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The Painter's Studio

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but the subjects on this side of the painting resided in Paris. For example, the portrait of Charles Baudelaire was directly copied from Courbet's 1847 portrait of the writer. Courbet was in written correspondence with Champfleury in regards to this painting (from which much of the interpretation of
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in art in the mid-19th century. Due to the short amount of time Courbet had to paint it, many original plans for the work had to be discarded. The most noticeable example of this is in the background of the painting. On the back wall of the studio in the painting, Courbet planned to paint
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The left side of the painting depicts people of everyday life in France. The Jewish man and the Irishwoman were seen on a trip Courbet took to London in 1848, according to a letter Courbet wrote to Champfleury describing what the painting would look like. There is also a
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is derived) and requested a photograph of Proudhon, the philosopher and anarchist, so that he could be included in the painting. It is the photograph Courbet received from Champfleury on which Proudhon's portrait is based.
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replications of other works of his. He ran out of time to paint these in their entirety, so he then covered them up with a reddish-brown preparation color, leaving the partially-finished paintings still relatively visible.
277:, including friends of the artist. These are figures who played a role in the development of Courbet's career as an artist, or who inspired him in some way. Portrayals included on this side of the painting include 1354: 293:, and a wealthy pair of art collectors, among other prominent society figures. A majority of these portraits were copied from previous portraits or from photographs, since the painting was entirely made in 351:
The cluster of items at the foot of the hunter (on the left), including a guitar, a dagger, a plumed hat, and a buckled shoe, is a symbol of the death of the
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representations of various influences on Courbet's artistic life. On the left are human figures from all levels of society. In the center, Courbet works on a
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The center of the painting depicts Courbet painting a landscape, a nude female figure, a young boy, and a white cat. On his canvas, Courbet paints the
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The meaning of the oxymoron "real allegory" in the subtitle of the painting, as well as Courbet's intent in conjuring this phrase, is debated.
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L'Atelier du peintre. Allégorie réelle déterminant une phase de sept années de ma vie artistique et morale.
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due to the rising popularity of Realism, or a symbol of the death of Romanticism in Courbet's own oeuvre.
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Courbet chose to paint the Loué River Valley on his canvas-within-a-canvas as an act of defiant
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The Painter's Studio: A real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life
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The Painter's Studio: A real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life
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was one of the few painters who supported the work. Of the painting, Courbet stated that
19:"The Artist's Studio" redirects here. For the community theatre in Fishers, Indiana, see 1068: 202: 124: 90: 2598: 2482: 2332: 2120: 2102: 1970: 1386: 1367: 979: 717: 709: 290: 155: 2084: 1792: 1373: 860: 765: 559: 536: 413: 138:, France in 1855. "The world comes to be painted at my studio," said Courbet of the 2392: 1585: 1404: 1335: 1266:
Répétition du "Joueur de flûte" et de "La femme de Diomède" chez le prince Napoléon
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Arab Chiefs Challenging each other to Single Combat under the Ramparts of a City
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361 cm Ă— 598 cm (142 in Ă— 235 in)
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The politics of vision: essays on nineteenth-century art and society
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reads the painting as demonstrative of Courbet's investment in
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The right side of the painting depicts a large number of Paris
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The painting was produced during Courbet's involvement with
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Nochlin, Linda (1989). "The Invention of the Avant-Garde".
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region of France is a tribute to Courbet's homeland of
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Summary Execution under the Moorish Kings of Granada
181:'s jury accepted eleven of Courbet's works for the 1710:The Gallic Women: Episode from the Roman Invasion 369:, a communitarian model of social reorganization. 319:. He sought to bring a symbol of his home in the 2670: 1989:The Road in Front of Saint-Simeon Farm in Winter 439: 437: 435: 429:", MusĂ©e d'Orsay, accessed September 18, 2015. 1053: 619: 535:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 9–13. 432: 1021: 909: 899: 327:region of France straight into the heart of 2209:Resting by a Stream at the Edge of the Wood 2625:Objet dĂ©coratif carrĂ© avec dieux tahitiens 1684:Reception of the Grand CondĂ© at Versailles 1067: 1060: 1046: 626: 612: 201:. Very little praise was forthcoming, and 2729:Cultural depictions of Charles Baudelaire 2513:The Return from Fishing: Hauling the Boat 1781:Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet of Violets 558: 518: 506: 494: 482: 455: 443: 400: 193:and defiance, Courbet, with the help of 119:) is an 1855 oil-on-canvas painting by 2704:Allegorical paintings by French artists 2560:Nature Unveiling Herself Before Science 1736:The Excommunication of Robert the Pious 530: 355:. It could be a symbol of the death of 2671: 2429:Imperial Fritillaries in a Copper Vase 2173:Avenue of Poplars near Moret-sur-Loing 805:Young Ladies Beside the Seine (Summer) 338:The skull that rests on a copy of the 142:work. The figures in the painting are 2545: 2534: 2203:Regatta at Molesey near Hampton Court 1853:Portrait of Monsieur and Madame Manet 1107: 1079: 1041: 607: 2109:Portrait of the Painter Claude Monet 1959:A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur 1762:The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame 1647:Self-Portrait with the Yellow Christ 570: 467: 427:Gustave Courbet, The Artist's Studio 385: 633: 13: 2699:19th-century allegorical paintings 2191:Chemin de la Machine, Louveciennes 2047:The Luxembourg Station in Brussels 1847:Portrait of Marguerite de Conflans 564:Courbet: The Studio of the Painter 306: 263:or as Courbet's Muse for Realism. 14: 2740: 2489:Portrait of Robert de Montesquiou 1829:The Port of Boulogne by Moonlight 583: 189:was not among them. In an act of 2423:Doctor Gachet's Garden in Auvers 2215:Rue de la ChaussĂ©e in Argenteuil 1534:Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable 1481:CafĂ©-Concert at Les Ambassadeurs 344:is a symbol of the death of the 42: 1502:Portraits at the Stock Exchange 552: 524: 512: 500: 166:, and Courbet's most prominent 2689:Paintings in the MusĂ©e d'Orsay 2535: 2459:Pasteur's portrait by Edelfelt 2221:View of the Canal Saint-Martin 1953:The Artist's Garden at Giverny 1787:Blonde Woman with Bare Breasts 1697:A Session of the Painting Jury 687:Portrait of Charles Baudelaire 655:Self-Portrait with a Black Dog 488: 461: 449: 419: 406: 379: 212: 1: 2097:FrĂ©dĂ©ric Bazille at his Easel 1859:Portrait of StĂ©phane MallarmĂ© 1521:Boabdil's Farewell to Granada 1424:The Romans in their Decadence 1317:Vue de toits (Effet de neige) 1178:The Improvised Field Hospital 1108: 794: 691: 373: 266: 2679:Paintings by Gustave Courbet 1080: 972:Jo, the Beautiful Irishwoman 225: 7: 2408:Starry Night Over the RhĂ´ne 2283:The Resurrection of Lazarus 2073:Bal du moulin de la Galette 1653:Tahitian Women on the Beach 1604:A Studio at Les Batignolles 1342:Portrait of Gustave Geffroy 877:Portrait of Countess Karoly 726:Young Ladies of the Village 414:Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) 335:art viewers and collectors. 16:Painting by Gustave Courbet 10: 2745: 2719:Musical instruments in art 2115:Portrait of William Sisley 1983:Resting Under a Lilac Bush 1934:Shepherdess with her Flock 1496:The Orchestra at the Opera 1216:Ploughing in the Nivernais 945:Portrait of Paul Chenavard 18: 2648: 2573:Woman Bitten by a Serpent 2541: 2530: 2498: 2468: 2444: 2372: 2348: 2305: 2255: 2197:The Forge at Marly-le-Roi 1817:Madame Manet at the Piano 1805:Flowers in a Crystal Vase 1285:Three Women with Parasols 1118: 1114: 1103: 1086: 1075: 1014: 998: 963: 869:Proudhon and His Children 641: 281:(a patron of Courbet's), 242: 86: 78: 68: 60: 50: 41: 33: 28: 2724:Paintings about painting 1635:The Schuffenecker Family 1311:Les raboteurs de parquet 2339:What is Called Vagrancy 1965:Le DĂ©jeuner sur l'herbe 1799:Le DĂ©jeuner sur l'herbe 1592:The Corner of the Table 1203:Pilgrims going to Mecca 1024:Le DĂ©jeuner sur l'herbe 331:and the eyes of Paris' 123:. It is located in the 2414:Portrait of Dr. Gachet 2227:The Village of Voisins 2185:The Canal Saint-Martin 1890:Luxe, Calme et VoluptĂ© 1841:Portrait of Emile Zola 1835:Portrait of Clemenceau 1641:Self-Portrait in a Hat 1330:The Hanged Man's House 1022: 937:The Woman in the Waves 910: 900: 853:The Source of the Loue 774:The Seaside at Palavas 702:After Dinner at Ornans 287:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 183:Exposition Universelle 164:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 112: 2320:Sailboats and Estuary 1977:Regatta at Argenteuil 1903:French Campaign, 1814 1247:Equality Before Death 988:Still-Life with Fruit 566:. London: Allen Lane. 353:Romantic art movement 251:. This valley in the 179:1855 Paris World Fair 2402:The Church at Auvers 2363:The Wheel of Fortune 2091:Dance in the Country 2034:The FiancĂ©e of Belus 1871:A Sprig of Asparagus 1629:Breton Peasant Women 1399:The Painter's Studio 782:The Painter's Studio 300:The Painter's Studio 237:Royal Academy of Art 207:The Painter's Studio 187:The Painter's Studio 132:The Painter's Studio 113:L'Atelier du peintre 104:The Painter's Studio 2654:MusĂ©e des Augustins 1995:Women in the Garden 1623:The Beautiful Angel 1598:Homage to Delacroix 1475:The Bellelli Family 1146:In the Conservatory 921:Woman with a Parrot 790:Madame Auguste Cuoq 597:The Artist's Studio 21:The Artists' Studio 2652:On display at the 2599:Virgin with a Lily 2483:Madame Charles Max 2179:The Canal du Loing 2103:Girls at the Piano 1909:The Siege of Paris 1393:L'Origine du monde 1387:A Burial at Ornans 1368:The Poor Fisherman 1298:The Birth of Venus 1229:The Birth of Venus 1172:The Family Reunion 1028:(Monet, 1865–1866) 902:L'Origine du monde 821:The Hunt Breakfast 718:A Burial at Ornans 710:The Stone Breakers 560:Nicolson, Benedict 346:art of the Academy 341:Journal des dĂ©bats 323:department of the 291:Charles Baudelaire 261:art of the Academy 156:Charles Baudelaire 127:in Paris, France. 2666: 2665: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2296:Whistler's Mother 2134:The Snake Charmer 2085:Dance in the City 1547:Homage to CĂ©zanne 1374:The Turtle Seller 1279:The Lady in White 1099: 1098: 1035: 1034: 861:The Oak at Flagey 837:Femme nue couchĂ©e 766:The Wheat Sifters 649:List of paintings 542:978-0-06-435854-5 458:, pp. 23, 36 249:Loue River valley 199:Salon des RefusĂ©s 100: 99: 2736: 2621: 2608: 2595: 2582: 2569: 2556: 2543: 2542: 2532: 2531: 2509: 2479: 2455: 2419: 2398: 2393:Bedroom in Arles 2383: 2359: 2329: 2316: 2314:van Rysselberghe 2292: 2279: 2266: 2236: 2234:Toulouse-Lautrec 2169: 2156: 2143: 2130: 2069: 2056: 2043: 2030: 2017: 2004: 1949: 1918: 1899: 1886: 1771: 1758: 1745: 1732: 1719: 1706: 1693: 1668: 1613: 1586:Around the Piano 1582: 1569: 1556: 1543: 1530: 1517: 1486: 1465: 1446: 1433: 1420: 1405:Le ruisseau noir 1383: 1364: 1351: 1336:The Card Players 1326: 1307: 1294: 1275: 1262: 1241:Dante and Virgil 1225: 1212: 1199: 1190:Bazille's Studio 1168: 1155: 1142: 1129: 1116: 1115: 1105: 1104: 1077: 1076: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1027: 915: 905: 893:The Fishing Boat 885:Le ruisseau noir 799: 798: 1852–1857 796: 696: 693: 671:The Happy Lovers 628: 621: 614: 605: 604: 579: 567: 547: 546: 528: 522: 516: 510: 509:, pp. 52–59 504: 498: 492: 486: 480: 471: 465: 459: 453: 447: 446:, pp. 23–33 441: 430: 423: 417: 410: 404: 398: 389: 383: 203:Eugène Delacroix 130:Courbet painted 46: 26: 25: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2636: 2617: 2604: 2591: 2578: 2565: 2552: 2537: 2518: 2505: 2494: 2475: 2464: 2451: 2440: 2417: 2396: 2379: 2368: 2355: 2344: 2325: 2312: 2301: 2288: 2275: 2262: 2251: 2232: 2165: 2152: 2139: 2126: 2065: 2052: 2039: 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989: 985: 982: 981: 977: 974: 973: 969: 968: 966: 962: 955: 954: 950: 947: 946: 942: 939: 938: 934: 931: 930: 926: 923: 922: 918: 914: 913: 908: 904: 903: 898: 895: 894: 890: 887: 886: 882: 879: 878: 874: 871: 870: 866: 863: 862: 858: 855: 854: 850: 847: 846: 842: 839: 838: 834: 831: 830: 829:Deer by Water 826: 823: 822: 818: 815: 814: 810: 807: 806: 802: 792: 791: 787: 784: 783: 779: 776: 775: 771: 768: 767: 763: 760: 759: 755: 752: 751: 747: 744: 743: 739: 736: 735: 734:The Wrestlers 731: 728: 727: 723: 720: 719: 715: 712: 711: 707: 704: 703: 699: 689: 688: 684: 681: 680: 679:The Bacchante 676: 673: 672: 668: 665: 664: 660: 657: 656: 652: 650: 647: 646: 644: 640: 636: 629: 624: 622: 617: 615: 610: 609: 606: 599: 598: 593: 591: 590:MusĂ©e d'Orsay 588: 587: 577: 573: 572:Riat, Georges 569: 565: 561: 557: 556: 544: 538: 534: 527: 520: 515: 508: 503: 496: 491: 484: 479: 477: 469: 464: 457: 452: 445: 440: 438: 436: 428: 422: 415: 409: 402: 397: 395: 387: 382: 378: 368: 364: 363:Linda Nochlin 361: 358: 354: 350: 347: 343: 342: 337: 334: 330: 326: 325:Franche-ComtĂ© 322: 318: 317:provincialism 314: 311: 310: 304: 301: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 279:Alfred Bruyas 276: 275: 264: 262: 258: 254: 253:Franche-ComtĂ© 250: 240: 238: 234: 223: 220: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:Alfred Bruyas 192: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 172:Alfred Bruyas 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 126: 125:MusĂ©e d'Orsay 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 105: 96: 92: 91:MusĂ©e d'Orsay 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 73:Oil on canvas 71: 67: 63: 59: 56: 53: 49: 45: 40: 37: 32: 27: 22: 2629: 2623: 2618: 2610: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2584: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2511: 2506: 2487: 2481: 2476: 2457: 2452: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2391: 2387:L'ArlĂ©sienne 2385: 2380: 2361: 2356: 2337: 2331: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2294: 2289: 2281: 2276: 2268: 2263: 2244: 2238: 2233: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2147:The Talisman 2145: 2140: 2132: 2127: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2040: 2032: 2027: 2019: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1946: 1940:The Winnower 1938: 1932: 1928:The Gleaners 1926: 1920: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1896: 1888: 1883: 1877:The Waitress 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1755: 1747: 1742: 1734: 1729: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1610: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1579: 1571: 1566: 1558: 1553: 1545: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1462: 1456:The Republic 1454: 1448: 1443: 1435: 1430: 1422: 1417: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1372: 1366: 1362:de Chavannes 1361: 1353: 1348: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1323: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1296: 1291: 1283: 1277: 1272: 1264: 1259: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1214: 1209: 1201: 1196: 1188: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1165: 1157: 1152: 1144: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1091:Gare d'Orsay 986: 978: 970: 953:The Calm Sea 951: 943: 935: 927: 919: 891: 883: 875: 867: 859: 851: 843: 835: 827: 819: 811: 803: 788: 781: 780: 772: 764: 756: 750:La rencontre 748: 740: 732: 724: 716: 708: 700: 685: 677: 669: 663:Le DĂ©sespĂ©rĂ© 661: 653: 596: 575: 563: 553:Bibliography 532: 526: 521:, p. 47 514: 502: 497:, p. 40 490: 485:, p. 20 470:, p. 94 463: 451: 421: 408: 403:, p. 60 388:, p. 93 381: 339: 299: 272: 270: 246: 229: 216: 206: 186: 176: 152:Academic art 131: 129: 116: 103: 102: 101: 35: 2714:Dogs in art 2709:Cats in art 2593:Delaplanche 2357:Burne-Jones 2246:La Toilette 2079:The Bathers 1922:The Angelus 1865:The Reading 1775:The Balcony 1437:The Harvest 1305:Caillebotte 1273:Bracquemond 1253:Les OrĂ©ades 991:(1871–1872) 983:(1869–1870) 975:(1865–1866) 856:(1863–1864) 742:The Bathers 705:(1848–1849) 695: 1848 682:(1844–1847) 666:(1843–1845) 468:Riat (2008) 386:Riat (2008) 357:Romanticism 283:Champfleury 239:in France. 213:Description 160:Champfleury 144:allegorical 115:; in full, 2673:Categories 2612:RhinocĂ©ros 2606:Jacquemart 2536:Sculptures 2160:The Circus 2021:The Cradle 1971:The Magpie 1897:Meissonier 1723:The Source 1573:The Enigma 1469:L'Absinthe 1349:ChassĂ©riau 1223:Bouguereau 1140:BartholomĂ© 1015:Portrayals 912:Le Sommeil 845:The Source 813:The Quarry 595:Courbet's 374:References 367:Fourierism 267:Right side 233:lay figure 79:Dimensions 2567:ClĂ©singer 2121:The Swing 1811:The Fifer 1793:Bullfight 1749:The Truth 1678:Jerusalem 1659:Vairumati 1560:The Dream 1528:Delacroix 1515:Dehodencq 1260:Boulanger 1159:Haymaking 1109:Paintings 642:Paintings 333:socialite 226:Left side 148:landscape 2658:Toulouse 2453:Edelfelt 2381:van Gogh 2333:The Bath 2290:Whistler 2270:Solitude 2264:Harrison 2256:American 2141:SĂ©rusier 2128:Rousseau 2054:Regnault 1743:Lefebvre 1554:Detaille 1431:Daubigny 1235:La Danse 1081:Building 980:The Wave 574:(2008). 562:(1973). 87:Location 34:French: 2622::  2619:Gauguin 2609::  2596::  2583::  2580:Claudel 2570::  2557::  2554:Barrias 2510::  2507:Sorolla 2499:Spanish 2480::  2477:Boldini 2469:Italian 2456::  2445:Finnish 2384::  2360::  2349:British 2330::  2327:Stevens 2317::  2306:Belgian 2293::  2280::  2267::  2237::  2170::  2157::  2144::  2131::  2070::  2057::  2044::  2041:Ottmann 2031::  2018::  2015:Morisot 2005::  1950::  1919::  1900::  1887::  1884:Matisse 1823:Olympia 1772::  1759::  1746::  1733::  1730:Laurens 1720::  1707::  1694::  1669::  1617:Arearea 1614::  1611:Gauguin 1583::  1570::  1557::  1544::  1531::  1518::  1508:The Tub 1466::  1447::  1444:Daumier 1434::  1421::  1418:Couture 1384::  1381:Courbet 1365::  1352::  1327::  1324:CĂ©zanne 1308::  1295::  1292:Cabanel 1276::  1263::  1226::  1213::  1210:Bonheur 1200::  1169::  1166:Bazille 1156::  1143::  1133:Remorse 1130::  999:Museums 219:Realism 140:Realist 2546:French 2277:Tanner 2240:Le Lit 2167:Sisley 2154:Seurat 2067:Renoir 2002:Moreau 1916:Millet 1717:Ingres 1704:Glaize 1691:Gervex 1666:GĂ©rĂ´me 1485:(1885) 1127:Baader 1119:French 956:(1869) 948:(1869) 940:(1868) 932:(1867) 924:(1866) 916:(1866) 906:(1866) 896:(1865) 888:(1865) 880:(1865) 872:(1865) 864:(1864) 848:(1862) 840:(1862) 832:(1861) 824:(1858) 816:(1857) 808:(1857) 785:(1855) 777:(1854) 769:(1854) 761:(1854) 753:(1854) 745:(1853) 737:(1853) 729:(1852) 721:(1850) 713:(1849) 674:(1844) 658:(1842) 539:  295:Ornans 274:Ă©lites 257:Ornans 243:Center 185:, but 168:patron 136:Ornans 109:French 69:Medium 51:Artist 2631:Oviri 2373:Dutch 2028:Motte 1947:Monet 1769:Manet 1541:Denis 1463:Degas 1197:Belly 329:Paris 321:Doubs 95:Paris 1756:Luce 1567:DorĂ© 537:ISBN 177:The 64:1855 61:Year 2656:in 134:in 2675:: 2628:– 2486:– 2432:– 2426:– 2420:– 2411:– 2405:– 2399:– 2390:– 2336:– 2243:– 2224:– 2218:– 2212:– 2206:– 2200:– 2194:– 2188:– 2182:– 2176:– 2118:– 2112:– 2106:– 2100:– 2094:– 2088:– 2082:– 2076:– 1992:– 1986:– 1980:– 1974:– 1968:– 1962:– 1956:– 1937:– 1931:– 1925:– 1906:– 1874:– 1868:– 1862:– 1856:– 1850:– 1844:– 1838:– 1832:– 1826:– 1820:– 1814:– 1808:– 1802:– 1796:– 1790:– 1784:– 1778:– 1681:– 1675:– 1656:– 1650:– 1644:– 1638:– 1632:– 1626:– 1620:– 1601:– 1595:– 1589:– 1505:– 1499:– 1493:– 1487:– 1478:– 1472:– 1453:– 1408:– 1402:– 1396:– 1390:– 1371:– 1339:– 1333:– 1314:– 1282:– 1250:– 1244:– 1238:– 1232:– 1187:– 1181:– 1175:– 795:c. 692:c. 475:^ 434:^ 393:^ 289:, 285:, 174:. 170:, 162:, 158:, 111:: 93:, 1061:e 1054:t 1047:v 800:) 793:( 697:) 690:( 627:e 620:t 613:v 545:. 425:" 412:" 348:. 231:" 107:( 23:.

Index

The Artists' Studio

Gustave Courbet
Oil on canvas
Musée d'Orsay
Paris
French
Gustave Courbet
Musée d'Orsay
Ornans
Realist
allegorical
landscape
Academic art
Charles Baudelaire
Champfleury
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
patron
Alfred Bruyas
1855 Paris World Fair
Exposition Universelle
self promotion
Alfred Bruyas
Salon des Refusés
Eugène Delacroix
Realism
lay figure
Royal Academy of Art
Loue River valley
Franche-Comté

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