Russian Empire - Knowledge

7484: 2745: 6214: 3246: 5916: 1738: 8303:, at the university level promoted more academic freedom for the faculty, who were under suspicion by reactionary church officials. Uvarov raised academic standards, improved facilities, and opened the admission doors a bit wider. Nicholas tolerated Uvarov's achievements until 1848, then reversed his innovations. For the rest of the century, the national government continued to focus on universities, and generally ignored elementary and secondary educational needs. By 1900 there were 17,000 university students, and over 30,000 were enrolled in specialized technical institutes. The students were conspicuous in Moscow and Saint Petersburg as a political force typically at the forefront of demonstrations and disturbances. The majority of tertiary institutions in the empire used Russian, while some used other languages but later underwent Russification. Other educational institutions in the empire included the 3346: 8048:, which was responsible for the payment of taxes for the allotments. For these allotments the peasants had to pay a fixed rent, which could be fulfilled by personal labour. The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown, and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord. The Crown paid the landlord and the peasants had to repay the Crown, for forty-nine years at 6% interest. The financial redemption to the landlord was not calculated on the value of the allotments but was considered as compensation for the loss of the compulsory labour of the serfs. Many proprietors contrived to curtail the allotments that the peasants had occupied under serfdom, and frequently deprived them of precisely that land of which they were most in need: pasture lands around their houses. The result was to compel the peasants to rent land from their former masters. 1582: 7105: 8465: 2903:, which freed the serfs, was the single most important event in 19th-century Russian history, and the beginning of the end of the landed aristocracy's monopoly on power. The 1860s saw further socio-economic reforms to clarify the position of the Russian government with regard to property rights. Emancipation brought a supply of free labour to the cities, stimulating industry; and the middle class grew in number and influence. However, instead of receiving their lands as a gift, the freed peasants had to pay a special lifetime tax to the government, which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost. In numerous cases the peasants ended up with relatively small amounts of the least productive land. All the property turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the 1971: 3250: 3249: 3560: 3251: 6591: 7808: 3248: 3957: 2795: 6726: 1999: 7472: 2606: 8144:

estimated at 11 to 17 hectares (28 to 42 acres). This land was of necessity rented from the landlords. The aggregate value of the redemption and land taxes often reached 185 to 275% of the normal rental value of the allotments, not to speak of taxes for recruiting purposes, the church, roads, local administration, and so on, chiefly levied on the peasants. This burden increased every year; consequently, one-fifth of the inhabitants left their houses and cattle disappeared. Every year more than half the adult males (in some districts three-quarters of the men and one-third of the women) quit their homes and wandered throughout Russia in search of work. In the governments of the

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ignored reform issues. In sharp contrast to Western Europe, the entire empire had a very small bureaucracy – about 17,000 public officials, most of whom lived in two of the largest cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Modernization of government required much larger numbers; but that, in turn, required an educational system that could provide suitable training. Russia lacked that, and for university education, young men went to Western Europe. The army and the church had their own training programs, narrowly focused on their particular needs. The most important successful reform under Alexander I was the creation of a national system of education.

6005: 113: 4038: 6335:) belonged to Asian Russia. Of the rest, 8 Governorates were in Finland and 10 in Congress Poland. European Russia thus embraced 59 governorates and 1 oblast (that of the Don). The Don Oblast was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war; the rest each had a governor and deputy-governor, the latter presiding over the administrative council. In addition, there were governors-general, generally placed over several governorates and armed with more extensive powers, usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction. In 1906, there were governors-general in Finland, Warsaw, 309: 5893:

estates worked by serfs, and militarism rooted in the army officer corps. Regarding irrationality, Russia avoided the full force of the European Enlightenment, which gave priority to rationalism, preferring the romanticism of an idealized nation state that reflected the beliefs, values, and behavior of the distinctive people. The distinctly liberal notion of "progress" was replaced by a conservative notion of modernization based on the incorporation of modern technology to serve the established system. The promise of modernization in the service of autocracy frightened the socialist intellectual

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province of the empire, except Central Asia, returned a certain number of members; added to which were those returned by several large cities. The members of the Duma were chosen by electoral colleges and these, in their turn, were elected by assemblies of the three classes: landed proprietors, citizens, and peasants. In these assemblies the wealthiest proprietors sat in person while the lesser proprietors were represented by delegates. The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth and elected delegates directly to the college of the

4696: 6995: 5881:. While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives, including an absolute veto over all legislation, he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament, without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia. Not that the regime in Russia had become in any true sense constitutional, far less parliamentary. But the "unlimited autocracy" had given way to a "self-limited autocracy". Whether this autocracy was to be permanently limited by the new changes, or only at the continuing discretion of the autocrat, became a subject of heated 345: 8251:

highest for the nobility (84 to 87 percent), merchants (over 75 percent), then the workers and peasants. Serfs were the least literate. In every group, women were far less literate than men. By contrast in Western Europe, urban men had about a 50 percent literacy rate. The Orthodox hierarchy was suspicious of education, seeing no religious need for literacy whatsoever. Peasants did not need to be literate, and those who did — such as artisans, businessmen, and professionals — were few in number. As late as 1851, only 8% of Russians lived in cities.

6734: 2803: 943: 4398: 9996: 8005: 7464: 3252: 2242: 3994:, a strike was organized at a factory in the capital, followed by thousands of people took to the streets in Petrograd to protest food shortages. A day later, protesters rose to two hundred thousand, demanding that Russia withdraw from the war and the emperor be deposed. Eighty thousand Russian troops, half of the men sent to restore order, had gone on strike and refused the senior officers' orders. Any imperial symbols were destroyed and burned. The capital was out of control and gripped by protest and strife. 85: 3654: 8243: 6286: 4560:, the Russian Empire was one indivisible state. In addition, the 26th article stated that "With the Imperial Russian throne are indivisible the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Finland". Relations with the Grand Principality of Finland were also regulated by the 2nd article, "The Grand Principality of Finland, constituted an indivisible part of the Russian state, in its internal affairs governed by special regulations at the base of special laws", and by the law of 10 June 1910. 3878:. His offensive was a great success, taking 76,000 prisoners from the main attack and 1,500 from the Austrian bridgehead. But the offensive was halted by inadequate ammunition and a lack of supplies. The eponymous offensive was the most successful allied strike of World War I, practically destroying the Austro-Hungarian army as an independent force, but the slaughter of many casualties (approximately one million men) forced the Russian forces not to rebuild or launch any further attacks. 15343: 4536: 2846: 1714:, and Alexey Kelin. During Peter's reign, the obligation of the nobility to serve was reinforced, and serf labour played a significant role in the growth of the industry; therefore, Peter's objectives required the preservation of antiquated traditions. The volume of the country's international trade turnover increased as a result of Peter I's industrial reforms. However, imports of goods overtook exports, strengthening the role of foreigners in Russian trade, particularly the 355: 6259:; an audit office; a high court of justice for all political offences; and one of its departments fulfilled the functions of a heralds' college. It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the empire, notably in differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. Lastly, it promulgated new laws, a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the 8017: 8113: 2453: 7345: 4030: 2313: 78: 3247: 3401:(legislature) to be called without delay. The right to vote was extended and no law was to become final without confirmation by the Duma. The moderate groups were satisfied, but the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organise new strikes. By the end of 1905, there was disunity among the reformers, and the emperor's position was strengthened, allowing him to roll back some of the concessions with the new 7797: 7085: 5982: 3231: 8259: 8337: 5802: 8128: 986: 972: 6481: 15331: 293: 6502:. All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants, artisans, and workmen were enrolled on lists, in descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation was then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which would elect an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive was in the hands of an elected mayor and an 2744: 8323: 2477: 1526: 8200:

calculated to have far-reaching and profound effects on the rural economy of Russia. Thirteen years previously the government had endeavored to secure greater fixity and permanence of tenure by providing that at least twelve years must elapse between every two redistributions of the land belonging to a mir amongst those entitled to share in it. The order of November 1906 provided that the

8466: 8648:. In 1889, Alexander III abolished the election of justices of the peace, except in certain large towns and some outlying parts of the Empire, and greatly restricted the right of trial by jury. The combining of judicial and administrative functions was introduced again by the appointment of officials as judges. In 1909, the third Duma restored the election of justices of the peace. 2751: 2469:, Russia began to lag ever farther behind, creating new weaknesses for the empire seeking to play a role as a great power. Russia's status as a great power concealed the inefficiency of its government, the isolation of its people, and its economic and social backwardness. Following the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander I had been ready to discuss constitutional reforms, but though 7483: 8271:

the national government operated six universities, forty-eight secondary state schools, and 337 improved primary schools. Highly qualified teachers arrived from France, fleeing the revolution there. Exiled Jesuits set up elite boarding schools until their order was expelled in 1815. At the highest level, universities were based on the German model—in

1763:), also known as Peter the Great, played a major role in introducing the European state system into Russia. While the empire's vast lands had a population of 14 million, grain yields trailed behind those in the West. Nearly the entire population was devoted to agriculture, with only a small percentage living in towns. The class of 6028:; from this time the legislative power was exercised normally by the emperor only in concert with the two chambers. The Council of the Empire, or Imperial Council, as reconstituted for this purpose, consisted of 196 members, of whom 98 were nominated by the emperor, while 98 were elective. The ministers, also nominated, were 2907:, the village community, which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings. Although serfdom was abolished, since its abolition was achieved on terms unfavourable to the peasants, revolutionary tensions did not abate. Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into 7756:'s population and half of its urban residents were Russians, four-fifths of them agricultural colonists. In the other four oblasts in the same year, Russians constituted only 4 percent of the population, and the overwhelming majority lived in European-style settlements alongside the native quarters in the major towns. 2047:. However, the cost of these campaigns further burdened the already oppressive social system, under which serfs were required to spend almost all of their time laboring on their owners' land. A major peasant uprising took place in 1773, after Catherine legalised the selling of serfs separate from land. Inspired by a 3098:, tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas, and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895. Pobedonostsev taught his imperial pupils to fear freedom of speech and the press, as well as dislike democracy, constitutions, and the parliamentary system. Under Pobedonostsev, revolutionaries were persecuted—by the 3086:(1881–1894), a reactionary who revived the maxim of "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" of Nicholas I. A committed Slavophile, Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from turmoil only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe. During his reign, Russia formed the 8270:

was established in 1802, and the country was divided into six educational regions. The long-term plan was for a university in every region, a secondary school in every major city, upgraded primary schools, and – serving the largest number of students – a parish school for every two parishes. By 1825,

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In November 1906, however, Emperor Nicholas II promulgated a provisional order permitting the peasants to become freeholders of allotments made at the time of emancipation, all redemption dues being remitted. This measure, which was endorsed by the third Duma in an act passed on 21 December 1908, was

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for the land allotted to peasants. There was an increase of wealth among the few, but along with this a general impoverishment of the mass of the people. Added to this, the peculiar institution of the mir—framed on the principle of community ownership and occupation of the land—the overall effect was

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issued on 28 April 1906. However, he retained the right to disband the newly established Duma, and he exercised this right more than once. He also retained an absolute veto over all legislation, and only he could initiate any changes to the Organic Law itself. His ministers were responsible solely to

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The Russian Empire was predominantly a rural society spread over vast spaces. In 1913, 80% of the people were peasants. Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis, which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the

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Conservatism was the ideology of most of the Russian leadership, albeit with some reformist activities from time to time. The structure of conservative thought was based upon anti-rationalism of the intellectuals, religiosity rooted in the Russian Orthodox Church, traditionalism rooted in the landed

2663:. Russia attempted to expand to the southwest, at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, using recently acquired Georgia at its base for its Caucasus and Anatolian front. The late 1820s were successful years militarily. Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the 2055:

and proclaiming "Hang all the landlords!", the rebels threatened to take Moscow before they were ruthlessly suppressed. Instead of imposing the traditional punishment of drawing and quartering, Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioners should execute death sentences quickly and with

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During the years 1861 to 1892 the land owned by the nobles decreased 30%, or from 850,000 to 610,000 km (210,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres); during the following four years an additional 8,577 km (2,119,500 acres) were sold; and since then the sales went on at an accelerated rate, until in

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The situation of the former serf-proprietors was also unsatisfactory. Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor, they failed to adapt to the new conditions. The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been

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Economic conditions steadily improved after 1890, thanks to new crops such as sugar beets, and new access to railway transportation. Total grain production increased, as well as exports, even with rising domestic demand from population growth. As a result, there was a slow improvement in the living

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party was a conservative force, with a base of landowners and businessmen. They accepted land reform but insisted that property owners be fully paid. They favored far-reaching reforms, and hoped the landlord class would fade away, while agreeing they should be paid for their land. Liberal elements

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In order to ensure the continued support of the nobility, which was essential to her reign, Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes. Nevertheless, Catherine realized that serfdom must eventually be ended, going so far in her

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A majority of the population, 81.6%, belonged to the peasant order. The other classes were the nobility, 0.6%; clergy, 0.1%; the burghers and merchants, 9.3%; and military, 6.1%. More than 88 million Russians were peasants, some of whom were former serfs (10,447,149 males in 1858) – the

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In the late 1870s, Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans. From 1875 to 1877, the Balkan crisis intensified, with rebellions against Ottoman rule by various Slavic nationalities, which the Ottoman Turks had dominated since the 15th century. This was seen as a political risk in

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Educational standards were very low in the Russian Empire, though they slowly increased in its last century of existence. By 1800, the level of literacy among male peasants ranged from 1 to 12 percent and from 20 to 25 percent for urban men. Literacy among women was very low. Literacy rates were

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that the situation was more hopeful. In Ukraine, where the allotments were personal (the mir existing only among state peasants), the state of affairs was not better, on account of high redemption taxes. In the western provinces, where the land was more cheaply valued and the allotments somewhat

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After 1860, the planning and building of the railway network had far-reaching effects on the economy, culture, and ordinary life of Russia. The central authorities and the imperial elite made most of the key decisions, but local elites made demands for rail linkages. Local nobles, merchants, and

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The accession in 1801 of Alexander I (1801–1825) was widely welcomed as an opening to fresh liberal ideas from the European Enlightenment. Many reforms were promised, but few were actually carried out before 1820 when the emperor turned his attention to foreign affairs and personal religion and

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nobility retained considerable powers of self-government and numerous privileges in matters affecting education, police, and the local administration of justice. After 167 years of German language administration and education, in 1888 and 1889 laws were passed transferring administration of the

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Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis. While revenue rose from 9 million rubles in 1724 to 40 million in 1794, expenses grew more rapidly, reaching 49 million in 1794. The budget allocated 46 percent to the military, 20 percent to government economic activities, 12

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After Emancipation reform, one-quarter of peasants received allotments of only 1.2 hectares (2.9 acres) per male, and one-half received less than 3.4 to 4.6 hectares (8.5 to 11.4 acres); the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three-fields system is

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indicators, and taxation of peasants. He argues that those reforms brought about measurable improvements in social welfare. More generally, he finds that the well-being of the Russian people declined during most of the 18th century but increased slowly from the end of the 18th century to 1914.

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of 2 June 1907) of 442 members, elected by an exceedingly complicated process. The membership was manipulated as to secure an overwhelming majority of the wealthy (especially the landed classes) and also for the representatives of the Russian peoples at the expense of the subject nations. Each

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By the middle of 1915, the impact of the war was demoralizing. Food and fuel were in short supply, casualties were increasing, and inflation was mounting. Strikes rose among low-paid factory workers, and there were reports that peasants, who wanted reforms of land ownership, were restless. The

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In order to repress further revolts, censorship was intensified, including the constant surveillance of schools and universities. Textbooks were strictly regulated by the government. Police spies were planted everywhere. Under Nicholas I, would-be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia, with

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The former serfs became peasants, joining the millions of farmers who already had peasant status. Most peasants lived in tens of thousands of small villages under a highly patriarchal system. Hundreds of thousands moved to cities to work in factories, but they typically retained their village

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that gave legal status to non-Orthodox religions. This created a "Golden Age of Old Faith" for the previously persecuted Old Believers until the emergence of the Soviet Union. In the early 20th century, some of the restrictions of the Pale of Settlement were reversed, though were not formally

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and urban delegates), the progressives had little chance of representation at all, save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government was to be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college. That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the

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to present a petition to the emperor. When the procession reached the palace, soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared, which demanded a democratic republic. This marked the beginning of the

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members. Of the elected members, 3 were returned by the "black" clergy (the monks), 3 by the "white" clergy (secular), 18 by the corporations of nobles, 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities, 6 by the chambers of commerce, 6 by the industrial councils, 34 by local governmental

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fighters. As Napoleon's forces retreated, Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris. After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon, Alexander became known as the "saviour of Europe". He presided over the redrawing of the map of Europe at the

2296:; five percent of the budget was allocated to debt payments. Paper money was issued to pay for expensive wars, thus causing inflation. As a result of its spending, Russia developed a large and well-equipped army, a very large and complex bureaucracy, and a court that rivaled those of 1891:. Peter told the Senate that its mission was to collect taxes, and tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign. Meanwhile, all vestiges of local self-government were removed. Peter continued and intensified his predecessors' requirement of state service from all nobles, in the 229: 6397:

law – was predicated on the separation of judicial and administrative functions, the independence of the judges and courts, public trials and oral procedure, and the equality of all classes before the law. Moreover, a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the

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ceased this harsh treatment and pursued a more bureaucratic type of assimilation, such as compensating the Cantonists for their previous military service, including those who remained Jewish, although certain military ranks were still limited to Christians. In contrast, Emperor

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The question of Russia's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great's program of modernization. Some favored imitating Western Europe while others were against this and called for a return to the traditions of the past. The latter path was advocated by

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which strengthened Russia's standing on the world stage. Internal transformations and military victories contributed to the transformation of Russia into a great power, playing a major role in European politics. On the day of the announcement of the Treaty of Nystad, the 2

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Nicholas II was deeply devoted to his wife, Alexandra, whom he married on 26 November 1894. They had five children: Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsesarevich Alexei. The Russian Imperial Romanov family was executed by who were believed to be drunken

1401:. Poland was partitioned by its three neighbours in 1772–1815, with much of its land and population being taken under Russian rule. Most of the empire's growth in the 19th century came from gaining territory in central and eastern Asia south of Siberia. By 1795, after the 188: 3338:. The Mensheviks believed that the Russian working class was insufficiently developed and that socialism could be achieved only after a period of bourgeois democratic rule. They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism. The Bolsheviks, under 2464:

Although the Russian Empire played a leading political role in the next century, thanks to its role in defeating Napoleonic France, its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress to any significant degree. As Western European economic growth accelerated during the

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was expanded. The higher forms of education were reserved for a very small elite, with only a few hundred students at the universities by 1825 and 5500 in the secondary schools. There were no schools open to girls. Most rich families still depended on private tutors.

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entrepreneurs imagined a future of promoting their regional interests, from "locality" to "empire". Often, they had to compete with other cities. By envisioning their own role in a rail network they came to understand how important they were to the empire's economy.

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promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894, municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in the Caucasus.

183: 2194:. He favored modernization through foreign loans and strong ties with France, but was reluctant to give significant roles to the new parliament (the Duma).He signed the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 to counter Germany’s influence in the Middle East, ending the 184: 187: 5942:

of 1917. Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto, the emperor ruled as an absolute monarch, subject to only two limitations on his authority, both of which were intended to protect the existing system: the emperor and his consort must both belong to the

181: 182: 178: 177: 3583:, Austria-Hungary's ally, saw the call to arms as a threat; when Russia mustered its troops, Germany affirmed the state of "imminent danger of War", followed by the declaration of war on 1 August 1914. The Russians were imbued with patriotic earnestness and 186: 180: 10021: 7282:, which had a degree of imperial jurisdiction over the organization of Islamic practice in the country. As the Russian Empire expanded, tsarist administrators found it expedient to draw on existing Islamic religious institutions that were already in place. 179: 2881:. Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon, Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible, but against a coalition of the great powers of Europe, the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the weakness of Emperor Nicholas I's regime. 185: 189: 8155:

was only 0.36 hectares (0.90 acres), and for allotments from 1.2 to 2.3 hectares (2.9 to 5.8 acres) the peasants paid 5 to 10 rubles in redemption tax. The state peasants were better off; but they, too, were emigrating in masses. It was only in the

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in military institutions in the east aiming to compel them to convert to Christianity, attempted to stratify Jews into "useful" and "not useful" based on wealth and further restricted religious and commercial rights within the Pale of Settlement.

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standards of Russian peasants in the empire's last two decades before 1914. Recent research into the physical stature of Army recruits shows they were bigger and stronger. There were regional variations, with more poverty in the heavily populated

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Ivan III (1462–1505) and his son, Vasili III (1505–1533), completed Moscow's quest to dominate Great Russia. Of the two rulers, Ivan III (the Great) accomplished the most, and Russian historians have called him 'the gatherer of the Russian

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were demanded against Muslims in the early Russian Empire. In the 18th century, Catherine II issued an edict of toleration that gave legal status to Islam and allowed Muslims to fulfill religious obligations. Catherine also established the

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for 11 million rubles (7.2 million dollars) in 1867. Initially, many Americans considered this newly gained territory to be a wasteland and useless, and saw the government wasting money, but later, much gold and petroleum were discovered.

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Household servants or dependents attached to personal service were merely set free, while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards, and allotments of arable land. These allotments were given over to the rural commune, the

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in order to secure Russia's position in the European states system. While later rulers did not discard the new title, the Russian monarch was commonly known as the tsar or tsaritsa until the imperial system was abolished during the

1655:, trade, and industry, including shipbuilding, as well as the growth of the Russian educational system. Every tenth Russian acquired an education during Peter I's reign, when there were 15 million people in the country. The city of 8195:

was founded for making advances to peasants who were desirous of purchasing land, the former serfs, or rather their descendants, had between 1883 and 1904 bought about 78,900 km (19,500,000 acres) from their former masters.

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Russia, which similarly suppressed its Muslims in Central Asia and Caucasia. Russian nationalist opinion became a major domestic factor with its support for liberating Balkan Christians from Ottoman rule and making Bulgaria and

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in 1892. Witte began by raising revenues through a monopoly on alcohol, which brought in 300 million rubles 1894. These reforms returned the peasants to essentially being serfs again. In 1900, a peasant class (also known as

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Censorship was heavy-handed until the reign of Alexander II, but it never went away. Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish, and intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets.

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river, to replace Moscow, which had long been Russia's cultural center. This relocation expressed his intent to adopt European elements for his empire. Many of the government and other major buildings were designed under

6116:. These elected their delegates to the Duma directly, and though their votes were divided (on the basis of taxable property) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth, each returned the same number of delegates. 176: 6039:, 16 by local governments having no zemstvos, and 6 by Poland. As a legislative body the powers of the council were coordinate with those of the Duma; in practice, however, it has seldom if ever initiated legislation. 3540:

that demanded an obligation for the heir's death, and Austria-Hungary cut all diplomatic ties and declared war on 28 July 1914. Russia supported Serbia because it was a fellow Slavic state, and two days later, Emperor

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held by each peasant should be merged into a single holding; the Duma, however, on the advice of the government, left its implementation to the future, regarding it as an ideal that could only gradually be realized.

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on 5 August 1915. In the same month, the emperor dismissed Grand Duke Nicholas and took personal command; this was a turning point for the Russian army and the beginning of the worst disaster. The Germans continued

3051:. To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory, the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from ethnically diverse communities in Kars Oblast, particularly 12761: 2979:

in March 1878, creating an enlarged, independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans. When Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the treaty, an exhausted Russia backed down. At the

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solution), or to put it into collective local ownership. The Socialist Revolutionaries also differed from the Social Democrats in that the SRs believed a revolution must rely on urban workers, not the peasantry.

2028:, the German heir to the Russian crown. After the death of Empress Elizabeth, Catherine came to power after she effected a coup d'état against her very unpopular husband. She contributed to the resurgence of the 9284:

Ivan III in his own time already had the reputation of the builder of the Russian state... The consolidation of Russia as a state was not just a territorial issue, for Ivan also began the development of a state

6429:, with jurisdiction over petty causes, whether civil or criminal; the second, based on the French model, were the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges, sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases. 4045:

By the end of the 19th century the area of the empire was about 22,400,000 square kilometers (8,600,000 sq mi), or almost one-sixth of the Earth's landmass; its only rival in size at the time was the

1777:, thus counting them for poll taxation. Russian agricultural kholops had been formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. They were largely tied to the land, in a feudal sense, until the late 19th century. 228: 7255:, which further restricted Jewish settlements and rights to own property, as well as limiting the types of professions available, and the expulsion of Jews from Kiev in 1886 and Moscow in 1891. The overall 6213: 4571: – the Russian Empire was a contiguous mass of land spanning Europe and Asia. In this it differed from contemporary colonial-style empires. The result of this was that, while the British and 4915: 4854: 5967:

him, and not to the Duma or any other authority, which could question but not remove them. Thus, while the emperor's personal powers were limited in scope after 28 April 1906, they remained formidable.

1178:, which aimed to restrain the rise of secularism and liberalism across Europe. Russia further expanded to the west, south, and east, strengthening its position as a European power. Its victories in the 7211:), and arbitrating doctrinal disputes. When the state lacked resources to provide a secular bureaucracy across its entire territory, guided 'reformation' of faiths provided elements of social control. 4839: 21100: 7233:, an area of Tsarist Russia inside which Jews were authorized to settle, and outside of which were deprived of various rights such as freedom of movement or commerce. Particularly repressive was 6641:

was appointed as the new minister of finance in 1886, he increased the pressure on peasants by increasing taxes on land and prescribing how they harvested grain. These policies led to the severe

5685: 5664: 5643: 5622: 5534: 7317:. Throughout the late 19th century, the term "Circassian" became a common adage for "highwayman" across the Balkan and Anatolian regions, due to the prevalence of homeless Circassian refugees. 5518: 6707:

From 1891 to 1892, peasants were faced with new policies carried out by Ivan Vyshnegradsky, causing a famine and disease that took the lives of four hundred thousand people, especially in the

3486:, when both agreed to settle their differences and joined to oppose the new rising power of Germany. Russia and France's relations remained isolated before the 1890s when both sides agreed to 8234:, which he accused of publishing trifles and distracting readers from the pressing social concerns of contemporary Russia through their obsession with spectacle and European popular culture. 7124:) and was deemed "the Supreme Defender and Guardian of the dogmas of the predominant Faith and is the Keeper of the purity of the Faith and all good order within the Holy Church" (Article 64 3342:, supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionists, subject to strong party discipline, to act as the vanguard of the proletariat, in order to seize power by force. 1018:

in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), roughly one-sixth of the world's landmass, making it the

9461: 4211:, an immense shallow lake, mostly bordered by deserts, possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries. 2233:

revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky, as ordered by the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 July 1918. This marked the end of the Russian Empire and Imperial Russia.

1107:". Between 1550 and 1700, the Russian state grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. Major events during this period include the transition from the 259: 13495: 8055:

or sent to military service. Owners had the right to sell slaves, depending on whether they were targeting land or accused (i.e., had escaped from working). Children of serfs received less

4313:

of the United States; thereafter, the Russian territorial expansion only encountered nomadic or feudal societies which is strikingly similar to the Westward Expansion of the United States.

15151: 2738:

being imposed on its schools and courts. However, Russification policies in Poland, Finland and among the Germans in the Baltics largely failed and only strengthened political opposition.

174: 13771: 7376:

was strictly controlled during Catherine II's reign, which was considered an epoch of relative tolerance for Catholicism. Catholics were distrusted by the Russian Empire as elements of

5526: 4305:

noted that the methodological procedure how the Russian Empire started to expand their territory was in comparable to that of how the United States had done the same. Russian statesman

13589: 4394:

appointed by him. The emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right, although his Finnish subjects came to consider the grand duchy as such.

15911: 15283:——— (2001), "The empire strikes out: Imperial Russia, 'national' identity, and theories of empire", in Holquist, Peter; Suny, Ronald Grigor; Martin, Terry (eds.), 12839: 5144: 3290:

On the political right, the reactionary elements of the aristocracy strongly favored the large landholders, who, however, were slowly selling their land to the peasants through the

2516:

as a constitutional monarch. The revolt was easily crushed, but it caused Nicholas to turn away from the modernization program begun by Peter the Great and champion the doctrine of

10261: 8071:

system was introduced in 1865 as a rural assembly with administrative authority over the local population, including education and welfare, which ex-serfs were unable to acquire.

6138:, the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia. This council consisted of all the ministers and of the heads of other principal departments. The ministries were as follows: 1283:, it suffered a series of defeats that further galvanized the population against the emperor. In 1917, mass unrest among the population and mutinies in the army culminated in the 260: 13338:

Rubinstein, Samara; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gokcumen, Omer; Zhadanov, Sergey; Osipova, Ludmila; Cocca, Maggie; Mehta, Nishi; Gubina, Marina; Posukh, Olga; Schurr, Theodore G. (2008).

3287:

By the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire dominated its territorial extent, covering a surface area of 22,800,000 km, making it become the world's third-largest empire.

3268:, who was committed to retaining the autocracy that his father had left him. Nicholas II proved as an ineffective ruler, and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by the Russian 12774:

The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, have been fewer than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million

9719: 13661:[First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Distribution of the population by faiths and regions] (in Russian). archipelag.ru. Archived from 9752: 7128:). Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments, he did not settle questions of dogma or church teaching. The principal ecclesiastical authority of the 175: 9638: 7837:

of 1853–56 caused great soul-searching and resulted in proposals for reform. However, the Russian forces fell further behind the technology, training, and organization of the

2088:("Instruction") to say that serfs were "just as good as we are" – a comment received with disgust by the nobility. Catherine advanced Russia's southern and western frontiers, 5767: 4501:, then a part of Germany; a significant portion of Austrian Galicia; and significant portions of Ottoman Armenia. While the modern Russian Federation currently controls the 8299:

Emperor Nicholas I was a reactionary who wanted to neutralize foreign ideas, especially those he ridiculed as "pseudo-knowledge". Nevertheless, his minister of education,

6255:, consisted of members nominated by the emperor. Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided. It was the supreme 6576:. In 1893, district committees for the management of the peasants' affairs, similar to those in purely Russian governments, were introduced into this part of the empire. 14952: 8173:, who either farmed the land themselves, with hired laborers, or let it in small farms. Only one-quarter of the peasants were farmers; the remainder were mere laborers. 5958:

On 17 October 1905, the situation changed: the ruler voluntarily limited his legislative power by decreeing that no measure was to become law without the consent of the

13105: 3327: 2798:

The Imperial Standard of the Tsar between from 1858 to 1917. Previous variations of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great's time.

12463: 6083:

In the college itself, the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day. Since the majority consisted of conservative elements (the

2221:, further eroded his popularity. By March 1917, public support for Nicholas II had dwindled, leading to his forced abdication and the end of the 304-year rule of the 13844: 12922: 8806:

After all, Orthodoxy was both the majority faith in the Russian Empire – approximately 70 percent subscribed to this faith in the 1897 census–and the state religion.

7305:

In the 19th century, the restrictive policies became much more oppressive during the Russo-Turkish Wars, and the Russian Empire perpetrated persecutions such as the

6696:, in which serfs worked in exchange for cash or goods from the master, allowing them to work outside the estate. These systems were based on a legal code called the 3706: 12997: 12956: 12295: 1965: 2063:, a high-ranking noblewoman, on charges of torturing and murdering serfs. Whilst these gestures garnered Catherine much positive attention from Europe during the 18317: 7328:. During the latter portion of the 19th century, the status of Islam in the Russian Empire became associated with the tsarist regime's ideological principles of 2032:

that began after the death of Peter the Great, abolishing State service and granting them control of most state functions in the provinces. She also removed the

9767: 2304:. But the government was living far beyond its means, and 18th-century Russia remained "a poor, backward, overwhelmingly agricultural, and illiterate country". 1796:

was blocked by Sweden, whose territory enclosed it on three sides. Peter's ambitions for a "window to the sea" led him, in 1699, to make a secret alliance with

21175: 5869:, established in the Russian Empire after October 1905. Before this date, the fundamental laws of Russia described the power of the emperor as "autocratic and 16435: 9539:[Petition of the senators to Tsar Peter I for the adoption of the title of "Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of all the Russias, Peter the Great"]. 2480:

This 1892 painting imagines a scene of Russian troops forming a bridge with their bodies, moving equipment to prepare for invading Persian forces during the

9097: 2432:

strategy prevented the invaders from living off the country. In the harsh and bitter winter, thousands of French troops were ambushed and killed by peasant

1144:, which marked the birth of the imperial era, and led a cultural revolution that introduced a modern, scientific, rationalist, and Western-oriented system. 13465: 7895:

assesses the effects of the reforms of latter 19th-century, especially in terms of the 1861 emancipation of the serfs, agricultural output trends, various

2205:

However, his reign was marked by criticism for the government’s suppression of political dissent and perceived failures or inaction during events like the

7372:

was not promulgated, so Jesuits survived in Russian Empire, and this "Russian Society" played a role in re-establishing the Jesuits in the west. Overall,

5851:) who ruled as an absolute monarch. After the Revolution of 1905, Russia developed a new type of government, which became difficult to categorize. In the 3204:

in 1894, with large-scale loans to Russia, sales of arms, and warships, as well as diplomatic support. Once Afghanistan was informally partitioned by the

21170: 16128: 13021:"Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire. A Critical Analysis of the Great Crimean Tatar Emigration of 1860–1861" 6080:. Workmen were treated in a special manner, with every industrial concern employing fifty hands electing one or more delegates to the electoral college. 2613: 1136:

transformed the tsardom into an empire, and fought numerous wars that turned a vast realm into a major European power. He moved the Russian capital from

13869:(2004) 63#2 pp. 247–274.; Steven Nafziger, "Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia" (Working paper, Williams College, 2012). 7956:

remainder being "state peasants" (9,194,891 males in 1858, exclusive of the Archangel governorate) and "domain peasants" (842,740 males the same year).

6000:, which was the headquarters of the Army General Staff. Today, it houses the headquarters of the Western Military District/Joint Strategic Command West. 608: 15745: 12169:(previously, Article 40): "The primary and predominant Faith in the Russian Empire is the Christian Orthodox Catholic Faith of the Eastern Confession." 12139:

Walter Sperling, "Building a Railway, Creating Imperial Space: 'Locality,' 'Region,' 'Russia,' 'Empire' as Political Arguments in Post-Reform Russia",

8191:

1903 alone close to 8,000 km (2,000,000 acres) passed out of their hands. On the other hand, since 1861, and more especially since 1882, when the

6654:) had emerged, representing less than 20 per cent of the population, who were characterised by owning some of their land, machinery, and livestock. An 6174: 5915: 4171:

An important feature of Russia is its few free outlets to the open sea, outside the ice-bound shores of the Arctic Ocean. The deep indentations of the

3208:

in 1907, Britain, France, and Russia came increasingly close together in opposition to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The three would later comprise the

6437:

Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions:

4183:

territory, and it is only at the very head of the latter gulf that the Russians had taken firm foothold by erecting their capital at the mouth of the

13873: 12373: 6147: 1042:

census, the only one it conducted, found a population of 125.6 million with considerable ethnic, linguistic, religious, and socioeconomic diversity.

13656: 12824: 3091: 1952:). But she did not carry out significant structural reforms. Her reign, which lasted nearly 20 years, is also known for Russia's involvement in the 6272: 13487: 4076:, apart from Finland and its portion of Poland, coincided approximately with the natural limits of the East-European plains. To the north was the 20636: 20492: 14595: 12880: 8267: 7736:. As of the 1897 census, Russian Central Asia's five oblasts contained 5,260,300 inhabitants, 13.9 percent of them urban. The largest towns were 6195: 5514: 3005: 1252:. Notwithstanding its extensive territorial gains and great power status, the empire entered the 20th century in a perilous state. A devastating 8148:

the state of matters was hardly better. Many peasants took "gratuitous allotments", whose amount was about one-eighth of the normal allotments.

2292:

percent to administration, and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg. The deficit required borrowing, primarily from bankers in

112: 16744: 5601: 5498: 4505:, which comprised the northern part of East Prussia, this differs from the area captured by the empire in 1914, though there was some overlap: 3345: 2071: 19349: 14126: 10638: 7423:

abolished until the February Revolution. However, some historians evaluate Tsar Nicholas II as having given tacit approval to the antisemitic

6225:

The Most Holy Synod (established in 1721) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. It was presided over by a lay

5506: 5488: 1737: 1707: 100: 13865:

Steven Hoch, "Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? Statistical Anomalies and Long-Tailed Distributions".

9690: 8852: 4219:

From 1860 to 1905, the Russian Empire occupied all territories of the present-day Russian Federation, with the exception of the present-day

3847:, the first attempt to capture the fortress failed, but the second attempt seized the redoubt in March 1915. On 2 May, the Russian army was 21155: 20550: 17365: 17193: 17108: 16847: 15533: 13581: 13164: 8415: 7385: 3027:

Another significant result of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War in Russia's favour was the acquisition from the Ottomans of the provinces of

2955: 2785: 1930: 1308: 1202: 14508: 13216: 12847: 8968: 8938: 8478: 4013:

as his legitimate successor. The Tsarist system was fully overthrown. After a series of deportations and imprisonments, in July 1918, the

4001:, 262 kilometres (163 mi) southwest from the capital, many generals and politicians advised the Emperor to abdicate in favour of the 3365:(1904–1905) was a major blow to the tsarist regime and further increased the potential for unrest. In January 1905, an incident known as " 1365:. By the early 16th century, all of the semi-independent and petty princedoms in Russia had been unified with Moscow. During the reign of 21140: 20545: 18425: 15625: 14541: 14494:

World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

14192: 14159: 14078: 12336: 11635: 11557: 11518: 11479: 11428: 11338: 11260: 11209: 11083: 11032: 10993: 10383: 9232: 5830: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 3447: 2858: 2723: 2014: 220: 12106: 11972: 11377: 11299: 11134: 10454: 10422: 10245: 9151: 3390:(councils of workers) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity. Russia was paralyzed, and the government was desperate. 21145: 21125: 15585: 11596: 9536: 9193: 8998: 6168: 6125: 5110: 4402: 4010: 3836: 2892:

as inefficient. In 1859, there were more than 23 million serfs in usually poor living conditions. Alexander II decided to abolish

2500:, when a number of well-educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns, where their exposure to the 9713: 21130: 21090: 20646: 9742: 6189: 6162: 5993: 5678: 4203:, a great chain of mountains separating it from Russia. But even this sheet of water is an inland sea, the only outlet of which, the 3525: 2513: 2124:. Upon achieving victory, she established Russian rule over it and expelled the newly established Persian garrisons in the Caucasus. 1906:

was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state. Peter abolished the

15316: 9628: 4479:

The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia, especially in the later 19th century, conquering much of

4371:

on 17 September 1809, the eastern half of Sweden, the area that then became Finland, was incorporated into the Russian Empire as an

17262: 16510: 13565: 12433: 7175:

within the empire. In a policy influenced by Catherine II but solidified in the 19th century, Tsarist Russia exhibited increasing "

7163:

clergy had to be married when appointed, but if left widowers were not allowed to marry again; this rule continues to apply today.

4116: — the administrative boundary, however, partly extended into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals. To the south, were the 2975:

and the Ottomans surrendered. Russia's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the

1581: 15244:

Olson, Gust, and Aleksei I. Miller. "Between Local and Inter-Imperial: Russian Imperial History in Search of Scope and Paradigm."

13188:"How the Jesuits Survived Their Suppression: The Society of Jesus in the Russian Empire (1773–1814), written by Mark Inglot, S.J." 2512:(December 1825), which was the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas' brother 20501: 17580: 16047: 15952: 15867: 15394: 8773: 6720: 5885:

between conflicting parties in the state. Provisionally, then, the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined as "a

5460: 5271: 4002: 3666: 2378: 12609:

Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910

8747: 8067:

23 million serfs to become free, but they remained indigent throughout the former enslaved population despite their rights. The

21085: 16852: 16751: 16168: 15117: 13644:

To the tsar, the pogroms organized by the police seemed like a holy outburst of popular indignation against the revolutionaries

8051:

Serfs lived in deplorable conditions, working in the fields for nearly seven days a week and being exiled to the harsh land of

7765: 3315: 15097: 14949: 14714: 9823: 9320:

Under Ivan III's reign, the uniting of separate Russian principalities into a centralized state made great and rapid progress.

6229:, representing the emperor, and consisted of the three metropolitans of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Kiev, the Archbishop of 3559: 20841: 20302: 19684: 17632: 17187: 16263: 15926: 15605: 15166: 15069: 15019: 14897: 14851: 14647: 14578: 14535: 14502: 14415: 14382: 14361: 14330: 14297: 14253: 14219: 14186: 14153: 14120: 13625: 13528: 12991: 12950: 12870: 12806: 12788: 12716: 12691: 12616: 12566: 12403: 12251: 12201: 12100: 11956: 11931: 11832: 11629: 11590: 11551: 11512: 11473: 11422: 11371: 11332: 11293: 11254: 11203: 11128: 11077: 11026: 10987: 10809: 10487: 10448: 10416: 10377: 10337: 10312: 10255: 9981: 9944: 9905: 9799: 9663: 9577: 9508: 9492: 9424: 9341: 9301: 9265: 9226: 9187: 9137: 8799: 7329: 7104: 6372: 6153: 5287: 4526: 2517: 1156: 1031: 17597: 16647: 15043: 14421: 14388: 14336: 14303: 14225: 13631: 13542: 12660: 12580: 10718: 9307: 9271: 6024:

Under Russia's revised Fundamental Law of 20 February 1906, the State Council was associated with the Duma as a legislative

4575:

empires declined in the 20th century, a large portion of the Russian Empire's territory remained together, first within the

3299:

among industrial capitalists and nobility, who believed in peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy, formed the

2190:

During his rule, Nicholas II supported the economic and political reforms proposed by his prime ministers, Sergei Witte and

1948:

being put on the Russian throne. Elizabeth supported the arts, architecture, and the sciences (for example, the founding of

21135: 16817: 16597: 16309: 15562: 12455: 9401: 9164:

The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had, with one exception, been composed of liberals.

8280: 7909: 6252: 5787: 5657: 5464: 5417: 4955: 3969: 3004:

for failing to back Russia. Disappointment at the results of the war stimulated revolutionary tensions, and helped Serbia,

2575: 1872: 1745: 1545: 1520: 20208: 13964:

Mironov, Boris N. (1991). "The Development of Literacy in Russia and the USSR from the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries".

10731:

In the days of the Great Game, Mongolia was an object of imperialist encroachment by Russia, as Tibet was for the British.

7807: 6645:

that lasted from 1891 to 1892, with four hundred thousand perishing from starvation. Vyshnegradsky was succeeded by Count

3165:. China was too weak to resist, and was pulled increasingly into the Russian sphere. Russia obtained treaty ports such as 3149:

Expansion into the vast stretches of Siberia was slow and expensive, but finally became possible with the building of the

21120: 20485: 18940: 18085: 16540: 15484: 12287: 12265: 12215: 8350: 7369: 3690: 3529: 3079: 2789: 2528:

camps. The retaliation for the revolt made "December Fourteenth" a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements.

2496:(1825–1855), who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising. The background of this revolt lay in the 1907: 119: 12741: 10534: 9605: 6590: 3956: 2167:

of Finland. His reign started on 1 November 1894 and ended with his abdication on 15 March 1917. Born on 18 May 1868 at

2163:

Nicholas II, also known as Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, was the final Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and

1578:. The adoption of the latter title by Peter I is usually seen as the beginning of the "imperial" period of Russia. 20922: 20798: 20354: 19354: 18794: 18090: 16042: 15661: 14061:

Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule

13735: 11804: 10214:

Burant, Stephen R. (1985). "The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland: Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt".

9065: 8902: 7389: 7333: 7279: 7256: 7220: 6618:

attempted to modernise his country, and have it not been so dependant on a single economic sector. During the reign of

6544: 6260: 5452: 5442: 4372: 3686: 3094:; and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from China. The emperor's most influential adviser was 2896:

from above, with ample provision for the landowners, rather than wait for it to be abolished from below by revolution.

2040: 1970: 1801: 1437: 1315:

ended Russia's involvement in the war, but who nevertheless were opposed by various factions known collectively as the

1050: 17: 13383: 4356:

got their names from Russian settlers, who had staked claims in a region claimed until 1821 by the Spanish as part of

3968:

emperor eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front, leaving his wife, the Empress

1998: 1295:. Political dysfunction, continued involvement in the widely unpopular war, and widespread food shortages resulted in 21160: 20977: 20905: 20871: 18998: 17355: 16475: 16364: 16299: 15600: 15459: 14996: 14812: 14782: 14665: 14446: 14068: 13838: 12916: 12755: 12646: 10704: 7332:

requiring Russian Orthodoxy. Nonetheless, in certain areas Islamic institutions were allowed to operate, such as the

7097: 6673: 6667: 6568:

was being carried out in the same provinces, in all departments of administration, in the higher schools, and in the

5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 4869: 4410: 3414: 3225: 2807: 2779: 2680: 2664: 2640: 2617: 2599: 2481: 2329: 1857: 1853: 1727: 1377:

were conquered by Russia in the mid-16th century, leading to the development of an increasingly multinational state.

1221: 1179: 13658:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам 13340:"Russian Old Believers: genetic consequences of their persecution and exile, as shown by mitochondrial DNA evidence" 9537:"Прошение сенаторов к царю Петру I о принятии им титула "Отца Отечества, императора Всероссийского, Петра Великого"" 6742:

Output in 1912 of mining and heavy industries of the Russian Empire, as a percentage of national output, by region.

6725: 3318:

wanted to expropriate the land, without payment, but debated whether to distribute the land among the peasants (the

18925: 18520: 17900: 16223: 16206: 15872: 15221: 13434: 10505:"The Plans for Russian Expansion in the New World and the North Pacific in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries" 7881: 6595: 6218: 6180: 5699: 5245: 5233: 5134: 4165: 3820: 3640: 2470: 2171:, Tsarskoye Selo, Russian Empire, he was the eldest son and successor of Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (later known as 1899: 1390: 1260:

in Europe, the empire saw rapid political radicalization and the growing popularity of revolutionary ideas such as

1241: 1187: 252: 13267: 12530: 21150: 19980: 18950: 18553: 18418: 17298: 16842: 16017: 15555: 15335: 15273: 9462:"Perspective | Russian Orthodox Old Believers: Keeping their faith and fighting fires in the West Siberian Plain" 9087: 8877: 7411:

were banished in internal exile to Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with some further emigrating to the Americas.

6642: 6382: 5823: 5438: 4461: 4457: 4014: 3976:(1869–1916). His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles could not restore the emperor's lost prestige. 3300: 2968: 2794: 1253: 486: 19142: 13457: 7471: 3848: 3810: 2967:

independent. In early 1877, Russia intervened on behalf of Serbian and Russian volunteer forces, leading to the

20815: 20810: 20478: 18737: 18570: 18508: 17877: 17380: 16622: 16248: 15681: 15265:

Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. A Review Article"

8276: 6426: 6142: 5976: 5169: 5084: 4652:

against the colony. After a brief resistance, the colony surrendered and the Russian settlers were deported to

4530: 3924:

This led Russia to declare war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November. The Russians, led by Baltic German General

3554: 2537: 2373:

in 1807. After Alexander was defeated in Friedland, he agreed to negotiate and sued for peace with France; the

1699: 1288: 965: 671: 9608:[The title "emperor" and the concept of "empire" in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century]. 8644:

of 1879 gave the governors the right to report secretly on the qualifications of candidates for the office of

7268: 5863:". This contradiction in terms demonstrated the difficulty of precisely defining the system, transitional and 2605: 1686:. Afterwards, the concept was developed in the writings of an associate of Peter I, Archbishop Professor 20825: 20418: 18945: 18854: 17714: 16418: 16133: 15957: 15917: 15671: 15595: 15590: 15494: 13078:"The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia by Paul W. Werth" 8645: 7424: 7196: 7079: 6585: 6569: 6564:

justice from Baltic German control to officials of the central government. About the same time, a process of

5392: 5222: 4937: 4595: 3497:

The relations between Russia and the Triple Alliance, especially Germany and Austria, were like those of the

3311: 3174: 2536:, who held the "decadent" West in contempt. The Slavophiles were opponents of bureaucracy, who preferred the 1978:, who reigned from 1762 to 1796, continued the empire's expansion and modernization. Considering herself an 1876: 1643: 1554: 14059:

Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).

3742: 2888:

ascended the throne in 1855, the desire for reform was widespread. A growing humanitarian movement attacked

1691: 20886: 20731: 20605: 20413: 20297: 18368: 17350: 17338: 16857: 16704: 16684: 16587: 16238: 16188: 16052: 15897: 15862: 15545: 12166: 8845: 8034:

The serfdom that had developed in Russia in the 16th century, and had become enshrined in law in 1649, was

7885: 7800: 7500:

of 1897, adherents of the different religious communities in the empire numbered approximately as follows.

7121: 5963: 5874: 5636: 5615: 5106: 3991: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3426: 3402: 3015: 2152: 2148: 819: 552: 13870: 12365: 11905:

Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I

9884:

Autocratic politics in a national crisis: the Imperial Russian government and Pugachev's revolt, 1773–1775

8844:"The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in conjunction with the State Council and State Duma". 7290: 4425:, along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, came under the rule of the empire. This area ( 3134:. That rivalry between the two empires has been considered to have included far-flung territories such as 21002: 20761: 20692: 20423: 19460: 18904: 18899: 18515: 18231: 18145: 18040: 17955: 17872: 17370: 17242: 17097: 16602: 16339: 16211: 16118: 16072: 16062: 16027: 15907: 15782: 15767: 15421: 15387: 13662: 12816: 8064: 8035: 7999: 7891:

revolutions of the early 20th century. Recent research by Russian scholars disputes this interpretation.

7812: 7452: 7285: 7093: 6603: 6598:

was founded in 1860 as a central bank structure (headquarters in Saint Petersburg, photographed in 1905).

6048: 5959: 5873:". After October 1905, while the imperial style was still "Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias", the 5747: 5594: 5510: 5260: 4983: 4967: 4387: 3517:

had nearly led to war and in 1912–13 relations between Saint Petersburg and Vienna were tense during the

3420: 3398: 2992:, as a vassal state and an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire, respectively. As a result, 2900: 2554:

of the West. More extreme social doctrines were elaborated by such Russian radicals on the left, such as

2136: 2060: 1638: 1398: 1273: 1206: 1116: 762: 688: 14007:

Franklin A. Walker, "Enlightenment and religion in Russian education in the reign of Tsar Alexander I."

2821: 21110: 20793: 20766: 18960: 18955: 18411: 18378: 18293: 17882: 17780: 16662: 16495: 16277: 16258: 16158: 16148: 16143: 15735: 15615: 15358: 15237:

Kuzio, Taras. "Historiography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs: towards a new framework."

10918:

Radkey, Oliver H. (1953). "An Alternative to Bolshevism: The Program of Russian Social Revolutionism".

10147:

The first Russian revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance

9499: 9429: 8961:"The Price of Expansion: The Nationality Problem in Russia of the Eighteenth-Early Twentieth Centuries" 8292: 6407: 5844: 5816: 5402: 5337: 4975: 4675: 4633: 4414: 4349: 4160:, taking a great circular sweep to the west to embrace east-central Poland, and separating Russia from 3960: 3702: 3614:, which both had been allied with Russia since 1892, fearing the rise of Germany as the new power. The 3281: 3009: 2923: 2117: 1773:, remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter converted household kholops into house 792: 18070: 13700:

I. N. Grebenkin, "The Disintegration of the Russian Army in 1917: Factors and Actors in the Process."

12888: 9092: 6177:(including police, health, censorship and press, posts and telegraphs, foreign religions, statistics); 2643:, they clashed with Persia over control and consolidation of Georgia, and also became involved in the 21115: 21095: 20631: 20381: 19529: 19093: 18930: 18684: 18645: 18348: 18035: 17970: 17960: 17945: 17280: 17227: 17137: 16714: 16694: 16667: 16423: 16183: 15942: 15821: 15750: 15630: 15093: 13713: 13240:"The Roman Catholic Church and Its Legal Position under the Provisional Government in Russia in 1917" 7892: 7595: 7396: 7133: 7120:. The emperor was not allowed to "profess any faith other than the Orthodox" (Article 62 of the 1906 7075: 5530: 5522: 5047: 4817: 4622: 4587: 4506: 4341: 4006: 3770: 3746: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3682: 3648: 2726:, and Austria tried to intervene in the crisis but were unable to do so. The Russian press and state 2628: 2485: 2417: 2335: 2121: 2113: 1615:, who were obedient nobles that served the state for the rest of their lives. He also introduced the 18170: 11120:

Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I

8214: 6626:

was founded in 1883 to provide loans for Russian peasants, both as individuals and in communes. The

2067:, the specter of revolution and disorder continued to haunt her and her successors. Indeed, her son 1224:, ruled from 1762 until 1917. By the start of the 19th century, Russian territory extended from the 20992: 20658: 20593: 20339: 20314: 20164: 19823: 19818: 17790: 17770: 17735: 17688: 17642: 16994: 16810: 16228: 16067: 16037: 15902: 15816: 15725: 15688: 11018:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

8272: 7943: 7663: 6230: 5179: 4541: 4317: 3730: 3694: 3491: 3483: 3205: 3143: 3095: 2985: 1715: 1678:, was introduced during the reign of Peter I, and it was associated with the name of Archimandrite 1361:

The foundations of a Russian national state were laid in the late 15th century during the reign of

1332: 9962:"The Real and Live Ethnographic Map of Russia: The Russian Empire in The Mirror of The State Duma" 9680: 9058:"The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia | Reviews in History" 6004: 21165: 21105: 21055: 21045: 20987: 20927: 20773: 20600: 20583: 20406: 20287: 19828: 19781: 19724: 19423: 19367: 19115: 18935: 18593: 17668: 17360: 17343: 17333: 17308: 17152: 16878: 16734: 16709: 16545: 16394: 16354: 16057: 16002: 15887: 15755: 15253:

Historiography of imperial Russia: The profession and writing of history in a multinational state

10113: 8849: 8573: 8537: 8444: 7517: 7248: 7192: 7129: 7117: 6619: 6509: 5944: 5856: 5494: 5476: 5456: 5343: 5315: 4807: 4591: 4383: 3757: 3644: 3487: 3201: 3087: 3083: 2172: 2127:

Catherine's expansionist policy caused Russia to develop into a major European power, as did the

2044: 1903: 1833: 1312: 1265: 1019: 469: 77: 31: 14145:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]

7451:

that he found that some proclamations inciting pogroms were printed and distributed by imperial

7058:. Both lines served the commercial and strategic needs of the empire and facilitated migration. 6217:

The Senate and Synod headquarters – today the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on

4709: 4602: 20846: 20783: 20566: 20428: 20329: 20324: 20012: 19960: 19880: 19813: 19717: 19702: 19595: 19362: 19316: 19157: 19044: 18759: 18588: 18388: 18303: 18150: 17862: 17795: 17663: 17612: 17544: 17444: 17434: 17232: 17167: 16974: 16903: 16672: 16530: 16500: 16455: 16406: 16401: 16334: 16218: 16178: 16138: 15972: 15882: 15877: 15698: 15610: 15477: 15380: 14492: 13187: 8960: 8918: 8716: 8132: 8060: 8009: 7404: 7365: 7243: 7089: 7067: 6999: 6623: 6386: 5025: 4903: 4713: 4626: 4572: 4379: 4368: 4333: 4252: 4239:, but gained Tuva as a protectorate in 1914. Prior to 1917 the Russian Empire included most of 3463: 3291: 3150: 3123: 2964: 2885: 2402: 2394: 2182: 1979: 1592: 1530: 1463: 1191: 284: 15346: 15306: 14843: 14525: 14176: 14143: 14075: 13828: 12896: 12733: 12328: 11923: 11619: 11541: 11502: 11463: 11412: 11322: 11244: 11193: 11067: 11016: 10977: 10797: 10367: 9216: 4037: 2131:

and the Golden age in Russia. But after Catherine died in 1796, she was succeeded by her son,

1548:, which significantly altered Russia's political and social structure, and as a result of the 1331:

across most of the Russian territory; it would be one of four continental empires to collapse

20932: 20788: 20610: 20520: 20359: 20319: 20132: 20007: 19071: 19061: 19020: 18991: 18839: 18704: 18373: 18353: 18333: 18196: 18160: 18115: 18060: 17852: 17847: 17622: 17569: 17394: 17303: 17272: 17212: 17162: 16944: 16934: 16699: 16440: 16413: 16374: 16314: 16113: 16082: 15992: 15740: 15676: 15234:(Yale University Press, 2002), compares Russian with British, Habsburg & Ottoman empires. 12979: 12938: 12090: 11976: 11361: 11283: 11118: 10747: 10477: 10438: 10406: 9653: 9567: 9129: 7830: 7826: 7497: 7039: 7019: 6611: 6425:

of cassation. The first tribunal, based on the English model, were the courts of the elected

6277: 6017: 5919: 5325: 4469: 4337: 4192: 3828: 3790: 3611: 3584: 3542: 3490:

when peace was threatened. France also granted loans for building infrastructure, especially

3443: 3437: 3273: 3265: 3197: 3178: 3139: 3020: 2976: 2696: 2668: 2610: 2580: 2466: 2457: 2358: 2339: 2140: 2128: 1983: 1922: 1784:. His attention then turned to the north. Russia lacked a secure northern seaport, except at 1744:

officially proclaimed the Russian Empire in 1721 and became its first emperor. He instituted

1679: 1634: 1630: 1572: 1494: 1280: 1269: 1160: 1065:. From the 10th to 17th centuries, the Russians had been ruled by a noble class known as the 1039: 886: 592: 449: 20247: 17524: 15176:

Stolberg, Eva-Maria. (2004) "The Siberian Frontier and Russia's Position in World History",

11580: 9777: 9544: 9177: 8990: 8398: 8059:. These serfs were heavily taxed, making them the poorest in any Russians. In 1861, Emperor 3170: 1045:

The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the

20937: 20856: 20851: 20571: 20452: 20282: 20252: 20127: 20058: 20029: 19948: 19282: 19120: 19110: 18894: 18889: 18829: 18764: 18669: 18358: 18277: 18241: 18191: 18050: 17975: 17760: 17637: 17429: 17204: 17182: 17177: 17142: 17084: 16729: 16637: 16632: 16384: 16319: 16077: 16012: 16007: 15997: 15967: 15962: 15922: 15429: 15258:

Smith, Steve. "Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism."

13891: 8083: 7939: 7838: 7791: 7310: 7234: 7226: 7132:—which extended its jurisdiction over the entire territory of the empire, including the ex- 6697: 6627: 6615: 5299: 5102: 4487: 4191:

and the Baltic belong also to territory that was not inhabited by Slavs, but by Baltic and

3937: 3782: 3726: 3674: 3658: 3615: 3366: 2862: 2719: 2632: 2493: 2362: 2297: 2210: 2109: 2097: 2064: 1990: 1888: 1797: 1687: 1607:

of the regime. During the reign of Peter I, the last vestiges of the independence of the

1402: 1374: 1159:, and diplomacy, while continuing Peter's policy of modernization towards a Western model. 308: 20232: 8182:

effected. The forests were sold, and the only prosperous landlords were those who exacted

3844: 3840: 3579:'s declaration of war on Serbia, Nicholas II ordered the mobilisation of 4.9 million men. 2730:

used the Polish uprising to justify the need for unity in the empire. The semi-autonomous

1860:

several areas of Iran to Russia, which after the death of Peter were returned in the 1732

8: 20917: 20726: 20680: 20651: 20144: 20024: 19990: 19892: 19712: 19707: 19519: 19238: 19174: 19049: 19034: 18859: 18789: 18732: 18649: 18475: 18383: 18328: 18165: 18155: 18140: 18130: 18095: 18025: 17940: 17910: 17857: 17574: 17328: 17323: 17222: 17217: 16984: 16939: 16898: 16803: 16724: 16480: 16430: 16349: 16253: 16087: 16032: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15932: 15892: 15857: 15799: 15713: 15644: 15506: 15367: 14939:

The Russian empire and the world, 1700–1917: The geopolitics of expansion and containment

14033:

Stephen Woodburn, "Reaction Reconsidered: Education and the State in Russia, 1825–1848."

12487:"Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire" 10743: 10288: 10196: 9923:"Legal Basis of Control and Prevention of Crimes by Subaltern Officers in Russian Empire" 8361: 8288: 8056: 7860:

and the fierce political struggles inside army units led to irreversible disintegration.

7857: 7419: 7314: 7306: 7294: 7176: 7152: 7141: 6526: 6359:) had administrative systems of their own, independent of the governorates; in these the 6226: 5939: 5267: 5212: 5080: 4865: 4695: 4514: 4306: 4288: 4272: 4232: 4067: 3985: 3794: 3710: 3295: 2833: 2734:

of Congress Poland subsequently lost its distinctive political and judicial rights, with

2676: 2370: 2025: 2021: 1975: 1953: 1945: 1915: 1836:

influence. In 1722, he turned his aspirations toward increasing Russian influence in the

1683: 1340: 1284: 1145: 834: 604: 19860: 19850: 13716:, "The Myth of a Systemic Crisis in Russia after the Great Reforms of the 1860s–1870s", 13557: 12425: 12196:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 404, 407–408. 10635: 7349: 7273:

Islam had a "sheltered but precarious" place in the Russian Empire. Initially, sporadic

6994: 3276:

began to show significant influence in Russia, but the country remained rural and poor.

2667:, Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms granted by the 1641:). Civil lettering was adopted during Peter I's reign, and the first Russian newspaper, 21050: 21017: 20982: 20861: 20778: 20756: 20736: 20702: 20257: 20237: 20220: 20171: 20036: 19845: 19796: 19729: 19647: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19534: 19504: 19396: 19294: 19162: 19137: 18965: 18869: 18653: 18605: 18600: 18503: 18493: 18450: 18442: 18282: 18105: 18100: 18065: 18045: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17985: 17980: 17925: 17832: 17678: 17549: 17439: 17419: 17375: 17318: 17313: 17290: 17257: 17247: 17237: 17119: 16652: 16627: 16617: 16607: 16592: 16577: 16535: 16465: 16450: 16389: 16369: 16359: 16329: 16304: 16289: 16233: 16173: 16163: 16022: 15845: 15831: 15826: 15772: 15708: 15518: 13989: 13981: 13946: 13938: 13426: 13375: 13320: 13259: 13156: 13058: 13050: 12522: 12514: 11949:

The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

9961: 8894: 8626: 8501: 8284: 8221: 7896: 7873: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7377: 7356:

Despite the predominance of Orthodoxy, several Christian denominations were professed.

7237:, who sought the forced assimilation of Jews, from 1827 conscripted Jewish children as 7230: 7188: 7180: 6733: 6638: 6548: 6320: 6256: 5581: 5545: 5484: 5472: 5380: 5333: 5073: 4971: 4959: 4873: 4861: 4781: 4502: 4465: 4430: 4220: 3929: 3871: 3814: 3786: 3532:, raised Europe's tensions, which led to the confrontation between Austria and Russia. 3383: 3362: 3354: 3269: 3235: 3190: 2981: 2802: 2718:

reason to rebel, by assailing national core values of language, religion, and culture.

2706:

Russian emperors quelled two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories: the

2660: 2449:" was proclaimed, linking the monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. 2438: 2382: 2374: 2354: 2321: 2218: 2214: 2089: 1921:

Peter died in 1725, leaving an unsettled succession. After a short reign by his widow,

1813: 1549: 1534: 1386: 1362: 1300: 1104: 1074: 629: 167: 20470: 13921:

Dianina, Katia (2003). "Passage to Europe: Dostoevskii in the St. Petersburg Arcade".

12840:"Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary – Genocide is a Crime against Humanity!" 9973: 9584:

This explains much of the difficulty encountered by Peter I when he adopted the title

8818:

Williams, Beryl (1 December 1994). "The concept of the first Duma: Russia 1905–1906".

8769: 4610: 3474:. Previously, Saint Petersburg and Paris, along with London, were belligerents in the 2703:. Following a brief occupation, the Russian imperial army withdrew back into Georgia. 2074:

in his short reign aimed directly against the spread of French culture in response to

1663:

that had been conquered during the Great Northern War, served as the state's capital.

21037: 21022: 20898: 20866: 20820: 20366: 20262: 20198: 20193: 20122: 20019: 19734: 19662: 19657: 19499: 19428: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19201: 19152: 18844: 18819: 18799: 18779: 18769: 18659: 18641: 18610: 18543: 18460: 18434: 18308: 18298: 18261: 18135: 18120: 17995: 17965: 17935: 17930: 17905: 17842: 17837: 17827: 17698: 17647: 17534: 17529: 17252: 16888: 16873: 16770: 16522: 16490: 16485: 16470: 16445: 16294: 16243: 16193: 16123: 16101: 15946: 15730: 15666: 15656: 15620: 15523: 15489: 15467: 15412: 15162: 15065: 15015: 14992: 14893: 14847: 14818: 14808: 14778: 14661: 14643: 14574: 14531: 14498: 14442: 14411: 14378: 14357: 14326: 14293: 14249: 14215: 14182: 14149: 14116: 14064: 13993: 13950: 13834: 13731: 13621: 13534: 13524: 13418: 13367: 13359: 13324: 13312: 13251: 13208: 13160: 13148: 13097: 13042: 12987: 12946: 12912: 12866: 12802: 12784: 12751: 12712: 12687: 12652: 12642: 12612: 12572: 12562: 12526: 12506: 12257: 12247: 12207: 12197: 12096: 11952: 11927: 11838: 11828: 11800: 11625: 11586: 11547: 11508: 11469: 11418: 11367: 11328: 11289: 11250: 11199: 11124: 11073: 11022: 10983: 10979:

China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China

10838: 10805: 10770: 10710: 10700: 10526: 10483: 10444: 10412: 10373: 10333: 10308: 10251: 9977: 9940: 9901: 9795: 9659: 9573: 9504: 9337: 9297: 9261: 9222: 9183: 9133: 8930: 8795: 8739: 8226: 8201: 8192: 7995: 7869: 7783: 7753: 7476: 7373: 7274: 7208: 6685: 6607: 6540: 6498:

Since 1870, the municipalities in European Russia had institutions like those of the

5910: 5882: 5870: 5860: 5852: 5468: 5432: 5428: 5321: 5148: 5130: 5118: 4993: 4979: 4963: 4930: 4883: 4736: 4684: 4665: 4480: 4442: 4391: 4268: 4264: 3887: 3832: 3806: 3749:

and Second armies were severely mauled, and the Second army was nearly surrounded in

3626:

before moving east to attack Russia, whose massive army was much slower to mobilise.

3533: 3394: 3076: 3063:, each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions. 2931: 2707: 2648: 2591: 2509: 2505: 2245:

Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble (1771) is made of solid copper measuring 77 mm (

2222: 2101: 2075: 2052: 2010: 1949: 1774: 1749: 1604: 1600: 1587: 1394: 1366: 1356: 1320: 1257: 1093: 948: 805: 747: 561: 540: 15213:

Hellie, Richard. "The structure of modern Russian history: Toward a dynamic model."

15123: 14914:

Gatrell, Peter. "Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914 – February 1917."

14695: 14676: 13291:""Religion, Nationality, or Politics: Catholicism in the Russian Empire, 1863–1905"" 13062: 7403:

were seen as dangerous elements and persecuted heavily. Various minor sects such as

7195:

faiths, which was performed by creating spiritual assemblies (in the case of Islam,

7179:" pursuing top-down reorganization of the empire's faiths, also referred to as the " 7151:

The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three

3819:

Austria-Hungary went to war with Russia on 6 August. The Russians started to invade

2692: 1637:

that was reformed in the manner of European style and educational institutions (the

21032: 20912: 20707: 20641: 20588: 20530: 20215: 20002: 19997: 19953: 19940: 19870: 19838: 19833: 19697: 19692: 19674: 19635: 19568: 19551: 19492: 19482: 19477: 19418: 19374: 19344: 19304: 19287: 19270: 19233: 18984: 18834: 18749: 18694: 18664: 18615: 18575: 18558: 18548: 18483: 18455: 18324: 18288: 18206: 18030: 17800: 17745: 17708: 17683: 17673: 17607: 17559: 17489: 17484: 17479: 17474: 17469: 17459: 17454: 17147: 16893: 16719: 16657: 16612: 16555: 16460: 16379: 16344: 16153: 15804: 15703: 15511: 15103: 14566: 14477: 13973: 13930: 13379: 13351: 13302: 13198: 13140: 13089: 13032: 12498: 11885: 10927: 10516: 10223: 10127: 9969: 9930: 9815: 9020: 8886: 8827: 8708: 8691: 8668: 8611:" (according to the Western European view), and thus Westerners began to translate 8564: 8552: 8528: 8459: 8355: 8304: 8166: 8162: 8145: 7612: 7556: 7428: 7381: 7159:

and fifty bishops, all drawn from the ranks of the monastic (celibate) clergy. The

6701: 6552: 6485: 6324: 6242: 6089: 6009: 5952: 5894: 5886: 5424: 5283: 5201: 5158: 4951: 4941: 4641: 4491: 4397: 4329: 4310: 4296: 4280: 4050:. The majority of the population lived in European Russia. More than 100 different 3973: 3941: 3867: 3588: 3506: 3471: 3387: 3378: 3350: 2939: 2711: 2555: 2385:. By 1812, Russia had occupied many territories in Eastern Europe, holding some of 2351: 2334:

In 1801, over four years after Paul became the emperor of Russia, he was killed in

2206: 2168: 2132: 2068: 2029: 1884: 1824: 1695: 1656: 1612: 1558: 1370: 1292: 1213: 1141: 1112: 1015: 979: 847: 711: 656: 642: 434: 430: 426: 422: 402: 392: 372: 14482: 14465: 12395: 9514: 9434: 8831: 7324:

were forced to emigrate to the Ottoman Empire following the Russian defeat in the

3933: 2013:. Suvorov's victory was immortalized with the empire's newfound national anthem: " 1852:

the centre of military efforts against Persia, and waged the first full-scale war

1748:

and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power. Painting by

1256:

killed hundreds of thousands and led to popular discontent. As the last remaining

1240:

in the east. By the end of the 19th century, Russia had expanded its control over

21012: 21007: 20675: 20535: 20515: 20433: 20401: 20274: 20242: 20225: 20181: 20176: 20154: 20149: 20107: 20100: 20075: 19935: 19930: 19771: 19652: 19546: 19541: 19509: 19334: 19324: 19218: 19211: 19206: 19191: 19147: 19029: 19015: 18874: 18849: 18637: 18620: 18465: 18201: 17950: 17920: 17915: 17775: 17765: 17730: 17720: 17703: 17539: 17494: 17409: 17127: 17102: 16949: 16779: 16739: 16642: 16582: 16572: 16560: 16505: 16324: 15718: 15693: 15472: 15277: 15225: 15047: 15040: 14956: 14857: 14826: 14788: 14452: 14405: 14372: 14320: 14287: 14259: 14209: 14110: 14082: 14063:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016. 13877: 13615: 13518: 12636: 12556: 11846: 11820: 10846: 10815: 10778: 10694: 10642: 10369:

Russia in the Nineteenth Century: Autocracy, Reform, and Social Change, 1814–1914

9291: 9255: 9143: 9123: 8856: 8777: 8027: 8004: 7689: 7543: 7463: 7184: 7137: 7108:

Map of subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897)

7071: 6536: 6532: 6418: 6360: 6208: 5926: 5564: 5098: 5036: 5014: 4893: 4786: 4564: 4434: 4429:) was among the Russian Empire's last territorial acquisitions in Europe. At the 4302: 4284: 4240: 4236: 4176: 4172: 4149: 4145: 4085: 4073: 3925: 3761: 3619: 3592: 3576: 3467: 3213: 3186: 3182: 3072: 3056: 2997: 2989: 2951: 2935: 2919: 2850: 2764: 2621: 2588: 2563: 2559: 2497: 2442: 2390: 2386: 2366: 2343: 2317: 2241: 2096:, and incorporating territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 2004: 1934: 1911: 1865: 1861: 1820: 1741: 1671: 1562: 1541: 1477: 1237: 1133: 1120: 1035: 779: 775: 580: 418: 414: 19855: 15054:

From Supplication to Revolution: A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia

14616:

The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World

13307: 13290: 10945:

Cavendish, Richard (2003). "The Bolshevik-Menshevik split November 16th, 1903".

9396:[First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897]. 9393: 7487:

Ethnographic Map of the Russian Empire by Pauli Gustav-Fedor Khristianovich 1862

6998:

Watercolor-tinted lithgraph, from the 1840s, depicting the arrival of the first

4586:

Furthermore, the empire at times controlled concession territories, notably the

2425: 1966:

Russia in the American Revolutionary War § Russian Diplomacy during the War

20956: 20803: 20685: 20670: 20578: 20376: 20334: 20309: 20292: 20188: 20159: 20117: 19965: 19925: 19920: 19875: 19801: 19761: 19751: 19741: 19556: 19435: 19329: 19196: 19078: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18784: 18774: 18689: 18632: 18525: 18488: 18343: 18125: 18075: 17815: 17810: 17693: 17627: 17499: 17157: 17132: 17037: 16954: 16908: 16677: 16550: 15811: 15777: 15454: 14621: 14558: 14283: 14271: 14241: 13684: 13355: 12908: 12747: 11889: 10227: 8872: 8868: 8328: 8170: 7968: 7818: 7395:

Tsarist religious policy was focused on punishing Orthodox dissenters, such as

7321: 7113: 7003: 5122: 5114: 5058: 4770: 4756: 4725: 4546: 4438: 4137: 4105: 4089: 4047: 3897: 3764:, allowing the Germans to capture many cities, including the kingdom's capital 3653: 3514: 3451: 3339: 3209: 3166: 3135: 2972: 2943: 2866: 2595: 2429: 2421: 2398: 2199: 2191: 2056:

minimal suffering, as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law.

1941: 1926: 1892: 1809: 1805: 1781: 1711: 1616: 1344: 1316: 1249: 1058: 1046: 1023: 734: 473: 90: 84: 15352: 14570: 14466:"Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles" 13203: 13144: 10479:

The Fires of Patriotism: Alaskans in the Days of the First World War 1910–1920

8242: 6547:, were incorporated into the Russian Empire after the defeat of Sweden in the 3193:

of 1904–1905. Japan took over Korea, and Manchuria remained a contested area.

21079: 20949: 20944: 20615: 20525: 20457: 20344: 20139: 20112: 20085: 20063: 20041: 19808: 19791: 19776: 19620: 19573: 19561: 19487: 19379: 19253: 19248: 19223: 19105: 18920: 18719: 17990: 17755: 17750: 17172: 17030: 16989: 16969: 16784: 16689: 16198: 15937: 15528: 14885: 14800: 13582:"In the former Soviet Union, statues and hero worship for leaders of pogroms" 13538: 13422: 13363: 13316: 13255: 13212: 13152: 13101: 13046: 12576: 12510: 12261: 12211: 10530: 10504: 10283: 9613: 9606:"ТИТУЛ "ИМПЕРАТОР" И ПОНЯТИЕ "ИМПЕРИЯ" В РОССИИ В ПЕРВОЙ ЧЕТВЕРТИ XVIII ВЕКА" 8934: 8342: 8300: 7982: 7877: 7582: 7436: 7431:

suggested that many pogroms were incited by authorities and supported by the

7400: 7361: 6677: 6565: 6556: 6422: 6421:

and coming in contact with each other only in the Senate, which acted as the

6394: 6356: 6316: 6285: 6016:, was the summer residence of the imperial family. It is named after Empress 6013: 5997: 5806: 5502: 5190: 5140: 4827: 4797: 4550: 4473: 4453: 4345: 4292: 4224: 4200: 4141: 4101: 4081: 4018: 3604: 3596: 3580: 3568: 3564: 3459: 3374: 3162: 3107: 3040: 3001: 2735: 2700: 2644: 2636: 2584: 2551: 2446: 2410: 1887:, in effect a supreme council of state. The countryside was divided into new 1626: 1567: 1433: 1336: 1175: 1108: 1027: 914: 549: 546: 537: 19885: 19865: 17519: 14822: 14456: 14407:

Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire

13128: 12865:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. pp. 91, 92. 12656: 11842: 10714: 9147: 9057: 8890: 7946:, Siberia, and Central Asia were officially registered as a category called 7856:

and became a center of unrest and revolutionary activity. The events of the

7297:, Russian military historian Rostislav Fadeyev wrote: "The state needed the 6630:, in 1885, made loans at nominal interest rates to the landed nobility. The 6020:, who reigned from 1725 to 1727 (watercolor painting from the 19th century). 4535: 4136:

with the Caspian. The western boundary was purely arbitrary: it crossed the

2460:, Russia had burned the city just before Napoleon could reach and occupy it. 2416:

Following a dispute with Emperor Alexander I, in 1812, Napoleon launched an

1816:, which ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia. 1385:

Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the

20349: 20090: 20080: 20046: 19975: 19970: 19897: 19687: 19669: 19630: 19625: 19605: 19600: 19472: 19465: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19339: 19277: 19258: 19243: 19179: 18879: 18709: 18580: 18498: 18080: 17602: 17564: 17464: 17047: 16565: 15550: 15540: 15285:

A state of nations: Empire and nation-making in the age of Lenin and Stalin

15146:

Mironov, Boris N. (2010) "Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia, 1703–1913",

14970:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

14861: 14830: 14792: 14072: 13909:

News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press

13689:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

13371: 13339: 12801:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. pp. 88–93. 11850: 10850: 10819: 10782: 8044: 7975: 7846: 7444: 7392:

were built across Congress Poland, but no forced conversion was attempted.

7160: 7015: 6708: 6646: 6467: 6443: 6076:

were represented by delegates selected by the regional subdivisions called

5948: 5898: 5369: 5358: 5275: 4947: 4618: 4576: 4498: 4422: 4188: 4125: 4077: 4051: 3909: 3893: 3824: 3678: 3670: 3600: 3370: 3257: 3044: 2927: 2908: 2845: 1845: 1647:, was published. Peter I promoted the advancement of science, particularly 1328: 1245: 1225: 1085: 1062: 463: 15342: 14618:(1997) . xii. 307 pp. A synthesis of much Western and Russian scholarship. 14263: 13037: 13020: 12241: 12191: 10842: 10774: 9715:

Formation of the system of Russian education during the reforms of Peter I

8873:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 6508:, which consisted of several members elected by the municipal duma. Under 6113: 5955:. Beyond this, the power of the Russian autocrat was virtually limitless. 4621:

of Hawaii, but the Russian emperor refused to ratify the treaty. See also

4448:

Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the

4100:. To the east were the Asiatic territories of the empire: Siberia and the 3750: 3118:

Russia had little difficulty expanding to the south, including conquering

2878: 2714:

in 1863. In 1863, the Russian autocracy had given the Polish artisans and

1819:

As a result, Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the

21064: 21027: 20997: 20961: 20892: 20877: 20721: 20068: 20053: 19902: 19615: 19524: 19514: 19440: 19088: 19083: 18864: 18742: 18727: 18699: 18535: 18312: 17821: 17617: 17509: 17504: 17424: 17015: 16999: 15760: 15567: 15444: 14931:

Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace

14890:

The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire

13766: 13093: 12900: 12737: 10079: 9635:

Peter I in Russian historiography of the late 18th – early 20th centuries

8792:

Orthodox Christianity in Imperial Russia: A Source Book on Lived Religion

8704: 8617: 8402: 8107: 7926: 7853: 7842: 7834: 7702: 7569: 7357: 7325: 7298: 7200: 7172: 7043: 7035: 6614:

of 1897, 95 per cent of the Russian population lived in the countryside.

6403: 6390: 6251:, i.e. directing or governing senate), originally established during the 6058: 6025: 5865: 5446: 5347: 5329: 5307: 5295: 4717: 4557: 4375: 4364: 4208: 4133: 4113: 3945: 3545:

ordered a mobilisation to attempt to force Austria-Hungary to back down.

3537: 3518: 3475: 3455: 3127: 3048: 3012:

gain independence from, and strengthen themselves against, the Ottomans.

2993: 2947: 2912: 2870: 2815: 2533: 2406: 1875:

based on the latest political models of the time, molding Russia into an

1841: 1785: 1703: 1675: 1183: 682: 665: 15218: 15037:

Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600–1850

13430: 13406: 13054: 10674: 7289:

Portrait of Muslim Circassian tribes fleeing from persecution after the

6504: 3860: 3781:. Russia lost the entire territory of Poland and Lithuania, part of the 354: 344: 20697: 20663: 20095: 19912: 19786: 19746: 19679: 18627: 17867: 17805: 17724: 16964: 16929: 15789: 15449: 15439: 14278:. Vol. II, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917. Cambridge University Press. 13942: 13675:

Encyclopaedia of russian history, by James R. Miller, "Turkestan" entry

13263: 13239: 12686:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. p. 76. 12638:

For prophet and tsar : Islam and empire in Russia and Central Asia

12518: 12486: 10767:

St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

8898: 8090: 8022: 8016: 7650: 7412: 7348:

Corpses of Jewish victims collected for burial in the aftermath of the

7156: 6655: 6399: 6344: 6339:, Kiev, Moscow, and Riga. The larger cities (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, 6030: 5088: 4494:("Emperor Nicholas II Land") first mapped and claimed as late as 1913. 4486:

Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire: the

4426: 4353: 4260: 4248: 4153: 4109: 3905: 3479: 3335: 3331: 3239: 3131: 2811: 2727: 2656: 2501: 2230: 2217:, which resulted in the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the 2195: 2164: 1880: 1793: 1660: 1481: 1324: 1304: 1233: 1054: 15363: 15270: 15032:(Polity Press, 2011); discussion of serfdom, the peasant commune, etc. 13985: 10521: 8112: 7344: 7339: 6688:), who did not get any rights from slave masters under the system of " 2452: 2420:. It was catastrophic for France, whose army was decimated during the 1084:), who greatly expanded his domain, established a centralized Russian 20712: 19985: 19756: 19640: 19610: 19391: 19265: 19056: 18674: 18226: 18216: 17785: 17092: 16979: 15434: 13786:

Serfdom and social control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a village in Tambov

13077: 10366:

Polunov, Alexander Y.; Owen, Thomas C.; Zakharova, Larisa G. (2015).

9935: 9922: 8917:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).

8599: 8385: 8183: 8103: 7948: 7916: 7749: 7733: 7637: 7238: 7183:". The tsarist administration sought to arrange "orthodoxies" within 7051: 7027: 6378: 6295: 6084: 6069: 5559: 5279: 5094: 4614: 4357: 4204: 4117: 4029: 3797:

in Ukraine; thereafter the front with Germany was stable until 1917.

3657:

Russian POWs and equipments which were captured by Germany after the

3319: 3158: 3154: 3119: 3060: 3052: 3043:, which were transformed into the militarily administered regions of 2826: 2651:. At the conclusion of the war, Persia irrevocably ceded what is now 2542: 2433: 2312: 2293: 2151:,—he inflicted a series of defeats on the French; in particular, the 2093: 2033: 1956:, where it was successful militarily, but gained little politically. 1849: 1789: 1648: 1296: 1261: 1229: 18403: 15140:

The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917

13934: 13896:

Peasant Russia: family and community in the post-emancipation period

13722:

The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917

12502: 12240:

Davies, Franziska; Wessel, Martin Schulze; Brenner, Michael (2015).

11951:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 285. 10696:

Soviet Russia and Tibet: the debacle of secret diplomacy, 1918-1930s

8116:

Young Russian peasant women in front of a traditional wooden house (

7014:

During the 1880s, the Russian army built two major railway lines in

6689: 3856: 3734: 3685:. Russia suffered a massive defeat at the Masurian Lakes twice, the 2504:

of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to

1792:, where the harbor was frozen for nine months a year. Access to the 1155:) presided over further expansion of the Russian state by conquest, 19386: 19169: 19127: 19066: 18884: 18679: 18363: 18246: 18236: 18055: 17554: 16826: 14705:. Vol. III, The Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. 14686:. Vol. I, From Early Rus' to 1689. Cambridge University Press. 13977: 13772:

Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century

13488:"On This Day: Nicholas II Signs Decree for "Tolerance Development"" 11069:

The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: Conflicts and Continuities

10931: 9751:] (Abstract dissertion thesis) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. 9637:] (Doctor of Historical Sciences thesis) (in Russian). Moscow. 9179:

The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd

8381: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7745: 7737: 7676: 7608: 7252: 7055: 6631: 6561: 6414: 6352: 6332: 6073: 5576: 5480: 5303: 5126: 4746: 4645: 4567:. With the exception of this territory – modern-day 4449: 4418: 4129: 4121: 4093: 4055: 3913: 3778: 2756: 2684: 2652: 2048: 2039:

Catherine extended Russian political control over the lands of the

1837: 1823:, securing access to the sea. There he built Russia's new capital, 1667: 1621: 1287:, which led to the abdication of Nicholas II, the formation of the 1171: 527: 509: 480: 15372: 14289:

The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I and Revolution

14035:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers 2000

8850:"Chapter One On the Essence of Supreme Sovereign Power Article 7." 8258: 8063:

saw serfs as a problem that held back Russia's development, so he

7938:. Native people of the Caucasus, non-ethnic Russian areas such as 7796: 7144:

of the Holy Synod being one of the council of ministers with wide

7084: 6413:

The system established by the law of 1864 had two wholly separate

5981: 3738: 3230: 2213:, and the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution. The 19299: 19228: 19184: 19039: 18754: 18565: 18256: 18211: 18186: 17740: 17449: 17067: 17020: 16959: 16883: 16837: 15912:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

15794: 15080:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914

14744:

An atlas of Russian history: eleven centuries of changing borders

10292:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 315–333, 352–63. 8608: 8308: 8152: 8127: 8068: 8052: 7440: 7408: 7204: 7047: 6681: 6610:

in 1861, Russia's economy mainly depended on agriculture. By the

6499: 6458: 6336: 6331:(Uriankhai). Of these, 11 Governorates, 17 oblasts, and 1 okrug ( 6312: 6263:, of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws. 6036: 5934: 5847:, the Russian Empire was led by the emperor (also referred to as 5311: 4649: 4637: 4256: 4244: 4196: 4161: 4097: 3852: 3745:

on 11 November against the main army's right flank and rear; the

3623: 3103: 3099: 3032: 2893: 2889: 2688: 2672: 2525: 2347: 2176: 2144: 2105: 1770: 1652: 1217: 1011: 522: 503: 19100: 13520:

Europe 1850–1914 : progress, participation and apprehension

12641:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 293–294. 11876:

Stepanov, Valerii L. (2009). "Revisiting Russian Conservatism".

9630:Петр I в Отечественной Историографии: Конца XVIII – Начала XX ВВ 8991:"Population of the Major European Countries in the 19th Century" 8224:, for example, ridiculed the St. Petersburg newspapers, such as 6480: 3972:, in charge in the capital. She fell under the spell of a monk, 21101:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

19132: 19007: 18338: 18251: 17514: 17414: 17057: 16913: 15403: 15330: 13337: 12152:

Sarah Searight, "Russian railway penetration of Central Asia",

10612: 10405:

Akinsha, Konstantin; Kozlov, Georgi; Hochfleid, Sylvya (2008).

9394:"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г." 8712: 8157: 7741: 7443:, even if some happened spontaneously. According to Radzinsky, 6513: 6449: 6340: 6301: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6077: 4653: 4580: 4568: 4325: 4321: 4276: 4157: 3765: 3698: 3284:; and there were temporary downturns in 1891–93 and 1905–1908. 3189:

strongly opposed Russian expansion, and defeated Russia in the

3028: 2874: 2760: 2731: 2715: 2301: 2116:, and her own political aspirations, Catherine waged a new war 1765: 1406: 1137: 1089: 1007: 438: 380: 14181:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 556. 14048:

Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution 1881 – 1917

12783:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 357. 9858:

The Three Empresses: Catherine I, Anne and Elizabeth of Russia

8008:

1856 painting imagining the announcement of the coronation of

4648:. However this attempt angered the French, who dispatched two 3892:

On 29 October 1914, a prelude to the Russo-Turkish front, the

3709:, the Russian commander-in-chief, now had the order to invade 2911:

in the onset of the industrial revolution, and that the urban

19766: 16795: 13887: 13885: 10440:

Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

10408:

The Holy Place: Architecture, Ideology, and History in Russia

9491:

Osipov, Yuriy, ed. (2015). "The Great Northern War 1700–21".

8640: 7530: 7023: 6651: 6573: 6348: 6307: 6289:

Residence of the governor of Moscow (1778–82) as seen in 2015

6088:

peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns —

5291: 4777: 4606: 4545:

and the Russian settlement of St. Paul's Harbor (present-day

4180: 3998: 3921: 3917: 3901: 3875: 3130:; and decades of diplomatic maneuvering resulted, called the 2838: 2476: 2084: 1608: 1525: 1066: 497: 15159:

The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made

14775:

The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government

13802:

The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made

11698: 8607:

was also used to refer to other monarchs below the rank of "

6402:

and the election of judges. This system was disliked by the

4497:

During World War I, Russia briefly occupied a small part of

3330:, in London, the party split into two wings: the gradualist 2492:

The liberal Alexander I was replaced by his younger brother

2059:

She furthered these efforts by ordering the public trial of

1690:. Several of Peter I's associates are well-known, including 1405:, Russia became the most populous state in Europe, ahead of 18221: 17062: 17052: 17042: 17025: 13826: 13728:

The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Russia, 1700-1917

12711:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. 12243:

Jews and Muslims in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

11857: 11674: 9744:Внешняя торговля и финансово-экономическая политика Петра I 9689:] (Dissertation abstract thesis) (in Russian). Moscow. 8593: 7432: 7360:

were particularly tolerated with the invited settlement of

7229:, there were restrictions placed against Jews known as the 7031: 6672:

Russia had a long-standing economic bargain on fundamental

6328: 6105: 6097: 6063: 5930: 5922:

was the last emperor of Russia, reigning from 1894 to 1917.

4228: 4184: 3774: 3610:

The Russian entry into the First World War was followed by

3036: 1828: 1666:

This concept of the triune Russian people, composed of the

1603:

was enshrined. The Military Regulations made a note of the

1279:

When Russia entered the First World War on the side of the

1103:), became in 1547 the first Russian monarch to be crowned " 1070: 18976: 14963:

Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy

14842:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13882: 12456:"This Day in Jewish History May Laws Punish Russia's Jews" 12288:"1791: Catherine the Great Tells Jews Where They Can Live" 9749:

Foreign trade and financial and economic policy of Peter I

3478:. The relations with Britain were in disquietude from the 3328:

2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

3200:, looking for allies against Germany after 1871, formed a 2877:, and to a lesser extent in the Baltic during the related 2273: in) (thickness), and weighs 1,041 g (2 lb 1327:. After emerging victorious in 1923, they established the 1212:

From 1721 until 1762, the Russian Empire was ruled by the

15122:, vol. 2: Patterns of State Building, archived from 13620:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 69, 77, 79. 12945:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 96–98. 12246:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 47–52. 12121: 11504:

Russian Revolution of 1917: The Essential Reference Guide

10957: 10884: 10566: 10564: 10330:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

10111:

Baykov, Alexander. "The economic development of Russia."

9503:. 2004–2017 (in Russian). Vol. 29. pp. 617–20. 4483:

in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885.

4441:

with Russia. However, this autonomy was eroded after the

3090:, to contain the growing power of Germany; completed the 2984:

in July 1878, Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller

2873:, which Russia lost. The war was fought primarily in the 1780:

Peter's first military efforts were directed against the

15087:

The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870

13411:

Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers

12561:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–25. 12060: 12058: 11742:

To kill Rasputin: the life and death of Grigori Rasputin

11710: 11411:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla M., eds. (2005).

10866:

Nicholas II: the life and reign of Russia's last monarch

10661: 8519:

First and only census carried out in the Russian Empire.

7380:, a perception which especially increased following the 7171:

All non-Orthodox religions were formally forbidden from

5962:, a freely elected national assembly established by the 20500: 15150:(Jan 2010) 69#1 pp. 47–72, with 13 tables and 3 charts 14976: 14944:

Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007."

13830:

Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921

12043: 12031: 12019: 11771: 11747: 11392: 11363:

Tannenberg 1914: Destruction of the Russian Second Army

11173: 11098: 10588: 10576: 9718:(Abstract dissertion thesis) (in Russian). Pyatigorsk. 8591:

Originally there was no distinction between the titles

2441:(1815), which ultimately made Alexander the monarch of 1276:, although he still retained absolute political power. 15014:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 288. 12070: 12007: 11722: 11686: 11662: 11650: 11443: 11285:

Power in Uncertain Times: Strategy in the Fog of Peace

11224: 11149: 10600: 10561: 10549: 10404: 10177: 10165: 10060: 9592:

had been glossed over and the title had been devalued.

6711:, eliciting the greatest decline in grain production. 6281:

Map showing subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914

3122:, until Britain became alarmed when Russia threatened 3019:

Russian troops fighting against Ottoman troops at the

2338:

in a coup. Paul was succeeded by his 23-year-old son,

1599:

Following the reforms, the governance of Russia by an

1540:

The foundations of the Russian Empire was laid during

1272:

authorized the creation of a national parliament, the

15246:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

14248:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 640. 13807: 12986:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 98. 12055: 11995: 11983: 10872: 10048: 9921:

Nikitin, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (29 October 2021).

8578: 8542: 8449: 7952:(non-Slavic, literally: "people of another origin"). 7496:

According to returns published in 1905, based on the

6293:

As of 1914, Russia was divided into 81 governorates (

4452:

in the course of the 19th century, at the expense of

4309:

justified the Russian expansion in consonance of the

2950:. Meanwhile, Russia decided to sell the indefensible 2346:

with the French Republic under the leadership of the

1937:, an Ottoman vassal and long-term Russian adversary. 1898:

As part of Peter's reorganisation, he also enacted a

11922:. University of North Carolina Press Books. p. 11759: 11161: 11047: 10365: 10099:

Alexander I of Russia: the man who defeated Napoleon

9260:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 9169: 8318: 7914:

Subjects of the Russian Empire were segregated into

7825:

The military of the Russian Empire consisted of the

7293:

during the 1860s. Summing up the imperial policy of

6531:

The formerly Swedish-controlled Baltic provinces of

4104:

steppes, from both of which it was separated by the

2938:

ceded much of the Manchu Homeland, and in 1860, the

2849:

Capturing of the Ottoman Turkish redoubt during the

2175:) and his wife Maria Fyodorovna (formerly Dagmar of 15030:

Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience

14694:. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 14660:. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2001. 14642:. New York: Longman Publishing Group. p. 496. 14640:

The Longman Companion to Imperial Russia, 1689–1917

13796: 13794: 12558:

The Muslim question and Russian imperial governance

12239: 11192:Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger, eds. (2003). 10132:

Nicholas I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias

9655:

Theological Reflection in Eighteenth-Century Russia

9354: 9038: 8401:to reflect anti-German sentiments of Russia during 8287:(refounded as the Imperial University in 1803) and 7447:(appointed Prime Minister in 1905) remarked in his 7388:policies intensified and Orthodox churches such as 7340:

Policy towards non-Eastern Orthodox Christian sects

7251:resumed an atmosphere of oppression, including the 7088:Contemporary painting of the procession of Emperor 3851:by joint Austro-German forces, retreating from the 3689:ending with a hundred thousand casualties; and the 3458:; these three powers were formed up in response to 2671:, including the formal acquisition of what are now 2072:

introduced a number of increasingly erratic decrees

1944:in Russian politics resulted in Peter I's daughter 1073:. The groundwork of the Russian Empire was laid by 14989:Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire 14946:Journal of International Relations and Development 14840:Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812–2001 14753:(Oxford University Press, 1993), new topical maps. 13720:(July/Aug 2009) 50#4 pp 36–48.; Boris N. Mironov, 10201:The last years of the Georgian monarchy, 1658–1832 9838: 9780:, Chapter 1: The Environment and its Consequences. 9296:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 687. 4563:Between 1744 and 1867, the empire also controlled 3773:the front until they were halted in the line from 2773: 2092:against the Ottoman Empire for territory near the 1959: 1933:. This resulted in a significant weakening of the 1297:mass demonstrations against the government in July 14870: 14658:A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond 10153: 9541:Russian educational portal | Historical documents 9021:"Population of Russia and the USSR, 1913 to 1928" 7225:After Catherine II annexed eastern Poland in the 4636:, tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa, 4092:were considered part of European Russia, but the 3705:had retreated from the frontier in East Prussia. 3393:In October 1905, Nicholas reluctantly issued the 3264:In 1894, Alexander III was succeeded by his son, 2413:; it also gained some territory in the Caucasus. 2307: 1659:, which was built in 1703 on territory along the 1014:from its proclamation in November 1721 until the 21077: 15208:Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia 15119:The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 15099:The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 14746:(Yale University Press, 1970), new topical maps. 14690:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg. 13791: 13617:The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II 13407:"Religion and Migration: The Molokan Experience" 11827:. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 142. 9569:Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russi 9214: 9117: 9115: 8916: 7418:In 1905, Emperor Nicholas II issued a religious 6273:History of the administrative division of Russia 6061:of the Russian parliament, consisted (since the 5697: 5390: 4659: 3563:The Russian Emperor Nicholas II declared war on 3408: 1069:, above whom was an absolute monarch titled the 15311:Kennard, Howard Percy, and Netta Peacock, eds. 15178:Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 11249:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 255. 10804:. Stanford University Press. pp. 187–210. 6233:, and a number of bishops sitting in rotation. 3622:, which first eliminated France via nonaligned 2971:. Within one year, Russian troops were nearing 2699:, received extensive support from the region's 2377:led to the Franco-Russian alliance against the 1186:(1853–1856), leading to a period of reform and 15035:Franklin, Simon, and Bowers, Katherine (eds). 14985:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia 13762: 13760: 11582:Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I 11191: 4594:, both conceded by Qing China, as well as the 4437:, which on paper was an autonomous kingdom in 4328:. The company also established settlements in 4199:. The east coast of the Black Sea belonged to 3071:In 1881, Alexander II was assassinated by the 2996:were left with a legacy of bitterness against 1940:The discontent over the dominant positions of 1929:. She slowed the reforms and led a successful 1732: 1170:) helped defeat the militaristic ambitions of 870:22,800,000 km (8,800,000 sq mi) 21176:States and territories disestablished in 1917 20486: 18992: 18419: 16811: 15388: 15201:Imperial Russia: new histories for the Empire 14923:Russia and the Origins of the First World War 14730:Restless Empire: A Historical Atlas of Russia 14053: 12817:"Circassian Genocide: Overview & History" 12731: 11410: 11324:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History 10833:Harcave, Sidney (1964). "The "Two Russias"". 10699:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–15, 37, 67, 96. 10017:Catherine II. Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771 9603: 9215:Planert, Ute; Retallack, James, eds. (2017). 9112: 8919:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 8681: 8658: 8472: 8437: 6381:of the Russian Empire was established by the 5824: 4336:(1817), and as far south in North America as 4033:Topographic map of the Russian Empire in 1912 3677:, owing to a message sent without wiring and 3669:with unexpected speed the German province of 3157:; and Russian interests focused on Mongolia, 3113: 2569: 276: 269: 244: 237: 212: 205: 159: 152: 136: 58: 52: 46: 20449:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 15192: 15092: 14436: 10902: 10680: 10618: 10354:The abolition of serfdom in Russia 1762–1907 9610:World of History: Russian Electronic Journal 8165:, the situation was better. Finally, in the 7301:' land, but had absolutely no need of them." 7269:Persecution of Muslims § Russian Empire 6714: 4445:in 1831, and was finally abolished in 1867. 3397:, which conceded the creation of a national 3349:Russian soldiers in combat against Japanese 2786:Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia 2695:and, posing as protector and saviour of the 2687:and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of 2614:Brig "Mercury" Attacked by Two Turkish Ships 2484:, which occurred contemporaneously with the 1910:and replaced it with a collective body, the 1633:was built by Peter the Great, along with an 1611:were lost. He transformed them into the new 1309:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 14596:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 14374:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution 13757: 12897:"7: The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?" 12734:"7: The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?" 11468:. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. 11198:. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. 10835:First blood: the Russian Revolution of 1905 10742: 10327: 10096: 9740: 9253: 9221:. Cambridge University Press. p. 331. 9175: 8744:St. Petersburg International Economic Forum 7336:, but were designated with a lower status. 7155:(Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev), fourteen 6266: 4539:1814 artwork depicting the Russian warship 2316:An 1843 painting imagining Russian general 2186:Tsar Nicholas II depicted in a royal cloak. 21171:States and territories established in 1721 20493: 20479: 18999: 18985: 18426: 18412: 16818: 16804: 15395: 15381: 15354:Film «Moscow clad in snow», 00:07:22, 1908 15267:Comparative Studies in Society and History 15062:The Russian Empire: A Multi-Ethnic History 14721: 14632:The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias 14322:The Russian Origins of the First World War 14214:(2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. 12814: 11500: 10482:. University of Alaska Press. p. 21. 10332:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. 7491: 7475:Ethnographic Map of the Russian Empire by 7467:Demographics of pre-WW1 European countries 6126:Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire 5831: 5817: 4214: 3936:. In December, Russia obtained success at 3505:were deteriorating, and tensions over the 2930:, which was occupied fighting against the 2594:by the Russian forces under leadership of 1994:1764, Rouble Catherine II ММД, Krasny Mint 353: 343: 307: 30:For other places with a similar name, see 15232:Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals 15199:Burbank, Jane, and David L. Ransel, eds. 14656:McKenzie, David & Michael W. Curran. 14625:Empire; The Russian Empire and Its Rivals 14481: 14099: 13827:Vladimir IUrevich Cherniaev, ed. (1997). 13613: 13523:. Oxon, England: Routledge. p. 325. 13306: 13202: 13036: 12894: 11819: 11288:. Stanford University Press. p. 40. 11242: 11065: 10944: 10905:The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855–1914 10520: 10302: 10239: 10237: 9934: 9711: 9565: 9388: 9372: 8867: 7262: 7259:led to significant sustained emigration. 6053:The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma ( 4464:and the respectively ensuing treaties of 4378:. The emperor eventually ended up ruling 4124:, being separated from the latter by the 4054:lived in the Russian Empire, with ethnic 3951: 3142:. The maneuvering largely ended with the 2915:had effectively replaced the landowners. 2143:in 1798. Russian commander Field Marshal 2009:, by Russian troops under the command of 1387:first Russian colonization of the Pacific 27:1721–1917 empire spanning Europe and Asia 15059: 15004:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 14837: 14318: 14207: 13404: 13126: 13018: 12860: 12796: 12706: 12681: 12554: 12189: 11973:"Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire" 11875: 11716: 11704: 11501:Kalic, Sean N.; Brown, Gates M. (2017). 11461: 11179: 11116: 10982:. Oxford University Press. p. 764. 10764: 10594: 10582: 10250:. Oxford: University Press. p. 23. 9959: 9898:Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman 9871:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 9789: 9658:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. x. 9626: 9422: 8817: 8257: 8241: 8131:Peasants in Russia (photograph taken by 8126: 8111: 8015: 8003: 7806: 7795: 7482: 7470: 7462: 7368:. During the reign of Catherine II, the 7343: 7284: 7257:anti-Jewish policy of the Russian Empire 7103: 7083: 6993: 6732: 6724: 6589: 6479: 6284: 6276: 6212: 6181:Ministry of Agriculture and State Assets 6003: 5980: 5914: 4534: 4396: 4036: 4028: 3955: 3681:, causing the destruction of the entire 3652: 3558: 3344: 3244: 3229: 3014: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2801: 2793: 2604: 2579: 2475: 2451: 2311: 2240: 2181: 1997: 1989: 1969: 1736: 1580: 1524: 1216:; its matrilineal branch of patrilineal 338: 20273: 16048:Collective Security Treaty Organization 15137: 14884: 14772: 14637: 14559:"The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917" 14556: 14527:World War I: A Country-by-Country Guide 14403: 14141: 14108: 14022:Russian Identities: A Historical Survey 13963: 13920: 13813: 13725: 13516: 13185: 12127: 12088: 12076: 12064: 12049: 12037: 12025: 12013: 12001: 11989: 11863: 11794: 11680: 11668: 11656: 11585:. Cornell University Press. p. 9. 11539: 11359: 11320: 11281: 11104: 11021:. Henry Holt and Company. p. 208. 11014: 10832: 10802:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History 10692: 10606: 10570: 10555: 10436: 10183: 10171: 10126: 10066: 10054: 10002: 9920: 9741:Novosyolova, Nataliya Ivanovna (1999). 9678: 9651: 8820:Parliaments, Estates and Representation 8794:. Indiana University Press. p. 4. 8789: 8123:), photograph taken by Prokudin-Gorskii 7727: 6721:Industrialization in the Russian Empire 6432: 6119: 4520: 4513:in German) was the site of the initial 4433:(1815), Russia gained sovereignty over 4058:composing about 45% of the population. 3979: 3733:and concentrated between the cities of 3110:was carried out throughout the empire. 1883:(council of nobles) with a nine-member 1188:intensified expansion into Central Asia 1088:, and secured independence against the 14: 21078: 16853:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 15303:Documents Of Russian History 1914–1917 15012:The Modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825 14928: 14909:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 14737:The Penguin historical atlas of Russia 14681: 14523: 14490: 14282: 14270: 14240: 14174: 13609: 13607: 12815:Cataliotti, Joseph (22 October 2023). 12630: 12628: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12550: 12548: 12484: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12235: 12233: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12175: 11946: 11902: 11797:The Routledge Atlas of Russian History 11728: 11692: 11624:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 449. 11449: 11417:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 380. 11398: 11230: 11167: 11155: 11053: 10975: 10963: 10917: 10890: 10878: 10795: 10669: 10646: 10503:Grinev, Andrei V. (18 February 2010). 10502: 10282: 10247:Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855–1964 10243: 10234: 10213: 10144: 10078: 9960:Semyonov, Alexander (1 January 2010), 9895: 9844: 9687:Industrial and trade policy of Peter I 9588:. The etymological origin of the word 9490: 9484: 9289: 9196:from the original on 10 September 2015 9154:from the original on 19 September 2015 8941:from the original on 17 September 2016 8580:Imperator i Samoderzhets Vserossiyskiy 8187:not encouraging of individual effort. 7920:, or social estates (classes) such as 7766:Military history of the Russian Empire 7427:that resulted from reactionary riots. 7006:from St. Petersburg on 30 October 1837 5897:, who warned of a Russia governed by " 4279:, and the former Ottoman provinces of 3673:, ending with a humiliating defeat at 2401:; from Northern Europe, it had gained 20474: 18980: 18433: 18407: 17083: 16799: 15606:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 15376: 15009: 14799: 14544:from the original on 26 December 2022 14511:from the original on 26 December 2022 14463: 14370: 14351: 14306:from the original on 27 February 2024 14129:from the original on 27 February 2024 13847:from the original on 27 February 2024 13634:from the original on 27 February 2024 13455: 13288: 13244:The Slavonic and East European Review 13237: 13167:from the original on 27 February 2024 13108:from the original on 27 February 2024 13075: 13000:from the original on 27 February 2024 12959:from the original on 27 February 2024 12925:from the original on 27 February 2024 12881:"Forgotten genocides of the Caucasus" 12878: 12778: 12764:from the original on 16 December 2023 12732:Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (1999). 12634: 12606: 12268:from the original on 27 February 2024 12218:from the original on 27 February 2024 11975:. chapter1, article 7. Archived from 11917: 11777: 11765: 11753: 11638:from the original on 27 December 2022 11617: 11599:from the original on 27 December 2022 11560:from the original on 28 December 2022 11521:from the original on 28 December 2022 11482:from the original on 27 December 2022 11431:from the original on 26 December 2022 11380:from the original on 26 December 2022 11302:from the original on 27 December 2022 11263:from the original on 27 December 2022 11212:from the original on 27 December 2022 11137:from the original on 29 December 2022 11123:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 40. 11086:from the original on 29 December 2022 11035:from the original on 29 December 2022 10996:from the original on 28 December 2022 10863: 10662:Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye, David. 10475: 10411:. Yale University Press. p. 74. 10289:God's Playground: A History of Poland 10264:from the original on 27 February 2024 10159: 9826:from the original on 5 September 2021 9773: 9682:Промышленно-торговая политика Петра 1 9679:Dubakov, Maxim Valentinovich (2004). 9472:from the original on 13 November 2020 9456: 9454: 9452: 9334:A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917 9235:from the original on 11 February 2023 9121: 9100:from the original on 25 December 2022 9044: 9001:from the original on 28 February 2024 8905:from the original on 19 November 2018 8690: 8667: 8551: 8458: 7732:Russian Central Asia was also called 6737:Russian and US equities, 1865 to 1917 6389:. This system – based partly on 6373:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 5855:for 1910, Russia was described as "a 4527:Russian colonization of North America 4405:of the western Russian Empire in 1910 3587:, including the name of the capital, 3548: 3219: 2946:, also founded the outpost of future 2518:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality 1565:invested the tsar with the titles of 1299:. The republic was overthrown in the 16745:Unified Sports Classification System 15313:The Russian Year-book: Volume 2 1912 15282: 15156: 15006:(2002), comprehensive topical survey 14977:Economic, social, and ethnic history 14700: 14424:from the original on 10 January 2023 14391:from the original on 12 January 2023 14377:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 14246:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 14228:from the original on 20 January 2023 14162:from the original on 12 January 2023 13568:from the original on 2 February 2022 13498:from the original on 29 October 2021 13468:from the original on 17 October 2021 13458:"Canada's little-known Russian sect" 13437:from the original on 17 October 2021 13386:from the original on 27 October 2021 13270:from the original on 17 October 2021 13219:from the original on 17 October 2021 12977: 12936: 12797:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864". 12682:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864". 12533:from the original on 29 October 2021 12466:from the original on 28 October 2021 12436:from the original on 2 February 2022 12406:from the original on 2 February 2022 12366:"Russia Virtual Jewish History Tour" 12339:from the original on 15 October 2019 12298:from the original on 17 October 2021 12109:from the original on 16 January 2023 11578: 10721:from the original on 24 January 2023 10537:from the original on 2 February 2022 10509:European Journal of American Studies 10457:from the original on 20 January 2023 10425:from the original on 17 January 2023 10386:from the original on 21 January 2023 10195: 9856:Philip Longworth and John Charlton, 9404:from the original on 4 February 2012 9360: 9331: 9310:from the original on 26 October 2023 8569:Император и Самодержец Всероссийский 8246:Saint Petersburg Imperial University 8169:nearly all the land belonged to the 8030:, depicting a Russian city in winter 7910:Social estates in the Russian Empire 7415:came to settle primarily in Canada. 6253:Government reform of Peter the Great 5843:From its initial creation until the 4556:According to the 1st article of the 4367:of 1808–1809 and the signing of the 4363:Following the Swedish defeat in the 3431: 2576:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 1769:, whose status was close to that of 1639:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1521:Government reform of Peter the Great 1291:, and the proclamation of the first 1182:were later checked by defeat in the 1038:between 1799 and 1867. The empire's 1016:proclamation of the Russian Republic 21156:Historical transcontinental empires 20502:International relations (1814–1919) 18941:History of the Mediterranean region 15402: 14339:from the original on 7 January 2023 14104:. Heinemann Educational Publishers. 13726:Mironov, Boris Nikolaevich (2012). 13614:Radzinsky, Edvard (30 March 2011). 13604: 13069: 12625: 12595: 12545: 12351: 12310: 12230: 12172: 11341:from the original on 4 January 2023 10686: 10649:Pobedonostsev: His Life and Thought 10443:. Infobase Publishing. p. 54. 9929:. Publishing house Sreda: 176–178. 9050: 8770:18th Century in the Russian History 8262:Russian primary school in the 1900s 8215:History of journalism § Russia 7166: 6572:, the name of which was altered to 6520: 6319:of the Russian Empire included the 6186:Ministry of Ways of Communications; 5970: 3932:the frontier but failed to capture 3800: 3693:suffering 200,000. By October, the 2627:After Russian armies liberated the 2473:, no major changes were attempted. 24: 21141:Former monarchies of North America 16848:List of current sovereign monarchs 16043:Commonwealth of Independent States 15294: 15064:. New York: Longman. p. 480. 14773:Manning, Roberta Thompson (1982). 14735:Channon, John, and Robert Hudson. 14589: 14464:Stein, Howard F. (December 1976). 14211:Russia and the Russians: A History 14195:from the original on 26 March 2023 13825:Orlando Figes, "The Peasantry" in 13592:from the original on 27 April 2022 13545:from the original on 26 March 2023 13186:Binzley, Ronald A. (1 June 2017). 12827:from the original on 20 March 2023 12663:from the original on 26 March 2023 12583:from the original on 26 March 2023 12376:from the original on 23 April 2020 12156:(June 1992) 23#2 pp. 171–180. 11791:Routledge Atlas of Russian History 10024:from the original on 22 April 2016 9693:from the original on 14 April 2018 9449: 9375:, pp. 8–31; Gilbert, Martin. 9274:from the original on 23 April 2023 9125:Trotsky and the Russian Revolution 9068:from the original on 10 April 2022 8750:from the original on 6 August 2022 7833:. Its poor performance during the 7390:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw 7280:Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly 7221:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire 7148:powers in ecclesiastical matters. 6475: 6366: 6261:Supreme Court of the United States 6202: 5704: 4605:, a Russian entrepreneur, went to 4207:, was in foreign hands, while the 4009:, but he bequeathed the throne to 3881: 3827:on 20 August, and annihilated the 3756:Exhausted Russian troops began to 3729:, retreated from the frontline in 3509:had reached a breaking point with 2639:'s occupation of 1802, during the 2259: in) (diameter), 26 mm ( 2024:was a German princess who married 2015:Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! 1868:as a deal to oppose the Ottomans. 1497:, excludes Grand Duchy of Finland 1393:which led to the incorporation of 221:Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! 25: 21187: 21146:Former monarchies of Central Asia 21126:Former countries in North America 15323: 15185:Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861 15085:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. 15078:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. 14758:An historical geography of Russia 14739:(Viking, 1995), new topical maps. 14701:Suny, Ronald Grigor, ed. (2006). 13752:Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861 13579: 12143:(2006) Issue 2, pp. 101–134. 11540:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014a). 10664:Russian foreign policy, 1815–1917 10305:Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar 10097:Strakhovsky, Leonid Ivan (1970). 9974:10.1163/ej.9789004175716.i-280.35 9792:The Revolution of Peter the Great 9755:from the original on 29 June 2018 9722:from the original on 29 June 2018 9641:from the original on 7 July 2018. 8971:from the original on 8 March 2023 8923:Journal of World-Systems Research 8740:"St. Petersburg through the Ages" 8460:[rɐˈsʲijskəjəɪmˈpʲerʲɪjə] 8358:- Russian conquest of Afghanistan 7752:(54,900). By 1911, 17 percent of 6984: 6668:Agriculture in the Russian Empire 6462:in the 34 governorates of Russia; 6169:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 6130:In 1905, a Council of Ministers ( 5718: 4611:negotiated a treaty of protection 4072:The administrative boundaries of 4041:Map of the Russian Empire in 1745 3634: 3415:Dissolution of the Russian Empire 3102:, with thousands being exiled to 2918:Seeking more territories, Russia 1682:(1621), the Archimandrite of the 1222:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 1174:and subsequently constituted the 239:Коль славенъ нашъ Господь в Сіонҍ 21131:Former countries in Central Asia 21091:1917 disestablishments in Russia 18926:Bibliography of European history 18521:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 17366:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15341: 15329: 15203:(Indiana University Press, 1998) 15102:, Westview Press, archived from 14805:The Fall of the Russian Monarchy 14524:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2019). 14491:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014). 14040: 14027: 14014: 14001: 13957: 13914: 13901: 13859: 13819: 13778: 13744: 13707: 13694: 13678: 13669: 13649: 13510: 13480: 13449: 13398: 13331: 13282: 13231: 13179: 13129:"Lutherans in Russia since 1990" 13120: 13076:Paert, Irina (1 February 2017). 13012: 12971: 12879:Peach, Gary (10 November 2010). 12854: 12725: 12700: 12675: 12478: 12448: 12418: 12388: 12280: 12190:Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017). 12159: 12146: 12133: 12082: 11965: 11940: 11911: 11896: 11869: 11813: 11783: 11734: 11611: 11572: 11533: 11494: 11455: 11404: 11353: 11314: 11275: 11236: 11185: 11110: 10145:Mazour, Anatole Gregory (1961). 9612:(in Russian) (5). Archived from 8697: 8674: 8651: 8632: 8625:, Peter claimed equality to the 8621:("king"). By adopting the title 8335: 8321: 7882:Technology in the Russian Empire 7309:during the 1860s. Following its 7214: 6596:State Bank of the Russian Empire 5800: 4694: 4579:, and after 1991 in the smaller 3896:, with German support, began to 3641:Russian invasion of East Prussia 3066: 2743: 1418:Population of Russia (millions) 984: 970: 941: 289: 257: 253:How Glorious Is Our Lord in Zion 246:Kol' slaven nash Gospod' v Sione 225: 172: 111: 83: 76: 18951:History of Western civilization 18554:Christianity in the Middle Ages 16843:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 15183:Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. 14732:(2015), copies of historic maps 14703:The Cambridge History of Russia 14684:The Cambridge History of Russia 14563:European History in Perspective 14276:The Cambridge History of Russia 13833:. Indiana UP. pp. 543–53. 11059: 11008: 10969: 10938: 10911: 10896: 10857: 10789: 10758: 10736: 10655: 10624: 10496: 10469: 10398: 10359: 10346: 10321: 10296: 10276: 10207: 10189: 10138: 10120: 10105: 10090: 10072: 10035: 10008: 9953: 9914: 9889: 9876: 9863: 9850: 9808: 9783: 9734: 9705: 9672: 9645: 9620: 9597: 9559: 9529: 9416: 9382: 9366: 9325: 9293:Encyclopedia of Russian History 9247: 9208: 9176:Rabinowitch, Alexander (2008). 9080: 9013: 8983: 8953: 8878:International Studies Quarterly 8861: 8585: 8558: 8553:[ɐˈtʲet͡sɐˈtʲet͡ɕɪstvə] 8522: 8513: 8484: 8430: 8351:Expansion of Russia (1500–1800) 7320:Many groups of Muslims such as 7046:on the Caspian Sea and reached 5712:Not internationally recognized. 4632:In 1889, a Russian adventurer, 4295:, and the northeastern part of 4156:, and then to the mouth of the 3835:, leading to the occupation of 3503:Russia's relations with Germany 3482:in Central Asia until the 1907 3301:Constitutional Democratic Party 3153:, 1890 to 1904. This opened up 2790:Russia–United Kingdom relations 2774:Second half of the 19th century 2767:in 1819 (hand-drawn lithograph) 2655:, eastern Georgia, and most of 2456:An 1813 painting depicting the 2236: 2120:in 1796 after they had invaded 2036:instituted by Peter the Great. 1982:, she played a key role in the 1960:Catherine the Great (1762–1796) 1844:at the expense of the weakened 1758: 1721: 1557:22 October] 1721, the 1508:includes new Asian territories 1323:, the Bolsheviks conducted the 1196: 1165: 1150: 1125: 1098: 1079: 1020:third-largest empire in history 18795:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 18738:Christianity in the modern era 18509:Christianity in late antiquity 16825: 15138:——— (2012), 14929:——— (2011), 14871:Military and foreign relations 14777:. Princeton University Press. 14092: 14009:History of Education Quarterly 13966:History of Education Quarterly 13750:Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, 13127:Stricker, Gerd (1 June 2001). 12895:Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). 8838: 8811: 8783: 8762: 8732: 8707:was the dominant faith of the 8421: 8408: 8397:In 1914, the city was renamed 8391: 8374: 7626:Other non-Christian religions 6680:, which was worked by Russian 6661: 6545:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6441:the peasant assemblies in the 6196:Ministry of National Education 6143:Ministry of the Imperial Court 5977:State Council (Russian Empire) 5889:under an autocratic emperor". 5706: 5170:General Secretariat of Ukraine 4531:First Russian circumnavigation 4267:, the Central Asian states of 3603:; and was thus renamed to the 3555:Russian entry into World War I 3528:of the Austro-Hungarian heir, 3173:. In 1900, the Russian Empire 3126:, with the implicit threat to 2683:, Russia invaded northeastern 2665:Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 2524:hundreds of thousands sent to 2428:reached Moscow, the Russians' 2361:, Napoleon defeated Russia at 2308:First half of the 19th century 2139:against the new-revolutionary 2041:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1931:war against the Ottoman Empire 1925:, the crown passed to Empress 1802:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1289:Russian Provisional Government 1238:Alaska, Hawaii, and California 1051:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1010:that spanned most of northern 13: 1: 21086:1721 establishments in Russia 20872:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 20826:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 20816:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 18946:History of the European Union 15953:Political abuse of psychiatry 15039:(Open Book Publishers, 2017) 14682:Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006). 14627:(Yale University Press, 2001) 14483:10.1525/eth.1976.4.4.02a00010 13718:Russian Social Science Review 13289:Weeks, Ted (1 January 2011). 13082:The English Historical Review 13019:Williams, Brian Glyn (2000). 12846:. 21 May 2023. Archived from 11903:Martin, Alexander M. (1997). 9927:Law, Economics and Management 9873:(Yale University Press, 1981) 9572:. Routledge. pp. 40–42. 9566:Madariaga, Isabel De (2014). 8832:10.1080/02606755.1994.9525857 8725: 8490:Historiographically known as 8176: 8117: 7852:The army performed poorly in 7458: 7291:Russian conquest of Circassia 7080:History of the Jews in Russia 6692:". Another system was called 6622:, many reforms occurred. The 6586:Economy of the Russian Empire 6570:Imperial University of Dorpat 6488: 6042: 5986: 5951:of succession established by 5875:fundamental laws were changed 5720: 4938:Great Stand on the Ugra River 4660:Government and administration 4596:Russian concession of Tianjin 4490:from the early 18th century; 4411:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 3661:, a major disaster for Russia 3409:War, revolution, and collapse 3373:led an enormous crowd to the 3226:History of Russia (1892–1917) 2780:History of Russia (1855–1892) 2641:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 2618:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 2600:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 2482:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 2330:History of Russia (1796–1855) 1728:History of Russia (1721–1796) 1514: 1380: 20732:Second Industrial Revolution 20606:League of the Three Emperors 16858:List of monarchy referendums 16598:Traditions and superstitions 15349:travel guide from Wikivoyage 15269:31#1 (1989) pp. 168–79 14807:. Phoenix. pp. 94–143. 14765: 14439:The Russian empire 1801–1917 14325:. Harvard University Press. 14142:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). 13562:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12611:. Brill. pp. 1–3, 100. 12430:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12400:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12370:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12333:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12193:The Russian Empire 1450–1801 12089:Ziegler, Charles E. (2009). 11243:Ruthchild, Rochelle (2010). 10683:, pp. 441–444, 679–682. 9816:"BOUNDARIES ii. With Russia" 9794:. Harvard University Press. 9712:Yarysheva, Svetlana (2001). 9494:Romania to Saint-Jean-de-Luz 9433:(in Russian). Archived from 9423:Anisimov, Yevgeniya (2017). 9336:. Anthem Press. p. 88. 8790:Coleman, Heather J. (2014). 8291:—while the relatively young 8237: 7886:Cinema of the Russian Empire 7801:Battle of the Trebbia (1799) 6175:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4061: 4024: 3940:, where the Russian General 3499:League of the Three Emperors 3427:Eastern Orthodoxy by country 3403:Russian Constitution of 1906 3181:'s intervention against the 2857:In 1854–1855, Russia fought 2149:Italian and Swiss expedition 1391:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 553:semi-constitutional monarchy 7: 21136:Former monarchies of Europe 20762:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 19006: 18905:Russian invasion of Ukraine 18516:Crisis of the Third Century 16264:Water supply and sanitation 14437:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1967). 14410:. Oxford University Press. 14404:Sanborn, Joshua A. (2014). 14354:Russia under the Old Regime 13405:Hardwick, Susan W. (1993). 13308:10.1016/j.euras.2010.10.008 13295:Journal of Eurasian Studies 13133:Religion, State and Society 12555:Campbell, Elena I. (2015). 11462:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2020). 11066:Fortescue, William (2017). 10903:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1952). 10651:. Indiana University Press. 9968:, BRILL, pp. 191–228, 9257:A Concise History of Russia 8579: 8543: 8450: 8314: 8097: 8000:Emancipation reform of 1861 7759: 7720: 7717: 7709: 7706: 7696: 7693: 7683: 7680: 7670: 7667: 7657: 7654: 7644: 7641: 7631: 7628: 7620: 7617: 7602: 7599: 7589: 7586: 7576: 7573: 7563: 7560: 7550: 7547: 7537: 7534: 7524: 7521: 7061: 6989: 6643:Russian famine of 1891–1892 6383:statute of 20 November 1864 6148:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6108:, and the Polish cities of 6049:State Duma (Russian Empire) 5234:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 4613:with the island's governor 4462:Russo-Persian War (1826–28) 4458:Russo-Persian War (1804–13) 4417:, the eastern parts of the 4388:Governor-General of Finland 4384:semi-constitutional monarch 4316:Between 1742 and 1867, the 4179:were surrounded by what is 4015:Romanov family was executed 3898:raid Russian coastal cities 3665:By August 1914, Russia had 3629: 3421:Eastern Front (World War I) 3353:(inside China), during the 2969:Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) 2901:Emancipation Reform of 1861 2810:of a Russian naval base at 2681:1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War 2320:, giving orders during the 2135:. He brought Russia into a 2112:, signed with the Georgian 2061:Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova 1879:state. He replaced the old 1733:Peter the Great (1682–1725) 1420: 1417: 1399:Russian conquest of Siberia 1232:in the south, and from the 846:• Proclamation of the 277: 245: 213: 160: 137: 59: 10: 21192: 21121:Former countries in Europe 20811:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 18961:Military history of Europe 18956:Maritime history of Europe 15364:The Empire that was Russia 15161:. Boston: Addison-Wesley. 15060:Kappeler, Andreas (2001). 14892:. New York: I. B. Tauris. 14600: 14593: 14208:Geoffrey, Hosking (2011). 14112:Imperial Russia, 1801-1905 13702:Russian Studies in History 13517:Sperber, Jonathan (2013). 13356:10.3378/1534-6617-80.3.203 11918:Wolfe, Bertram D. (2018). 11890:10.2753/RSH1061-1983480200 11878:Russian Studies in History 11621:A Companion to World War I 11543:500 Great Military Leaders 11366:. Bloomsbury. p. 61. 11321:Zabecki, David T. (2014). 11195:The Origins of World War I 11072:. Routledge. p. 109. 10765:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 10647:Byrnes, Robert F. (1968). 10437:Borrero, Mauricio (2009). 10372:. Routledge. p. 164. 10303:Radzinsky, Edvard (2006). 10228:10.1177/026569148501500201 10216:European History Quarterly 9896:Massie, Robert K. (2011). 9627:Solovyov, Yevgeny (2006). 9500:Great Russian Encyclopedia 9430:Great Russian Encyclopedia 9254:Bushkovitch, Paul (2012). 8293:Imperial Moscow University 8212: 8101: 7993: 7989: 7907: 7903: 7867: 7863: 7769: 7763: 7715:Other Christian religions 7266: 7218: 7065: 6718: 6700:, which was introduced by 6665: 6583: 6579: 6524: 6370: 6270: 6240: 6206: 6123: 6046: 5974: 5908: 5904: 4663: 4634:Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov 4524: 4415:Treaty of Bucharest (1812) 4128:depression, which in post- 4065: 3983: 3961:Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow 3885: 3804: 3638: 3618:had therefore devised the 3552: 3435: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3282:central black earth region 3223: 3114:Foreign policy (1864–1907) 2783: 2777: 2573: 2570:Foreign policy (1800–1864) 2327: 1963: 1873:reorganized his government 1725: 1518: 1354: 1350: 329: Spheres of influence 154:За Веру, Царя и Отечество! 29: 20970: 20834: 20747: 20632:European balance of power 20624: 20559: 20508: 20442: 20394: 19911: 19315: 19014: 18931:Genetic history of Europe 18913: 18718: 18534: 18474: 18441: 18270: 18179: 17893: 17656: 17590: 17402: 17393: 17289: 17271: 17203: 17118: 17076: 17008: 16922: 16866: 16833: 16764: 16521: 16285: 16276: 16109: 16100: 15853: 15844: 15652: 15643: 15578: 15420: 15411: 15366:: color photographs from 15193:Historiography and memory 14916:Journal of Modern History 14911:(1998); military strategy 14634:(1983), narrative history 14571:10.1007/978-1-349-25483-5 14100:Catchpole, Brian (1974). 14020:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, 13204:10.1163/22141332-00403007 13191:Journal of Jesuit Studies 13145:10.1080/09637490120074792 12984:A History of the Caucasus 12943:A History of the Caucasus 12903:; Roberts, Penny (eds.). 12861:Richmond, Walter (2013). 12781:The Thistle and the Drone 12707:Richmond, Walter (2013). 12635:Crews, Robert D. (2006). 11546:. ABC-CLIO. p. 556. 11507:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180. 11414:World War I: Encyclopedia 11360:McNally, Michael (2022). 11327:. ABC-CLIO. p. 371. 10920:Journal of Modern History 10864:Warth, Robert D. (1997). 10244:Haynes, Margaret (2017). 9290:Millar, James R. (2004). 9218:Decades of Reconstruction 9182:. Indiana UP. p. 1. 8682: 8659: 8568: 8532: 8473: 8438: 8151:The average allotment in 7813:Suvorov Crossing the Alps 7803:by Alexander von Kotzebue 7203:), banning and declaring 7134:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 7076:Catholic Church in Russia 6729:100 ruble banknote (1910) 6715:Mining and heavy industry 6249:Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat 6236: 5676: 5655: 5637:Luhansk People's Republic 5634: 5616:Donetsk People's Republic 5613: 5592: 5575: 5558: 5379: 5368: 5232: 5211: 5200: 5189: 5168: 5057: 5046: 5035: 5024: 5013: 4818:Principality of Chernigov 4623:Orthodox Church in Hawaii 4588:Kwantung Leased Territory 4472:, as well as through the 4348:. Both Fort Ross and the 4342:Sonoma County, California 4340:(established in 1812) in 3992:International Women's Day 3725:. The Ninth Army, led by 3312:Socialist Revolutionaries 2697:Greek Orthodox population 2486:French invasion of Russia 2114:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1529:A painting depicting the 1209:of all 23 million serfs. 1140:to the new model city of 920: 910: 906: 896: 883: 879: 874: 866: 861: 857: 844: 831: 815: 802: 789: 772: 759: 744: 731: 721: 708: 704: 696: 679: 662: 652: 648: 636: 624:• 1810–1812 (first) 622: 618: 602: 598: 586: 576:• 1721–1725 (first) 574: 570: 560: 533: 521: 445: 410:Recognised languages 408: 398: 388: 368: 304: 270: 238: 214:Grom pobedy, razdavaysia! 207:Громъ побҍды, раздавайся! 206: 153: 147: 131: 95:Civil ensign (1696–1917); 72: 67: 53: 47: 41: 21161:Modern history of Russia 20923:Venezuela Naval Blockade 20594:Anglo-Russian Convention 16995:Self-proclaimed monarchy 16038:Prime Minister of Russia 14838:Westwood, J. N. (2002). 14751:Atlas of Russian history 14713:(Greenwood Press, 1999) 14614:Kamenskii, Aleksandr B. 14081:26 December 2022 at the 13657: 13238:Zatko, James J. (1960). 12980:"2: Rule and Resistance" 12939:"2: Rule and Resistance" 12844:Human Rights Association 12329:"The Pale of Settlement" 12095:. ABC-CLIO. p. 58. 11795:Gilbert, Martin (2007). 10976:Garver, John W. (2015). 10796:Ascher, Abraham (2004). 9790:Cracraft, James (2003). 9377:Atlas of Russian history 9332:Moss, Walter G. (2003). 9122:Swain, Geoffrey (2014). 8367: 8208: 6658:was introduced in 1916. 6417:, each having their own 6267:Administrative divisions 5243: 4913: 4837: 4755: 4745: 4735: 4419:Principality of Moldavia 4409:In the aftermath of the 4318:Russian-American Company 4275:, a significant part of 3866:On 4 June 1916, General 3811:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 3567:, on the balcony of the 3530:Archduke Franz Ferdinand 3484:Anglo-Russian Convention 3236:First Russian Revolution 3206:Anglo-Russian Convention 3144:Anglo-Russian Convention 3096:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 3092:conquest of Central Asia 2837:Russian troops entering 2629:Eastern Georgian Kingdom 2609:1892 painting depicting 2587:'s 1893 painting of the 2540:of the medieval Russian 1451:includes part of Poland 1414: 588:• 1894–1917 (last) 333: 327: 320: 314: 20928:Alaska boundary dispute 20601:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 20584:Franco-Russian Alliance 18936:History of Christianity 17263:Vatican City (Holy See) 16476:Social entrepreneurship 16365:Forced public apologies 16300:Anti-American sentiment 15262:(1994) 46#4 pp. 563–78. 15046:5 December 2017 at the 14955:18 January 2017 at the 14756:Parker, William Henry. 14722:Geography, topical maps 14638:Longley, David (2000). 14609:Russia: A Short History 14557:Waldron, Peter (1997). 14371:Pipes, Richard (2011). 14352:Pipes, Richard (1974). 14319:McMeekin, Sean (2011). 14175:Freeze, George (2002). 14102:A Map History of Russia 12905:The Massacre in History 12863:The Circassian Genocide 12799:The Circassian Genocide 12743:The Massacre in History 12709:The Circassian Genocide 12684:The Circassian Genocide 12485:Brower, Daniel (1996). 12165:Article 62 of the 1906 11947:Plokhy, Serhii (2010). 11579:Jahn, Hubertus (1998). 11282:Goldman, Emily (2011). 11246:Equality and Revolution 11117:Yorulmaz, Naci (2014). 11015:Fromkin, David (2010). 10748:"Port Arthur Revisited" 10693:Andreev, A. I. (2003). 10641:18 January 2017 at the 10632:Alexander III of Russia 10476:Jones, Preston (2017). 10114:Economic History Review 9093:Encyclopædia Britannica 8891:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 8479:modern Russian spelling 7845:, and particularly the 7492:Imperial census of 1897 6634:was abolished in 1886. 6134:) was created, under a 5947:, and he must obey the 5945:Russian Orthodox Church 5929:changed his title from 5857:constitutional monarchy 5495:Eurasian Economic Union 5344:Parade of sovereignties 4808:Principality of Polotsk 4592:Chinese Eastern Railway 4215:Territorial development 3701:, and the newly-formed 3585:Germanophobic sentiment 3369:" occurred when Father 3088:Franco-Russian Alliance 3082:. The throne passed to 2928:Manchu-ruled Qing China 2631:(allied since the 1783 2225:in Russia (1613–1917). 2209:, anti-Jewish pogroms, 2198:between Russia and the 2173:Alexander III of Russia 2090:successfully waging war 2045:Targowica Confederation 1986:(painted in the 1780s). 1904:Russian Orthodox Church 1889:provinces and districts 1854:against them in 1722–23 1319:. During the resulting 1313:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 399:Official languages 322: Lost in 1856–1914 32:Russia (disambiguation) 21151:Former empires in Asia 20847:Unification of Germany 20794:Taft–Katsura agreement 18760:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 17545:Islands of Refreshment 16975:Legitimacy (political) 16224:Social security system 16207:Science and technology 15873:Classified information 15699:Central Russian Upland 15301:Golder, Frank Alfred. 15241:(2001) 3#2 pp. 109–32. 15089:(2nd ed. 1979), 552 pp 15002:De Madariaga, Isabel. 14356:. New York: Scribner. 13025:Cahiers du Monde russe 12978:King, Charles (2008). 12937:King, Charles (2008). 11920:Revolution and Reality 10307:. Simon and Schuster. 10041:Nicholas Riasanovsky, 9652:Drozdek, Adam (2021). 9604:Ageyeva, Olga (1999). 8965:Slavic Research Center 8717:Grand Duchy of Finland 8416:Committee of Ministers 8263: 8247: 8202:various strips of land 8136: 8133:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky 8124: 8031: 8013: 7930:), clergy, merchants, 7822: 7804: 7488: 7480: 7468: 7366:Baltic German nobility 7353: 7302: 7263:Persecution of Muslims 7109: 7101: 7068:Christianity in Russia 7030:and the oil center of 7022:connected the city of 7007: 7000:Tsarskoye Selo Railway 6738: 6730: 6599: 6495: 6494:(colorized photograph) 6290: 6282: 6222: 6021: 6001: 5994:General Staff Building 5923: 5085:Provisional Government 5026:Grand Duchy of Finland 4904:Principality of Moscow 4627:Russian Fort Elizabeth 4553: 4406: 4369:Treaty of Fredrikshamn 4253:Grand Duchy of Finland 4231:. In 1905 Russia lost 4042: 4034: 3964: 3952:Problems in the empire 3928:, opened the front by 3662: 3595:for the sake of words 3572: 3450:, was a member of the 3358: 3314:(SRs) and the Marxist 3261: 3260:from the Kremlin, 1908 3242: 3151:Trans-Siberian Railway 3100:imperial secret police 3080:terrorist organization 3024: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2825:Russian troops taking 2818: 2799: 2624: 2602: 2489: 2461: 2424:. Although Napoleon's 2357:. After he became the 2336:Saint Michael's Castle 2325: 2288: 2187: 2018: 1995: 1987: 1980:enlightened absolutist 1753: 1596: 1593:Alexander von Kotzebue 1537: 1531:Battle of Narva (1700) 1464:Grand Duchy of Finland 966:Provisional Government 377:(1721–1728; 1730–1917) 285:The Prayer of Russians 105:State flag (1858–1896) 97:State flag (1896–1917) 20933:First Moroccan Crisis 20647:Spread of nationalism 20611:Eight-Nation Alliance 20419:Medieval great powers 18840:Industrial Revolution 17356:Saint Kitts and Nevis 16945:Criticism of monarchy 16935:Abolition of monarchy 16685:Russian tsars regalia 16018:Intelligence agencies 15741:Great Russian Regions 15485:Expansion (1500-1800) 15251:Sanders, Thomas, ed. 15230:Lieven, Dominic C.B. 15206:Cracraft, James. ed. 15096:; Eklof, Ben (2000), 15010:Dixon, Simon (1999). 14991:. (Blackwell, 1998). 14948:11#2 (2008): 128–51. 14921:Lieven, Dominic C.B. 14918:87#3 (2015): 668–700. 14711:The History of Russia 14622:Lieven, Dominic C. B. 14284:Lieven, Dominic C. B. 14272:Lieven, Dominic C. B. 14109:Chapman, Tim (2002). 14011:32.3 (1992): 343–360. 13876:29 April 2014 at the 13704:56.3 (2017): 172–187. 13586:www.timesofisrael.com 13038:10.4000/monderusse.39 12779:Ahmed, Akbar (2013). 12738:Shenfield, Stephen D. 12607:Allen, Frank (2021). 12092:The History of Russia 10086:. Simon and Schuster. 10045:(4th ed. 1984), p 284 10020:, Heritage Auctions, 9869:Isabel De Madariaga, 9128:. Routledge. p. 9062:reviews.history.ac.uk 8776:19 March 2022 at the 8268:Ministry of Education 8261: 8245: 8130: 8115: 8102:Further information: 8019: 8007: 7831:Imperial Russian Navy 7827:Imperial Russian Army 7810: 7799: 7498:Russian Empire census 7486: 7474: 7466: 7347: 7311:conquest of Circassia 7288: 7267:Further information: 7118:Orthodox Christianity 7112:The Russian Empire's 7107: 7096:in Moscow during his 7087: 7040:Trans-Caspian Railway 7020:Transcaucasus Railway 6997: 6736: 6728: 6593: 6483: 6427:justices of the peace 6288: 6280: 6271:Further information: 6216: 6159:Ministry of the Navy; 6055:Gosudarstvennaya Duma 6007: 5984: 5918: 5877:by removing the word 5726:Not fully controlled. 5560:Republic of Tatarstan 5453:Constitutional crisis 4538: 4400: 4148:. It then ran to the 4040: 4032: 4017:by the Bolsheviks in 3959: 3841:fortress of Premissel 3829:Austro-Hungarian Army 3656: 3649:Vistula–Bug offensive 3562: 3466:, comprising itself, 3438:Causes of World War I 3419:Further information: 3348: 3334:and the more radical 3274:Industrial Revolution 3255: 3233: 3179:Eight-Nation Alliance 3021:Battle of Shipka Pass 3018: 2977:Treaty of San Stefano 2848: 2836: 2824: 2805: 2797: 2784:Further information: 2669:Treaty of Turkmenchay 2659:to Russia, under the 2611:Imperial Russian Navy 2608: 2583: 2508:. The result was the 2479: 2471:a few were introduced 2467:Industrial Revolution 2455: 2315: 2244: 2185: 2153:Battle of the Trebbia 2001: 1993: 1984:Russian Enlightenment 1973: 1914:, which was led by a 1812:; they conducted the 1740: 1680:Zacharias Kopystensky 1584: 1528: 1495:Russian Empire census 1307:, who proclaimed the 20938:Algeciras Conference 20918:Annexation of Hawaii 20857:Great Eastern Crisis 20852:Unification of Italy 20842:Formation of Romania 20659:French–German enmity 20429:European colonialism 20414:Ancient great powers 18895:European debt crisis 18890:European integration 18830:Age of Enlightenment 18670:Republic of Florence 17188:United Arab Emirates 16752:World Heritage sites 16129:Droughts and famines 15682:Environmental issues 15430:Proto-Indo-Europeans 15338:at Wikimedia Commons 15317:full text in English 15276:28 July 2019 at the 15248:(2004) 5#1 pp. 7–26. 15157:Moon, David (1999). 15126:on 29 September 2008 15106:on 29 September 2008 14709:Ziegler; Charles E. 13892:Christine D. Worobec 13456:Sainsbury, Brendan. 12911:. pp. 149–162. 12907:. New York, NY, US: 12750:. pp. 149–162. 11618:Horne, John (2012). 10769:. pp. 161–279. 10744:Connaughton, Richard 10328:Baten, Jörg (2016). 10197:Lang, David Marshall 10117:7.2 (1954): 137–149. 8646:justice of the peace 8451:Rossiyskaya Imperiya 8232:Peterburgskii Listok 8161:increased after the 8084:Free agriculturalist 7792:Russo-Circassian War 7728:Russian Central Asia 7405:Spiritual Christians 7364:and the presence of 7330:Official Nationality 7315:diaspora communities 7244:Emperor Alexander II 7140:, the civilian Over 6698:Sobornoye Ulozheniye 6433:Local administration 6120:Council of Ministers 6057:), which formed the 5499:Annexation of Crimea 5107:Constituent Assembly 4984:Second Patriotic War 4603:Georg Anton Schäffer 4521:Imperial territories 4488:New Siberian Islands 4132:times connected the 3980:End of imperial rule 3659:Battle of Tannenberg 3616:German General Staff 3591:, which sounded too 2926:) from the weakened 2633:Treaty of Georgievsk 2616:in a scene from the 2324:(1812) while wounded 2211:Bloody Sunday (1905) 2110:Treaty of Georgievsk 2098:Partitions of Poland 2007:on December 22, 1790 1688:Theophan Prokopovich 1403:Partitions of Poland 1228:in the north to the 316: Russia in 1914 161:Bozhe Tsarya khrani! 60:Rossiyskaya Imperiya 21003:Philippine–American 20988:First Sino-Japanese 20821:Racconigi agreement 20767:Treaty of Frankfurt 20727:Great Rapprochement 20681:Scramble for Africa 20424:Modern great powers 18860:Revolutions of 1848 18790:Early modern France 18571:Anglo-Saxon England 18476:Classical antiquity 18384:Trinidad and Tobago 18271:Commonwealth realms 18156:United Baltic Duchy 17299:Antigua and Barbuda 17291:Commonwealth realms 16985:Order of succession 16603:Forms of addressing 16212:Academy of Sciences 16169:Financial districts 16033:President of Russia 15958:Political divisions 15918:Freedom of assembly 15800:West Siberian Plain 15546:Great Patriotic War 15507:February Revolution 15368:Library of Congress 15260:Europe‐Asia Studies 15239:National Identities 15224:5 July 2019 at the 15052:Freeze, Gregory L. 15028:Etkind, Alexander. 14907:Fuller, William C. 14879:Napoleon and Russia 14692:A History of Russia 14675:(1947) pp 221–537, 14673:A history of Russia 14630:Lincoln, W. Bruce. 14441:. Clarendon Press. 13907:Louise McReynolds, 13665:on 24 October 2012. 12891:on 25 October 2020. 10966:, pp. 160–186. 10907:. pp. 277–280. 10893:, pp. 234–268. 10666:. pp. 554–574. 10621:, pp. 445–460. 10043:A History of Russia 9882:John T. Alexander, 8995:Wesleyan University 8855:8 June 2019 at the 8669:[ˈbarɕːɪnə] 8414:As Chairman of the 8362:Russian imperialism 8163:Polish insurrection 8121: 1909 to 1915 7858:February Revolution 7596:Armenian Apostolics 7509:Count of believers 7307:Circassian genocide 7295:Circassian genocide 7177:confessionalization 7094:Dormition Cathedral 6743: 6624:Peasants' Land Bank 6527:Baltic governorates 6363:acted as governor. 6327:, and, after 1914, 6221:in Saint Petersburg 6190:Ministry of Justice 6163:Ministry of Finance 5985:This painting from 5940:February Revolution 5901:with a telegraph". 5679:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 5511:Invasion of Ukraine 5300:Great Patriotic War 5272:Cultural revolution 5213:Transcaucasian SFSR 5081:February Revolution 4968:Emancipation reform 4866:Council of Uvetichi 4716: • 4712: • 4307:Alexander Gorchakov 4273:Baltic governorates 4068:Geography of Russia 3986:February Revolution 3823:, held by Austrian 3762:Russian-held Poland 3707:Grand Duke Nicholas 3571:, on 2 August 1914. 3442:Russia, along with 3292:Peasants' Land Bank 2409:against a weakened 2137:major coalition war 2022:Catherine the Great 1976:Catherine the Great 1916:government official 1858:temporarily annexed 1700:Alexander Menshikov 1684:Kiev Pechersk Lavra 1553:November [ 1285:February Revolution 1254:famine in 1891–1892 1205:, most notably the 1146:Catherine the Great 1119:, and the reign of 1117:conquest of Siberia 835:February Revolution 798:Jan 1905 – Jul 1907 763:Emancipation reform 638:• 1917 (last) 359:Show all controlled 335: Protectorates 198:Other used anthems: 20862:Congress of Berlin 20779:Reinsurance Treaty 20757:Congress of Vienna 20737:Industrial warfare 20703:Scramble for China 18966:Crusading movement 18870:Russian Revolution 18705:Hundred Years' War 18601:Maritime republics 18504:Early Christianity 18494:Hellenistic period 18451:Paleolithic Europe 16653:Russian given name 16239:Telecommunications 16189:Petroleum industry 16053:State of emergency 15898:Far-right politics 15863:Capital punishment 15709:Meshchera Lowlands 15563:Russian Federation 15519:October Revolution 15217:4.1 (1977): 1–22. 15082:(1977) pp. 365–425 14983:Christian, David. 13094:10.1093/ehr/cew383 12850:on 22 August 2023. 11866:, p. 728–730. 11707:, p. 111–112. 11683:, p. 125–126. 10084:Napoleon in Russia 8871:(September 1997). 8627:Holy Roman Emperor 8474:Российская Империя 8439:Россійская Имперія 8427:As Prime Minister. 8380:Principalities of 8264: 8248: 8222:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 8137: 8125: 8075:Exceptional status 8032: 8020:The 1916 painting 8014: 7897:standard of living 7874:Russian literature 7823: 7805: 7788:Russo-Japanese War 7780:Russo-Persian Wars 7776:Russo-Turkish Wars 7772:Russo-Swedish Wars 7664:Armenian Catholics 7489: 7481: 7469: 7378:Polish nationalism 7370:Jesuit suppression 7354: 7303: 7275:forced conversions 7235:Emperor Nicholas I 7231:Pale of Settlement 7181:confessional state 7110: 7102: 7008: 6761:Kingdom of Poland 6741: 6739: 6731: 6639:Ivan Vyshnegradsky 6600: 6549:Great Northern War 6496: 6321:Emirate of Bukhara 6291: 6283: 6257:court of cassation 6223: 6171:(created in 1905); 6136:minister president 6022: 6002: 5924: 5595:Republic of Crimea 5546:Russian Federation 5489:Presidential terms 5381:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5334:Chernobyl disaster 5074:Russian Revolution 4972:Russo-Japanese War 4960:1812 Patriotic War 4874:Battle of Kulikovo 4862:Council of Liubech 4640:, situated on the 4581:Russian Federation 4554: 4503:Kaliningrad Oblast 4431:Congress of Vienna 4413:, and the ensuing 4407: 4221:Kaliningrad Oblast 4181:ethnically Finnish 4043: 4035: 4011:Grand Duke Michael 3965: 3815:Brusilov offensive 3663: 3573: 3549:Declaration of War 3538:Austrian ultimatum 3384:Revolution of 1905 3363:Russo-Japanese War 3359: 3355:Russo-Japanese War 3262: 3243: 3220:Early 20th century 3191:Russo-Japanese War 3025: 2982:Congress of Berlin 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2800: 2675:, Azerbaijan, and 2661:Treaty of Gulistan 2625: 2603: 2490: 2462: 2439:Congress of Vienna 2418:invasion of Russia 2383:Continental System 2375:Treaties of Tilsit 2355:Napoleon Bonaparte 2342:. Russia was in a 2326: 2322:Battle of Borodino 2289: 2219:Battle of Tsushima 2215:Russo-Japanese War 2188: 2019: 2005:Storming of Izmail 1996: 1988: 1856:. Peter the Great 1814:Great Northern War 1754: 1597: 1550:Great Northern War 1538: 1535:Great Northern War 1369:, the khanates of 1301:October Revolution 1180:Russo-Turkish Wars 1105:tsar of all Russia 1022:, behind only the 723:• Proclaimed 630:Nikolai Rumyantsev 361:territories (1866) 349:Show map of Europe 168:God Save the Tsar! 54:Российская Империя 48:Россійская Имперія 18:The Russian Empire 21111:Former monarchies 21073: 21072: 21042:Albanian Revolts 20899:German Naval Laws 20883:Naval arms races 20867:Berlin Conference 20799:Hague Conventions 20468: 20467: 20390: 20389: 20355:Polish–Lithuanian 19530:Gurjara-Pratihara 18974: 18973: 18900:COVID-19 pandemic 18845:French Revolution 18820:Habsburg monarchy 18800:Cossack Hetmanate 18780:Portuguese Empire 18770:Absolute monarchy 18765:Thirty Years' War 18660:Holy Roman Empire 18585:Bulgarian Empire 18544:Early Middle Ages 18461:Bronze Age Europe 18435:History of Europe 18401: 18400: 18397: 18396: 18086:Piedmont-Sardinia 17838:Sip Song Chau Tai 17648:Thirteen Colonies 17389: 17388: 16793: 16792: 16760: 16759: 16340:Domestic violence 16272: 16271: 16194:Russian oligarchs 16119:Aircraft industry 16096: 16095: 16073:Mass surveillance 16063:Search and rescue 16028:Political parties 15908:Foreign relations 15840: 15839: 15639: 15638: 15631:Historical cities 15490:Tsardom of Russia 15334:Media related to 15255:(ME Sharpe, 1999) 15168:978-0-5820-9508-3 15094:Mironov, Boris N. 15071:978-0-5822-3415-4 15021:978-0-5213-7100-1 14937:LeDonne, John P. 14899:978-1-8606-4847-2 14853:978-0-1992-4617-5 14749:Gilbert, Martin. 14649:978-0-5823-1990-5 14607:Ascher, Abraham. 14580:978-0-333-60168-6 14537:978-1-4408-6369-1 14504:978-1-8510-9965-8 14417:978-0-1996-4205-2 14384:978-0-3077-8858-0 14363:978-0-6841-4041-4 14332:978-0-6740-6210-8 14299:978-0-1431-0955-6 14255:978-0-3000-8266-1 14221:978-0-6740-6195-8 14188:978-0-1986-0511-9 14178:Russia: A History 14155:978-1-5988-4948-6 14122:978-1-1345-7970-9 14071:, 9781317118442. 14024:(2005) pp 112–18. 13627:978-0-3077-5462-2 13530:978-1-3158-3501-3 13494:. 30 April 2019. 12993:978-0-1951-7775-6 12952:978-0-1951-7775-6 12872:978-0-8135-6068-7 12808:978-0-8135-6068-7 12790:978-0-8157-2378-3 12718:978-0-8135-6068-7 12693:978-0-8135-6068-7 12618:978-9-0044-9232-5 12568:978-0-2530-1454-2 12253:978-3-6473-1028-2 12203:978-0-1992-8051-3 12102:978-0-3133-6307-8 11979:on 31 March 2017. 11958:978-0-5211-5511-3 11933:978-1-4696-5020-3 11834:978-0-6716-5991-2 11631:978-1-1199-6870-2 11592:978-0-8014-8571-8 11553:978-1-5988-4758-1 11514:978-1-4408-5093-6 11475:978-1-1084-9619-3 11424:978-1-8510-9420-2 11373:978-1-4728-5020-1 11334:978-1-5988-4981-3 11295:978-0-8047-7433-8 11256:978-0-8229-7375-1 11205:978-0-5218-1735-6 11130:978-0-8577-2518-9 11079:978-1-3515-4000-1 11028:978-1-4299-8852-0 10989:978-0-1908-8435-2 10811:978-0-8047-5028-8 10681:Seton-Watson 1967 10619:Seton-Watson 1967 10522:10.4000/ejas.7805 10489:978-1-6022-3206-8 10450:978-0-8160-7475-4 10418:978-0-3001-4497-0 10379:978-1-3174-6049-7 10339:978-1-1075-0718-0 10314:978-0-7432-8426-4 10257:978-0-1984-2144-3 10128:Lincoln, W. Bruce 9983:978-9-0474-2915-9 9966:Empire Speaks Out 9946:978-5-907411-75-3 9907:978-1-5883-6044-1 9820:iranicaonline.org 9801:978-0-6740-1196-0 9665:978-1-7936-4184-7 9616:on 16 March 2022. 9579:978-1-317-88190-2 9547:on 29 August 2018 9510:978-5-8527-0366-8 9437:on 4 January 2022 9343:978-0-8572-8752-6 9303:978-0-0286-5693-9 9267:978-0-5215-4323-1 9228:978-1-1071-6574-8 9189:978-0-2532-2042-4 9139:978-1-3178-1278-4 8801:978-0-2530-1318-7 8577: 8541: 8448: 8193:Peasant Land Bank 8036:abolished in 1861 7996:Serfdom in Russia 7870:Culture of Russia 7784:Russo-Polish Wars 7725: 7724: 7477:Heinrich Berghaus 7374:Roman Catholicism 7334:Orenburg Assembly 7227:Polish Partitions 7209:Roman Catholicism 6982: 6981: 6628:Nobles' Land Bank 6541:Duchy of Courland 5911:Emperor of Russia 5853:Almanach de Gotha 5841: 5840: 5807:Russia portal 5735: 5734: 5429:Belavezha Accords 5411: 5410: 5322:Era of Stagnation 5288:Industrialization 5254: 5253: 5131:Soviet-Polish War 5067: 5066: 5048:Russian Manchuria 4994:Tsardom of Russia 4980:October Manifesto 4964:Decembrist Revolt 4956:Petrovian reforms 4924: 4923: 4884:Novgorod Republic 4848: 4847: 4764: 4763: 4666:Tsarist autocracy 4617:, vassal of King 4481:Russian Turkestan 4443:November Uprising 4269:Russian Turkestan 4233:southern Sakhalin 3990:On 3 March 1917, 3888:Caucasus campaign 3807:Battle of Galicia 3695:German Ninth Army 3454:in antecedent to 3432:Origins of causes 3395:October Manifesto 3310:On the left, the 3253: 3234:A scene from the 3202:military alliance 3175:invaded Manchuria 3106:—and a policy of 2942:ceded the modern 2932:Taiping Rebellion 2924:Russian Manchuria 2875:Crimean peninsula 2806:The eleven-month 2708:November Uprising 2649:Caucasian Imamate 2510:Decembrist revolt 2506:autocratic Russia 2223:Romanov (dynasty) 2129:Enlightenment era 2108:. As part of the 2053:Yemelyan Pugachev 2043:, supporting the 2011:Alexander Suvorov 1950:Moscow University 1750:Jean-Marc Nattier 1605:autocratic nature 1512: 1511: 1395:left-bank Ukraine 1357:History of Russia 1333:after World War I 1321:Russian Civil War 1258:absolute monarchy 1207:1861 emancipation 1030:empires. It also 1000: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 958: 957: 853:14 September 1917 806:October Manifesto 748:Decembrist revolt 717:10 September 1721 541:absolute monarchy 294: 262: 230: 190: 143:(God is with us!) 16:(Redirected from 21183: 21116:Former countries 21096:Christian states 20993:Spanish–American 20913:Fashoda Incident 20789:Treaty of Björkö 20774:Treaty of Berlin 20708:Open Door Policy 20642:Eastern question 20589:Entente Cordiale 20495: 20488: 20481: 20472: 20471: 20271: 20270: 19936:Austro-Hungarian 19636:Chagatai Khanate 19001: 18994: 18987: 18978: 18977: 18835:Great Divergence 18750:Age of Discovery 18695:Late Middle Ages 18665:High Middle Ages 18576:Byzantine Empire 18559:Christianization 18549:Migration Period 18484:Classical Greece 18456:Neolithic Europe 18428: 18421: 18414: 18405: 18404: 18325:Irish Free State 18091:Poland–Lithuania 17400: 17399: 17351:Papua New Guinea 17081: 17080: 16820: 16813: 16806: 16797: 16796: 16773: 16720:Russian language 16663:National symbols 16283: 16282: 16202: 16159:Fishing industry 16149:Economic regions 16144:Defence industry 16107: 16106: 15851: 15850: 15805:Russian Far East 15704:Northwest Russia 15662:Cities and towns 15650: 15649: 15512:Russian Republic 15418: 15417: 15397: 15390: 15383: 15374: 15373: 15355: 15345: 15333: 15288: 15287:, pp. 23–66 15172: 15142: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15075: 15025: 14961:Saul, Norman E. 14933: 14903: 14877:Adams, Michael. 14865: 14834: 14796: 14706: 14687: 14671:Pares, Bernard. 14653: 14584: 14553: 14551: 14549: 14520: 14518: 14516: 14487: 14485: 14460: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14367: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14315: 14313: 14311: 14279: 14267: 14237: 14235: 14233: 14204: 14202: 14200: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14138: 14136: 14134: 14105: 14086: 14057: 14051: 14044: 14038: 14031: 14025: 14018: 14012: 14005: 13999: 13997: 13961: 13955: 13954: 13918: 13912: 13905: 13899: 13889: 13880: 13863: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13852: 13823: 13817: 13811: 13805: 13798: 13789: 13784:Steven L. Hoch, 13782: 13776: 13764: 13755: 13748: 13742: 13741: 13714:Boris N. Mironov 13711: 13705: 13698: 13692: 13682: 13676: 13673: 13667: 13666: 13653: 13647: 13646: 13641: 13639: 13611: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13597: 13577: 13575: 13573: 13554: 13552: 13550: 13514: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13503: 13492:The Moscow Times 13484: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13473: 13453: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13335: 13329: 13328: 13310: 13286: 13280: 13279: 13277: 13275: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13206: 13183: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13172: 13124: 13118: 13117: 13115: 13113: 13088:(554): 175–177. 13073: 13067: 13066: 13040: 13016: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13005: 12975: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12964: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12892: 12887:. Archived from 12876: 12858: 12852: 12851: 12836: 12834: 12832: 12812: 12794: 12776: 12771: 12769: 12729: 12723: 12722: 12704: 12698: 12697: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12632: 12623: 12622: 12604: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12552: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12538: 12482: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12452: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12422: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12392: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12362: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12325: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12237: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12223: 12187: 12170: 12167:Fundamental Laws 12163: 12157: 12150: 12144: 12137: 12131: 12130:, p. 55–56. 12125: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12086: 12080: 12074: 12068: 12062: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12035: 12029: 12023: 12017: 12011: 12005: 11999: 11993: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11821:Kissinger, Henry 11817: 11811: 11810: 11789:Martin Gilbert, 11787: 11781: 11780:, p. 90–91. 11775: 11769: 11763: 11757: 11756:, p. 77–78. 11751: 11745: 11738: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11714: 11708: 11702: 11696: 11690: 11684: 11678: 11672: 11666: 11660: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11565: 11537: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11408: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11346: 11318: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11279: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11240: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11189: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11159: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10900: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10793: 10787: 10786: 10762: 10756: 10755: 10752:HistoryToday.com 10746:(January 2002). 10740: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10726: 10690: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10667: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10628: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10559: 10553: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10524: 10500: 10494: 10493: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10363: 10357: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10300: 10294: 10293: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10241: 10232: 10231: 10211: 10205: 10204: 10193: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10169: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10124: 10118: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10012: 10006: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9938: 9936:10.31483/r-99727 9918: 9912: 9911: 9900:. Random House. 9893: 9887: 9880: 9874: 9867: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9787: 9781: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9543:. Archived from 9533: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9517:on 17 April 2021 9513:. Archived from 9488: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9458: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9398:Demoscope Weekly 9386: 9380: 9379:(1993) pp 33–74. 9370: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9315: 9287: 9281: 9279: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9159: 9119: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9088:"Russian Empire" 9084: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9006: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8865: 8859: 8846:Fundamental Laws 8842: 8836: 8835: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8787: 8781: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8736: 8719: 8709:Baltic Provinces 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692:[ɐˈbrok] 8689: 8685: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8636: 8630: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8572: 8570: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8546: 8544:Otets otechestva 8536: 8534: 8526: 8520: 8517: 8511: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8462: 8457: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8425: 8419: 8412: 8406: 8395: 8389: 8378: 8356:Panjdeh incident 8345: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8305:Nersisian School 8171:German landlords 8167:Baltic provinces 8146:Black Earth Area 8122: 8119: 7518:Russian Orthodox 7503: 7502: 7429:Edward Radzinsky 7420:toleration edict 7399:and sectarians. 7382:January Uprising 7350:Białystok pogrom 7207:(in the case of 7167:Religious policy 7122:Fundamental Laws 6752:Southern Region 6744: 6740: 6553:Treaty of Nystad 6521:Baltic provinces 6493: 6490: 6486:Moscow City Duma 6419:courts of appeal 6325:Khanate of Khiva 6243:Governing Senate 6132:Sovyet Ministrov 6090:Saint Petersburg 6010:Catherine Palace 5991: 5988: 5971:Imperial Council 5895:Alexander Herzen 5887:limited monarchy 5833: 5826: 5819: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5791: 5729: 5728: 5715: 5714: 5691: 5670: 5649: 5628: 5607: 5587: 5577:Chechen Republic 5570: 5553: 5542: 5541: 5439:USSR dissolution 5355: 5354: 5284:Collectivization 5202:Byelorussian SSR 5159:Russian Republic 5155: 5154: 4990: 4989: 4952:Treaty of Nystad 4880: 4879: 4794: 4793: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4698: 4688: 4670: 4669: 4642:Gulf of Tadjoura 4492:Severnaya Zemlya 4338:Fort Ross Colony 4311:Manifest destiny 4297:Erzurum Province 4173:Gulfs of Bothnia 4166:Austrian Galicia 4152:in the southern 3974:Grigori Rasputin 3942:Nikolai Yudenich 3868:Aleksei Brusilov 3859:line and losing 3801:Austrian theatre 3789:, and partly of 3753:on 17 November. 3589:Saint Petersburg 3507:Eastern question 3379:Saint Petersburg 3326:In 1903, at the 3316:Social Democrats 3254: 3212:alliance in the 2940:Treaty of Peking 2747: 2712:January Uprising 2710:in 1830 and the 2556:Alexander Herzen 2286: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2207:Khodynka Tragedy 2169:Alexander Palace 2076:their revolution 2030:Russian nobility 1954:Seven Years' War 1846:Safavid Persians 1825:Saint Petersburg 1762: 1761: 1682–1725 1760: 1746:sweeping reforms 1708:Mikhail Golitsyn 1696:Boris Sheremetev 1692:François Le Fort 1657:Saint Petersburg 1619:and equated the 1601:absolute monarch 1559:Governing Senate 1412: 1411: 1293:Russian Republic 1214:House of Romanov 1203:numerous reforms 1200: 1199: 1855–1881 1198: 1169: 1168: 1801–1825 1167: 1154: 1153: 1762–1796 1152: 1142:Saint Petersburg 1129: 1128: 1682–1725 1127: 1102: 1101: 1533–1584 1100: 1092:. His grandson, 1083: 1082: 1462–1505 1081: 988: 987: 980:Russian Republic 974: 973: 962: 961: 951: 945: 944: 938: 937: 922: 921: 823: 755: 754:26 December 1825 712:Treaty of Nystad 657:Governing Senate 643:Nikolai Golitsyn 632: 470:Eastern Orthodox 423:Baltic provinces 411: 393:Saint Petersburg 378: 373:Saint Petersburg 362: 357: 350: 347: 340: 336: 334: 330: 328: 323: 321: 317: 315: 311: 296: 295: 280: 278:Molitva russkikh 273: 272: 271:Молитва русскихъ 264: 263: 248: 241: 240: 232: 231: 223:") (unofficial) 216: 209: 208: 199: 192: 191: 163: 156: 155: 140: 122: 115: 87: 80: 62: 56: 55: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 21191: 21190: 21186: 21185: 21184: 21182: 21181: 21180: 21076: 21075: 21074: 21069: 21008:Boxer Rebellion 20966: 20830: 20784:Treaty of Paris 20749: 20743: 20676:New Imperialism 20637:Ottoman decline 20620: 20567:Triple Alliance 20555: 20516:Austria-Hungary 20504: 20499: 20469: 20464: 20453:American Empire 20438: 20434:African empires 20386: 20269: 19961:Central African 19907: 19725:Romano-Germanic 19311: 19045:Middle Assyrian 19018: 19010: 19005: 18975: 18970: 18909: 18875:Interwar period 18850:Napoleonic Wars 18714: 18685:Mongol invasion 18638:Crown of Aragon 18530: 18470: 18466:Iron Age Europe 18437: 18432: 18402: 18393: 18318:princely states 18266: 18202:Kingdom of Fiji 18175: 17921:Austria-Hungary 17889: 17652: 17586: 17385: 17371:Solomon Islands 17285: 17267: 17199: 17114: 17072: 17004: 16950:Democratization 16918: 16862: 16829: 16824: 16794: 16789: 16776: 16769: 16756: 16715:Public holidays 16710:Political jokes 16695:Personification 16648:Names of Russia 16517: 16436:Life expectancy 16268: 16200: 16092: 15943:Law enforcement 15836: 15822:Protected areas 15719:Smolensk Upland 15714:Oka–Don Lowland 15694:European Russia 15635: 15574: 15460:Mongol invasion 15407: 15401: 15353: 15326: 15321: 15315:(London, 1912) 15297: 15295:Primary sources 15292: 15278:Wayback Machine 15226:Wayback Machine 15215:Russian History 15195: 15190: 15180:27#3 pp. 243–67 15169: 15129: 15127: 15116: 15109: 15107: 15072: 15048:Wayback Machine 15022: 14979: 14974: 14957:Wayback Machine 14900: 14873: 14868: 14854: 14815: 14785: 14768: 14763: 14760:(Aldine, 1968). 14742:Chew, Allen F. 14724: 14719: 14650: 14603: 14598: 14592: 14590:Further reading 14587: 14581: 14547: 14545: 14538: 14514: 14512: 14505: 14449: 14427: 14425: 14418: 14394: 14392: 14385: 14364: 14342: 14340: 14333: 14309: 14307: 14300: 14256: 14242:Hughes, Lindsey 14231: 14229: 14222: 14198: 14196: 14189: 14165: 14163: 14156: 14132: 14130: 14123: 14095: 14090: 14089: 14083:Wayback Machine 14058: 14054: 14045: 14041: 14032: 14028: 14019: 14015: 14006: 14002: 13962: 13958: 13935:10.2307/3185576 13919: 13915: 13906: 13902: 13890: 13883: 13878:Wayback Machine 13864: 13860: 13850: 13848: 13841: 13824: 13820: 13812: 13808: 13799: 13792: 13783: 13779: 13765: 13758: 13749: 13745: 13738: 13712: 13708: 13699: 13695: 13683: 13679: 13674: 13670: 13659: 13655: 13654: 13650: 13637: 13635: 13628: 13612: 13605: 13595: 13593: 13571: 13569: 13556: 13548: 13546: 13531: 13515: 13511: 13501: 13499: 13486: 13485: 13481: 13471: 13469: 13454: 13450: 13440: 13438: 13403: 13399: 13389: 13387: 13336: 13332: 13287: 13283: 13273: 13271: 13250:(91): 476–492. 13236: 13232: 13222: 13220: 13184: 13180: 13170: 13168: 13125: 13121: 13111: 13109: 13074: 13070: 13017: 13013: 13003: 13001: 12994: 12976: 12972: 12962: 12960: 12953: 12928: 12926: 12919: 12873: 12859: 12855: 12838: 12830: 12828: 12809: 12791: 12767: 12765: 12758: 12730: 12726: 12719: 12705: 12701: 12694: 12680: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12649: 12633: 12626: 12619: 12605: 12596: 12586: 12584: 12569: 12553: 12546: 12536: 12534: 12503:10.2307/2502001 12483: 12479: 12469: 12467: 12454: 12453: 12449: 12439: 12437: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12409: 12407: 12394: 12393: 12389: 12379: 12377: 12364: 12363: 12352: 12342: 12340: 12327: 12326: 12311: 12301: 12299: 12286: 12285: 12281: 12271: 12269: 12254: 12238: 12231: 12221: 12219: 12204: 12188: 12173: 12164: 12160: 12151: 12147: 12138: 12134: 12126: 12122: 12112: 12110: 12103: 12087: 12083: 12075: 12071: 12063: 12056: 12048: 12044: 12036: 12032: 12024: 12020: 12012: 12008: 12000: 11996: 11988: 11984: 11971: 11970: 11966: 11959: 11945: 11941: 11934: 11916: 11912: 11901: 11897: 11874: 11870: 11862: 11858: 11835: 11818: 11814: 11807: 11793:(4th ed. 2007) 11788: 11784: 11776: 11772: 11764: 11760: 11752: 11748: 11739: 11735: 11727: 11723: 11715: 11711: 11703: 11699: 11691: 11687: 11679: 11675: 11667: 11663: 11655: 11651: 11641: 11639: 11632: 11616: 11612: 11602: 11600: 11593: 11577: 11573: 11563: 11561: 11554: 11538: 11534: 11524: 11522: 11515: 11499: 11495: 11485: 11483: 11476: 11460: 11456: 11448: 11444: 11434: 11432: 11425: 11409: 11405: 11401:, p. 1048. 11397: 11393: 11383: 11381: 11374: 11358: 11354: 11344: 11342: 11335: 11319: 11315: 11305: 11303: 11296: 11280: 11276: 11266: 11264: 11257: 11241: 11237: 11229: 11225: 11215: 11213: 11206: 11190: 11186: 11178: 11174: 11166: 11162: 11154: 11150: 11140: 11138: 11131: 11115: 11111: 11103: 11099: 11089: 11087: 11080: 11064: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11029: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10990: 10974: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10943: 10939: 10916: 10912: 10901: 10897: 10889: 10885: 10877: 10873: 10862: 10858: 10824: 10822: 10812: 10794: 10790: 10763: 10759: 10741: 10737: 10724: 10722: 10707: 10691: 10687: 10679: 10675: 10660: 10656: 10643:Wayback Machine 10629: 10625: 10617: 10613: 10605: 10601: 10593: 10589: 10581: 10577: 10569: 10562: 10554: 10550: 10540: 10538: 10501: 10497: 10490: 10474: 10470: 10460: 10458: 10451: 10428: 10426: 10419: 10403: 10399: 10389: 10387: 10380: 10364: 10360: 10356:(Longman, 2001) 10351: 10347: 10340: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10301: 10297: 10281: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10258: 10242: 10235: 10212: 10208: 10194: 10190: 10182: 10178: 10170: 10166: 10158: 10154: 10143: 10139: 10125: 10121: 10110: 10106: 10095: 10091: 10077: 10073: 10065: 10061: 10053: 10049: 10040: 10036: 10027: 10025: 10014: 10013: 10009: 10001: 9997: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9958: 9954: 9947: 9919: 9915: 9908: 9894: 9890: 9881: 9877: 9868: 9864: 9855: 9851: 9843: 9839: 9829: 9827: 9814: 9813: 9809: 9802: 9788: 9784: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9756: 9739: 9735: 9725: 9723: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9694: 9677: 9673: 9666: 9650: 9646: 9625: 9621: 9602: 9598: 9580: 9564: 9560: 9550: 9548: 9535: 9534: 9530: 9520: 9518: 9511: 9489: 9485: 9475: 9473: 9468:. 26 May 2017. 9466:Washington Post 9460: 9459: 9450: 9440: 9438: 9421: 9417: 9407: 9405: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9371: 9367: 9359: 9355: 9344: 9330: 9326: 9313: 9311: 9304: 9277: 9275: 9268: 9252: 9248: 9238: 9236: 9229: 9213: 9209: 9199: 9197: 9190: 9174: 9170: 9157: 9155: 9140: 9120: 9113: 9103: 9101: 9086: 9085: 9081: 9071: 9069: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9019: 9018: 9014: 9004: 9002: 8989: 8988: 8984: 8974: 8972: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8944: 8942: 8908: 8906: 8869:Taagepera, Rein 8866: 8862: 8857:Wayback Machine 8843: 8839: 8816: 8812: 8802: 8788: 8784: 8778:Wayback Machine 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8722: 8705:Lutheran Church 8702: 8698: 8687: 8679: 8675: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8637: 8633: 8590: 8586: 8563: 8559: 8548: 8527: 8523: 8518: 8514: 8492:Imperial Russia 8489: 8485: 8464: 8463: 8455: 8435: 8431: 8426: 8422: 8413: 8409: 8396: 8392: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8341: 8336: 8334: 8327: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8240: 8217: 8211: 8179: 8120: 8110: 8100: 8028:Boris Kustodiev 8002: 7994:Main articles: 7992: 7912: 7906: 7888: 7866: 7794: 7768: 7762: 7730: 7544:Roman Catholics 7494: 7461: 7342: 7271: 7265: 7223: 7217: 7169: 7138:Most Holy Synod 7082: 7072:Islam in Russia 7066:Main articles: 7064: 6992: 6987: 6903:Iron and Steel 6723: 6717: 6684:(also known as 6670: 6664: 6588: 6582: 6529: 6523: 6491: 6478: 6476:Municipal dumas 6468:municipal dumas 6435: 6408:1905 Revolution 6379:judicial system 6375: 6369: 6367:Judicial system 6361:chief of police 6275: 6269: 6245: 6239: 6211: 6209:Most Holy Synod 6205: 6203:Most Holy Synod 6154:Ministry of War 6128: 6122: 6051: 6045: 5989: 5979: 5973: 5927:Peter the Great 5913: 5907: 5861:autocratic Tsar 5845:1905 Revolution 5837: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5745: 5737: 5736: 5717: 5716: 5703: 5689: 5668: 5647: 5626: 5605: 5585: 5568: 5551: 5540: 5535:2022 annexation 5519:Mass emigration 5507:2020 amendments 5490: 5448: 5434: 5421: 5420: 5412: 5353: 5339: 5317: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5153: 5136: 5099:Kornilov affair 5077: 5076: 5068: 5037:Congress Poland 5015:Russian America 4988: 4976:1905 Revolution 4943: 4934: 4933: 4925: 4894:Vladimir-Suzdal 4878: 4870:Mongol conquest 4858: 4857: 4849: 4792: 4787:Russkaya Pravda 4782:Baptism of Rus' 4774: 4773: 4765: 4730:pre-9th century 4708: 4706: 4686: 4679: 4668: 4662: 4644:in present-day 4565:Russian America 4533: 4523: 4515:Russian victory 4435:Congress Poland 4303:Henry Kissinger 4241:Dnieper Ukraine 4217: 4168:, and Romania. 4150:Curonian Lagoon 4146:Gulf of Bothnia 4090:Vaygach Islands 4074:European Russia 4070: 4064: 4027: 3997:In the city of 3988: 3982: 3954: 3926:Georgy Bergmann 3890: 3884: 3882:Turkish theatre 3870:carried out an 3817: 3805:Main articles: 3803: 3651: 3639:Main articles: 3637: 3632: 3620:Schlieffen Plan 3575:As a result of 3557: 3551: 3511:Austria-Hungary 3468:Austria-Hungary 3464:Triple Alliance 3440: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3245: 3228: 3222: 3214:First World War 3183:Boxer Rebellion 3177:as part of the 3116: 3073:Narodnaya Volya 3069: 3057:Caucasus Greeks 2998:Austria-Hungary 2990:Eastern Rumelia 2952:Russian America 2936:Treaty of Aigun 2934:. In 1858, the 2851:Siege of Plevna 2792: 2782: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2765:Spasskaya Tower 2753: 2748: 2622:Ivan Aivazovsky 2589:Erivan Fortress 2578: 2572: 2564:Peter Kropotkin 2560:Mikhail Bakunin 2498:Napoleonic Wars 2443:Congress Poland 2387:Eastern Galicia 2381:and joined the 2332: 2318:Pyotr Bagration 2310: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2239: 2141:French Republic 2122:eastern Georgia 1968: 1962: 1935:Crimean Khanate 1912:Most Holy Synod 1866:Treaty of Ganja 1862:Treaty of Resht 1821:Gulf of Finland 1757: 1742:Peter the Great 1735: 1730: 1724: 1672:Little Russians 1523: 1517: 1478:Congress Poland 1383: 1359: 1353: 1341:Austria–Hungary 1266:1905 revolution 1236:in the west to 1195: 1164: 1149: 1124: 1121:Peter the Great 1115:dynasties, the 1097: 1078: 985: 971: 952: 949: 942: 899: 889: 850: 840:8–16 March 1917 837: 824: 818: 811:30 October 1905 808: 795: 793:1905 Revolution 785:18 October 1867 782: 765: 753: 750: 740:4 February 1722 737: 727:2 November 1721 724: 714: 691: 685: 674: 668: 639: 628: 625: 611: 589: 581:Peter the Great 577: 555: 545: 543: 517: 493: 453: 409: 383: 379: 376: 375: 364: 363: 360: 358: 351: 348: 341: 337: 332: 331: 326: 325: 324: 319: 318: 313: 312: 300: 297: 290: 282: 275: 265: 258: 255:") (unofficial) 250: 243: 233: 226: 218: 211: 201: 200: 197: 193: 173: 165: 158: 142: 127: 126: 125: 123: 118: 116: 108: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 88: 81: 63: 57: 51: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21189: 21179: 21178: 21173: 21168: 21166:Russian Empire 21163: 21158: 21153: 21148: 21143: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21106:Former empires 21103: 21098: 21093: 21088: 21071: 21070: 21068: 21067: 21062: 21061: 21060: 21059: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21040: 21035: 21025: 21020: 21018:Russo-Japanese 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20983:Anglo-Egyptian 20980: 20974: 20972: 20968: 20967: 20965: 20964: 20959: 20957:Bosnian Crisis 20954: 20953: 20952: 20942: 20941: 20940: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20909: 20908: 20906:Austro-Italian 20903: 20902: 20901: 20896: 20881: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20838: 20836: 20832: 20831: 20829: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20807: 20806: 20804:Martens Clause 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20770: 20769: 20759: 20753: 20751: 20745: 20744: 20742: 20741: 20740: 20739: 20729: 20724: 20719: 20718: 20717: 20716: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20690: 20689: 20688: 20686:Egyptian Lever 20673: 20671:Pax Britannica 20668: 20667: 20666: 20656: 20655: 20654: 20652:Sovereign debt 20649: 20644: 20634: 20628: 20626: 20622: 20621: 20619: 20618: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20598: 20597: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20579:Triple Entente 20576: 20575: 20574: 20563: 20561: 20557: 20556: 20554: 20553: 20548: 20546:United Kingdom 20543: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20518: 20512: 20510: 20506: 20505: 20498: 20497: 20490: 20483: 20475: 20466: 20465: 20463: 20462: 20461: 20460: 20455: 20446: 20444: 20440: 20439: 20437: 20436: 20431: 20426: 20421: 20416: 20411: 20410: 20409: 20398: 20396: 20392: 20391: 20388: 20387: 20385: 20384: 20379: 20374: 20369: 20364: 20363: 20362: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20306: 20305: 20300: 20290: 20285: 20279: 20277: 20268: 20267: 20266: 20265: 20260: 20255: 20250: 20245: 20235: 20230: 20229: 20228: 20218: 20213: 20212: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20191: 20186: 20185: 20184: 20179: 20169: 20168: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20130: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20104: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20073: 20072: 20071: 20066: 20056: 20051: 20050: 20049: 20044: 20034: 20033: 20032: 20027: 20017: 20016: 20015: 20010: 20000: 19995: 19994: 19993: 19988: 19983: 19978: 19973: 19963: 19958: 19957: 19956: 19951: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19923: 19917: 19915: 19909: 19908: 19906: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19889: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19848: 19843: 19842: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19806: 19805: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19789: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19732: 19722: 19721: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19666: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19645: 19644: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19592: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19566: 19565: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19539: 19538: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19496: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19475: 19470: 19469: 19468: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19448: 19443: 19433: 19432: 19431: 19426: 19416: 19415: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19389: 19384: 19383: 19382: 19372: 19371: 19370: 19365: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19321: 19319: 19317:Post-classical 19313: 19312: 19310: 19309: 19308: 19307: 19297: 19292: 19291: 19290: 19285: 19275: 19274: 19273: 19263: 19262: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19226: 19221: 19216: 19215: 19214: 19209: 19204: 19199: 19189: 19188: 19187: 19182: 19172: 19167: 19166: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19124: 19123: 19118: 19116:Middle Kingdom 19113: 19103: 19098: 19097: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19076: 19075: 19074: 19072:Neo-Babylonian 19069: 19064: 19062:Old Babylonian 19054: 19053: 19052: 19047: 19037: 19032: 19026: 19024: 19012: 19011: 19004: 19003: 18996: 18989: 18981: 18972: 18971: 18969: 18968: 18963: 18958: 18953: 18948: 18943: 18938: 18933: 18928: 18923: 18917: 18915: 18911: 18910: 18908: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18825:Russian Empire 18822: 18817: 18815:British Empire 18812: 18810:Dutch Republic 18807: 18805:Swedish Empire 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18785:Spanish Empire 18782: 18777: 18775:Ottoman Empire 18772: 18767: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18746: 18745: 18735: 18730: 18724: 18722: 18716: 18715: 18713: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18690:Serbian Empire 18687: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18635: 18630: 18625: 18624: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18598: 18597: 18596: 18591: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18562: 18561: 18551: 18546: 18540: 18538: 18532: 18531: 18529: 18528: 18526:Late antiquity 18523: 18518: 18513: 18512: 18511: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18489:Roman Republic 18486: 18480: 18478: 18472: 18471: 18469: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18447: 18445: 18439: 18438: 18431: 18430: 18423: 18416: 18408: 18399: 18398: 18395: 18394: 18392: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18322: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18280: 18274: 18272: 18268: 18267: 18265: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18183: 18181: 18177: 18176: 18174: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18076:Ottoman Empire 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18036:Kartli-Kakheti 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17897: 17895: 17891: 17890: 17888: 17887: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17718: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17660: 17658: 17654: 17653: 17651: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17594: 17592: 17588: 17587: 17585: 17584: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17445:Central Africa 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17406: 17404: 17397: 17391: 17390: 17387: 17386: 17384: 17383: 17381:United Kingdom 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17347: 17346: 17341: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17295: 17293: 17287: 17286: 17284: 17283: 17277: 17275: 17269: 17268: 17266: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17209: 17207: 17201: 17200: 17198: 17197: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17124: 17122: 17116: 17115: 17113: 17112: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17089: 17087: 17078: 17074: 17073: 17071: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17038:Prince regnant 17035: 17034: 17033: 17023: 17018: 17012: 17010: 17006: 17005: 17003: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16955:Decolonization 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16926: 16924: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16916: 16911: 16909:Personal union 16906: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16879:Constitutional 16876: 16870: 16868: 16864: 16863: 16861: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16823: 16822: 16815: 16808: 16800: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16787: 16782: 16775: 16774: 16766: 16765: 16762: 16761: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16754: 16749: 16748: 16747: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16681: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16569: 16568: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16527: 16525: 16519: 16518: 16516: 16515: 16514: 16513: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16427: 16426: 16421: 16411: 16410: 16409: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16286: 16280: 16274: 16273: 16270: 16269: 16267: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16229:Space industry 16226: 16221: 16216: 16215: 16214: 16204: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16110: 16104: 16098: 16097: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16068:Urban planning 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15920: 15915: 15905: 15903:Federal budget 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15854: 15848: 15842: 15841: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15812:North Caucasus 15809: 15808: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15787: 15786: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15765: 15764: 15763: 15753: 15748: 15746:Highest points 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15722: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15691: 15689:Extreme points 15686: 15685: 15684: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15653: 15647: 15641: 15640: 15637: 15636: 15634: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15582: 15580: 15576: 15575: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15570: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15531: 15521: 15516: 15515: 15514: 15504: 15502:Russian Empire 15499: 15498: 15497: 15487: 15482: 15481: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15426: 15424: 15415: 15409: 15408: 15406: articles 15400: 15399: 15392: 15385: 15377: 15371: 15370: 15361: 15350: 15347:Russian Empire 15339: 15336:Russian Empire 15325: 15324:External links 15322: 15320: 15319: 15309: 15305:(1927), 680pp 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15290: 15280: 15263: 15256: 15249: 15242: 15235: 15228: 15211: 15204: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15188: 15181: 15174: 15167: 15154: 15148:Russian Review 15144: 15135: 15090: 15083: 15076: 15070: 15057: 15050: 15033: 15026: 15020: 15007: 15000: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14972: 14968:Stone, David. 14966: 14959: 14942: 14935: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14905: 14898: 14886:Englund, Peter 14882: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14866: 14852: 14835: 14813: 14801:Pares, Bernard 14797: 14783: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14761: 14754: 14747: 14740: 14733: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14717: 14715:online edition 14707: 14698: 14688: 14679: 14669: 14654: 14648: 14635: 14628: 14619: 14612: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14594:Main article: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14585: 14579: 14554: 14536: 14521: 14503: 14488: 14476:(4): 403–438. 14461: 14447: 14434: 14416: 14401: 14383: 14368: 14362: 14349: 14331: 14316: 14298: 14280: 14274:, ed. (2006). 14268: 14254: 14238: 14220: 14205: 14187: 14172: 14154: 14139: 14121: 14106: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14088: 14087: 14052: 14039: 14026: 14013: 14000: 13978:10.2307/368437 13972:(2): 229–252. 13956: 13929:(2): 237–257. 13913: 13900: 13881: 13858: 13839: 13818: 13806: 13790: 13777: 13756: 13743: 13737:978-0415608541 13736: 13706: 13693: 13685:David R. Stone 13677: 13668: 13648: 13626: 13603: 13580:Masis, Julie. 13529: 13509: 13479: 13448: 13397: 13350:(3): 203–237. 13330: 13281: 13230: 13197:(3): 489–491. 13178: 13139:(2): 101–113. 13119: 13068: 13011: 12992: 12970: 12951: 12917: 12909:Berghahn Books 12871: 12853: 12807: 12789: 12756: 12748:Berghahn Books 12724: 12717: 12699: 12692: 12674: 12647: 12624: 12617: 12594: 12567: 12544: 12497:(3): 567–584. 12477: 12447: 12417: 12387: 12350: 12309: 12279: 12252: 12229: 12202: 12171: 12158: 12145: 12132: 12120: 12101: 12081: 12069: 12054: 12052:, p. 131. 12042: 12040:, p. 130. 12030: 12028:, p. 129. 12018: 12006: 11994: 11982: 11964: 11957: 11939: 11932: 11910: 11895: 11868: 11856: 11833: 11812: 11806:978-0415394840 11805: 11782: 11770: 11758: 11746: 11733: 11731:, p. 524. 11721: 11719:, p. 114. 11709: 11697: 11695:, p. 514. 11685: 11673: 11661: 11649: 11630: 11610: 11591: 11571: 11552: 11532: 11513: 11493: 11474: 11454: 11452:, p. 468. 11442: 11423: 11403: 11391: 11372: 11352: 11333: 11313: 11294: 11274: 11255: 11235: 11233:, p. 338. 11223: 11204: 11184: 11172: 11160: 11158:, p. 241. 11148: 11129: 11109: 11107:, p. 132. 11097: 11078: 11058: 11046: 11027: 11007: 10988: 10968: 10956: 10937: 10932:10.1086/237562 10910: 10895: 10883: 10881:, p. 391. 10871: 10856: 10810: 10788: 10757: 10735: 10705: 10685: 10673: 10654: 10630:Charles Lowe, 10623: 10611: 10609:, p. 121. 10599: 10597:, p. 316. 10587: 10585:, p. 315. 10575: 10573:, p. 114. 10560: 10558:, p. 113. 10548: 10495: 10488: 10468: 10449: 10417: 10397: 10378: 10358: 10345: 10338: 10320: 10313: 10295: 10284:Davies, Norman 10275: 10256: 10233: 10222:(2): 131–156. 10206: 10188: 10186:, p. 729. 10176: 10174:, p. 728. 10164: 10152: 10137: 10119: 10104: 10089: 10071: 10069:, p. 801. 10059: 10047: 10034: 10007: 9995: 9982: 9952: 9945: 9913: 9906: 9888: 9875: 9862: 9849: 9837: 9807: 9800: 9782: 9766: 9733: 9704: 9671: 9664: 9644: 9619: 9596: 9578: 9558: 9528: 9509: 9483: 9448: 9415: 9400:(in Russian). 9391:, p. 25; 9389:Catchpole 1974 9381: 9373:Catchpole 1974 9365: 9363:, p. 131. 9353: 9342: 9324: 9302: 9266: 9246: 9227: 9207: 9188: 9168: 9138: 9111: 9079: 9049: 9037: 9012: 8982: 8952: 8885:(3): 475–504. 8860: 8837: 8826:(2): 149–158. 8810: 8800: 8782: 8761: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8696: 8673: 8650: 8631: 8584: 8557: 8533:Отец отечества 8521: 8512: 8496:Tsarist Russia 8483: 8429: 8420: 8407: 8390: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8332: 8329:History portal 8316: 8313: 8281:St. Petersburg 8239: 8236: 8213:Main article: 8210: 8207: 8178: 8175: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8087: 8079: 8078: 8076: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7969:Intelligentsia 7964: 7963: 7961: 7908:Main article: 7905: 7902: 7865: 7862: 7819:Vasily Surikov 7764:Main article: 7761: 7758: 7748:(61,900), and 7729: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7493: 7490: 7460: 7457: 7341: 7338: 7322:Crimean Tatars 7264: 7261: 7219:Main article: 7216: 7213: 7168: 7165: 7130:Russian Church 7114:state religion 7063: 7060: 7004:Tsarskoye Selo 6991: 6988: 6986: 6985:Infrastructure 6983: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6719:Main article: 6716: 6713: 6666:Main article: 6663: 6660: 6584:Main article: 6581: 6578: 6543:, a vassal of 6525:Main article: 6522: 6519: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6463: 6454: 6434: 6431: 6371:Main article: 6368: 6365: 6268: 6265: 6241:Main article: 6238: 6235: 6207:Main article: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6124:Main article: 6121: 6118: 6047:Main article: 6044: 6041: 5975:Main article: 5972: 5969: 5909:Main article: 5906: 5903: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5796: 5795: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5694: 5693: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5661: 5658:Kherson Oblast 5652: 5651: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5579: 5572: 5571: 5562: 5555: 5554: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5115:Bolshevik Coup 5071: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5059:Uryankhay Krai 5054: 5053: 5050: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5004:Russian Empire 5000: 4999: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4931:Tsarist Russia 4928: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4791: 4790: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737:Rus' Khaganate 4732: 4731: 4728: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4691: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4661: 4658: 4522: 4519: 4439:personal union 4344:just north of 4334:Fort Elizabeth 4271:, most of the 4216: 4213: 4193:Finnic peoples 4138:Kola Peninsula 4106:Ural Mountains 4066:Main article: 4063: 4060: 4048:British Empire 4026: 4023: 3984:Main article: 3981: 3978: 3953: 3950: 3886:Main article: 3883: 3880: 3849:broken through 3802: 3799: 3741:. The advance 3636: 3635:German theatre 3633: 3631: 3628: 3553:Main article: 3550: 3547: 3515:Bosnian Crisis 3436:Main article: 3433: 3430: 3413:Main article: 3410: 3407: 3361:Defeat in the 3340:Vladimir Lenin 3224:Main article: 3221: 3218: 3210:Triple Entente 3136:Outer Mongolia 3115: 3112: 3068: 3065: 2973:Constantinople 2944:Primorsky Krai 2867:Ottoman Empire 2778:Main article: 2775: 2772: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2677:Iğdır Province 2596:Ivan Paskevich 2574:Main article: 2571: 2568: 2458:Fire of Moscow 2430:scorched earth 2422:Russian winter 2399:Ottoman Empire 2328:Main article: 2309: 2306: 2238: 2235: 2200:British Empire 2192:Pyotr Stolypin 2118:against Persia 1961: 1958: 1942:Baltic Germans 1893:Table of Ranks 1806:Denmark-Norway 1782:Ottoman Empire 1756:Peter I ( 1734: 1731: 1726:Main article: 1723: 1720: 1712:Anikita Repnin 1676:White Russians 1668:Great Russians 1617:Table of Ranks 1519:Main article: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1382: 1379: 1355:Main article: 1352: 1349: 1345:Ottoman Empire 1250:Northeast Asia 1086:national state 1059:Ottoman Empire 1047:Swedish Empire 1004:Russian Empire 998: 997: 994: 993: 990: 989: 982: 976: 975: 968: 959: 956: 955: 946: 934: 933: 928: 918: 917: 912: 908: 907: 904: 903: 900: 897: 894: 893: 890: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 872: 871: 868: 864: 863: 859: 858: 855: 854: 851: 845: 842: 841: 838: 832: 829: 828: 825: 816: 813: 812: 809: 803: 800: 799: 796: 790: 787: 786: 783: 773: 770: 769: 766: 760: 757: 756: 751: 745: 742: 741: 738: 735:Table of Ranks 732: 729: 728: 725: 722: 719: 718: 715: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 698: 694: 693: 686: 680: 677: 676: 669: 663: 660: 659: 654: 650: 649: 646: 645: 640: 637: 634: 633: 626: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 612: 609:Prime Minister 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 590: 587: 584: 583: 578: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 558: 557: 535: 531: 530: 525: 519: 518: 516: 515: 512: 506: 500: 494: 492: 491: 490: 489: 483: 477: 459: 456: 454: 447: 443: 442: 412: 406: 405: 400: 396: 395: 390: 386: 385: 370: 366: 365: 352: 342: 306: 305: 302: 301: 299: 298: 288: 266: 256: 234: 224: 196: 195: 194: 171: 145: 144: 129: 128: 117: 110: 109: 89: 82: 75: 74: 73: 70: 69: 65: 64: 45: 43:Russian Empire 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21188: 21177: 21174: 21172: 21169: 21167: 21164: 21162: 21159: 21157: 21154: 21152: 21149: 21147: 21144: 21142: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21083: 21081: 21066: 21063: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21043: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21030: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21023:Italo-Turkish 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20978:Russo-Turkish 20976: 20975: 20973: 20969: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20951: 20950:Treaty of Fes 20948: 20947: 20946: 20945:Agadir Crisis 20943: 20939: 20936: 20935: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20907: 20904: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20894: 20890: 20889: 20888: 20885: 20884: 20882: 20880: 20879: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20839: 20837: 20833: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20805: 20802: 20801: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20768: 20765: 20764: 20763: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20754: 20752: 20746: 20738: 20735: 20734: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20695: 20694: 20691: 20687: 20684: 20683: 20682: 20679: 20678: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20665: 20662: 20661: 20660: 20657: 20653: 20650: 20648: 20645: 20643: 20640: 20639: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20630: 20629: 20627: 20623: 20617: 20616:Balkan League 20614: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20581: 20580: 20577: 20573: 20572:Dual Alliance 20570: 20569: 20568: 20565: 20564: 20562: 20558: 20552: 20551:United States 20549: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20513: 20511: 20507: 20503: 20496: 20491: 20489: 20484: 20482: 20477: 20476: 20473: 20459: 20458:Soviet empire 20456: 20454: 20451: 20450: 20448: 20447: 20445: 20443:Miscellaneous 20441: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20420: 20417: 20415: 20412: 20408: 20405: 20404: 20403: 20400: 20399: 20397: 20393: 20383: 20380: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20361: 20358: 20357: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20304: 20301: 20299: 20296: 20295: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20284: 20281: 20280: 20278: 20276: 20272: 20264: 20261: 20259: 20256: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20240: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20227: 20224: 20223: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20196: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20174: 20173: 20170: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20142: 20141: 20138: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20125: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20078: 20077: 20074: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20061: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20042:German Empire 20040: 20039: 20038: 20035: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20022: 20021: 20018: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20005: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19992: 19989: 19987: 19984: 19982: 19979: 19977: 19974: 19972: 19969: 19968: 19967: 19964: 19962: 19959: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19946: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19918: 19916: 19914: 19910: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19853: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19811: 19810: 19807: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19784: 19783: 19782:Turco-Persian 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19727: 19726: 19723: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19690: 19689: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19650: 19649: 19646: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19623: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19571: 19570: 19567: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19544: 19543: 19540: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19522: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19480: 19479: 19476: 19474: 19471: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19438: 19437: 19434: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19421: 19420: 19417: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19394: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19381: 19378: 19377: 19376: 19373: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19360: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19322: 19320: 19318: 19314: 19306: 19303: 19302: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19280: 19279: 19276: 19272: 19269: 19268: 19267: 19264: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19231: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19194: 19193: 19190: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19177: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19140: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19108: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19081: 19080: 19077: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19059: 19058: 19055: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19042: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19017: 19013: 19009: 19002: 18997: 18995: 18990: 18988: 18983: 18982: 18979: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18921:Art of Europe 18919: 18918: 18916: 18912: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18744: 18741: 18740: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18725: 18723: 18721: 18720:Modern period 18717: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18655: 18651: 18647: 18643: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18603: 18602: 18599: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18586: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18560: 18557: 18556: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18541: 18539: 18537: 18533: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18510: 18507: 18506: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18481: 18479: 18477: 18473: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18448: 18446: 18444: 18440: 18436: 18429: 18424: 18422: 18417: 18415: 18410: 18409: 18406: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18326: 18323: 18320: 18319: 18314: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18275: 18273: 18269: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18197:Easter Island 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18184: 18182: 18178: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17898: 17896: 17892: 17885: 17884: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17823: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17736:Jabal Shammar 17734: 17732: 17729: 17726: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17716: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17661: 17659: 17655: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17595: 17593: 17589: 17583: 17582: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17407: 17405: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17392: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17336: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17296: 17294: 17292: 17288: 17282: 17279: 17278: 17276: 17274: 17270: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17228:Liechtenstein 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17210: 17208: 17206: 17202: 17196: 17195: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17125: 17123: 17121: 17117: 17111: 17110: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17090: 17088: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17075: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17032: 17031:Queen regnant 17029: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17013: 17011: 17007: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16990:Republicanism 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16970:Head of state 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16927: 16925: 16921: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16904:Non-sovereign 16902: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16871: 16869: 16865: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16835: 16832: 16828: 16821: 16816: 16814: 16809: 16807: 16802: 16801: 16798: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16772: 16768: 16767: 16763: 16753: 16750: 16746: 16743: 16742: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16735:Seven Wonders 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16700:Playing cards 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16524: 16520: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16416: 16415: 16412: 16408: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16396: 16395:Mental health 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16355:Ethnic groups 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16287: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16275: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16213: 16210: 16209: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16099: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16058:Civil defense 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16003:Media freedom 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15948: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15928: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15913: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15888:Criminal code 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15868:Civil Service 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15855: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15843: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15792: 15791: 15788: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15770: 15769: 15766: 15762: 15759: 15758: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15683: 15680: 15679: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15654: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15642: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15583: 15581: 15577: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15564: 15561: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15543: 15542: 15539: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15529:Russian state 15527: 15526: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15427: 15425: 15423: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15405: 15398: 15393: 15391: 15386: 15384: 15379: 15378: 15375: 15369: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15356: 15351: 15348: 15344: 15340: 15337: 15332: 15328: 15327: 15318: 15314: 15310: 15308: 15304: 15300: 15299: 15286: 15281: 15279: 15275: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15261: 15257: 15254: 15250: 15247: 15243: 15240: 15236: 15233: 15229: 15227: 15223: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15209: 15205: 15202: 15198: 15197: 15186: 15182: 15179: 15175: 15170: 15164: 15160: 15155: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15136: 15125: 15121: 15120: 15105: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15091: 15088: 15084: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15067: 15063: 15058: 15055: 15051: 15049: 15045: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15013: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14998: 14997:0-6312-0814-3 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14981: 14971: 14967: 14964: 14960: 14958: 14954: 14951: 14947: 14943: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14927: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14913: 14910: 14906: 14901: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14883: 14880: 14876: 14875: 14863: 14859: 14855: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14836: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14814:1-8421-2114-6 14810: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14784:0-6910-5349-9 14780: 14776: 14771: 14770: 14759: 14755: 14752: 14748: 14745: 14741: 14738: 14734: 14731: 14728:Barnes, Ian. 14727: 14726: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14699: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14680: 14678: 14674: 14670: 14667: 14666:0-5345-8698-8 14663: 14659: 14655: 14651: 14645: 14641: 14636: 14633: 14629: 14626: 14623: 14620: 14617: 14613: 14610: 14606: 14605: 14597: 14582: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14555: 14543: 14539: 14533: 14529: 14528: 14522: 14510: 14506: 14500: 14496: 14495: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14475: 14471: 14467: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14448:0-1982-2103-7 14444: 14440: 14435: 14423: 14419: 14413: 14409: 14408: 14402: 14390: 14386: 14380: 14376: 14375: 14369: 14365: 14359: 14355: 14350: 14338: 14334: 14328: 14324: 14323: 14317: 14305: 14301: 14295: 14291: 14290: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14227: 14223: 14217: 14213: 14212: 14206: 14194: 14190: 14184: 14180: 14179: 14173: 14161: 14157: 14151: 14147: 14146: 14140: 14128: 14124: 14118: 14115:. Routledge. 14114: 14113: 14107: 14103: 14098: 14097: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14074: 14070: 14069:1-3171-1844-8 14066: 14062: 14056: 14050:(1983) p 126. 14049: 14046:Hans Rogger, 14043: 14036: 14030: 14023: 14017: 14010: 14004: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13975: 13971: 13967: 13960: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13923:Slavic Review 13917: 13910: 13904: 13897: 13893: 13888: 13886: 13879: 13875: 13872: 13868: 13867:Slavic Review 13862: 13846: 13842: 13840:0-2533-3333-4 13836: 13832: 13831: 13822: 13815: 13810: 13803: 13797: 13795: 13787: 13781: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13761: 13753: 13747: 13739: 13733: 13730:. Routledge. 13729: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13710: 13703: 13697: 13690: 13686: 13681: 13672: 13664: 13660: 13652: 13645: 13633: 13629: 13623: 13619: 13618: 13610: 13608: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13532: 13526: 13522: 13521: 13513: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13483: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13452: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13401: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13344:Human Biology 13341: 13334: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13285: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13234: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13189: 13182: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13123: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13072: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13031:(1): 79–108. 13030: 13026: 13022: 13015: 12999: 12995: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12974: 12958: 12954: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12924: 12920: 12918:1-5718-1935-5 12914: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12874: 12868: 12864: 12857: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12810: 12804: 12800: 12792: 12786: 12782: 12775: 12763: 12759: 12757:1-5718-1935-5 12753: 12749: 12745: 12744: 12739: 12735: 12728: 12720: 12714: 12710: 12703: 12695: 12689: 12685: 12678: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12648:0-6740-2164-9 12644: 12640: 12639: 12631: 12629: 12620: 12614: 12610: 12603: 12601: 12599: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12564: 12560: 12559: 12551: 12549: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12491:Slavic Review 12488: 12481: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12451: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12421: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12283: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12249: 12245: 12244: 12236: 12234: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12168: 12162: 12155: 12154:Asian Affairs 12149: 12142: 12136: 12129: 12124: 12108: 12104: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12085: 12079:, p. 27. 12078: 12073: 12066: 12061: 12059: 12051: 12046: 12039: 12034: 12027: 12022: 12016:, p. 49. 12015: 12010: 12003: 11998: 11991: 11986: 11978: 11974: 11968: 11960: 11954: 11950: 11943: 11935: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11914: 11906: 11899: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11872: 11865: 11860: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11808: 11802: 11799:. Routledge. 11798: 11792: 11786: 11779: 11774: 11768:, p. 79. 11767: 11762: 11755: 11750: 11743: 11740:Andrew Cook, 11737: 11730: 11725: 11718: 11717:McMeekin 2011 11713: 11706: 11705:McMeekin 2011 11701: 11694: 11689: 11682: 11677: 11671:, p. 66. 11670: 11665: 11659:, p. 30. 11658: 11653: 11637: 11633: 11627: 11623: 11622: 11614: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11584: 11583: 11575: 11559: 11555: 11549: 11545: 11544: 11536: 11520: 11516: 11510: 11506: 11505: 11497: 11481: 11477: 11471: 11467: 11466: 11465:World War One 11458: 11451: 11446: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11416: 11415: 11407: 11400: 11395: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11365: 11364: 11356: 11340: 11336: 11330: 11326: 11325: 11317: 11301: 11297: 11291: 11287: 11286: 11278: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11239: 11232: 11227: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11188: 11182:, p. 88. 11181: 11180:McMeekin 2011 11176: 11169: 11164: 11157: 11152: 11136: 11132: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11113: 11106: 11101: 11085: 11081: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11062: 11056:, p. 82. 11055: 11050: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11011: 10995: 10991: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10972: 10965: 10960: 10952: 10948: 10947:History Today 10941: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10914: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10887: 10880: 10875: 10867: 10860: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10837:. Macmillan. 10836: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10798:"Coup d'État" 10792: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10761: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10732: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10706:9-0041-2952-9 10702: 10698: 10697: 10689: 10682: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10658: 10650: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10620: 10615: 10608: 10603: 10596: 10595:Geoffrey 2011 10591: 10584: 10583:Geoffrey 2011 10579: 10572: 10567: 10565: 10557: 10552: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10491: 10485: 10481: 10480: 10472: 10456: 10452: 10446: 10442: 10441: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10410: 10409: 10401: 10385: 10381: 10375: 10371: 10370: 10362: 10355: 10349: 10341: 10335: 10331: 10324: 10316: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10291: 10290: 10285: 10279: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10240: 10238: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10210: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10185: 10180: 10173: 10168: 10161: 10156: 10148: 10141: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10116: 10115: 10108: 10100: 10093: 10085: 10081: 10075: 10068: 10063: 10057:, p. 24. 10056: 10051: 10044: 10038: 10023: 10019: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9999: 9985: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9956: 9948: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9917: 9909: 9903: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9879: 9872: 9866: 9859: 9853: 9846: 9841: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9811: 9803: 9797: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9775: 9770: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9745: 9737: 9721: 9717: 9716: 9708: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9675: 9667: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9648: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9631: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9562: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9532: 9516: 9512: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9495: 9487: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9436: 9432: 9431: 9426: 9419: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9378: 9374: 9369: 9362: 9357: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9286: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9250: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9211: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9172: 9165: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9126: 9118: 9116: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9083: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9047:, p. 83. 9046: 9041: 9026: 9025:Research Gate 9022: 9016: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8775: 8772:", Rusmania. 8771: 8765: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8718: 8715:, and of the 8714: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8693: 8680:Russian: 8677: 8670: 8657:Russian: 8654: 8647: 8643: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8575: 8566: 8561: 8554: 8545: 8539: 8530: 8525: 8516: 8509: 8505: 8503: 8502:revolutionary 8497: 8493: 8487: 8480: 8467: 8461: 8452: 8446: 8436:Russian: 8433: 8424: 8417: 8411: 8404: 8400: 8394: 8388:in 1829–1856. 8387: 8383: 8377: 8373: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8343:Russia portal 8333: 8330: 8319: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8301:Sergey Uvarov 8297: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8244: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8206: 8203: 8197: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8141: 8140:connections. 8134: 8129: 8114: 8109: 8105: 8093: 8092: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8039: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8018: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7985: 7984: 7983:Zemlyachestvo 7980: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7944:Bashkortostan 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7911: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7878:Russian opera 7875: 7871: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7814: 7809: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7714: 7713: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7625: 7624: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7584: 7583:Old Believers 7581: 7580: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7558: 7557:Rabbinic Jews 7555: 7554: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7485: 7478: 7473: 7465: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7437:secret police 7434: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7401:Old Believers 7398: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7386:Russification 7384:. After this 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7362:Volga Germans 7359: 7351: 7346: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7287: 7283: 7281: 7276: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7249:Alexander III 7245: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7215:Anti-semitism 7212: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7173:proselytizing 7164: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7153:metropolitans 7149: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7106: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6727: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6620:Alexander III 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6566:Russification 6563: 6558: 6557:Baltic German 6555:of 1721, the 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6510:Alexander III 6507: 6506: 6501: 6487: 6482: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6423:supreme court 6420: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6317:protectorates 6314: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6287: 6279: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6219:Senate Square 6215: 6210: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6014:Tsarskoe Selo 6012:, located at 6011: 6006: 5999: 5998:Winter Palace 5996:opposite the 5995: 5983: 5978: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5960:Imperial Duma 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5740: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5503:War in Donbas 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5485:Five-Days War 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5457:Privatization 5454: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5418:Modern Russia 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5224: 5223:Russian State 5221: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5191:Ukrainian SSR 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5141:War Communism 5138: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5090:Dvoyevlastiye 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828:Rostov-Suzdal 4826: 4825: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4799: 4798:Novgorod Land 4796: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4552: 4551:Kodiak Island 4548: 4544: 4543: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4477: 4476:(1817–1864). 4475: 4474:Caucasian War 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421:, an Ottoman 4420: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4393: 4390:and a native 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4350:Russian River 4347: 4346:San Francisco 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4320:administered 4319: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225:Kuril Islands 4222: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201:Transcaucasia 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4142:Varangerfjord 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4082:Novaya Zemlya 4079: 4075: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052:ethnic groups 4049: 4039: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4019:Yekaterinburg 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894:Turkish fleet 3889: 3879: 3877: 3874:by targeting 3873: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783:Baltic states 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3645:Great Retreat 3642: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3569:Winter Palace 3566: 3561: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526:assassination 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3375:Winter Palace 3372: 3368: 3367:Bloody Sunday 3364: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3108:Russification 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084:Alexander III 3081: 3078: 3074: 3067:Alexander III 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041:Transcaucasia 3038: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2956:United States 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884:When Emperor 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2829:(8 June 1868) 2828: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2737: 2736:Russification 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2701:Pontic Greeks 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645:Caucasian War 2642: 2638: 2637:Qajar dynasty 2634: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592:siege in 1827 2590: 2586: 2585:Franz Roubaud 2582: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552:individualism 2549: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2447:Holy Alliance 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065:Enlightenment 2062: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:church reform 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1591:, painted by 1590: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1568:Pater Patriae 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432:includes new 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:Ivan III 1358: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335:, along with 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248:and parts of 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220:descent, the 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:Holy Alliance 1173: 1162: 1158: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036:North America 1033: 1032:held colonies 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 983: 981: 978: 977: 969: 967: 964: 963: 960: 954: 947: 940: 939: 936: 935: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 919: 916: 915:Russian ruble 913: 909: 905: 901: 895: 891: 888: 882: 878: 873: 869: 865: 860: 856: 852: 849: 843: 839: 836: 830: 826: 821: 814: 810: 807: 801: 797: 794: 788: 784: 781: 777: 771: 767: 764: 758: 752: 749: 743: 739: 736: 730: 726: 720: 716: 713: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 687: 684: 678: 673: 672:State Council 670: 667: 661: 658: 655: 651: 647: 644: 641: 635: 631: 627: 621: 617: 613: 610: 606: 601: 597: 594: 591: 585: 582: 579: 573: 569: 565: 563: 559: 554: 551: 550:parliamentary 548: 542: 539: 536: 532: 529: 526: 524: 520: 513: 511: 507: 505: 501: 499: 495: 488: 484: 482: 478: 475: 471: 467: 466: 465: 461: 460: 458: 457: 455: 451: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 413: 407: 404: 401: 397: 394: 391: 387: 382: 374: 371: 367: 356: 346: 310: 303: 286: 279: 267: 254: 247: 235: 222: 215: 203: 202: 169: 162: 150: 146: 139: 134: 130: 121: 114: 106: 103: 98: 93: 86: 79: 71: 66: 61: 40: 37: 33: 19: 20891: 20887:Anglo-German 20876: 20748:Treaties and 20540: 20509:Great powers 20371: 20209:Contemporary 20203: 20059:Indo-Persian 20047:Nazi Germany 19991:Contemporary 19893:Vijayanagara 19792:Great Seljuk 19703:Thessalonica 19631:Golden Horde 19271:Carthaginian 19050:Neo-Assyrian 19035:Neo-Sumerian 18880:World War II 18824: 18733:Early modern 18710:Kalmar Union 18581:Papal States 18499:Roman Empire 18374:South Africa 18369:Sierra Leone 18316: 18146:Two Sicilies 18110: 18081:Papal States 17881: 17820: 17713: 17579: 17339:Cook Islands 17192: 17178:Saudi Arabia 17107: 16673:Coat of arms 16633:Martial arts 16541:Army culture 16531:Architecture 16501:Witch trials 16456:Prostitution 16402:Human rights 16335:Demographics 16249:Trade unions 16219:Shipbuilding 16179:Homelessness 16139:Central Bank 16134:Car industry 15973:Conservatism 15883:Constitution 15878:Conscription 15551:Eastern Bloc 15541:Soviet Union 15534:Russian SFSR 15501: 15464:Feudal Rus' 15312: 15302: 15284: 15266: 15259: 15252: 15245: 15238: 15231: 15214: 15207: 15200: 15184: 15177: 15158: 15147: 15139: 15128:, retrieved 15124:the original 15118: 15108:, retrieved 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Retrieved 14530:. ABC-CLIO. 14526: 14513:. Retrieved 14497:. ABC-CLIO. 14493: 14473: 14469: 14438: 14426:. Retrieved 14406: 14393:. Retrieved 14373: 14353: 14341:. Retrieved 14321: 14308:. Retrieved 14288: 14275: 14245: 14230:. Retrieved 14210: 14199:11 September 14197:. Retrieved 14177: 14164:. Retrieved 14148:. ABC-CLIO. 14144: 14131:. Retrieved 14111: 14101: 14073:Google Books 14060: 14055: 14047: 14042: 14034: 14029: 14021: 14016: 14008: 14003: 13969: 13965: 13959: 13926: 13922: 13916: 13908: 13903: 13895: 13866: 13861: 13849:. Retrieved 13829: 13821: 13816:, p. 9. 13814:Chapman 2002 13809: 13801: 13800:David Moon, 13785: 13780: 13770: 13751: 13746: 13727: 13721: 13717: 13709: 13701: 13696: 13688: 13680: 13671: 13663:the original 13651: 13643: 13636:. Retrieved 13616: 13594:. Retrieved 13585: 13570:. Retrieved 13561: 13547:. Retrieved 13519: 13512: 13500:. Retrieved 13491: 13482: 13470:. Retrieved 13461: 13451: 13439:. Retrieved 13414: 13410: 13400: 13388:. 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Retrieved 12091: 12084: 12077:Waldron 1997 12072: 12067:, p. 4. 12065:Chapman 2002 12050:Chapman 2002 12045: 12038:Chapman 2002 12033: 12026:Chapman 2002 12021: 12014:Chapman 2002 12009: 12004:, p. 5. 12002:Chapman 2002 11997: 11992:, p. 3. 11990:Chapman 2002 11985: 11977:the original 11967: 11948: 11942: 11919: 11913: 11904: 11898: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11864:Dowling 2014 11859: 11824: 11815: 11796: 11790: 11785: 11773: 11761: 11749: 11741: 11736: 11724: 11712: 11700: 11688: 11681:Sanborn 2014 11676: 11669:Sanborn 2014 11664: 11657:Sanborn 2014 11652: 11640:. Retrieved 11620: 11613: 11601:. Retrieved 11581: 11574: 11562:. Retrieved 11542: 11535: 11523:. Retrieved 11503: 11496: 11484:. Retrieved 11464: 11457: 11445: 11433:. Retrieved 11413: 11406: 11394: 11382:. Retrieved 11362: 11355: 11343:. Retrieved 11323: 11316: 11304:. Retrieved 11284: 11277: 11265:. Retrieved 11245: 11238: 11226: 11214:. Retrieved 11194: 11187: 11175: 11170:, p. 2. 11163: 11151: 11139:. Retrieved 11119: 11112: 11105:Waldron 1997 11100: 11088:. Retrieved 11068: 11061: 11049: 11037:. Retrieved 11017: 11010: 10998:. Retrieved 10978: 10971: 10959: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10926:(1): 25–39. 10923: 10919: 10913: 10904: 10898: 10886: 10874: 10865: 10859: 10834: 10823:. Retrieved 10801: 10791: 10766: 10760: 10751: 10738: 10730: 10723:. Retrieved 10695: 10688: 10676: 10663: 10657: 10648: 10631: 10626: 10614: 10607:Waldron 1997 10602: 10590: 10578: 10571:Chapman 2002 10556:Chapman 2002 10551: 10539:. Retrieved 10512: 10508: 10498: 10478: 10471: 10459:. Retrieved 10439: 10427:. Retrieved 10407: 10400: 10388:. Retrieved 10368: 10361: 10353: 10352:David Moon, 10348: 10329: 10323: 10304: 10298: 10287: 10278: 10266:. Retrieved 10246: 10219: 10215: 10209: 10200: 10191: 10184:Dowling 2014 10179: 10172:Dowling 2014 10167: 10155: 10146: 10140: 10131: 10122: 10112: 10107: 10098: 10092: 10083: 10080:Palmer, Alan 10074: 10067:Dowling 2014 10062: 10055:Dowling 2014 10050: 10042: 10037: 10026:, retrieved 10016: 10010: 10003:Waldron 1997 9998: 9987:, retrieved 9965: 9955: 9926: 9916: 9897: 9891: 9883: 9878: 9870: 9865: 9857: 9852: 9840: 9828:. Retrieved 9819: 9810: 9791: 9785: 9769: 9757:. Retrieved 9748: 9743: 9736: 9724:. Retrieved 9714: 9707: 9695:. Retrieved 9686: 9681: 9674: 9654: 9647: 9634: 9629: 9622: 9614:the original 9609: 9599: 9589: 9585: 9583: 9568: 9561: 9549:. Retrieved 9545:the original 9540: 9531: 9519:. Retrieved 9515:the original 9498: 9493: 9486: 9474:. Retrieved 9465: 9439:. Retrieved 9435:the original 9428: 9418: 9406:. Retrieved 9397: 9384: 9376: 9368: 9356: 9347: 9333: 9327: 9319: 9312:. Retrieved 9292: 9285:apparatus... 9283: 9276:. Retrieved 9256: 9249: 9237:. 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Retrieved 8743: 8734: 8699: 8676: 8653: 8639: 8634: 8622: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8587: 8560: 8524: 8515: 8507: 8506:, or simply 8499: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8432: 8423: 8410: 8393: 8376: 8298: 8265: 8253: 8249: 8231: 8225: 8218: 8198: 8189: 8180: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8089: 8082: 8061:Alexander II 8050: 8043: 8040: 8033: 8021: 8010:Alexander II 7981: 7976:Raznochintsy 7974: 7967: 7960:Other status 7954: 7947: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7889: 7851: 7849:militaries. 7824: 7811: 7731: 7690:Karaite Jews 7611:(Minor) and 7495: 7448: 7445:Sergei Witte 7417: 7394: 7355: 7319: 7304: 7272: 7224: 7170: 7150: 7145: 7125: 7111: 7090:Alexander II 7016:Central Asia 7013: 7009: 6749:Ural Region 6709:Volga region 6706: 6693: 6671: 6647:Sergei Witte 6636: 6601: 6551:. Under the 6530: 6503: 6497: 6466: 6457: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6412: 6387:Alexander II 6376: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6248: 6247:The Senate ( 6246: 6224: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6082: 6070:governorates 6062: 6054: 6052: 6029: 6023: 5992:depicts the 5957: 5949:Pauline Laws 5925: 5899:Genghis Khan 5891: 5878: 5864: 5848: 5842: 5725: 5719: 5711: 5705: 5700:full list... 5698: 5684: 5677: 5663: 5656: 5642: 5635: 5621: 5614: 5600: 5593: 5531:Mobilization 5523:Debt default 5465:Chechen wars 5416:since 1991: 5393:full list... 5391: 5370:Russian SFSR 5359:Soviet Union 5276:Korenization 5246:full list... 5244: 5180:Russian SFSR 5089: 5003: 4948:Zemsky Sobor 4916:full list... 4914: 4840:full list... 4838: 4785: 4771:Ancient Rus' 4631: 4619:Kamehameha I 4600: 4585: 4577:Soviet Union 4562: 4555: 4540: 4510: 4499:East Prussia 4496: 4485: 4478: 4456:through the 4447: 4423:vassal state 4408: 4403:governorates 4386:through the 4362: 4332:, including 4315: 4301: 4218: 4189:Gulf of Riga 4170: 4126:Manych River 4096:was part of 4078:Arctic Ocean 4071: 4044: 3996: 3989: 3966: 3910:Novorossiysk 3891: 3865: 3839:. While the 3825:Cisleithania 3818: 3755: 3723:Ninth armies 3671:East Prussia 3664: 3609: 3574: 3536:rejected an 3523: 3496: 3441: 3392: 3371:Georgy Gapon 3360: 3325: 3309: 3304: 3289: 3286: 3278: 3263: 3258:Moscow River 3195: 3148: 3117: 3070: 3045:Batum Oblast 3026: 2994:Pan-Slavists 2961: 2917: 2909:wage slavery 2904: 2898: 2886:Alexander II 2883: 2856: 2705: 2647:against the 2626: 2547: 2541: 2538:collectivism 2530: 2522: 2491: 2463: 2426:Grande Armée 2415: 2352:First Consul 2344:state of war 2333: 2290: 2237:State budget 2227: 2204: 2189: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2126: 2100:, alongside 2083: 2080: 2058: 2038: 2020: 2002: 1939: 1920: 1908:patriarchate 1897: 1870: 1818: 1779: 1764: 1755: 1722:18th century 1718:domination. 1665: 1661:Baltic coast 1642: 1631:modern fleet 1620: 1598: 1586:The Victory 1585: 1576:of all Rusia 1573: 1566: 1542:Peter I 1539: 1440:territories 1384: 1367:Ivan IV 1360: 1329:Soviet Union 1278: 1264:. After the 1246:Central Asia 1242:the Caucasus 1226:Arctic Ocean 1211: 1201:) initiated 1192:Alexander II 1157:colonization 1132: 1044: 1003: 1001: 931:Succeeded by 930: 925: 898:• 1910 820:Constitution 768:3 March 1861 464:Christianity 389:Largest city 148: 138:S' nami Bog! 133:Motto: 132: 120:Coat of arms 101: 91: 36: 21065:World War I 21028:Balkan Wars 21013:Second Boer 20998:Banana Wars 20962:July Crisis 20893:Dreadnought 20878:Weltpolitik 20722:Pan-Slavism 19797:Khwarezmian 19730:Carolingian 19535:Rashtrakuta 19239:Shaishunaga 19138:Hellenistic 19121:New Kingdom 19111:Old Kingdom 18865:World War I 18855:Nationalism 18743:Reformation 18728:Renaissance 18700:Black Death 18633:Kievan Rus' 18536:Middle Ages 18313:British Raj 18285:(Sri Lanka) 18171:Württemberg 17883:South Yemen 17771:Maguindanao 17664:Afghanistan 17425:Barotseland 17361:Saint Lucia 17334:New Zealand 17243:Netherlands 17016:Chhatrapati 17000:Sovereignty 16940:Aristocracy 16725:tea culture 16578:Fairy tales 16441:Open access 16414:Immigration 16375:Gun control 16114:Agriculture 16083:Term limits 15993:Martial law 15988:Nationalism 15983:Irredentism 15978:Imperialism 15761:Caspian Sea 15677:Environment 15672:Earthquakes 15568:Union State 15556:Dissolution 15455:Kievan Rus' 15445:Early Slavs 14548:30 December 14515:30 December 14292:. Penguin. 14093:Works cited 13998:esp p. 234. 13767:Jerome Blum 13462:www.bbc.com 13417:: 127–141. 11729:Tucker 2019 11693:Tucker 2014 11642:30 December 11603:30 December 11564:30 December 11525:30 December 11486:30 December 11450:Tucker 2019 11435:30 December 11399:Tucker 2014 11384:30 December 11306:30 December 11267:30 December 11231:Lieven 2015 11216:30 December 11168:Lieven 2015 11156:Lieven 2015 11054:Lieven 2015 10964:Ascher 2004 10953:(11): 64ff. 10891:Freeze 2002 10879:Lieven 2006 10670:Lieven 2006 10028:1 September 10005:, p. . 9845:Hughes 1998 9776:, pp. 9726:20 November 9521:20 November 9441:20 November 9314:30 December 9278:30 December 8603:. However, 8403:World War I 8108:Repartition 7927:dvoryanstvo 7854:World War I 7835:Crimean War 7740:(156,400), 7548:11,467,994 7535:13,906,972 7522:87,123,604 7326:Crimean War 7299:Circassians 7201:Lutheranism 7157:archbishops 7044:Krasnovodsk 7036:Caspian Sea 6674:agriculture 6662:Agriculture 6602:Before the 6560:police and 6512:, however, 6492: 1900 6404:bureaucracy 6400:jury system 6059:lower house 6026:Upper House 6018:Catherine I 5990: 1847 5964:Organic Law 5920:Nicholas II 5883:controversy 5866:sui generis 5425:August Coup 5348:War of Laws 5330:Perestroika 5308:Warsaw Pact 5296:Great Purge 5259:1923–1991: 5123:White Guard 5103:Directorate 5072:1917–1923: 4929:1480–1917: 4855:Feudal Rus' 4853:1240–1480: 4726:Rus' people 4718:Early Slavs 4685:History of 4558:Organic Law 4547:Kodiak town 4470:Turkmenchay 4376:grand duchy 4365:Finnish War 4209:Caspian Sea 4187:river. The 4134:Sea of Azov 4114:Caspian Sea 4005:; Nicholas 3946:Enver Pasha 3683:second army 3607:Petrograd. 3605:Russianised 3543:Nicholas II 3519:Balkan Wars 3513:. The 1908 3476:Crimean War 3456:World War I 3357:(1904–1905) 3266:Nicholas II 3196:Meanwhile, 3171:Port Arthur 3124:Afghanistan 3049:Kars Oblast 2948:Vladivostok 2922:Priamurye ( 2913:bourgeoisie 2871:Crimean War 2816:Crimean War 2814:during the 2635:) from the 2598:during the 2534:Slavophiles 2514:Constantine 2159:Nicholas II 1923:Catherine I 1842:Caspian Sea 1786:Arkhangelsk 1704:Jacob Bruce 1629:. Russia's 1270:Nicholas II 1184:Crimean War 1161:Alexander I 1006:was a vast 926:Preceded by 902:161,000,000 892:125,640,021 692:(1905–1917) 683:Lower house 675:(1810–1917) 666:Upper house 653:Legislature 593:Nicholas II 556:(1906–1917) 544:(1721–1906) 514:0.2% Others 485:5.7% Other 384:(1728–1730) 281:(1816–1833) 249:(1794–1816) 217:(1791–1816) 164:(1833–1917) 124:(1882–1917) 21080:Categories 20750:agreements 20698:Great Game 20664:Revanchism 20367:Portuguese 20248:Revival Le 20238:Vietnamese 19881:Later Tran 19851:Vietnamese 19747:Singhasari 19735:Holy Roman 19359:Bulgarian 19295:Satavahana 19266:Phoenician 19202:Achaemenid 19163:Indo-Greek 19143:Macedonian 19057:Babylonian 18628:Viking Age 18443:Prehistory 18379:Tanganyika 18294:The Gambia 18222:Niuē-Fekai 18161:Yugoslavia 18061:Montenegro 17868:Upper Yafa 17863:Upper Asir 17500:Madagascar 17233:Luxembourg 16965:Government 16930:Abdication 16899:Hereditary 16827:Monarchies 16730:Television 16705:Philosophy 16638:Mass media 16628:Literature 16623:Inventions 16385:Healthcare 16320:Corruption 16310:Censorship 16201:(currency) 16078:Separatism 16023:Opposition 16008:Neo-Nazism 15998:Monarchism 15968:Liberalism 15963:Propaganda 15923:Government 15790:North Asia 15591:Journalism 15450:East Slavs 15440:Sarmatians 15130:8 February 15110:8 February 14987:. Vol. 1: 14428:11 January 14395:13 January 14343:10 January 14310:10 January 14133:13 January 14037:pp 423–31. 13572:2 February 13558:"Nicholas" 13502:15 October 13472:17 October 13441:17 October 13390:15 October 13274:17 October 13223:17 October 13171:15 October 13112:15 October 13004:25 January 12963:25 January 12929:25 January 12537:15 October 12470:15 October 12440:2 February 12426:"Nicholas" 12410:2 February 12380:2 February 12343:15 October 12302:17 October 12272:17 October 12222:17 October 12141:Ab Imperio 12113:16 January 11884:(2): 3–7. 11778:Pipes 2011 11766:Pipes 2011 11754:Pipes 2011 11141:10 January 11090:10 January 11039:10 January 11000:10 January 10541:2 February 10461:21 January 10429:21 January 10390:21 January 10160:Stein 1976 9830:15 October 9774:Pipes 1974 9476:15 October 9045:Pipes 1974 8929:(2): 223. 8726:References 8184:rack-rents 8177:Landowners 8091:State serf 8023:Maslenitsa 7917:sosloviyes 7868:See also: 7770:See also: 7744:(82,100), 7651:Mennonites 7600:1,179,241 7587:2,204,596 7574:3,572,653 7561:5,215,805 7459:Demography 7413:Doukhobors 7239:Cantonists 7205:bishoprics 7193:Protestant 7191:, and the 7142:Procurator 7098:coronation 6963:Petroleum 6923:Manganese 6690:barshchina 6656:income tax 6616:Nicholas I 6604:liberation 6539:and later 6345:Sevastopol 6296:guberniyas 6227:Procurator 6085:landowners 6043:State Duma 6031:ex officio 5491:amendments 5403:Tannu Tuva 5326:Afghan War 5261:Soviet Era 4769:879–1240: 4710:Prehistory 4664:See also: 4525:See also: 4427:Bessarabia 4373:autonomous 4354:California 4261:Azerbaijan 4249:Bessarabia 4154:Baltic Sea 4112:, and the 4110:Ural River 3938:Sarikamish 3906:Sevastopol 3743:took place 3703:Tenth Army 3675:Tannenberg 3480:Great Game 3425:See also: 3336:Bolsheviks 3332:Mensheviks 3270:revolution 3240:Ilya Repin 3132:Great Game 3010:Montenegro 2812:Sevastopol 2728:propaganda 2657:Azerbaijan 2502:liberalism 2494:Nicholas I 2395:Bessarabia 2363:Austerlitz 2298:Versailles 2287: oz). 2196:Great Game 2165:Grand duke 1964:See also: 1881:Boyar Duma 1877:absolutist 1848:. He made 1834:Italianate 1794:Baltic Sea 1674:, and the 1588:at Poltava 1515:Background 1482:Bessarabia 1397:, and the 1381:Population 1343:, and the 1325:Red Terror 1311:and whose 1305:Bolsheviks 1274:State Duma 1244:, most of 1234:Baltic Sea 1063:Qing China 1055:Qajar Iran 950:Tsardom of 875:Population 827:6 May 1906 689:State Duma 605:Chancellor 534:Government 523:Demonym(s) 339:Show globe 20713:Meiji era 20560:Alliances 20360:Couronian 19998:Ethiopian 19986:Manchukuo 19941:Brazilian 19787:Ghaznavid 19757:Srivijaya 19708:Trebizond 19693:Byzantine 19675:North Sea 19670:Norwegian 19658:Almoravid 19641:Ilkhanate 19611:Majapahit 19584:Muromachi 19493:Solomonic 19478:Ethiopian 19392:Caliphate 19325:Aragonese 19153:Ptolemaic 18675:Feudalism 18646:Catalonia 18349:Mauritius 18242:Rarotonga 18227:Nuku Hiva 18217:Mangareva 18192:Bora Bora 18071:Neuchâtel 18041:Lithuania 17946:Catalonia 17833:Sri Lanka 17786:Manchukuo 17761:Kurdistan 17715:Indonesia 17638:Talamanca 17598:Araucanía 17581:and other 17560:Wassoulou 17304:Australia 16980:Oligarchy 16588:Festivals 16481:Sociology 16431:Languages 16350:Education 16254:Transport 16088:Terrorism 15933:Judiciary 15927:Apparatus 15893:Elections 15858:Anarchism 15832:Far North 15783:Volcanoes 15768:Mountains 15645:Geography 15524:Civil war 15435:Scythians 14904:, 288 pp. 14766:1801–1917 14457:18540198M 14232:5 January 13994:144460404 13951:163868977 13539:874151263 13423:0066-9628 13364:0018-7143 13325:145315419 13317:1879-3665 13256:0037-6795 13213:2214-1324 13161:145405540 13153:0963-7494 13102:0013-8266 13047:1252-6576 12831:22 August 12821:Study.com 12768:22 August 12577:902954232 12527:163469315 12511:0037-6779 12262:930490047 12212:969962873 11825:Diplomacy 11345:5 January 10531:1991-9336 9586:Imperator 9425:"Peter I" 9361:Moss 2003 9239:5 January 9148:37192398M 9104:14 August 9072:8 October 8935:1076-156X 8623:imperator 8600:imperator 8574:romanized 8538:romanized 8445:romanized 8399:Petrograd 8386:Wallachia 8238:Education 8104:Obshchina 8065:liberated 8057:education 8012:that year 7949:inorodtsy 7940:Tatarstan 7754:Semireche 7750:Samarkand 7734:Turkestan 7703:Anglicans 7609:Buddhists 7570:Lutherans 7506:Religion 7358:Lutherans 7161:parochial 7136:—was the 7052:Samarkand 7042:began at 7028:Black Sea 7002:train at 6883:Pig Iron 6783:Platinum 6755:Caucasus 6704:in 1649. 6676:on large 6415:tribunals 6353:Nikolayev 5879:unlimited 5871:unlimited 5859:under an 5784:1982–1991 5780:1964–1982 5776:1953–1964 5772:1927–1953 5768:1917–1927 5764:1894–1917 5760:1855–1894 5756:1796–1855 5752:1721–1796 5527:Sanctions 5477:Oligarchy 5407:1921–1944 5385:1940–1956 5374:1922–1991 5363:1922–1991 5280:Stalinism 5238:1921–1923 5227:1918–1920 5217:1922–1922 5206:1920–1922 5195:1919–1922 5184:1917–1922 5174:1917–1918 5163:1917–1918 5149:Emigrants 5135:Priamurye 5119:Civil War 5095:July Days 5063:1914–1921 5052:1900–1905 5041:1867–1915 5030:1809–1917 5019:1799–1867 5008:1721–1917 4998:1547–1721 4908:1263–1547 4898:1157–1331 4888:1136–1478 4832:1093–1157 4757:Garðaríki 4714:Antiquity 4615:Kaumualii 4601:In 1815, 4511:Gumbinnen 4358:New Spain 4205:Bosphorus 4195:, and by 4140:from the 4118:Black Sea 4062:Geography 4025:Territory 4003:Tsarevich 3970:Alexandra 3872:offensive 3861:Premissel 3727:Mackensen 3713:with his 3697:was near 3462:'s rival 3351:at Mukden 3296:Octobrist 3159:Manchuria 3155:East Asia 3146:of 1907. 3120:Turkestan 3061:Armenians 3053:Georgians 2879:Åland War 2827:Samarkand 2763:from the 2757:panoramic 2693:Gümüşhane 2679:. In the 2550:over the 2543:obshchina 2434:guerrilla 2405:from the 2397:from the 2379:Coalition 2371:Friedland 2365:in 1805, 2340:Alexander 2294:Amsterdam 2231:Bolshevik 2155:in 1799. 2094:Black Sea 2034:Beard tax 2026:Peter III 1946:Elizabeth 1864:and 1735 1850:Astrakhan 1827:, on the 1790:White Sea 1649:geography 1644:Vedomosti 1574:Imperator 1476:includes 1462:includes 1375:Astrakhan 1262:communism 1230:Black Sea 487:Christian 446:Religion 68:1721–1917 20340:Japanese 20303:Scottish 20283:American 20275:Colonial 20204:Imperial 20172:Moroccan 20108:Japanese 20086:Afsharid 19945:Burmese 19931:Austrian 19886:Later Le 19861:Early Le 19846:Venetian 19772:Tiwanaku 19685:Hellenic 19648:Moroccan 19579:Kamakura 19569:Japanese 19552:Saffarid 19505:Georgian 19419:Chalukya 19397:Rashidun 19387:Calakmul 19355:Bruneian 19234:Haryanka 19212:Sasanian 19207:Parthian 19158:Bactrian 19148:Seleucid 19128:Goguryeo 19106:Egyptian 19040:Assyrian 19030:Akkadian 19021:Colonies 18914:See also 18885:Cold War 18680:Crusades 18650:Valencia 18364:Rhodesia 18359:Pakistan 18278:Barbados 18247:Rimatara 18237:Rapa Iti 18166:Valencia 18141:Tavolara 18131:Scotland 18096:Portugal 18056:Moldavia 17941:Bulgaria 17936:Brittany 17911:Asturias 17791:Mongolia 17781:Maldives 17643:Trinidad 17633:Suriname 17591:Americas 17575:Zimbabwe 17570:Zanzibar 17555:Wituland 17530:Ngazidja 17525:Ndzuwani 17460:Ethiopia 17183:Thailand 17163:Malaysia 17143:Cambodia 17093:Eswatini 16889:Elective 16874:Absolute 16780:Category 16658:Nobility 16618:Internet 16613:Heraldry 16608:Graffiti 16593:Folklore 16536:Armorial 16466:Religion 16451:Polygamy 16390:HIV/AIDS 16370:Funerals 16360:Feminism 16330:Deafness 16315:Citizens 16305:Cannabis 16290:Abortion 16234:Taxation 16174:Gambling 16164:Forestry 16013:Military 15846:Politics 15827:Wildlife 15773:Caucasus 15736:Glaciers 15616:Military 15601:Internet 15579:By topic 15473:Vladimir 15468:Novgorod 15422:Timeline 15274:Archived 15222:Archived 15044:Archived 14953:Archived 14888:(2002). 14862:3569059M 14831:3532000M 14823:45990840 14803:(1939). 14793:3785581M 14542:Archived 14509:Archived 14422:Archived 14389:Archived 14337:Archived 14304:Archived 14286:(2015). 14244:(1998). 14226:Archived 14193:Archived 14160:Archived 14127:Archived 14079:Archived 13874:Archived 13845:Archived 13638:27 April 13632:Archived 13596:27 April 13590:Archived 13566:Archived 13549:19 March 13543:Archived 13496:Archived 13466:Archived 13435:Archived 13431:24040086 13384:Archived 13372:19130794 13268:Archived 13217:Archived 13165:Archived 13106:Archived 13063:36114349 13055:20171169 12998:Archived 12957:Archived 12923:Archived 12885:Politico 12825:Archived 12762:Archived 12667:19 March 12661:Archived 12657:62282613 12587:19 March 12581:Archived 12531:Archived 12464:Archived 12434:Archived 12404:Archived 12374:Archived 12337:Archived 12296:Archived 12266:Archived 12216:Archived 12107:Archived 11851:1432465M 11843:29428792 11823:(1994). 11636:Archived 11597:Archived 11558:Archived 11519:Archived 11480:Archived 11429:Archived 11378:Archived 11339:Archived 11300:Archived 11261:Archived 11210:Archived 11135:Archived 11084:Archived 11033:Archived 10994:Archived 10851:5918954M 10825:19 March 10820:3681754M 10783:5911156M 10725:22 March 10719:Archived 10715:51330174 10639:Archived 10535:Archived 10455:Archived 10423:Archived 10384:Archived 10286:(1981). 10268:11 March 10262:Archived 10199:(1957). 10130:(1978). 10082:(1967). 10022:archived 9824:Archived 9753:Archived 9720:Archived 9691:Archived 9639:Archived 9470:Archived 9408:26 March 9402:Archived 9308:Archived 9272:Archived 9233:Archived 9194:Archived 9152:Archived 9098:Archived 9066:Archived 8999:Archived 8969:Archived 8939:Archived 8903:Archived 8853:Archived 8774:Archived 8754:6 August 8748:Archived 8382:Moldavia 8315:See also 8135:in 1909) 8098:Peasants 7936:peasants 7932:cossacks 7922:nobility 7829:and the 7760:Military 7746:Namangan 7738:Tashkent 7677:Baptists 7638:Reformed 7629:285,321 7618:433,863 7615:(Minor) 7613:Lamaists 7435:Russian 7253:May Laws 7189:Buddhism 7146:de facto 7126:ex supra 7062:Religion 7056:Tashkent 6990:Railways 6758:Siberia 6702:Alexis I 6682:peasants 6632:poll tax 6562:manorial 6500:zemstvos 6459:zemstvos 6447:and the 6333:Sakhalin 6305:, and 1 6074:peasants 6037:zemstvos 5748:860–1721 5744:Timeline 5481:Putinism 5435:Protocol 5433:Alma-Ata 5338:Karabakh 5318:transfer 5304:Cold War 5127:Red Army 5111:election 4944:Troubles 4822:988–1402 4812:987–1397 4802:882–1136 4747:Arthania 4676:a series 4674:Part of 4650:gunboats 4646:Djibouti 4590:and the 4466:Gulistan 4450:Caucasus 4130:Pliocene 4122:Caucasus 4120:and the 4094:Kara Sea 4086:Kolguyev 4084:and the 4056:Russians 4007:accepted 3934:Köprüköy 3930:crossing 3914:Feodosia 3845:besieged 3791:Volhynia 3779:Tarnopol 3758:withdraw 3630:Theatres 3492:railways 3320:Narodnik 3256:View of 3077:Nihilist 2986:Bulgaria 2920:obtained 2865:and the 2759:view of 2685:Anatolia 2653:Dagestan 2147:led the 1974:Empress 1840:and the 1838:Caucasus 1808:against 1625:with an 1622:votchina 1613:nobility 1172:Napoleon 1075:Ivan III 911:Currency 848:Republic 510:Buddhism 481:Catholic 474:official 20693:In Asia 20526:Germany 20407:largest 20402:Empires 20382:Swedish 20377:Spanish 20372:Russian 20335:Italian 20310:Chinese 20298:English 20293:British 20288:Belgian 20263:Vietnam 20253:Tay son 20199:Tsarist 20194:Russian 20189:Ottoman 20155:Dzungar 20150:Khoshut 20123:Mexican 20118:Maratha 20101:Pahlavi 20081:Safavid 20076:Iranian 20003:Haitian 19966:Chinese 19926:Ashanti 19898:Wagadou 19824:Eastern 19819:Western 19802:Timurid 19762:Tibetan 19752:Songhai 19742:Serbian 19663:Almohad 19653:Idrisid 19557:Samanid 19547:Tahirid 19542:Iranian 19520:Kannauj 19500:Genoese 19436:Chinese 19429:Eastern 19424:Western 19412:Fatimid 19407:Abbasid 19402:Umayyad 19375:Burmese 19335:Ayyubid 19330:Angevin 19300:Xianbei 19288:Eastern 19283:Western 19229:Magadha 19192:Iranian 19185:Xiongnu 19170:Hittite 19079:Chinese 19067:Kassite 19016:Ancient 19008:Empires 18755:Baroque 18654:Majorca 18566:Francia 18354:Nigeria 18329:Ireland 18257:Tahuata 18232:Raiatea 18212:Huahine 18187:Abemama 18180:Oceania 18151:Tuscany 18106:Romania 18101:Prussia 18066:Navarre 18046:Majorca 18026:Ireland 18021:Imereti 18016:Iceland 18011:Hungary 18006:Hanover 18001:Granada 17991:Germany 17986:Georgia 17981:Galicia 17971:Finland 17961:Corsica 17956:Cilicia 17926:Bavaria 17916:Austria 17901:Albania 17873:Vietnam 17816:Sarawak 17806:Qu'aiti 17741:Kathiri 17704:Dapitan 17679:Bukhara 17628:Miskito 17550:Tunisia 17540:Shilluk 17450:Dahomey 17440:Burundi 17430:Bagirmi 17410:Adamawa 17329:Jamaica 17324:Grenada 17309:Bahamas 17273:Oceania 17223:Denmark 17218:Belgium 17213:Andorra 17128:Bahrain 17103:Morocco 17098:Lesotho 17077:Current 17068:Pharaoh 17021:Emperor 16960:Dynasty 16914:Regency 16894:Federal 16884:Diarchy 16838:Monarch 16771:Outline 16583:Fashion 16573:Fashion 16561:Cuisine 16523:Culture 16511:in army 16496:Wedding 16491:Suicide 16486:Smoking 16471:Slavery 16446:Orphans 16419:Illegal 16295:Alcohol 16278:Society 16244:Tourism 16124:Banking 16102:Economy 15947:Prisons 15795:Siberia 15751:Islands 15731:Geology 15667:Climate 15657:Borders 15621:Outline 15596:Judaism 15586:Economy 15413:History 15359:YouTube 15187:(2008). 15173:396 pp. 14941:(1997). 14925:(1983). 14881:(2006). 14601:Surveys 14264:358704M 13943:3185576 13911:(1991). 13898:(1991). 13724:(2012) 13691:(2006). 13380:9520618 13264:4205179 12740:(ed.). 12519:2502001 12460:Haaretz 12292:Haaretz 11744:(2011). 10634:(1895) 9886:(1969). 9860:(1972). 9759:5 April 9697:4 April 9349:lands'. 9200:20 June 9158:20 June 9030:20 July 9005:20 July 8975:20 July 8909:28 June 8899:2600793 8660:барщина 8609:emperor 8576:: 8565:Russian 8540:: 8529:Russian 8277:Kharkov 8153:Kherson 8069:zemstvo 8053:Siberia 7990:Serfdom 7904:Estates 7893:Mironov 7864:Society 7847:British 7815:in 1799 7694:12,894 7681:38,139 7668:38,840 7655:66,564 7642:85,400 7531:Muslims 7449:Memoirs 7441:Okhrana 7433:Tsarist 7425:pogroms 7409:Molokan 7397:uniates 7197:Judaism 7100:in 1856 7048:Bukhara 7034:on the 7026:on the 6863:Copper 6803:Silver 6678:estates 6606:of the 6580:Economy 6537:Estonia 6533:Livonia 6514:by-laws 6450:volosts 6391:English 6313:Vassals 6302:oblasts 6231:Georgia 6078:volosts 5935:emperor 5905:Emperor 5790:present 5690:present 5669:present 5648:present 5627:present 5606:present 5586:present 5569:present 5552:present 5515:Prelude 5312:Comecon 4942:Time of 4705:Periods 4638:Sagallo 4401:Map of 4380:Finland 4281:Ardahan 4265:Georgia 4257:Armenia 4245:Belarus 4197:Germans 4177:Finland 4162:Prussia 4144:to the 4098:Siberia 3963:in 1917 3944:routed 3853:Gorlice 3837:Galicia 3833:Lemberg 3821:Galicia 3795:Podolia 3771:pushing 3731:Galicia 3711:Silesia 3667:invaded 3624:Belgium 3581:Germany 3565:Germany 3460:Germany 3452:Entente 3448:Britain 3388:Soviets 3104:Siberia 3033:Ardahan 3006:Romania 3002:Germany 2954:to the 2894:serfdom 2890:serfdom 2869:in the 2859:Britain 2841:in 1873 2724:Britain 2689:Erzurum 2673:Armenia 2526:katorga 2445:. The " 2403:Finland 2391:Austria 2359:emperor 2348:Corsica 2282:⁄ 2268:⁄ 2254:⁄ 2177:Denmark 2145:Suvorov 2106:Prussia 2102:Austria 2049:Cossack 1788:on the 1766:kholops 1752:, 1717. 1716:British 1653:geology 1595:in 1862 1546:reforms 1533:in the 1351:History 1337:Germany 1303:by the 1113:Romanov 1111:to the 1094:Ivan IV 1024:British 1012:Eurasia 885:• 833:• 822:adopted 817:• 804:• 791:• 776:Selling 774:• 761:• 746:• 733:• 710:• 697:History 681:• 664:• 562:Emperor 547:Unitary 538:Unitary 528:Russian 504:Judaism 435:Chinese 431:Swedish 427:Finnish 403:Russian 369:Capital 151: " 149:Anthem: 102:Bottom: 21051:Second 21038:Second 20835:Events 20625:Trends 20541:Russia 20521:France 20345:Mongol 20330:German 20325:French 20315:Danish 20258:Dainam 20233:Tongan 20221:Somali 20216:Sokoto 20182:'Alawi 20160:Kalmyk 20140:Mongol 20133:Second 20113:Korean 20064:Mughal 20054:Indian 20037:German 20030:Second 20020:French 20013:Second 19949:Second 19921:Afghan 19913:Modern 19839:Kyrgyz 19834:Uighur 19829:Second 19809:Turkic 19777:Toltec 19713:Epirus 19698:Nicaea 19621:Mongol 19574:Yamato 19510:Huetar 19368:Second 19305:Rouran 19254:Shunga 19249:Maurya 19224:Kushan 19197:Median 19175:Hunnic 19133:Harsha 18642:Aragon 18621:Amalfi 18606:Venice 18594:Second 18389:Uganda 18339:Malawi 18304:Guyana 18283:Ceylon 18262:Tahiti 18252:Rurutu 18207:Hawaii 18136:Serbia 18121:Saxony 18111:Russia 17996:Greece 17976:France 17966:Cyprus 17951:Crimea 17931:Bosnia 17906:Aragon 17894:Europe 17858:Taiwan 17828:Sikkim 17811:Ryukyu 17796:Najran 17694:Chehab 17674:Bengal 17623:Mexico 17608:Brazil 17535:Rwanda 17515:Maravi 17415:Ankole 17403:Africa 17395:Former 17376:Tuvalu 17319:Canada 17314:Belize 17258:Sweden 17248:Norway 17238:Monaco 17205:Europe 17158:Kuwait 17153:Jordan 17138:Brunei 17133:Bhutan 17085:Africa 17058:Sultan 17009:Titles 16923:Topics 16785:Portal 16740:Sports 16668:Anthem 16556:Cinema 16551:Ballet 16461:Racism 16424:Labour 16380:Health 16345:Doping 16199:Ruble 16184:Mining 16154:Energy 15817:Rivers 15726:Fjords 15626:Postal 15478:Moscow 15404:Russia 15307:online 15271:online 15219:Online 15210:(1993) 15165: 15152:online 15068: 15056:(1988) 15041:online 15018: 14995: 14965:(2014) 14950:online 14896: 14860: 14850: 14829: 14821: 14811: 14791: 14781: 14696:online 14677:online 14664: 14646: 14611:(2011) 14577: 14534: 14501: 14455: 14445: 14414: 14381: 14360: 14329: 14296: 14262: 14252: 14218: 14185: 14166:12 May 14152: 14119: 14067: 13992: 13986:368437 13984: 13949: 13941: 13871:online 13851:5 July 13837: 13804:(1999) 13788:(1989) 13775:(1961) 13754:(2008) 13734: 13624: 13537: 13527: 13429: 13421: 13378: 13370: 13362: 13323: 13315: 13262: 13254: 13211: 13159: 13151: 13100: 13061: 13053: 13045: 12990: 12949: 12915: 12869: 12805: 12787: 12754: 12715: 12690: 12655: 12645: 12615: 12575: 12565: 12525: 12517: 12509: 12260: 12250: 12210: 12200: 12099: 11955: 11930: 11849: 11841: 11831: 11803: 11628: 11589: 11550: 11511: 11472: 11421: 11370: 11331: 11292: 11253: 11202: 11127: 11076: 11025: 10986: 10849: 10843:405923 10841: 10818: 10808: 10781: 10775:299007 10773: 10713: 10703: 10636:online 10529: 10486: 10447: 10415: 10376: 10336: 10311: 10254: 9989:22 May 9980: 9943: 9904: 9798: 9662: 9576: 9551:9 July 9507: 9340: 9300: 9264: 9225: 9186: 9146: 9136: 8933: 8897: 8798: 8713:Ingria 8508:Russia 8504:Russia 8309:Tiflis 8289:Dorpat 8158:steppe 7934:, and 7884:, and 7843:French 7839:German 7790:, and 7742:Kokand 7718:3,952 7707:4,183 7538:11.1% 7525:69.3% 7453:Police 7439:, the 7352:(1906) 7199:, and 7078:, and 7054:, and 7038:. 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