34:
256:
for the classroom, hired
Rawitsch. He retyped the game from a printout of the 1971 BASIC code into the organization's time-sharing network. Then, he modified the frequency and details of the random events that occurred in the game, to more accurately reflect the accounts he had read in the historical
1086:
guns at college students wearing wigs and cloth antlers, while carrying 200 pounds (91 kg) of meat became pulling a 200-pound man up a hill in a child's red wagon while he recited historical meat facts and pointed out choice cuts. Independence, Missouri, was at one end of the grounds, and the
1035:, each of which has unique benefits. Unlike the computer version of the game, players in the iPhone and iPod Touch version do not need to buy guns and bullets. The game has received a major update, in which the player uses trading and crafting to upgrade their wagon, buy food, and cure ailments.
216:
The original core gameplay concepts that have been included in every subsequent version are initial supply purchase, occasional food hunting, occasional supply purchase at forts, inventory management of supplies, variable travel speed depending upon conditions, frequent misfortunes, and game over
1149:
attempts to "better depict Native
American perspectives" and to acknowledge that for Indigenous peoples colonization "was not an adventure but an invasion." Newer versions of the game offer new Native American characters and storylines.
1132:
In 2018, a handheld electronic version of the game was produced by the company Basic Fun. This battery-powered version featured a small TV monitor that replicated the look and sounds of one of the older PC/Apple versions of the game.
313:
under the same title, with substantially improved graphics and expanded gameplay, in 1985. The new version was also updated to more accurately reflect the real Oregon Trail, incorporating notable geographic landmarks as well as human
1082:
created Oregon Trail Live as a live-action event. Teams competed through ten challenges on the grounds of the WHC. Challenges were based loosely on the game: hunting for game was done by shooting
1155:
946:
The game was popular among
American elementary school students from the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s, as many computers came bundled with the game. MECC followed up on the success of
1203:
213:
minicomputer to write a computer program to help teach the subject. Rawitsch recruited two friends and fellow student teachers, Paul
Dillenberger and Bill Heinemann, to help.
228:
and paper tape terminals that predate display screens were awkward to children, the game was immediately popular, and he made it available to users of the minicomputer
1825:
1983:
1432:
1852:
1019:
The cell phone version of the game is similar to the original, but varies in that the player can choose one of three different wagons: a basic wagon, a
1709:
261:
available to all the schools on the timeshare network. The game became one of the network's most popular programs, with thousands of players monthly.
2382:
2367:
1065:
was released by the Men Who Wear Many Hats for browsers, iOS, and
Android, with the setting changed to human survivors fleeing a zombie apocalypse.
1362:
1751:
2008:
2392:
2362:
1646:
169:(MECC) in 1974. The original game was designed to teach eighth grade schoolchildren about the realities of 19th-century pioneer life on the
1533:
1778:
1334:
1964:
1211:
2119:
1482:
1176:
290:
1271:
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1389:
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closed. A new version of the game was also released for the Wii and 3DS that year, and received a negative critical response.
2357:
1142:
2387:
2372:
1562:
1088:
2033:
1154:
creative director Jarrad
Trudgen, a white Australian, consulted with several Indigenous scholars in an attempt to remove
1903:
2377:
2347:
2200:
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101:
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diaries of people who had traveled the trail. In 1975, when his updates were finished, he made the game titled
278:
165:
was originally developed by Don
Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and produced by the
2352:
2259:
2185:
2178:
2171:
1713:
1123:
680:
659:
636:
141:
1642:
1737:
Facebook Oregon Trail
Application: Social Networking Website's Version of the Original Educational Game
1069:
760:
233:
1755:
1681:
1087:
Willamette Valley was at the other end. The WHC received the 2014 Outstanding
Educator Award from the
2105:
1878:
1417:
1112:
46:
2234:
1145:
critics have viewed the game as culturally insensitive or racist. The 2021 version of the game for
1119:
821:
1507:
982:
1782:
178:
2318:
1968:
325:
generated about one-third of MECC's $ 30 million in annual revenue. An updated version,
273:
202:
1676:
1615:
2284:
2085:
2061:
1180:
1096:
315:
297:
was adapted in June 1978 by J.P. O'Malley. The game was further released as part of MECC's
253:
206:
74:
65:
53:
2073:
8:
2092:
1447:
1279:
1108:
1101:
803:
598:
MECC (Port of Oregon Trail Deluxe 1992, First Game in the 1990s Oregon Trail
Subseries)
2097:
1688:
1074:
1049:
330:
186:
2220:
2080:
1308:"How I Managed to Design the Most Successful Educational Computer Game of All Time"
1307:
1001:
958:
198:
129:
123:
41:
2252:
2227:
2164:
2009:"A New Spin On A Classic Video Game Gives Native Americans Better Representation"
1436:
1053:
1024:
1013:
971:
952:
919:
901:
613:
339:
174:
135:
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microcomputer. John Cook adapted the game for the Apple II, and it appeared on
347:
in 1997, and 4th and 5th editions. As of 2011, more than 65 million copies of
285:
s May–June 1978 issue. That year, MECC began encouraging schools to adopt the
2341:
1950:
1907:
1803:
1141:
Because the theme of the game is the colonization of the American West, some
1079:
1020:
933:
929:
756:
224:
debuted to Rawitsch's class on December 3, 1971. Although the minicomputer's
1811:
1807:
70:
2312:
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2037:
1672:
1339:
1146:
963:
888:
229:
170:
147:
2325:
1390:"You Have Died of Dysentery: Exploring The Oregon Trail's Design History"
1061:
1042:
604:
237:
225:
1469:
1458:
1234:
997:
883:
1204:"An Interview With the Teacher-Turned-Developer Behind 'Oregon Trail'"
2068:
1853:"Carmen Sandiego, Oregon Trail on Facebook will be no more next year"
1538:
1126:
1028:
1009:
978:
428:
205:, taught an eighth grade history class as a student teacher. He used
1710:"The Oregon Trail: Contracting dysentery has never been so much fun"
1650:
33:
1567:
989:
915:
713:
286:
236:. When the next semester ended, Rawitsch printed out a copy of the
78:
992:
created an updated version for cell phones. A new release for the
309:, and featured minimal graphics. It proved so popular that it was
1929:
1534:"The Oregon Trail handheld game is a really fun nostalgia gadget"
1115:) was modeled after the game with choice points along the route.
905:
645:
625:
404:
210:
1335:"Going West: The World of Live Action, Competitive Oregon Trail"
1048:
In February 2011, a new version of the game was released on the
1032:
1008:
version was released to the Palm App Catalog on January 7, and
993:
182:
1563:"Get the Oregon Trail handheld game for just $ 8.50 right now"
1420:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (accessed July 1, 2012)
1483:"Gameloft primes five HD games for Windows Phone 7 US launch"
1413:
1039:
1005:
269:
1448:
The Oregon Trail: 3rd Edition for Windows (1997) – MobyGames
1000:
was also available from Gameloft. The game went live in the
2307:
1987:
1083:
1052:
site Facebook. This version was removed from Facebook when
422:
249:
166:
58:
1984:"The Oregon Trail is back, but this time it's a card game"
2012:
764:
329:, was released for DOS and Macintosh in 1992, as well as
1104:, with several references being made towards the game.
359:
Games in the series were released with varying titles.
2127:
2034:"'The Oregon Trail' is back—and a little less racist"
1272:"Oregon Trail: How three Minnesotans forged its path"
398:
Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger
1470:
Amazon.com: The Oregon Trail, 5th Edition: Software
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1027:. The player can also choose to become a banker, a
252:(MECC), a state-funded organization that developed
1823:
1680:
293:PDS Disk series No. 108. A further version called
1616:"'The Oregon Trail' is coming to Nintendo Switch"
2339:
1591:"The Oregon Trail: Journey to Willamette Valley"
1248:
1354:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1734:
1459:Amazon.com: Oregon Trail 4th Edition: Software
854:The Oregon Trail: Journey to Willamette Valley
2113:
1671:
1360:
981:" has been popularized on T-shirts and other
1326:
1294:
541:MECC (direct copy of 1985 Apple II version)
217:upon death or successfully reaching Oregon.
1806:by Jimmy Maher on filfre.net (source code:
1701:
1634:
1235:"Hewlett-Packard HP 2000 Time Shared BASIC"
161:is a series of educational computer games.
2120:
2106:
1707:
444:John Cook (ported from timeshare version)
250:Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium
167:Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium
32:
1560:
1332:
1269:
1045:versions of the game were reconstructed.
501:MECC (ported from 1980 Apple II version)
482:MECC (ported from 1980 Apple II version)
2383:Video games set in the American frontier
2368:Video game franchises introduced in 1971
1776:
1749:
1683:David H. Ahl's BASIC Computer Adventures
1387:
1305:
1174:
1100:was made by the musical theater company
970:, set on the Oregon Trail in 1848, as a
177:leader guiding a party of settlers from
1850:
1824:Jackson, A. Diallo (January 28, 2011).
1665:
1561:Davenport, Corbin (December 16, 2019).
1333:Grosvenor, Emily (September 25, 2014).
1270:Lussenhop, Jessica (January 19, 2011).
2340:
1817:
1643:"Educational computing for the masses"
1480:
264:Rawitsch published the source code of
240:and deleted it from the minicomputer.
2393:Native American-related controversies
2101:
1531:
1388:Bouchard, R. Philip (July 23, 2017).
1306:Bouchard, R. Philip (June 29, 2017).
1004:on March 11, 2009. In 2010, the Palm
710:Gameloft Shanghai, Gameloft New York
630:DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows, Macintosh
2363:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt franchises
1981:
1750:Buchanan, Levi (February 25, 2009).
1640:
1232:
1201:
1089:Oregon-California Trails Association
522:R. Philip Bouchard (designer), MECC
456:OREGON (part of Elementary Volume 6)
305:in 1980. The game was titled simply
16:Series of educational computer games
1735:Beidler, Aurae (January 31, 2008),
1136:
333:in 1993 (under the title of simply
318:with whom the player can interact.
220:The game that would be later named
197:In 1971, Don Rawitsch, a senior at
173:. The player assumes the role of a
13:
1851:Osborne, Joe (December 19, 2011).
1826:"Classic games coming to Facebook"
1781:. ThePortableGamer. Archived from
1202:Shea, Jeremy (February 24, 2014).
773:The Oregon Trail: American Settler
14:
2404:
2055:
1481:Jordan, Jon (November 27, 2010).
1094:In 2014, a parody musical called
988:The game resurfaced in 2008 when
507:Commodore 64, Radio Shack TRS-80
1906:. hasproductions. Archived from
1855:. games.com news. Archived from
1804:On the Trail of the Oregon Trail
1777:Alaburda, Bob (March 11, 2009).
1177:"The Legend of The Oregon Trail"
2026:
2001:
1975:
1957:
1943:
1922:
1896:
1871:
1844:
1797:
1770:
1743:
1728:
1608:
1583:
1554:
1532:Welch, Chris (March 24, 2018).
1525:
1500:
1474:
1463:
1452:
1441:
1423:
1361:Rawitsch, Dan (May–June 1978).
1175:Lipinski, Jed (July 29, 2013).
1752:"Oregon Trail iPhone Hands-On"
1407:
1381:
1226:
1195:
1179:. mental_floss. Archived from
1168:
1107:In 2015, a 5k fun run held in
622:Wayne Studer (designer), MECC
1:
1982:Krol, Jacob (July 29, 2016).
1779:"The Oregon Trail Out Now-On"
1712:. PocketGamer. Archived from
1161:
1158:and historical inaccuracies.
977:The phrase "You have died of
189:via a covered wagon in 1848.
2358:Video games set in the 1840s
2260:MayaQuest: The Mystery Trail
1508:"The Oregon Trail Card Game"
950:with similar titles such as
681:The Oregon Trail 5th Edition
660:The Oregon Trail 4th Edition
637:The Oregon Trail 3rd Edition
494:Oregon (part of Expeditions)
475:Oregon (part of Expeditions)
463:Unchanged from 1978 version
345:The Oregon Trail 3rd Edition
142:MayaQuest: The Mystery Trail
7:
2388:Western (genre) video games
2373:Video games set in Missouri
1414:Interview with Dale Lafrenz
1038:In 2011, the 1975 and 1978
724:The Oregon Trail: Gold Rush
10:
2409:
1965:"The Oregon Trail Game 5K"
1070:Willamette Heritage Center
814:The Oregon Trail Card Game
234:Minneapolis Public Schools
192:
2378:Video games set in Oregon
2348:The Oregon Trail (series)
2300:
2276:
2244:
2210:
2138:
1418:Charles Babbage Institute
1129:based on the video game.
1113:route of the Oregon Trail
1059:In 2012, a parody called
941:
897:
879:
871:
864:Pressman Toy Corporation
861:Pressman Toy Corporation
826:Pressman Toy Corporation
585:DOS (with mouse support)
419:Modified by Don Rawitsch
337:Version 1.2) followed by
122:
110:
96:
84:
64:
52:
40:
31:
26:
1120:Pressman Toy Corporation
1012:version was released on
822:Pressman Toy Corporation
354:
983:promotional merchandise
572:The Oregon Trail Deluxe
243:
2089:1991 Macintosh edition
1951:"The Trail To Oregon!"
1435:March 4, 2016, at the
466:MECC (on floppy disk)
425:(on timeshare system)
179:Independence, Missouri
1879:"Oregon Trail Review"
1754:. IGN. Archived from
692:The Learning Company
689:The Learning Company
671:The Learning Company
668:The Learning Company
650:The Learning Company
316:non-player characters
203:Northfield, Minnesota
2292:Card and board games
2285:The Trail to Oregon!
1208:Yester: Then For Now
1097:The Trail to Oregon!
646:The Learning Company
566:Macintosh (B&W)
254:educational software
207:HP Time-Shared BASIC
75:The Learning Company
2353:Fiction set in 1848
1930:"Oregon Trail Live"
1910:on November 2, 2014
1859:on November 2, 2014
1832:on November 2, 2014
1758:on November 2, 2014
1716:on November 2, 2014
1687:. Microsoft Press.
1282:on January 23, 2011
1102:StarKid Productions
804:Crave Entertainment
800:DoubleTapGames LLC
743:The Oregon Trail HD
695:Windows, Macintosh
674:Windows, Macintosh
653:Windows, Macintosh
447:MECC (as download)
367:
327:Oregon Trail Deluxe
303:Elementary Volume 6
1641:Coventry, Joshua.
1622:. November 1, 2022
1369:. pp. 132–139
1367:Creative Computing
1214:on August 30, 2018
362:
279:Creative Computing
274:CDC Cyber 70/73-26
2335:
2334:
2132:video game series
1971:on July 16, 2015.
1814:, March 27, 2011)
1785:on March 14, 2009
1430:Oregon Trail Game
1075:Statesman Journal
1050:social networking
939:
938:
232:network owned by
187:Willamette Valley
154:
153:
92:Paul Dillenberger
21:Video game series
2400:
2221:The Amazon Trail
2212:The Amazon Trail
2201:American Settler
2193:The Oregon Trail
2157:The Oregon Trail
2149:The Oregon Trail
2140:The Oregon Trail
2130:The Oregon Trail
2122:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2087:The Oregon Trail
2081:Internet Archive
2077:1990 DOS edition
2075:The Oregon Trail
2063:The Oregon Trail
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1967:. Archived from
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1828:. Archived from
1821:
1815:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1747:
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1708:Ericson, Tracy.
1705:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1653:on June 28, 2007
1649:. Archived from
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1374:
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1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1312:The Philipendium
1303:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1278:. Archived from
1267:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1210:. Archived from
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:on July 31, 2013
1172:
1137:Native Americans
1124:The Oregon Trail
1118:Also that year,
1111:(the end of the
1091:for this event.
1021:prairie schooner
1016:on November 11.
1002:iTunes App Store
959:The Amazon Trail
948:The Oregon Trail
873:The Oregon Trail
848:Handheld device
835:The Oregon Trail
793:The Oregon Trail
702:The Oregon Trail
591:The Oregon Trail
553:The Oregon Trail
534:The Oregon Trail
514:The Oregon Trail
390:The Oregon Trail
368:
364:The Oregon Trail
361:
351:have been sold.
349:The Oregon Trail
335:The Oregon Trail
323:The Oregon Trail
284:
266:The Oregon Trail
222:The Oregon Trail
199:Carleton College
158:The Oregon Trail
130:The Amazon Trail
115:The Oregon Trail
106:December 3, 1971
102:The Oregon Trail
36:
27:The Oregon Trail
24:
23:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2296:
2272:
2253:The Yukon Trail
2240:
2228:Amazon Trail II
2206:
2165:Oregon Trail II
2134:
2126:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2002:
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1990:
1980:
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1963:
1962:
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1609:
1599:
1597:
1595:pressmantoy.com
1589:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1512:pressmantoy.com
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1487:PocketGamer.biz
1479:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1437:Wayback Machine
1428:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1382:
1372:
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1359:
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1327:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:Veeneman, Dan.
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1143:Native American
1139:
1054:Blue Fang Games
1025:Conestoga wagon
1014:Windows Phone 7
953:The Yukon Trail
944:
920:Xbox Series X/S
902:Nintendo Switch
614:Oregon Trail II
357:
340:Oregon Trail II
282:
246:
195:
145:
139:
136:The Yukon Trail
133:
117:
105:
91:
89:
77:
73:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2153:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2091:emulated with
2083:
2071:
2057:
2056:External links
2054:
2051:
2050:
2025:
2000:
1974:
1956:
1942:
1921:
1895:
1870:
1843:
1816:
1812:oregon1978.bas
1808:oregon1975.bas
1796:
1769:
1742:
1727:
1700:
1693:
1677:"Westward Ho!"
1664:
1633:
1607:
1582:
1553:
1524:
1499:
1473:
1462:
1451:
1440:
1422:
1406:
1380:
1363:"Oregon Trail"
1353:
1325:
1293:
1247:
1225:
1194:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1138:
1135:
1072:(WHC) and the
974:game in 1986.
943:
940:
937:
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1904:"Organ Trail"
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2041:. Retrieved
2038:Fast Company
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2003:
1993:December 12,
1991:. Retrieved
1977:
1969:the original
1959:
1945:
1935:November 19,
1933:. Retrieved
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:the original
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1819:
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1787:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1772:
1762:February 27,
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
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1736:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1703:
1682:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1636:
1626:November 22,
1624:. Retrieved
1620:mashable.com
1619:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1571:. Future plc
1566:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1537:
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1511:
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1397:. Retrieved
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1371:. Retrieved
1366:
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1344:. Retrieved
1340:The Atlantic
1338:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1311:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1275:
1238:. Retrieved
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1207:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:the original
1170:
1152:Oregon Trail
1151:
1147:Apple Arcade
1140:
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968:Westward Ho!
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964:David H. Ahl
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889:Apple Arcade
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429:CDC Cyber 70
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363:
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291:A.P.P.L.E.'s
277:
272:3.1 for the
265:
263:
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247:
230:time-sharing
221:
219:
215:
196:
171:Oregon Trail
157:
156:
155:
148:Africa Trail
146:
140:
134:
128:
114:
100:
88:Don Rawitsch
66:Publisher(s)
54:Developer(s)
18:
2326:Organ Trail
2277:Other media
2245:Other games
2235:3rd Edition
2186:5th Edition
2179:4th Edition
2172:3rd Edition
1914:November 2,
1888:January 31,
1836:November 2,
1739:, Suite 101
1720:October 10,
1647:SiliconUser
1600:November 7,
1542:. Vox Media
1517:November 7,
1399:October 13,
1373:January 22,
1286:January 20,
1156:stereotypes
1109:Oregon City
1062:Organ Trail
1043:source code
867:Board game
845:Basic Fun!
842:Basic Fun!
605:Windows 3.x
301:series, on
238:source code
47:Edutainment
2342:Categories
2043:August 22,
2018:August 22,
1789:August 29,
1575:August 13,
1546:August 13,
1492:August 13,
1394:format.com
1276:City Pages
1218:August 29,
1162:References
998:iPod Touch
966:published
829:Card game
787:iOS, J2ME
607:, Windows
380:Publisher
377:Developer
299:Elementary
85:Creator(s)
71:Brøderbund
2288:(musical)
2069:MobyGames
1539:The Verge
1318:August 5,
1240:April 22,
1127:card game
1122:released
1029:carpenter
1010:Xbox Live
979:dysentery
898:Gameloft
880:Gameloft
808:Wii, 3DS
784:Gameloft
781:Gameloft
753:Gameloft
750:Gameloft
734:Gameloft
731:Gameloft
528:Apple II
469:Apple II
450:Apple II
431:, HP2000
383:Platform
343:in 1995,
321:By 1995,
124:Spin-offs
2319:Freedom!
1883:GameSpot
1863:June 22,
1675:(1986).
1657:June 12,
1568:PC Gamer
1433:Archived
1314:. Medium
1187:July 31,
990:Gameloft
916:Xbox One
718:DSiware
714:Gameloft
287:Apple II
226:teletype
79:Gameloft
42:Genre(s)
2301:Related
1031:, or a
972:type-in
906:Windows
761:Android
626:SoftKey
405:HP 2100
331:Windows
311:re-made
211:HP 2100
193:History
2196:(2009)
2160:(1985)
2152:(1971)
2093:PCE.js
2065:series
1691:
1033:farmer
994:iPhone
942:Legacy
437:OREGON
412:OREGON
371:Title
366:games
307:Oregon
259:OREGON
183:Oregon
1040:BASIC
1023:or a
1006:webOS
926:2024
912:2023
895:2022
884:Apple
877:2021
858:2018
839:2018
818:2016
797:2011
778:2011
747:2010
737:J2ME
728:2010
707:2009
686:2001
665:1999
642:1997
619:1995
601:MECC
595:1993
582:MECC
579:MECC
576:1992
563:MECC
560:MECC
557:1991
544:MECC
538:1990
525:MECC
519:1985
504:MECC
498:1984
485:MECC
479:1983
460:1980
441:1978
416:1975
395:1971
374:Year
355:Games
283:'
276:, in
270:BASIC
181:, to
175:wagon
2308:MECC
2045:2023
2020:2023
1995:2016
1988:CNET
1937:2014
1916:2014
1890:2020
1865:2013
1838:2014
1810:and
1791:2015
1764:2009
1722:2008
1689:ISBN
1659:2007
1628:2022
1602:2019
1577:2022
1548:2022
1519:2019
1494:2022
1401:2017
1375:2015
1348:2014
1320:2019
1288:2011
1242:2011
1220:2015
1189:2013
1084:Nerf
996:and
956:and
547:DOS
423:MECC
244:MECC
59:MECC
2067:at
2013:NPR
985:.
765:iOS
201:in
185:'s
2344::
2036:.
2011:.
1986:.
1881:.
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1645:.
1618:.
1593:.
1565:.
1536:.
1510:.
1485:.
1416:.
1392:.
1365:.
1337:.
1310:.
1296:^
1274:.
1250:^
1206:.
962:.
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759:,
2121:e
2114:t
2107:v
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1939:.
1918:.
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1222:.
1191:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
