390:, ranged in size in accordance to the wagon's size, the largest having been used for the Pitt wagon variants of the early 19th century for mountain-freighting. The rear wheels of large wagons on average have diameters between 60 in (1,500 mm) and 70 in (1,800 mm) while the front wheels were smaller and generally measured approximately 50 in (1,300 mm) in diameter. Medium-sized Conestoga wagon rear wheels meanwhile generally measure between 54 in (1,400 mm) and 60 in (1,500 mm) in diameter. The tires of large Conestoga wagon rear wheels usually measure 3.75 in (95 mm) to 4 in (100 mm) in width while those of medium Conestoga wagon rear wheels measured about 3 in (76 mm) in width. Conestoga wagons used for hauling and farming may have been complimented with different wheel size sets for performing different transversal duties, from small wheels for farms to large ones for road travel. Medium-sized wheels normally contain 14
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were numerous, but not all of them welcomed wagoners in for service. In the winter, the wagons were parked on planks so that the wheels would not freeze while the wagoners stayed in overnight. The taverns were normally crowded on busy days, and wagoners may have expected greetings from other tavern guests, ranging from fellow wagoners to community members meeting up there. Tavern keepers, generally influential men of their communities, made profits from selling liquor and meals to them, but their revenue mainly came from overnight stays, which would have costed less than $ 1.75. The next morning, wagoners followed typical schedules of eating breakfast then tending to their horses (i.e. feeding and watering them) before departing.
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663:, which ultimately proved to be disastrous for the British Army. Many of Braddock's soldiers were killed or wounded by the opposing French and their allied Native American forces, and Braddock himself was mortally wounded. Most of the British artillery, wagons, and supplies were abandoned by the British army as they quickly retreated, meaning that a majority of the remaining wagons were lost. Most of the wagons at Dunbar's Camp were burned by the British to prevent the French and Native Americans from seizing their materials as they anticipated pursuit by the enemy forces. Only a few wagons of the Braddock Expedition ultimately remained, and they were returned to their original owners when the vehicles arrived at
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350:, utilized in the early 19th century, differs from typical Conestoga wagons in the presence of a front end panel and an almost vertical tail gate. Whether it and the similar Sternberg wagon and Shantz wagon can be considered Conestoga wagons is a matter of subjectivity according to Shumway and Frey. On the other hand, the Groff wagon of the later 19th century, known by a single specimen, is clearly distinct from Conestoga wagons despite similar appearances in different constructions of the front end panel and lower sides. The "Sheibley wagon" has similar shapes to the Groff wagon but is classified as a Conestoga wagon because of the formatting of the wagon bed and bows. The
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656:, the wagons, artillery, and carrying horses were placed into three different divisions that were each overseen by an appointed superior. The wagon masters of each division were expected to keep their teams stable and replenish horses when needed. During the expedition, many wagons sustained critical damage and were replaced by wagons from other camps. Management of horses also proved problematic as they were often lost or brought home by their owners, and those that remained grew weaker over time. Some wagons had to be sent back due to being too heavy, and the others had loads removed in order to reduce their weights.
82:, likely deriving from Conestoga wagons, was also lightweight despite superficially resembling them and was a dominant vehicle type in the southeastern states compared to the heavyweight wagons. Conestoga wagon usage likely declined as a result of displacement by canals and railroads in the 19th century, which proved to be more efficient means of transporting goods. Despite this, the cultural legacy of the Conestoga wagon endured in the later 19th and 20th centuries as they and other covered wagons became icons of early American history including pioneering, although the romanticized image waned by the 21st century.
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small bells, the middle horses four, and the pole horses (back horses) three larger ones for a total of twenty-four bells on the entire team. The bell sounds coming from the
Conestoga team were often seen by wagoners as a source of pride and some would tune them for better sound. Traditionally, a Conestoga wagon team that arrived without any bells on, usually the result of forfeiting them to another team as a result of needing assistance on a damaged or stuck wagon, was seen as a source of humiliation. The archaic American phrase "I'll be there with bells on" therefore derived from this now-obsolete tradition.
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considered by historians to have been vital to pioneer families whose possessions required long-distance travel while acting as temporary shelters for when the pioneers needed to sleep. Wagoners did not ride inside the
Conestoga wagons themselves; instead they either walked beside the wagon's team, rode on the backmost and left-sided horse (known as a "wheel horse"), or sat on the "lazy board" of the wagon's left side in front of its rear wheel. The difficulty of Conestoga wagon travel was weighed largely on the road surface conditions, the poorer conditions leading to larger
693:. From 1750 up to 1775, more than 10,000 Conestoga wagons traveled within the Pennsylvania region to Philadelphia annually, and 50 to 100 wagons traveled daily. At times, a whole train of 100 wagons traveled at once. Wagon travel was made possible by the construction of roads across multiple provinces to make travel easier and forts within the Pennsylvania mountain front to protect settlers from Native American raids, as diplomatic relations had been damaged due to the French and Indian War. Some of the most significant roads included the
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475:, and drills to iron the wagon's gear and decorate the wagon bed. Early on, they built most of the wagon except for the wheels, but the wagon builder occupation later arose by the turn of the 19th century to help with the construction process. The construction of the Conestoga wagon was a laborious process and required light but strong wood of pure qualities. Because of the long process and importance of the wagon in the United States, a finished product could have costed as much as $ 250 in 1820.
135:. Two other wagons were created and put to use by other individuals from the Conestoga valley named James Hendricks and Joseph Cloud, respectively in 1717. In November of the same year, Logan established a store for selling hardware and household goods to German settlers and Native Americans in Conestoga. Logan then purchased what he called a "Conestogoe Waggon" from James Hendricks in December 31, 1717, thus making this the earliest known mention of the wagon name.
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operating
Conestoga wagons on the left side, starkly contrasting with modern operations of automobiles on the right. The heavy and sturdy brakes served to slow down the wagon's wheels when the driver held the iron handle (or "lock patent") down, and the handles were also used to lock the brakes. The brakes were vital for managing the wagon through unsmooth roads. The tongue, or a long board in the wagon's front area, may be plated in iron then painted.
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purchase. Standard "prairie schooners" were much more often used since they were lighter, had sturdier wheels, and were cheaper. The perception of
Conestoga wagons being the preferred vehicle of choice for traveling westward in North America is seemingly the result of them being better-represented in literature and media compared to the smaller prairie schooners. Still, by the 1840s, the Conestoga wagon saw usage in the
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of the feed box, positioned at the opposite ends of the trough from each other, are intended to fix the box's position at the tongue while the horses feed. The water bucket fills a similar purpose for consumption of water from nearby water sources by horses. The tar pot was wooden and had a lid with a central hole and a paddle for applying the lubricant of pine tar and lard to the axles.
219:. However, Conestoga wagon travel was still costly, so merchants often preferred transport of goods by sea. Depending on the weight load of the wagons, the terrestrial vehicles were transported by some four to six horses. In comparison, American western frontier covered wagons were often transported by oxen instead of horses, but travelers tended to prefer the latter option.
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day. The later, more advanced
Conestoga wagons in comparison were pulled by six draft horses and were capable of carrying up to 6 short tons (5.4 t) of goods for travel. The largest Conestoga wagons may have been capable of carrying up to 8 short tons (7.3 t) of goods. Some Conestoga wagons had as many as 8 draft horses, but none ever had fewer than 4 of them.
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main terrestrial vehicles of transport in North
America, they frequently hauled farm goods from rural areas into towns and cities in exchange for other manufactured commodities. The increase in usage of Conestoga wagons within Pennsylvania in the later 18th century was correlated with the growth population in the western region and the rising economic development of
310:). It measures 16 ft (4.9 m) in length from its front to rear ends and never more than 4 ft (1.2 m) in width. Six to twelve sloping hooplike hickory bows or "tilts", reaching individual grounded heights of 12 ft (3.7 m), are arched over the wagon's bed to hold the white canvas sheet that covers them. The canvas, a cloth made from
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transverse oak and iron brace piece that can keep the wagon tongue up. The front hounds can also support the curved iron pieces that minimize sideways swaying and preventing toppling for the front wagon portion. The left front hound may also hold an iron sheath for an axe that wagoners can use to cut through wood obstacles or make new tongues and axletrees.
425:, used for raising wagons up, was another tool that was equipped on them, specifically probably in its rear end. They were highly durable and tended to have outlasted the wagons themselves, making them valuable for antique collectors. Trends around the size increase of wagon jacks is correlated directly with the increased size of the covered wagons.
713:, being distinguished in purpose from the medium and light covered wagons used by settlers migrating to California or Oregon. Conestoga wagons saw also some usage by German immigrants of the British provinces of what is now Canada as well, typically carrying 8 short tons (7.3 t) of goods, and roads were built to accommodate wagon travel.
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design. Covered wagons resembling
Conestoga wagons were built throughout the country, but true Conestoga wagon production, fairly organized in structure, was almost entirely restricted to eastern Pennsylvania. In the later 19th century in comparison, wagon shops in the United States tended to compose less than five workers total.
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diameters are typical of farm wagons rather than military vehicles, and the presence of strakes for wagon wheels indicate the lack of brakes in early farm wagons that later
Conestoga wagons had. The wagons used by Braddock's men also carried smaller loads compared to later Conestoga wagons due to their smaller sizes.
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The decline of the
Conestoga wagon and most other covered wagons in the later 19th century did not include the decline of all covered wagon variants, however. The Nissen Wagon, originating in North Carolina, was still a popular transport vehicle throughout the 19th century; contemporaneous production
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could haul goods such as coal or agricultural produce more efficiently than wagons. As a result, the use of
Conestoga wagons later became largely restricted to rural areas. The displacement of Conestoga wagons by railroads and canals in the United States was a national trend. Despite the replacement
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Conestoga wagons, strictly speaking, are generally thought to have had widespread usage within North America lasting from 1750β1850, although the year range is by no means strict. Several authors argued that the "golden age" of Conestoga wagons (or time of peak usage) lasted from 1820 to 1840. As the
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The feed box measures 5 ft (1.5 m) to 6 ft (1.8 m) long, approximately 12 in (300 mm) wide, and 10 in (250 mm) deep in dimensions. The top edges of the trough are embedded with light iron straps to prevent damage of it by the horses' teeth. The iron lug and pin
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fiber, was tied down to both sides of the wagon body but were left overhanging at both its front and rear ends. The white sheet measures approximately 24 ft (7.3 m) long. The positioning of the canvas serves to shield the wagon's contents from rainfall while allowing for air circulation for
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and the derivation of Conestoga wagons from earlier covered wagons remain not well known. The less adequately documented history of Conestoga wagons is in part due to the overall lack of specificity of the wagon types from early American colonists of the 18th century. Knowledge of wagon production in
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They were primarily used as transport vehicles that could have carried 6 short tons (5.4 t) to 8 short tons (7.3 t) of raw goods from rural areas to towns or cities of the eastern United States, typically bringing back commodified goods in exchange. Conestoga wagons were common presences in
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to Pittsburgh, there were about 150 taverns, or roughly 1 tavern for each mile. The inns of the 19th century often contained large signs containing painted figures and words that were mounted on posts at the highway to catch the attention of wagoners, including those who were illiterate. The taverns
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Letters and newspaper accounts of the 1750s confirm the usage of farm wagons during the Braddock Expedition that were referred to as "Conestoga wagons." No wagon of the war campaign survives today, but archeological evidence of wagon fragments provide limited evidence of the wagon designs. The wheel
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Blacksmiths of high expertise were able to not only iron but decorate different elements of the Conestoga wagon such as toolbox lids. The tendencies by blacksmiths to decorate Conestoga wagons with motifs, often those of Pennsylvania Dutch culture such as tulips, hearts, serpents, and birds, are the
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The Conestoga horse was a specialized breed of heavy and large draft animal as well as one of the few horse breeds to have originated from North America. The origins of the breed is unknown, but they probably originated from a few individual horses from Pennsylvania. They were popularly used because
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There is no documented record of any strictly "first" Conestoga wagon to have ever been made. Covered wagon designs may have been standardized in design within colonial America, making it differ from the varied designs of English farm wagons of the 18thβ19th centuries. They may have possibly derived
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book series features a Conestoga wagon that was owned by the Ingalls family. The cultural depictions of the covered wagons represented American values of pioneering in its early history. The Conestoga wagon is also featured in tradition in the form of a sports trophy that the football teams of both
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By 1720, farm wagons were already put into usage within the British colony of Pennsylvania as they carried merchandise from Philadelphia to Lancaster county in exchange for furs. In the mid-18th century, the German immigrants of Lancaster County produced their own Conestoga wagons for hauling crops
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and similar occupations since the colonial era of the United States, coinciding with increased land colonization and the rise of the American iron industry. The American iron industry was fueled by the abundant lumber from land-clearing that could be converted to charcoal and be used by blacksmiths
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Additional accessories may be paired with the Conestoga wagon for utilitarian purposes. On the rear end of the wagon is a wooden trough known as the "feed trough" or "feed box" that wagon operators were able to remove, fill with grain, and place on the tongue to feed the draft animals. Also present
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The running gear of the four-wheeled Conestoga wagon is assembled into two parts. The first is the front portion, which contain the front wheels connected by the front axletree, front wagon hounds (parts binding the axles to the wagon), front wagon bolster (a wood beam connecting an axletree to the
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The pack horses were often equipped with bells, but when such a practice started is unknown. The bells are small-sized and located on wearable "Conestoga bell arches," sturdy iron pieces measuring 16 in (410 mm) to 20 in (510 mm). The lead horses (or front horses) often had five
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Early Conestoga wagons in the mid-18th century were smaller, had four draft horses for each wagon, and may have had been capable of carrying up to 1 short ton (0.91 t) of goods for hauling. The weight capacity of early Conestoga wagons is estimated, however, as none have survived to the modern
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Conestoga wagons derived in design from earlier covered wagons. They had general boat-like shapes, their sides slanting outwards. The interior floors of the wagon type were slightly curved. The wagons combined with three pairs of hauling horses could have measured up to 60 ft (18 m) long.
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On the left side of the Conestoga wagon is a short but strong white oak board known as the "lazy board." It is able to bear the weight of the wagon driver, or his helper if he hired one, who managed his draft animals plus team and operated the brake there. This meant that the driver had a habit of
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that serve the dual purposes of carrying heavy quantities of goods and withstanding hostile environmental conditions such as currents. Historians George Shumway and Howard C. Frey considered nonsensical the suggestions in early United States history books that the Conestoga wagon boxes allowed for
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and act as both a transport vehicle and mobile home. They were specialized vehicles for transversing on rough roads, although walking or horse-riding would have been preferred in other circumstances by travelers. Although they generally made for uncomfortable travel experiences, covered wagons are
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road surfaces, and intended usage as vehicles to transport items elsewhere. It differs from most other covered wagon variants mainly by the curvature of the wagon body's sides and floor, which replicated boats and served the dual purposes of keeping the luggage centered while also looking visually
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in Pennsylvania. Both the owners who their wagons and/or horses returned to and those who did not due to their being lost were compensated for accordingly. In total, 156 wagons are thought to have been employed for the disastrous Braddock Expedition, the only wagon to survive intact being that of
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By the time Conestoga wagons were commercially produced for the United States, the wagon makers individually tended to employ some 20 to 25 assistants in the construction process, but they did not strictly compose any single factory. Also, the Conestoga wagon was never completely standardized in
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The wagon body of a Conestoga wagon, known also as a "box" or "bed," has a complex design compared to typically simple rectangular wagon boxes. The designs of the Conestoga wagon's body were intended to make the wagon last a long time and be flexible for traveling through roads that are normally
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via ferry boats, and heavy wagon traffic for ferrying had resulted in wagons waiting in line for up to three days. It was used to some extent for travel to the western frontier, but it was generally too heavy, required too many draft animals for hauling, and was an expensive vehicle to build or
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to keep them in position. The rear brake mechanism can be handy for the covered wagons but are not required, hence the lack of them in some Conestoga wagons. The front hounds are made from oak wood and are the connecting piece between the wagon tongue and the front axletree. They are bound by a
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is a distinct covered wagon variant originating from North Carolina that derived in design from the Conestoga wagon. Therefore, Nissen wagons can superficially resemble Conestoga wagons, but the former differs from the latter in usage as lightweight carriage of people and items instead of as
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The legacy of the Conestoga wagon endured as a symbol of the early United States, being viewed in romantic light along with regular covered wagons in the 20th century. The popular image of the Conestoga wagon was roughly comparable to that of another American horse-drawn vehicle called the
38:, is an obsolete transport vehicle that was used exclusively in North America, primarily the United States, mainly from the early 18th to mid-19th centuries. It is a heavy and large horse-drawn vehicle which, while largely elusive in origin, originated most likely from German immigrants of
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The Conestoga wagon's extended period of use in North America gradually declined in the latter half of the early 19th century as technological change ushered in more practical alternatives. This was especially true in the state where the covered wagons had originated, Pennsylvania, as the
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in 1888. There were many wagoner-based songs that were produced within the 19th century. "The Wagoner's Curse On The Railroad" was a song sung in reflection of the saddened and disgruntled wagoners whose ways of life were displaced by the rise of the railroads. A brief 1937 poem for
284:, or curving downwards in the middle, during movements through hills and valleys so that the loads remained centered. However, the curvatures of the boxes could have also been for stylistic purposes, as consumers may have preferred their designs over those of straight-sided wagons.
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indicate that the former term saw common usage by February 5, 1750 for a Philadelphia tavern named "The Sign of the Conestogoe Wagon." The synonymous term "Dutch Waggon" was also used for the location for another advertisement in the same newspaper publication in February 12, 1750.
628:. Unfortunately for Braddock, only 25 wagons were deployed for the British frontier port by April, several of which were actually unusable. The major-general was aggravated in reaction to the underwhelming resources and wanted to shut down the expedition, but he later commissioned
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to gather some 150 wagons and 1,500 pack horses from the locals. Franklin eventually succeeded in Braddock's demands but with great difficulty due to farmers being unable to afford giving up their resources and the Pennsylvania assembly having little interest in the war due to
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wagon body), and the tongue. The rear portion is made up of similar components, but instead of a tongue, it has a coupling pole (a beam connecting the front and back wagon axles). The front and rear portions are very similar in appearances, the differences being very specific.
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the northeast, especially Pennsylvania, as thousands of them may have traveled to different areas annually. Although it was sometimes used for westward frontier travel in the 19th century, lightweight and cheaper covered wagons were generally preferred by the pioneers. The
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In the modern day, the legacy of Conestoga wagons declined mostly to books, paintings, and historical artifacts held by museums and private collections. Nonetheless, they have been preserved to tell American history and establish appreciation for historical relics. The
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was a water bucket that was usually hung on the rear axletree, or an underside bar connecting two wheels, of the wagon. Conestoga wagons may also be equipped with water barrels on the side, toolboxes for wagon-fixing, and a pot of tar for keeping the wheels moving.
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In the 18th century, farmers were expected to support themselves and their families by combined knowledge of farming and blacksmithing. Based on tax assessments in Lancaster County, the turn of the 19th century marked a shift towards specialized craftsmanship as
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In the 18th century of the United States, the Conestoga wagon was the most popular transport vehicle of the American frontier, and as many as one hundred of them traveled in individual groups, extending in geographical range from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to
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made a comparison of covered wagons and the more recent autotrailers, drawing upon the mythical status of Conestoga wagons to promote an autotrailer camping craze. However, the camping wagons failed to make the same cultural impacts that covered wagons had.
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pleasing to wagon customers. They were operated by a team of four to six horses of a now-extinct breed, a driver, and sometimes helpers. Conestoga wagons early on may have been produced by farmers but later were often made by teams of blacksmiths,
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heavyweight carriage of goods and the presence of a box in the front area where a driver and a passenger could sit. The Nissen wagon uses just two draft horses given its lightweight nature and is synonymous with the alternate term "Salem wagon."
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The name "Conestoga wagon" likely derived from the Conestoga River Valley, which was a settlement area for American colonists by the early 18th century that was about 45 mi (72 km) from Philadelphia and 60 mi (97 km) from
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result of competitive efforts to catch interest of their wagons by customers. Toolbox lids today are valuable collector's items for both museums and private collectors. Women played roles in Conestoga wagon production as well, using
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became separate occupations from blacksmiths, all three of whom worked together to produce Conestoga wagons. Blacksmiths at times also hired apprentices to operate or produce tools. Blacksmiths used various tools such as
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rough for heavy-loaded vehicles. As a result, the Conestoga wagon is more representative in technological niches as a large-sized basket on a set of wheels than a box. Its designs were meant to replicate large-sized
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introduction and spread of canals provided a cheaper and faster way to transport goods. Another major factor in the decline of Conestoga wagons was the construction of railroads, over whose lines companies like the
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in color. The prominence of color in Conestoga wagons make it partially differ from other covered wagons, many of which had no painted colors due to concerns that draft animals were frightened by bright colors.
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to Philadelphia, where they returned to the former area with basic goods such as lead, gunpowder, rum, and salt. Conestoga wagon usage was broadened to American settlers for pioneering west as time passed.
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colonial America originated from that of English and German immigrants of Great Britain and central Europe where a variety of wagon designs were already created. They also may have possibly brought early
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elsewhere and for traveling on dirt roads. The covered wagons often carried flour and iron ores from Lancaster to Philadelphia in exchange for tools, clothing, and furniture. They were also hauled from
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numbers reflect that high demand. In the early 20th century, the Nissen Wagon Works continued to produce Nissen Wagons in high numbers for southeastern states, but by the 1940s their use had declined.
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business estate after his death, wrote in his account book the usage of an individual wagon by the wagoner John Miller for hauling goods from Philadelphia to the Conestoga River Valley in what is now
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from both English road wagons and large wagons of Germany although this remains speculative. The earliest documented usage of the American wagons was in 1716 when Philadelphia fur trader
790:, Conestoga wagons were viewed in a romantic light by Americans. Several poems about Conestoga wagons and their wagoners were produced, such as "The Wild Wagoner of the Alleghenies" by
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Valley settlement area in the province and saw usage as early as 1717, although it is not known whether the first wagons referred as such had similar builds as later Conestoga wagons.
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The Conestoga wagon wheels were high so that the axles (or wheel centers) could clear through or move over low obstacles such as tree stumps and mud. The wheels, equipped with iron
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with them as well. Wagons would have proven increasingly necessary in North America due to the need to haul farm goods and trade goods such as furs to other settlements such as
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had both competed for since 1963, and the wagon model of the trophy is meant to represent a Conestoga wagon that had transported the teams of both colleges back in 1889.
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Beginning in the early 19th century, wagons became larger as evident by the size increase of the wagon jacks over time. They were also hauled across rivers such as the
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around 1760. German immigrants arrived to Lancaster County within the 18th century because of the rich-quality land. The Pennsylvanian town of Lancaster was founded by
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The Conestoga wagon model is a uniquely American design with no close European equivalent, being well-suited for transversal through American roads that were not yet
843:, as an example, featured a Conestoga wagon to encourage children to wonder about 19th century American family lives within the wagons, especially their struggles.
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who were running provisions and stores, expressing confidence that by early May of 1755, they would have 200 wagons and 1,500 pack horses ready for deployment into
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devices to weave simple canvas covers and ensuring that they fit with the corresponding wagons according to the wagons' sizes and the curvature of the wagon beds.
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Farm wagons became increasingly prevalent in Philadelphia since after 1720, many of which were referred to as "Conestoga" or "Dutch" wagons. Advertisements in
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The Conestoga wagon is a more robust variant of covered wagon (or prairie schooner) β it has the general characteristics of being a wooden wagon with both
280:, or built from hard stone. It is boat-shaped in terms of both crosswise (horizontal) and lengthwise (vertical) dimensions, thus ensuring the ability for
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King, Linda J. (1996). "Lancaster (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.): Pennsylvania Dutch Country". In Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (eds.).
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mail service by more technologically advanced modes of transport, the US horse population did not experience a corresponding decline in numbers.
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arrived to North America in February of 1755 to carry out his role as commander-in-chief of the British forces during the French and Indian War.
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536:," leading to the confusion by Englisher speakers who established the term "Pennsylvanian Dutch" despite them not actually being Dutch.
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to melt iron in furnaces into needed products. The American colonial iron industry was challenged by the British implementation of the
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Barnes, Donna R. (2015). "Chapter 33: Playful Experiences for Children in Museums". In Fromberg, Doris Pronin; Bergen, Doris (eds.).
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There are several other covered wagon variants, known from complete wagon evidence, that closely resemble the Conestoga wagon. The
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that they cover the expenses of the wagons and horses to be employed for British-American military service to capture the French
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were being killed by Native Americans, leading to many others threatening to quit their work unless they were given protection.
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Greater Than the Mountains was He: The True Story of Johann Jacob Shook of Johann Jacob Shook of Haywood County, North Carolina
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traveling passengers and goods across riversβthe boxes were not water-tight and would have leaked if placed in water bodies.
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820:, a silent film released in 1923 was amongst the earliest cases of covered wagons in 20th century popular culture. The
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684:, such as that pictured, tended to be more popular vehicles for western frontier travel compared to Conestoga wagons
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made from rolled leaves and at times smoked by Conestoga wagoners, may have derived from the Conestoga wagon term.
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The region now known as Lancaster County was first permanently settled by European colonists, more specifically a
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Conestoga wagon toolbox painting, held at the National Gallery of Art. Note the heart motif at the toolbox's lid.
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Wagoners, especially in Pennsylvania, often stopped by at taverns, also at the time called "stations." From
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Pertermann, Dana L.; Carr, Bradley J. (2022). "To Preserve the Struggle: Digitizing the Oregon Trail".
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The axletrees are wooden and encased with iron coverings. The wagon's wheels are kept in place by iron
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Hart, Victor A.; Wilson, Jason L. (2016). "Clark's Ferry and Tavern: Gateway to the Juniata Valley".
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253:. The Conestoga horse breed went extinct likely as a result of the decline of Conestoga wagon usage.
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cargo and passengers. The Conestoga wagon was extensively painted given the prominence of flair in
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as it appears in 1915. A century before, wagoners would have stopped by to taverns such as this.
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on top to hold up a waterproof canvas and wooden wheels. Covered wagons are generally pulled by
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The spread of railroads is credited as a major factor behind the decline of covered wagon usage
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2235:(MA). Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum & Parsons School of Design. Archived from
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of their abilities to haul loaded heavy Conestoga wagons. Conestoga horses typically came in
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Illustration of a Conestoga horse, a breed of draft animal used for Conestoga wagons, in 1863
143:. The earliest usage of the name "Conestoga" was previously applied to a river stream by the
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affinities. Another challenge was of building roads, as several road builders under Colonel
450:
in 1750, which limited American production of cast iron and bar iron products. Nonetheless,
182:
2915:
2910:
2750:
2635:
791:
621:
584:
368:
583:. They were first referenced in relation to the war campaign by the Pennsylvania governor
8:
2943:
2895:
2890:
2785:
2708:
2602:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2428:
2406:
2365:
2315:
554:
529:
281:
39:
2423:
1815:
Conestoga Wagon 1750β1850: Freight Carrier for 100 Years of America's Westward Expansion
90:
3226:
3128:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2800:
2683:
2651:
2528:
2156:
787:
394:(or rods connecting to the wheel's center) while large wheels usually have 16 of them.
367:
Close view of a Conestoga wagon's running gear (front wheels left, rear wheels right),
316:
200:
2587:
2518:
2507:
2492:
2449:
2350:
2284:
2102:
2003:
1921:
1893:
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1838:
1782:
1754:
1714:
1693:
1672:
828:
816:
741:
705:
629:
576:
246:
528:
in 1730 and grew to become one of the largest towns in the American colonies by the
3011:
2930:
2856:
2795:
2464:
2411:
2375:
2355:
2340:
2335:
2148:
2123:
2098:
2094:
2056:
1999:
1735:
780:
698:
517:
216:
148:
2060:
1979:"The Rise and Fall of the Conestoga Wagon or the Little Covered Wagon in the Barn"
421:
In addition to the axe and toolbox which Conestoga wagons were equipped with, the
3201:
3087:
2963:
2805:
2703:
2661:
2597:
2439:
2085:
McCord, Carey P. (1970). "Wains and Wainwrights: Wagon Making as an Occupation".
2069:
1915:
1887:
1874:
1832:
1776:
1748:
1729:
1708:
1687:
1666:
801:
751:
610:
568:
95:
47:
1964:
Brynjolfsson, Erik; McAfee, Andrew (2015). "Will Humans Go the Way of Horses?".
296:
265:
46:
in the early 18th century. The name "Conestoga Wagon" probably derived from the
3133:
3041:
3016:
2820:
2765:
2760:
2729:
2724:
2713:
2656:
2558:
2454:
2236:
2127:
710:
694:
575:
The Conestoga wagons were notably the major transport vehicles used during the
2270:
3175:
3164:β‘ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services
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2988:
2885:
2770:
2417:
1739:
811:
795:
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607:
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152:
103:
54:
1878:
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649:
306:
128:
112:
2106:
3092:
3036:
3031:
2973:
2958:
2948:
2780:
2575:
2569:
2533:
1689:
Keeping Ontario Moving: The History of Roads and Road Building in Ontario
459:
243:
239:
195:
67:
2875:
2734:
2580:
2563:
2538:
2512:
2470:
2160:
2136:
716:
638:
500:
442:
304:
The wagon bed is typically created from the hardy woods of white oaks (
289:
250:
108:
3077:
2953:
2755:
2641:
2617:
2592:
2523:
2400:
2370:
513:
324:
98:
in Pennsylvania, which the Conestoga wagon name may have derived from
2152:
1978:
1775:
Reich, Jerome R. (13 June 2010). "Chapter 14: Commercial Commerce".
186:
1862 print of a Conestoga wagon operated by draft horses and drivers
3067:
2688:
2666:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2390:
2345:
2319:
451:
447:
379:
320:
2179:"Devils and Diplomats Under the Friday Night Lights for the Wagon"
1157:
1147:
1145:
3072:
3026:
2867:
2851:
2810:
2693:
2502:
2444:
2385:
2360:
2278:
1462:
1255:
1253:
1186:
1184:
1064:
1062:
954:
614:
532:. The German immigrants of the county referred to themselves as "
277:
144:
62:
58:
3082:
3046:
2900:
2745:
2718:
2678:
2475:
2395:
2380:
1668:
Play from Birth to Twelve: Contexts, Perspectives, and Meanings
1546:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1329:
1327:
1142:
634:
2258:. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. pp. 1β6.
2204:
National Register of Historic Places InventoryβNomination Form
1250:
1211:
1181:
1169:
1118:
1059:
1032:
901:
899:
874:
872:
870:
335:
1803 Conestoga wagon in a replicated American frontier scene,
319:
culture. The wagon box has light blue color tones whereas the
2920:
2790:
2775:
2698:
2612:
1582:
1421:
1419:
1404:
1380:
1201:
1199:
1049:
1047:
1022:
1020:
521:
472:
441:
Conestoga wagon production depended largely on the labors of
391:
323:
were black and the wheels, running gear, and sideboards were
156:
2020:
Long-Run Prosperity Working Paper Series, Hoover Institution
1510:
1498:
1431:
1356:
1339:
1324:
1096:
1094:
1092:
857:
855:
300:
Interior of a Conestoga wagon model, B&O Railroad Museum
151:
in 1665, and it was also used as a name for the now-extinct
2846:
2646:
896:
867:
480:
468:
387:
311:
1606:
1416:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1196:
1130:
1044:
1017:
520:
religious community settled there in 1732 followed by the
2137:"The Legacy of the Middle Ages in the American Wild West"
1731:
The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places
1486:
1285:
1283:
1270:
1268:
1089:
1079:
1077:
993:
852:
1750:
Wagons West: The Epic Story of America's Overland Trails
1368:
1238:
932:
930:
928:
926:
155:
tribe. The slang term "stogie," used for long and cheap
53:
Conestoga wagons are larger and more robust variants of
2049:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
1953:
Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology
1594:
1474:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1295:
911:
2314:
1558:
1522:
1312:
1280:
1265:
1074:
981:
971:
969:
884:
2201:
1642:
1618:
1570:
1228:
1226:
1163:
923:
2011:
Elis, Roy; Haber, Stephen; Horrillo, Jordan (2023).
1443:
1005:
755:
not only of most wagons but also of the short-lived
230:
Painting of a Conestoga bell arch with seven bells,
1630:
1534:
1106:
966:
61:
to cover the wagons, large wheels to travel on non-
2036:Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society
1963:
1917:Wheel Estate: The Rise and Decline of Mobile Homes
1552:
1392:
1223:
2010:
1889:Carolina Folk: The Cradle of a Southern Tradition
1747:McLynn, Frank (2002). "Chapter 3: To Boldly Go".
960:
942:
595:. Neither the Pennsylvania assembly nor those of
3173:
567:was disastrous for the British Army, which lost
2252:Wilkinson, Norman B.; Beyer, George R. (1997).
2209:(Report). National Park Service. Archived from
1990:Coulson, Thomas (1948). "The Conestoga Wagon".
1946:"Conestoga Wagons in Braddock's Campaign, 1755"
1805:Conestoga Wagon β Masterpiece of the Blacksmith
504:Conestoga Wagon (1883) by Newbold Hough Trotter
2251:
2113:
1885:
1468:
1386:
1151:
2300:
1863:. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. pp. 55β56.
1781:(6th ed.). Routledge. pp. 147β156.
1671:(3rd ed.). Routledge. pp. 319β328.
603:passed any law to cover military transport.
1811:
1588:
1516:
1504:
1437:
1350:
1259:
1217:
1190:
1175:
1136:
1124:
1068:
1038:
905:
878:
671:
2307:
2293:
2202:National Park Service (31 December 1984).
2134:
2046:
1886:Terry, George D.; Robertson, Lynn (1985).
1410:
999:
571:along with many other soldiers and wagons.
177:
2176:
1943:
1812:Shumway, George; Frey, Howard C. (1968).
1624:
1374:
1362:
1333:
917:
57:, sharing similarities in usage of white
3187:Demographic history of the United States
1685:
1492:
770:
740:
715:
675:
620:informed Braddock about settlers at the
558:
499:
495:
432:
401:
362:
330:
295:
264:
225:
205:
181:
89:
18:
3232:Western (genre) staples and terminology
2067:
1989:
1830:
1706:
1612:
1564:
1528:
1425:
1244:
1205:
1053:
1026:
861:
659:The Braddock Expedition ended with the
3174:
2177:Adamovage, David (28 September 2023).
2084:
1913:
1892:. University of South Carolina Press.
1831:Simpson, Wilma Hicks (12 March 2013).
1746:
1664:
1648:
1600:
1480:
1100:
548:
3192:History of United States expansionism
2288:
2228:
2070:"The Conestoga Wagon of Pennsylvania"
1976:
1858:
1807:. Brookshire Printing. pp. 1β50.
1802:
1774:
1636:
1576:
1456:
1398:
1318:
1289:
1274:
1232:
1083:
1011:
987:
975:
948:
936:
337:The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
2026:
1861:A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles
1727:
1540:
1306:
1112:
890:
397:
2275:National Museum of American History
2232:Mobile/Home: The Trailer As America
1936:
841:National Museum of American History
25:National Museum of American History
13:
1920:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
512:group led by the religious leader
14:
3248:
3217:19th century in the United States
2264:
1992:Journal of the Franklin Institute
1914:Wallis, Allan D. (19 June 1997).
961:Elis, Haber & Horrillo (2023)
490:
409:painting, National Gallery of Art
2169:
2087:Archives of Environmental Health
1553:Brynjolfsson & McAfee (2015)
1753:. Grove Press. pp. 49β91.
1734:. Routledge. pp. 319β321.
833:Franklin & Marshall College
358:
2229:Tyler, Lindsay Elaine (2010).
2099:10.1080/00039896.1970.10665680
1818:(3rd ed.). George Shumway
775:Conestoga wagon on display at
172:
133:Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
1:
3212:18th century in North America
2061:10.5325/pennhistory.83.2.0135
846:
589:Pennsylvania General Assembly
428:
260:
2271:"Conestoga Wagon Time-Lapse"
2074:Western Pennsylvania History
2068:Herrick, Michael J. (1968).
2004:10.1016/0016-0032(48)90067-2
1469:Pertermann & Carr (2022)
1387:Wilkinson & Beyer (1997)
1164:National Park Service (1984)
1152:Terry & Robertson (1985)
7:
823:Little House on the Prairie
34:, also simply known as the
10:
3255:
3113:Equestrian use of roadways
2128:10.1007/s41636-022-00361-4
1944:Berkebile, Don H. (1959).
794:in 1863 and "Wagoning" by
736:
730:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
552:
510:Swiss Mennonite Conference
3197:History of road transport
3162:
3121:
3060:
2987:
2929:
2865:
2839:
2626:
2326:
2135:White, Jr., Lynn (1965).
1803:Reist, Arthur L. (1975).
1707:Bricker, Michael (2013).
1686:Bradford, Robert (2015).
1589:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1517:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1505:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1438:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1351:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1260:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1218:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1191:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1176:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1137:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1125:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1069:Shumway & Frey (1968)
1039:Shumway & Frey (1968)
906:Shumway & Frey (1968)
879:Shumway & Frey (1968)
777:Ulster American Folk Park
766:
722:York County, Pennsylvania
661:Battle of the Monongahela
565:Battle of the Monongahela
119:and to ports for Europe.
85:
2027:Frey, Howard C. (1930).
1740:10.4324/9781315073828-80
1657:
1411:Hart & Wilson (2016)
691:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
672:Late 18thβ19th centuries
165:The Pennsylvania Gazette
117:Province of Pennsylvania
44:Province of Pennsylvania
3108:Museums and collections
2979:Whippletree/double tree
1710:Historic Forsyth County
542:Conestoga, Pennsylvania
271:B&O Railroad Museum
269:Conestoga wagon model,
232:National Gallery of Art
178:General characteristics
141:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
3222:19th century in Canada
2959:Swingletree/singletree
2116:Historical Archaeology
1859:Smith, D.J.M. (1988).
1713:. Arcadia Publishing.
783:
746:
725:
685:
572:
534:Pennsylfawisch Deitsch
505:
438:
410:
371:
339:
301:
273:
234:
211:
187:
99:
27:
3207:Mennonitism in Canada
2329:carriages and coaches
2029:"The Conestoga Wagon"
2013:"Transport Corridors"
774:
744:
719:
679:
581:French and Indian War
562:
503:
496:Pennsylvanian origins
471:, hammer and anvils,
436:
405:
366:
334:
299:
268:
229:
209:
185:
102:The exact origins of
93:
22:
16:Type of covered wagon
2931:Vehicle construction
2911:Trolley and lift van
2751:Limbers and caissons
2316:Horse-drawn vehicles
792:Thomas Buchanan Read
622:Blue Ridge Mountains
587:when he advised the
585:Robert Hunter Morris
407:Conestoga wagon jack
369:Heinz History Center
2944:Front axle assembly
2629:carriages and carts
2549:Runabout (carriage)
2255:The Conestoga Wagon
2183:Dickinson Athletics
1977:Clark, Ron (2017).
1837:. Tate Publishing.
1615:, pp. 161β162.
1471:, pp. 408β409.
1428:, pp. 159β161.
1413:, pp. 145β146.
1365:, pp. 144β146.
1336:, pp. 142β143.
1309:, pp. 319β321.
1262:, pp. 207β213.
1220:, pp. 205β206.
1208:, pp. 156β158.
1193:, pp. 197β200.
1178:, pp. 254β256.
1127:, pp. 214β224.
1103:, pp. 661β663.
1071:, pp. 185β187.
1056:, pp. 155β156.
1041:, pp. 152β153.
1029:, pp. 157β158.
893:, pp. 289β290.
864:, pp. 215β217.
720:Red Lion Tavern in
555:Braddock Expedition
549:Braddock Expedition
530:American Revolution
249:but were sometimes
40:Pennsylvanian Dutch
3237:Bells (percussion)
2816:Two-wheeled calash
1591:, pp. 87β108.
788:American Civil War
784:
747:
726:
686:
618:Sir John St. Clair
573:
506:
439:
411:
372:
340:
317:Pennsylvania Dutch
302:
274:
235:
212:
201:rolling resistance
188:
100:
28:
3182:American frontier
3169:
3168:
2519:Marathon carriage
2239:on 14 August 2022
2216:on 15 August 2023
1927:978-0-8018-5641-9
1899:978-0-87249-950-8
1844:978-1-62295-460-5
1788:978-1-315-51048-4
1760:978-0-8021-9914-0
1720:978-0-7385-9787-4
1699:978-1-4597-2411-2
1692:. Dundurn Press.
1678:978-1-317-62035-8
1603:, pp. 36β38.
1519:, pp. 81β82.
1507:, pp. 79β80.
1495:, pp. 31β33.
1483:, pp. 53β54.
1440:, pp. 61β63.
1353:, pp. 35β45.
1321:, pp. 18β26.
1292:, pp. 39β44.
1277:, pp. 21β26.
1154:, pp. 25β27.
1086:, pp. 55β56.
1000:White, Jr. (1965)
990:, pp. 14β17.
963:, pp. 12β13.
939:, pp. 13β19.
908:, pp. 18β19.
881:, pp. 14β16.
829:Dickinson College
817:The Covered Wagon
706:Susquehanna River
668:William Douglas.
648:According to the
630:Benjamin Franklin
577:Braddock Campaign
398:Other accessories
23:Conestoga wagon,
3244:
3144:Carriage museums
2481:Horsebus/Omnibus
2465:Hackney carriage
2309:
2302:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2259:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2189:on 25 April 2024
2185:. Archived from
2164:
2131:
2110:
2081:
2064:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2007:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1950:
1937:Journal articles
1931:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1882:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1778:Colonial America
1771:
1769:
1767:
1743:
1724:
1703:
1682:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1625:Adamovage (2023)
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1579:, pp. 9β10.
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1375:Berkebile (1959)
1372:
1366:
1363:Berkebile (1959)
1360:
1354:
1348:
1337:
1334:Berkebile (1959)
1331:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1247:, p. 53β54.
1242:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
921:
918:Berkebile (1959)
915:
909:
903:
894:
888:
882:
876:
865:
859:
781:Northern Ireland
699:Great Wagon Road
518:Ephrata Cloister
247:hair coat colors
217:Augusta, Georgia
149:Augustine Herman
127:, who took over
3254:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3117:
3056:
2983:
2925:
2881:Conestoga wagon
2861:
2835:
2628:
2622:
2328:
2322:
2313:
2267:
2262:
2242:
2240:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2192:
2190:
2172:
2167:
2153:10.2307/2855557
2031:
2015:
1966:Foreign Affairs
1959:(218): 142β153.
1948:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1871:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1821:
1819:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1721:
1700:
1679:
1660:
1655:
1651:, pp. 320.
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:, pp. 112.
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1543:, pp. 311.
1539:
1535:
1531:, pp. 161.
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1493:Bradford (2015)
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:, pp. 8β9.
1455:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:, pp. 1β6.
1385:
1381:
1377:, pp. 149.
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1139:, pp. 237.
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:, pp. 295.
1111:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1037:
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2741:Jaunting car
2674:Chasse-marΓ©e
2460:Four-in-hand
2327:Four-wheeled
2254:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2231:
2218:. Retrieved
2211:the original
2191:. Retrieved
2187:the original
2182:
2144:
2140:
2119:
2115:
2090:
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2019:
1995:
1991:
1983:Academia.edu
1982:
1969:
1965:
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1916:
1903:. Retrieved
1888:
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1637:Clark (2017)
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1399:Clark (2017)
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1319:Reist (1975)
1314:
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1275:Reist (1975)
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1233:Clark (2017)
1213:
1171:
1159:
1132:
1120:
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1084:Smith (1988)
1034:
1012:Clark (2017)
1007:
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988:Reist (1975)
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196:draft horses
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113:Philadelphia
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80:Nissen wagon
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72:wagon makers
68:wheelwrights
52:
35:
31:
29:
3093:Draft horse
3032:Horse brass
2974:Wheelwright
2949:Hammercloth
2847:Sled/sleigh
2840:Non-wheeled
2781:Sprung cart
2627:Two-wheeled
2576:State coach
2570:Stage wagon
2534:Post chaise
1541:Frey (1930)
1307:King (1996)
1113:Frey (1930)
891:Frey (1930)
665:Wills Creek
654:Robert Orme
526:John Wright
443:blacksmiths
348:Weber wagon
290:watercrafts
251:dapple gray
173:Description
125:James Logan
109:farm wagons
59:hemp cloths
3176:Categories
3122:Categories
2969:Wainwright
2876:Chuckwagon
2735:Hansom cab
2564:Stagecoach
2539:Road Coach
2513:Mail coach
2080:: 155β163.
1972:(4): 8β14.
1870:0851314686
847:References
639:James Burd
429:Production
423:wagon jack
261:Wagon body
3227:Fur trade
3129:Carriages
3078:Postilion
3012:Breeching
2954:Shaft bow
2756:Ralli car
2642:Cape cart
2636:Cabriolet
2618:Wagonette
2608:Vis-Γ -vis
2593:Tarantass
2524:Park Drag
2435:Dos-Γ -dos
2429:Diligence
2401:Charabanc
2371:Buckboard
2320:carriages
1879:11597864M
514:Hans Herr
380:linchpins
325:vermilion
321:ironworks
147:merchant
36:Conestoga
3068:Coachman
3002:Blinders
2786:Stanhope
2689:Curricle
2667:Quadriga
2603:Victoria
2554:Sociable
2544:Rockaway
2498:Karozzin
2487:Horsecar
2407:Clarence
2391:Carryall
2366:Brougham
2346:Barouche
2243:17 March
2220:17 March
2193:25 April
2141:Speculum
1905:17 March
1850:22 March
1822:17 March
1794:17 March
1766:17 March
697:and the
680:Regular
652:officer
601:Virginia
597:Maryland
452:pig iron
448:Iron Act
145:Bohemian
3088:Driving
3073:Footman
3061:Related
3027:Crupper
2989:Harness
2906:Trolley
2868:drayage
2852:Travois
2831:Whiskey
2826:Volante
2811:Tumbrel
2801:Tilbury
2694:Dogcart
2684:Croydon
2652:Chariot
2529:Phaeton
2503:Kibitka
2445:Droshky
2386:Cariole
2361:Britzka
2279:YouTube
2161:2855557
2107:4908758
2022:: 1β37.
1985:: 1β18.
786:By the
737:Decline
615:Colonel
579:of the
282:sagging
278:macadam
115:in the
63:macadam
3202:Wagons
3154:Images
3103:Tandem
3083:Livery
3047:Terret
3042:Saddle
3022:Collar
3017:Bridle
2901:Telega
2857:Troika
2746:Kalesa
2719:Gharry
2679:Cidomo
2588:Surrey
2581:Gilded
2508:Landau
2493:Jingle
2476:Herdic
2471:Hearse
2450:Fiacre
2396:Chaise
2381:Calash
2351:Berlin
2159:
2105:
1924:
1896:
1877:
1867:
1841:
1785:
1757:
1717:
1696:
1675:
767:Legacy
635:Quaker
473:pliers
392:spokes
157:cigars
86:Origin
3134:Carts
3052:Trace
3037:Lines
2921:Wagon
2916:Vardo
2896:Lorry
2891:Float
2796:Tanga
2791:Sulky
2776:Sjees
2709:Float
2699:Dokar
2662:Triga
2613:Vozok
2598:Triga
2424:CoupΓ©
2412:Coach
2376:Buggy
2356:Brake
2341:Bandy
2336:Araba
2214:(PDF)
2207:(PDF)
2157:JSTOR
2032:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1949:(PDF)
1658:Print
522:Amish
469:vises
388:tires
240:black
2806:Trap
2766:Shay
2714:Gari
2704:Ekka
2657:Biga
2647:Cart
2440:Drag
2318:and
2245:2024
2222:2024
2195:2024
2103:PMID
1922:ISBN
1907:2024
1894:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1852:2024
1839:ISBN
1824:2024
1796:2024
1783:ISBN
1768:2024
1755:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1673:ISBN
831:and
606:The
599:and
563:The
481:loom
462:and
312:hemp
94:The
70:and
30:The
2725:Gig
2455:Fly
2149:doi
2124:doi
2095:doi
2057:doi
2000:doi
1996:246
1736:doi
244:bay
242:or
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1994:.
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1970:94
1968:.
1955:.
1951:.
1875:OL
1873:.
1445:^
1418:^
1341:^
1326:^
1297:^
1282:^
1267:^
1252:^
1225:^
1198:^
1183:^
1144:^
1091:^
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898:^
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2737:β‘
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2308:e
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