century Jewish interpretation found in 4544:, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1968). 4505:Historia Antiqua de la Nueva Espana (Madrid, 1585) 4483:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4217: 4181: 4083:. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. p. 160. 3416:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 395–398. 2764: 2729:The Oxford Guide To People And Places of the Bible 1930:Another story, attributed by the native historian 1488:(1675) and by Gottfried Hensel (1687–1767) in his 1112:relates the same story, adding that the patriarch 4209: 4097:Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa 4093: 3971: 3692:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Islam 3458: 2103:depicts a more stylized geometrical structure in 2040:as having a similar story. The traditions of the 774:and demands a tribute of precious materials from 337:The Tower of Babel is a type of myth known as an 5408: 4585:"The Tower of Babel and the Birth of Nationhood" 4313:Tamaro Forever presents The Secret of Blue Water 3153:Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Introduction 2957: 805:myth, dating from the 8th century BC during the 746:There are similar stories to the Tower of Babel 738:, meaning "mixed", "confused", or "confounded". 4087: 3734:A Companion to Your Study of the Book of Mormon 3452:"Herodotus, the Histories, Book 1, chapter 179" 2921:From Creation to Babel: Studies in Genesis 1-11 1153:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 686:, but had fallen into disrepair by the time of 204:The phrase "Tower of Babel" does not appear in 185:. A similar story is also found in the ancient 3913:Linguistic Theories in Dante and the Humanists 3556:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. 3075: 2375:, has been likened to a modern Tower of Babel. 1892:'s thunderbolts. A.S. Kline translates Ovid's 1241: 752:similar to that of the Tower of Babel, called 4959: 4655: 3544:. Vol. 88, no. 1. pp. 108–111. 3307:. Echo Point Books & Media. p. 313. 2907:. Vol. 88, no. 1. pp. 108–111. 2725: 959: 734:, meaning "gate of God", and the Hebrew word 611:Biblical scholars see the Book of Genesis as 4184:Anti-Theory in Ethics and Moral Conservatism 3906: 3904: 3902: 2951: 2668: 2649: 2630: 2183:, based on a modernized version of the myth. 1583:). The chronicles attributed to Hippolytus ( 844:Jubilees 10:20–21, Charles' 1913 translation 393:explains the construction of the tower as a 4502: 4147: 4123:. London: British Film Institute. pp. 3069: 2924:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 179–180. 2795: 4966: 4952: 4850:Creation and evolution in public education 4662: 4648: 4542:The "Babel of Tongues": A Sumerian Version 4062:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3786:(30 June 2009). "The Paraphrase of Shem". 3643:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3302: 3174: 3172: 2758: 2756: 2719: 2391:is largely inspired by the Tower of Babel. 1006:; Tan., ed. Buber, Noah, xxvii. et seq.). 967:(or 3 Baruch, c. 2nd century), one of the 705:) wrote an account of the ziggurat in his 523:for the animals used in the construction. 4396:Donlan, Christopher (12 September 2023). 4175: 3899: 3143: 3141: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2091:'s influential portrayal is based on the 1506:listed by name in chapter 10 of Genesis ( 1387:, these languages were considered to be " 741: 528:Structures: Or Why Things Don't Fall Down 4868:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 4496:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture 4333: 4248: 4114: 4108: 4076: 3910: 3619: 3542:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3327: 3277: 2905:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2829:. Oxford University Press. p. 704. 2762: 2069:The "Babel fish" is a fictional fish in 1863: 1245: 1195: 1029: 900: 662: 545: 308: 228:applied to an earlier form of the name, 4375:. Nintendo Co., Ltd. 20 February 2000. 4180:. In Clarke, S.G.; Simpson, E. (eds.). 3823: 3688: 3533: 3178: 3169: 3100: 2911: 2826:Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism 2796:Graves, Robert; Patai, Raphael (1986). 2753: 2732:. Oxford University Press. p. 28. 2205:, which concluded with book IV in 2021. 1950:Still another story, attributed to the 1859: 495:A typical medieval account is given by 143:speaking a single language migrates to 14: 5409: 4733:Allegorical interpretations of Genesis 4487: 4402:review - a puzzling linguistic marvel" 4395: 4268:"Ted Chiang's Soulful Science Fiction" 4037: 3990:. London: Macmillan. pp. 362–387. 3980: 3872: 3539: 3507: 3464: 3207: 3147: 3138: 3039: 3028: 2902: 2896: 2249:In the 1990 Japanese television anime 232:, of unknown meaning and probably non- 27:Mythical structure in the Hebrew Bible 5064:and the origin of nations (10:1–11:9) 4947: 4643: 4352: 4283: 4215: 3755: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3282:. Simon & Schuster. p. 247. 3080:. Taylor & Francis. p. 164. 2063: 2008:, Scottish social anthropologist Sir 1932:Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl 1880:, there is a myth referred to as the 1466:, God spoke Swedish, and the serpent 1100:by the 9th-century Muslim theologian 932:), recounted history as found in the 429:, or roughly 1.6 miles high (10:21). 4511:Ixtilxochitl, Don Ferdinand d'Alva, 4470: 3695:. Indianapolis: Alpha. p. 108. 3339: 2873: 2871: 2075:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 1046:Although not mentioned by name, the 1025: 360:dispersed "with their own tongues." 4973: 4365: 4334:Debarnot, Eric (15 December 2017). 3609:London: SPCK. 1917. pp. 90–94. 2917: 2771:. Oxford University Press. p. 2669: 2650: 2631: 2597: 2544: 2211:Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures 1997: 1876:, much of which was adopted by the 1844: 1073:, but tells of when the two angels 817: 812: 647: 24: 4589:Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation 4526:Native Races of the Pacific States 4424: 3761:"The Flood and the Tower of Babel" 3379: 2964:. Simon and Schuster. p. 73. 2114:wrote an opera based on the story 1812:'s 1300 account; and the rabbinic 1498:Enumeration of scattered languages 722:proposed this occurred during the 132:meant to explain the existence of 25: 5493: 4632:Smith's Bible Dictionary (1896) ( 4567: 4488:Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). 4353:Haidt, Jonathan (11 April 2022). 4100:. Harper & Brothers. p. 3882:. London: Macmillan. p. 384. 3602:The Biblical Antiquities of Philo 3278:Friedman, Richard Elliot (1997). 3215:The Length of Eratosthenes' Stade 3101:Hiebert, Theodore (Spring 2007). 2868: 2799:Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis 2269:Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones 1719:History of the Prophets and Kings 1663:, and the midrashic compilations 1131: 1097:History of the Prophets and Kings 985:Greek Apocalypse of Baruch, 3:5–8 711:, which he called the "Temple of 139:According to the story, a united 4928: 4927: 4477:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 4006:letras-uruguay.espaciolatino.com 4002:"Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl" 3305:Abraham in History and Tradition 2507: 2430: 2416: 2402: 1990:, the people he met living near 1282:confused the languages, causing 54: 4669: 4576:Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4389: 4346: 4327: 4301: 4277: 4260: 4242: 4168: 4070: 4031: 4019: 3994: 3957: 3929: 3886: 3866: 3855: 3844: 3817: 3772: 3749: 3723: 3709: 3682: 3660: 3651: 3613: 3593: 3548: 3501: 3490: 3444: 3431: 3420: 3368: 3333: 3321: 3296: 3271: 3255: 3238: 3094: 3058: 3003: 2978: 2938: 2687: 2675: 2662: 2643: 2624: 2252:Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water 2081:used this as a base for their " 1453:, 1641). The Swedish physician 1336:, and by Adam as lawgiver (the 1161:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 849: 755:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 530:(Pelican 1978–1984), Professor 460:, quotes the earlier historian 192:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 32:Tower of Babel (disambiguation) 5145:Jacob wrestling with the angel 4845:Creation–evolution controversy 4080:Report on the Census of Bengal 4041:History of Arizona, Volume VII 3894:Reisen in die 'Ostseeprovinzen 3342:Journal of Biblical Literature 3181:Journal of Biblical Literature 3111:Journal of Biblical Literature 2843: 2816: 2789: 2710: 2590: 2500: 1934:(c. 1565–1648) to the ancient 1491:Synopsis Universae Philologiae 1215: 606: 541: 443:until the construction of the 13: 1: 4520:Antiquities of Mexico, vol. 9 4038:Farish, Thomas Edwin (1918). 3743:Book of Mormon Student Manual 3626:Legends of the Jews, Volume 1 3219:American Journal of Philology 2948:, Beck, München 2004, p. 121. 2802:. Random House. p. 315. 2704: 2179:wrote a concept album called 2085:" online translation service. 2005:Folklore in the Old Testament 1802: 1789: 1773: 1746: 1727: 1704: 1670: 1641: 1624: 1603: 1584: 1577: 1560: 1543: 1380:Before the acceptance of the 1298:of Assam, the inhabitants of 1170: 926: 699: 658: 559: 465: 454: 322: 2632:אֶת הָעִיר וְאֶת הַמִּגְדָּל 2618: 2575: 2243:Turrican II: The Final Fight 1925:conquest of the Aztec Empire 1855:Mythical origins of language 1831:De procuranda indorum salute 1820:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum 1798:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum 1733:); the Anglo-Saxon dialogue 1724:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 1324:During the Middle Ages, the 1234:wrestled with the idea of a 1226:Mythical origins of language 1211:depicting the Tower of Babel 1014:inhabitants of the heavens ( 479:(82.72 km or 51.4 miles) in 259: 199: 7: 5337:Allegorical interpretations 5000:Genesis creation narratives 4471:Maas, Anthony John (1912). 4176:Oakeshott, Michael (1989). 4044:. Phoenix. pp. 309–310 3915:. BRILL. pp. 159–181. 3824:Pennock, Robert T. (2000). 3262:Selections from Giovanni's 3044:. Oxford University Press. 3040:Coogan, Michael D. (2009). 2961:The Dictionary of the Bible 2656: 2638:ʾeṯ hā-ʿîr wəʾeṯ ha-mmiḡdāl 2637: 2605: 2555: 2395: 1981: 1916:to the Tower of Babel. The 1710:); the Irish monastic work 1419:Piero Francesco Giambullari 1346:addresses the topic in his 1242:Multiplication of languages 835:and 2 palms, and thirteen 582:J or Jahwist/Yahwist source 514:The 17th-century historian 304: 241: 216:, is uncertain. The native 108: 10: 5498: 5094:Abraham and Lot's conflict 4705:Genesis creation narrative 4491:"The Tower of Babel" 4440:, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), 4094:David Livingstone (1858). 3629:. New York. Archived from 2610: 2564: 2472:List of tallest structures 2154:The political philosopher 1945: 1848: 1650:Book of Roads and Kingdoms 1532:9); it is repeated in the 1219: 1179:tradition recorded in the 1069::102 mentions the name of 990: 965:Third Apocalypse of Baruch 960:Greek Apocalypse of Baruch 651: 620:: Βαβυλών) formed part of 552:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 437:Third Apocalypse of Baruch 409:, presenting Babel as the 29: 5388: 5362: 5324: 5298: 5213: 5170: 5077: 4989: 4923: 4882: 4862:Kansas evolution hearings 4832: 4771: 4718: 4677: 3911:Mazzocco, Angelo (1993). 3738:Church Educational System 3303:Van Seters, John (1975). 2958:John L. Mckenzie (1995). 2310:In the video game series 2304:Crest of the Royal Family 1907: 1722:by the Persian historian 1657:(1068), the 11th-century 1447:Georg Philipp Harsdörffer 1391:" by some authors (e.g., 416: 376: 103: 89: 79: 74: 53: 47: 46: 41: 5380:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007 5332:Framework interpretation 4256:(in German). p. 16. 4148:Worthington, G. (2016). 4115:Bukatman, Scott (1997). 3689:Emerick, Yahiya (2002). 2493: 2467:Evolutionary linguistics 2356:The tower of Bab-El-Oued 2261:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 2149:Brueghel's 1563 painting 1961: 1914:Great Pyramid of Cholula 1236:single original language 1201:The Confusion of Tongues 870:, and to Phenech son of 332: 67:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 5375:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656 5038:Genesis flood narrative 4824:Young Earth creationism 4814:Progressive creationism 4743:Genesis flood narrative 4602:Tower of Babel – Baruch 4463:Encyclopædia Britannica 4443:Encyclopædia Britannica 3470:Understanding the Bible 3233:(subscription required) 3155:. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 2337:The Art of Doom Eternal 2186:Science fiction writer 2123:American choreographer 2107:representing the story. 1837:a century later in his 1679:Chronicles of Jerahmeel 1415:Giovanni Battista Gelli 922:Antiquities of the Jews 896:Antiquities of the Jews 801:In addition, a further 644:, meaning "confusion". 578:Richard Elliot Friedman 248:Encyclopædia Britannica 5342:Wife–sister narratives 5105:Covenant of the pieces 5032:Genealogies of Genesis 4710:History of creationism 4474:"Tower of Babel" 4432:Sayce, Archibald Henry 3394:; Price, Ira Maurice; 3213:Donald Engels (1985). 3078:Genesis 1-11; Volume 1 2767:The Jewish Study Bible 2584: 2352:La tour de Bab-El-Oued 2288:wrote a story called " 2275:In the web-based game 2190:wrote a story called " 1905: 1869: 1286:to give his throne to 1255: 1232:historical linguistics 1212: 1194: 1043: 988: 957: 916: 910:Lucas van Valckenborch 847: 766:is building a massive 742:Mesopotamian analogues 671: 667:Reconstruction of the 638:to confuse or confound 574:documentary hypothesis 556: 411:cradle of civilization 369:and the latter by the 329: 302: 5019:Serpents in the Bible 4874:Teach the Controversy 4809:Old Earth creationism 4561:Standpunkte Dokumente 4480:Catholic Encyclopedia 4309:"NADIA & REALITY" 4216:Corey, E. C. (2006). 4077:Beverley, H. (1872). 4028:, vol. 3, p. 76. 3246:History of the Franks 2284:Argentinian novelist 2175:The progressive band 1952:Tohono O'odham people 1900: 1867: 1851:Comparative mythology 1829:in his 1576 treatise 1701:Luccreth moccu Chiara 1551:Epiphanius of Salamis 1516:Clement of Alexandria 1397:Indo-European studies 1349:De vulgari eloquentia 1249: 1220:Further information: 1199: 1189: 1033: 973: 939: 904: 828: 666: 628:version of the name, 549: 312: 263: 220:name of the city was 208:nor elsewhere in the 169:dedicated to the god 5370:Papyrus Berlin 17213 4933:Category:Creationism 4856:Edwards v. Aguillard 4587:by Daniel Gordis at 4540:Samuel Noah Kramer, 4287:(15 November 1989). 4178:"The tower of Babel" 3982:Frazer, James George 3874:Frazer, James George 3404:MacDonald, Duncan B. 3280:Who Wrote the Bible? 2447:Babylonian astronomy 2387:The 2023 video game 2290:The Library of Babel 1860:Greco-Roman parallel 1081:(i, 448 f.) and the 724:Babylonian captivity 407:cultural differences 5437:Ancient Mesopotamia 5155:coat of many colors 5062:Generations of Noah 5034:(5:1–6:8, 11:10–26) 4915:Omphalos hypothesis 4900:Biblical literalism 4890:Anthropic principle 4799:Islamic creationism 4518:Lord Kingsborough, 4513:Historia Chichimeca 4252:Süddeutsche Zeitung 3413:Jewish Encyclopedia 2944:Dietz Otto Edzard: 2487:Generations of Noah 2052:in the land of the 2010:James George Frazer 1713:Auraicept na n-Éces 1633:The Meadows of Gold 1504:descendants of Noah 1406:Auraicept na n-Éces 1310:of Alaska, and the 1306:of California, the 996:Rabbinic literature 874:, as prince of the 866:, as prince of the 807:Neo-Assyrian Empire 134:different languages 75:General information 5396:Textual variations 5111:Sodom and Gomorrah 5002:(1:1–2:3, 2:4–25) 4895:Biblical inerrancy 4819:Theistic evolution 4794:Intelligent design 4700:Creationist museum 4685:Biblical cosmology 3830:. Bradford Books. 3740:(1996, rev. ed.). 3736:p. 117, quoted in 3633:on 1 October 2015. 3519:. pp. 54–55. 3476:. pp. 50–51. 3466:Harris, Stephen L. 3244:Gregory of Tours, 3149:Harris, Stephen L. 3134:– via JSTOR. 2918:Day, John (2014). 2883:www.britannica.com 2855:www.britannica.com 2378:In the video game 2266:In the video game 2220:Bible Ki Kahaniyan 2203:The Books of Babel 2129:The Tower of Babel 2117:Der Thurm zu Babel 2097:Minaret of Samarra 2064:In popular culture 2002:In his 1918 book, 1870: 1839:Sermão da Epifania 1736:Solomon and Saturn 1660:Lebor Gabála Érenn 1620:Historia Brittonum 1594:Isidore of Seville 1547: 350 CE 1526:Hippolytus of Rome 1302:in Australia, the 1256: 1250:Tower of Babel by 1222:Origin of language 1213: 1181:Paraphrase of Shem 1044: 1041:Athanasius Kircher 917: 703: 425 BC 694:. Greek historian 672: 601:Hellenistic period 557: 343:confusio linguarum 330: 321:, cgm 5 fol. 29r ( 62:The Tower of Babel 18:The Tower of Babel 5404: 5403: 5354:Pesher on Genesis 5161:Blessing of Jacob 4941: 4940: 4789:Hindu creationism 4763:Ussher chronology 4574:"Tower of Babel." 4557:978-3-9523540-8-7 4534:Vetus Testamentum 4503:Pr. Diego Duran, 4400:Chants of Sennaar 4235:978-0-8262-6517-3 4195:978-0-88706-912-3 4161:978-1-84540-594-6 3944:Arthur Goldhammer 3922:978-90-04-09702-5 3789:The Gnostic Bible 3526:978-0-380-01032-5 3483:978-0-7674-2916-0 3408:"Babel, Tower of" 3314:978-1-62654-006-4 2986:"Genesis 2 Notes" 2971:978-0-684-81913-6 2931:978-0-567-37030-3 2836:978-0-195-35870-4 2809:978-0-795-33715-4 2782:978-0-195-29751-5 2739:978-0-195-17610-0 2683:migrated eastward 2616: 2609:; Ancient Greek: 2603: 2573: 2553: 2477:Minar (Firuzabad) 2389:Chants of Sennaar 2286:Jorge Luis Borges 2223:, which aired on 2197:Fantasy novelist 2156:Michael Oakeshott 2083:Yahoo! Babel Fish 2058:Admiralty Islands 1988:David Livingstone 1868:Building of Babel 1742:Primary Chronicle 1539:Cave of Treasures 1462:where Adam spoke 1260:pseudolinguistics 1230:For a long time, 1065:Another story in 1026:Islamic tradition 930: 94 CE 794:(Akkad), and the 720:Stephen L. Harris 684:Nebuchadnezzar II 149:Lower Mesopotamia 114: 113: 16:(Redirected from 5489: 5477:Book of Jubilees 5452:Noach (parashah) 5432:Primeval history 5427:Biblical phrases 5183:In the beginning 5123:Binding of Isaac 5099:Battle of Siddim 4991:Primeval history 4968: 4961: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4931: 4930: 4779:Creation science 4664: 4657: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4549:Babel's Present. 4528:(New York, 1874) 4507: 4499: 4493: 4484: 4476: 4467: 4459: 4447: 4439: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4281: 4275: 4266:Joshua Rothman, 4264: 4258: 4257: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4223: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4122: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3936:Olender, Maurice 3933: 3927: 3926: 3908: 3897: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3870: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3784:Willis Barnstone 3776: 3770: 3769: 3759:(January 1998), 3757:Parry, Donald W. 3753: 3747: 3730:Daniel H. Ludlow 3727: 3721: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3634: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3605:. Translated by 3597: 3591: 3586:-en-na-da-ab-dug 3552: 3546: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3505: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3388: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3275: 3269: 3259: 3253: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3193:10.2307/27638419 3176: 3167: 3166: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3124:10.2307/27638419 3107: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3073: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3037: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2770: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2615:romanized: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2602:romanized: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2578: 2576:Pýrgos tês Babél 2568: 2566: 2565:Πύργος τῆς Βαβέλ 2558: 2548: 2546: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2504: 2482:Origin of speech 2440: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2381:Doshin the Giant 2350:2017 comic book 2278:Forge of Empires 2192:Tower of Babylon 2112:Anton Rubinstein 2024:, as well as in 1998:Other traditions 1845:Comparable myths 1815:Midrash ha-Gadol 1807: 1804: 1794: 1791: 1778: 1775: 1770:Snorri Sturluson 1751: 1748: 1732: 1729: 1709: 1706: 1675: 1672: 1646: 1643: 1629: 1626: 1608: 1605: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1565: 1562: 1548: 1545: 1483: 1427:Goropius Becanus 1146:Valley of Nimrod 1092: 986: 931: 928: 845: 824:Book of Jubilees 818:Book of Jubilees 813:Later literature 704: 701: 648:Possible origins 497:Giovanni Villani 470: 467: 459: 456: 451:Gregory of Tours 441:in human history 423:Book of Jubilees 391:Flavius Josephus 327: 324: 300: 290: 282: 278: 273: 269: 244: 58: 39: 38: 21: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5384: 5358: 5348:Arcana Cœlestia 5320: 5294: 5209: 5166: 5079:Patriarchal age 5073: 4985: 4984: 4979:Book of Genesis 4972: 4942: 4937: 4919: 4878: 4828: 4804:Neo-creationism 4784:Gap creationism 4767: 4720:Book of Genesis 4714: 4673: 4668: 4570: 4524:H.H. Bancroft, 4427: 4425:Further reading 4422: 4412: 4410: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4351: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4282: 4278: 4265: 4261: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4113: 4109: 4092: 4088: 4075: 4071: 4055: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3979: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3887: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3777: 3773: 3754: 3750: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3636: 3635: 3621:Ginzberg, Louis 3618: 3614: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3553: 3549: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3421: 3400:Ginzberg, Louis 3396:Jastrow, Marcus 3392:Jastrow, Morris 3389: 3380: 3373: 3369: 3354:10.2307/3267364 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3276: 3272: 3260: 3256: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3212: 3208: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3146: 3139: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3038: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2916: 2912: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2761: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2648: 2644: 2629: 2625: 2595: 2591: 2545:מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל 2533: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2457:Enuma Anu Enlil 2436: 2431: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2365:The Rabbi's Cat 2231:Chris Huelsbeck 2199:Josiah Bancroft 2131:in 1993 at the 2089:Pieter Brueghel 2066: 2000: 1984: 1964: 1948: 1918:Dominican friar 1910: 1874:Greek mythology 1862: 1857: 1847: 1805: 1792: 1785:Book of the Bee 1776: 1749: 1730: 1707: 1673: 1644: 1627: 1606: 1587: 1580: 1573:The City of God 1563: 1546: 1500: 1484:(1648–1705) in 1477: 1385:language family 1344:Dante Alighieri 1338:Adamic language 1326:Hebrew language 1244: 1228: 1218: 1173: 1163:to the goddess 1134: 1086: 1075:Harut and Marut 1028: 1016:Sefer ha-Yashar 993: 987: 984: 962: 929: 899: 852: 846: 843: 820: 815: 744: 702: 692:Antiochus Soter 661: 656: 650: 609: 593:John Van Seters 562: 544: 505:John Mandeville 468: 457: 419: 379: 367:Priestly source 335: 325: 307: 301: 296:Genesis 11:1–9 295: 288: 280: 276: 271: 267: 262: 202: 130:Book of Genesis 70: 49: 48:מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5495: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5417:Tower of Babel 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5217: 5215:Torah readings 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5174: 5172: 5171:Notable verses 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5148: 5142: 5139:Jacob's Ladder 5136: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5082: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5068:Tower of Babel 5065: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5010: 5009: 5008: 4996: 4994: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4758:Tower of Babel 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4598:Tower of Babel 4594:SkyscraperPage 4591: 4582: 4577: 4569: 4568:External links 4566: 4565: 4564: 4547:Kyle Dugdale: 4545: 4538: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4485: 4468: 4454:, ed. (1911). 4452:Chisholm, Hugh 4448: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4388: 4381: 4364: 4345: 4326: 4315:. 13 June 2019 4300: 4276: 4272:The New Yorker 4259: 4241: 4234: 4208: 4194: 4167: 4160: 4140: 4133: 4107: 4086: 4069: 4030: 4018: 3993: 3970: 3956: 3928: 3921: 3898: 3885: 3865: 3854: 3843: 3836: 3816: 3802: 3771: 3748: 3722: 3708: 3701: 3681: 3659: 3650: 3612: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562:: an-ki ningin 3547: 3532: 3525: 3500: 3497:Genesis 11:1–9 3489: 3482: 3457: 3443: 3430: 3419: 3378: 3367: 3332: 3320: 3313: 3295: 3288: 3270: 3254: 3237: 3230:10.2307/295030 3224:(3): 298–311. 3206: 3168: 3161: 3137: 3093: 3086: 3068: 3057: 3050: 3027: 3002: 2977: 2970: 2950: 2937: 2930: 2910: 2895: 2867: 2842: 2835: 2815: 2808: 2788: 2781: 2752: 2738: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2686: 2674: 2661: 2642: 2623: 2589: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2427: 2424:Judaism portal 2413: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2376: 2369: 2348: 2340: 2308: 2293: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2257:Tower of Babel 2247: 2228: 2215: 2206: 2195: 2184: 2173: 2163: 2152: 2136: 2121: 2108: 2086: 2065: 2062: 2014:Lozi mythology 1999: 1996: 1983: 1980: 1963: 1960: 1947: 1944: 1909: 1906: 1898:1.151–155 as: 1861: 1858: 1846: 1843: 1835:António Vieira 1827:José de Acosta 1752:); the Jewish 1739:; the Russian 1697:Cu cen mathair 1685:Sefer haYashar 1499: 1496: 1475:Pierre Besnier 1431:Abraham Mylius 1314:of Guatemala. 1243: 1240: 1217: 1214: 1172: 1169: 1140:, a man named 1138:Book of Mormon 1133: 1132:Book of Mormon 1130: 1126:Yahiya Emerick 1084:Lisān al-ʿArab 1027: 1024: 992: 989: 982: 969:pseudepigrapha 961: 958: 906:Tower of Babel 898: 892: 862:, but also to 851: 848: 841: 819: 816: 814: 811: 743: 740: 660: 657: 652:Main article: 649: 646: 636:, which means 632:, to the verb 608: 605: 588:Michael Coogan 561: 558: 543: 540: 418: 415: 387:Garden of Eden 378: 375: 365:former by the 334: 331: 315:Rudolf von Ems 306: 303: 293: 261: 258: 252:this reflects 226:folk etymology 201: 198: 136:and cultures. 118:Tower of Babel 112: 111: 105: 101: 100: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 42:Tower of Babel 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5494: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5291:(47:28–50:26) 5290: 5287: 5285:(44:18–47:27) 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5026:Cain and Abel 5024: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4934: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833:Controversies 4831: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4738:Flood geology 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4690:Creation myth 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4457:"Babel" 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4437:"Babel" 4433: 4429: 4428: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4384: 4382:4-575-16201-9 4378: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4285:Menon, Ramesh 4280: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4255: 4253: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4212: 4197: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4174:Reprinted as 4171: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4136: 4134:0-85170-623-1 4130: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3952:0-674-51052-6 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3896:, ii. 251–255 3895: 3889: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3858: 3852: 3847: 3839: 3837:9780262661652 3833: 3829: 3828: 3820: 3805: 3803:9781590306314 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3704: 3702:9780028642338 3698: 3694: 3693: 3685: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509:Asimov, Isaac 3504: 3498: 3493: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3423: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3376: 3375:Genesis 10:10 3371: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3328:Levenson 2004 3324: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3289:0-06-063035-3 3285: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3250:abridged form 3247: 3241: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3162:9780874846966 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3061: 3053: 3051:9780195332728 3047: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3016: 3012: 3006: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2906: 2899: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2741: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2713: 2709: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2665: 2658: 2646: 2639: 2627: 2620: 2607: 2593: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2562: 2561:Ancient Greek 2557: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2528: 2503: 2499: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2428: 2425: 2414: 2411: 2400: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2201:has a series 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2141:'s 1927 film 2140: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2110:The composer 2109: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071:Douglas Adams 2068: 2067: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1986:According to 1979: 1977: 1974:and northern 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1954:, holds that 1953: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1895:Metamorphoses 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1800: 1799: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1744: 1743: 1738: 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