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be no such Thing as Wisdom; and no such thing as public
Liberty, without Freedom of Speech; which is the right of every man, as far as by it, he does not hurt or control the Right of another." One such article led to James Franklin's imprisonment from June 12 until July 7, 1722, after he declined to reveal the identity of its author. Benjamin Franklin continued to publish the
213:, was more enthusiastic and outspoken in its treatment of Boston's public affairs than the existing newspapers. Its real substance was in letters to the editor from Boston's intellectuals who were highly critical of the British government viz the Massachusetts province. As such it often found itself in the middle of political or social controversy. The
109:. It was a weekly newspaper and the third to appear in Boston. Unlike other newspapers, it offered a more critical account about the British colonial government and other royal figures of authority. The newspaper published critical commentary about smallpox inoculation which fueled the controversy during the
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Benjamin was thrilled that his writing was being published for the public to read. When he finally informed his brother that he was the author James became angry. One of the letters was about the virtues of freedom of speech, and contained the following passage: "WITHOUT Freedom of
Thought, there can
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is remembered in history chiefly because it contained the first words of
Benjamin to be published for the general public, which launched Benjamin's printing career. James Franklin came to be known as the strict and jealous master which Benjamin described in his famous autobiography. Isaacson further
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reached the peak of its fame. Benjamin would later recall that this "demanded too much of me", and was now anxious to move out on his own and in 1723, he left for
Philadelphia. Benjamin assumed correctly that his brother would not seek legal recourse for breaking his apprenticeship with James, as it
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Douglas was the only physician in Boston who had an actual medical degree. At first he opposed the inoculation of smallpox, but by 1730 he had changed his views and had become an advocate of the prospect, and eventually administered the inoculations himself, although he and Mather never reconciled
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became the first truly independent
American newspaper to use literary content, critical and often humorous essays. It debuted at a time when there was much political and social controversy over the cause of poverty in Boston, which was compounded by the smallpox epidemic, its controversy over the
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naturally was a cause for great alarm, while the city's publishing and other intellectual pursuits had declined considerably. A highly questionable method of inoculation was being proposed, but the greater Boston populace feared that this would only serve to accelerate the spread of the disease.
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Subsequent issues, however, did not live up to declaration put forward in
Benjamin's editorial. Most of the articles consisted of dated dispatches rehashing foreign news and old speeches. Only one of these essays was clearly written by Benjamin which were an essay about the folly of titles of
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by slipping them under the door of the printing shop. His brother had no knowledge about who had actually written them. Impressed with the writing, James shared the Dogood letters with his newspaper colleagues who regarded them with equal approval. After his editorials began appearing in the
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with a scathing attack on Cotton Mather, a major supporter of inoculation, and in its outspoken and candid capacity his newspaper gave the signal for rebellion against such established authority. Not satisfied with voicing simple protest, it assailed the most honored names and the most deeply
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James
Franklin found himself at odds and in the middle of controversy with the Massachusetts provincial government and the Clergy. On June 11, 1722, he printed what appeared to be an innocent enough account about the particular affairs of the Massachusetts government when he published that,
358:. However, upon the publication January issue 1723, James got into serious trouble when he published an account, which Benjamin later referred to as an "Essay against Hypocritesβ. Against the advice of his father and various friends Franklin, regardless, published the paper's first issue.
433:"Whether a commonwealth suffers more by hypocritical pretenders to religion or by the openly profane. But some late thoughts of this nature have inclined me to think that the hypocrite is the most dangerous person of the two, especially if he sustains a post in the government."
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who trained as a physician before becoming a preacher, sent out letters to various doctors in Boston, urging their support for inoculation, but nearly all of them were highly skeptical of the practice. Franklin was bitterly opposed to the prospect and through the
160:, and began his printing career in Boston in March 1716 at the age of twenty-five. He owned his own printing press and type brought over from London where he had served as an apprentice. He printed pamphlets for various booksellers, and was the first printer for
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were principally filled with original articles, in the form of essays, letters, and short paragraphs, written with considerable ability and wit, and touching with great freedom the vices and follies of the time. The weapon of satire was used with an unsparing
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Not long after his release from prison, in
January 1723, James subsequently held a secret meeting with his brother, now seventeen years old, in his shop. There they decided that the best way to get around the government's prohibitive order was to publish the
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Deeply galled over the cause of his brother's imprisonment, Benjamin "unleashed a piercing attack" at colonial authorities after James' release from jail, through another
Silence Dogood editorial (essay 9), which was carried by the July 16β23, 1722 issue of
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James was replaced as its printer. Offended by the loss of that position, and encouraged by a number of respectable friends who wanted to see a newspaper that presented a more critical and candid view than other newspapers, he established and began to print
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The Hell-Fire Club consisted of about forty people, including fifteen ladies of considerable respectability. They "blasphemously assumed to themselves" the tremendous names of God, saints and other biblical figures, and were known to ridicule religious
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as they felt that it was being used to mock religion and held the holy scriptures in contempt, while the "faithful
Ministers of the Gospel" were being routinely slandered. In response to Franklin's derogatory statements Mather declared that
347:"We are advised from Boston that the government of Massachusetts are fitting out a ship , to go after the pirates, to be commanded by Captain Peter Papillon, and βtis thought he will sail some time this month, wind and weather permitting.β
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was the most expensive newspaper of its time. It consisted of one single sheet printed on both sides, focusing mostly on shipping reports, snippets of information from neighboring towns, and letters from Europe. From the start, Franklin's
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thereafter slowly failed in the face of the constant conflicts with Mathers and Puritanical Boston and wore James down, where he subsequently folded the paper and removed to Rhode Island where he eventually died in 1735.
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and resumed treating Benjamin as an apprentice, and subjected his teenage brother to beatings, rather than as a fellow writer and brother. Eventually the relationship between James and Benjamin Franklin suffered as the
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In order to prevent the court from acting against Ben as James's apprentice, James relinquished Benjamin's term of apprenticeship and signed the back of the original agreement which released his brother from all legal
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would be "designed purely for the diversion and merriment of the reader" and also to "entertain the town with the most comical and diverting incidents of human life." The editorial also stated that the master of
373:. The apprenticeship included a variety of odd jobs, including typesetting issuing pamphlets, linens and silks. Beginning at age sixteen, Benjamin would later write some fifteen controversial editorials under the
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The magisterial Council for their own reasons took this to be an insult, and perhaps a breach of security, resulting in James' incarceration for a couple of weeks. Meanwhile, Benjamin took over operations of the
446:. Benjamin conducted its publication more cautiously than did his brother. His first issue contained an editorial which denounced publishing anything " hateful" and "malicious". It declared that from now on the
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was America's first independent newspaper that proved to be a bold-anti-establishment journal, the "first open effort to defy the norm", and the first newspaper that promoted the ideal of Freedom of Speech.
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nobility, which was consistent with his lifelong aversion to titles based on heredity and aristocracy. A few weeks passed and James, considered a man of jealous and tyrannical disposition, returned to the
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carrying many passengers infected with smallpox. The highly contagious disease quickly spread and within months approximately nine hundred of Boston's ten thousand residents had died. The
125:, which resulted in James' imprisonment after he began publishing them. This sort of Governmental censorship of early colonial newspapers is what largely fostered the American ideal of
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he characterized Mather as the "arch-hypocrite of New-England" who had abandoned his religious principles by his support for the smallpox inoculation. At this time the editors of
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Before the American Revolution printers and newspaper publishers were required to obtain an official license, with their publications subject to review and possible censorship.
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without James as the official publisher. Beginning on Monday, February 11, 1723, the inscription, "Printed and sold by Benjamin Franklin" appeared in the heading of the
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in Boston. Ultimately it was suppressed in 1726 by British colonial authorities for printing what they considered seditious articles. Franklin took on his brother,
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519:. They are all bound together in one volume, and are far from being in perfect condition. The April 2, 1722 issue (pictured below) is the only surviving issue of
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Benjamin Franklin under the assumed name of Silence Dogood, essay about Freedom of Speech submitted to The New-England Courant; Excerpt from July 2β9, 1722 issue
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399:, without first submitting its contents for review by the secretary of the Massachusetts province. However, Franklin, regardless, continued publishing the
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The New-England courant; a selection of certain issues containing writings of Benjamin Franklyn or published by him during his brother's imprisonment
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328:. From that point on Franklin and his newspaper were incessantly challenged in this manner for their criticisms about inoculation and the clergy.
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while James was serving his term in prison. Upon his release Franklin was ordered by the Massachusetts provincial government to cease publishing
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and others who opposed inoculation a voice to make their opposition public. Although no actual names were used it was very apparent that the
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proposed inoculation, and the severe censorship on the part of the provincial government and clergy towards individual opinions and conduct.
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Franklin recalls this event in detail, as he was present when Franklin's colleagues shared their approbations over his writings.
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for being overly modest and compliant with governmental authority, referring to it as "a dull vehicle of intelligence".
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Strong differences in opinion over the ethics of inoculation sparked a bitter newspaper and pamphlet war, of which the
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Apprentices were legally bound to serve out the full term of their apprenticeship:Benjamin's term was for nine years.
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continued to be published under Benjamin's name until the final release of its 255th issue, dated June 25, 1726. The
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Note: Franklin's autobiography has been printed over the years by numerous publishers, and page numbers can differ.
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had refused to print any accounts opposing inoculation. Subsequently, one of the reasons Franklin started the
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and was the third newspaper established in Boston. James was the elder brother of the renowned
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The actual order read: "James Franklin should no longer print or publish the newspaper called
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On January 14 a committee of the House ordered James Franklin from further publication of the
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is widely noted among historians as being the first newspaper to publish Benjamin's writings.
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The history & antiquities of Boston : from its settlement in 1630, to the year 1770
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Specimens of newspaper literature : with personal memoirs, anecdotes, and reminiscences
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318:, with a Non-Juror at the head of them." Mather openly condemned and denounced the "vile
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The memorial history of Boston : including Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 1630-1880
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Blake, John B. (December 1952). "The Inoculation Controversy in Boston: 1721-1722".
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to him to avert further prosecution. Benjamin submitted anonymous editorials to the
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Fireoved, Joseph (Winter 1985). "Nathaniel Gardner and the "New-England Courant"".
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A Discourse Concerning the Currencies of the British Plantations in America, &c
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made its first appearance on Monday, August 7, 1721, printed and published by
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cherished opinions without reservation. In a public address James criticized
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Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
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At various times during his six-year term as printer and publisher of the
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was attacking the Reverend Mather by mocking and mimicking his sermons.
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1714:(Nos. 1, 18, 25, 27, 28, 35, 379, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51) (1721β22)
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was playing a major role, beginning with its first issue of August 7.
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B. Franklin recalls its literay style: "The earlier numbers of the
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in his name, undermining the arrangement James had with Benjamin.
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The Ramage printing press, made in London, used by James Franklin
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The first American : the life and times of Benjamin Franklin
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Operating without a printing license from provincial government,
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The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers
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The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers
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1470:. Vol. I. Boston : Charles C. Little and James Brown.
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Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
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he rushed into the fray on the anti-inoculation side. In the
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1382: Bibliography of early American publishers and printers
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Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One
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that published Benjamin Franklin's earliest known writing.
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A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
459:, who could look in opposite directions at the same time.
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supported the smallpox inoculation and was derided in the
381:, disguising his hand-writing, and submitted them to the
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1721 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
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The development of freedom of the press in Massachusetts
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July 16β23, 1722, featuring Silence Dogood editorial #9
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A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks
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Douglass, William (1897). Bullock, Charles J. (ed.).
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The hell-fire clubs : a history of anti-morality
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1738:, Google books, Issues 179β255 (issues for 1725β26)
2360:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky
2147:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
1522:(3). University of North Carolina Press: 214β235.
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1732:, Google books, Issues 127β178 (issues for 1724)
1720:, Google books, Issues 1-74 (issues for 1721β22)
2216:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
1726:, Google books, Issues 75-126 (issues for 1723)
1627:. Boston American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1418:(4). The New England Quarterly, Inc.: 489β506.
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3869:Independent Ledger and the American Advertiser
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170:and his partner took over publication of the
4525:Defunct newspapers published in Massachusetts
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1595:. Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin Company.
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2449:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
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473:would reveal that James had signed over the
2166:Experiments and Observations on Electricity
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3821:American Magazine and Historical Chronicle
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2202:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
1968:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
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2296:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
2067:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
1915:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
1666:. Vol. II. Boston: James R. Osgood.
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369:- three years before he established the
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3989:The Universalist and Ladies' Repository
1808:Second Continental Congress (1775β1776)
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220:
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2245:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
2129:Early American publishers and printers
1655:. Vol. II. New York, B. Franklin.
1541:The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
578:Early American publishers and printers
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1798:President of Pennsylvania (1785β1788)
1785:
1759:
1641:. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.
1544:. Philadelphia : Henry Altemus.
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1606:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1509:. Vol. XII. New York, Longmans.
563:; Excerpt from April 16, 1722, issue
361:In 1718 Franklin's younger brother,
4535:Printers from the Thirteen Colonies
2306:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
2020:Academy and College of Philadelphia
1571:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life
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549::New England Courant, April 2, 1722
511:The only known remaining copies of
13:
2752:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
2152:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
1851:Committee of Secret Correspondence
1675:. Massachusetts Historical Society
1574:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1464:Buckingham, Joseph Tinker (1850).
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526:
249:arrived at Boston harbor from the
14:
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3137:The Massachusetts Daily Collegian
2737:Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
2387:University of Pennsylvania statue
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515:are housed in the library of the
190:James announced the birth of the
4510:Publications established in 1721
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2717:Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
2474:Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)
2047:Continental Currency dollar coin
1948:Franklin's electrostatic machine
1920:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
1803:Ambassador to France (1779β1785)
1708:Brief history and scanned issues
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1481:. American Economic Association.
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517:Massachusetts Historical Society
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2712:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
2687:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
2142:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
2093:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
2010:Library Company of Philadelphia
1743:The First Newspapers in America
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1555:. Independence Hall Association
1495:. Boston : Luther Stevens.
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245:made its first appearance, HMS
4520:Newspapers published in Boston
2005:American Philosophical Society
1900:1776 Pennsylvania Constitution
1895:Staten Island Peace Conference
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1592:History of American journalism
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583:Newspapers of colonial America
494:Benjamin Franklin biographer,
1:
3487:The Christian Science Monitor
3251:The Armenian Mirror-Spectator
3030:The Daily News of Newburyport
2103:Silence Dogood letters (1722)
2032:Philadelphia Contributionship
1603:The life of Benjamin Franklin
1445:. New York : Doubleday.
1388:
1328:Independence Hall Association
1214:Franklin Autobiography, 1895
1116:Franklin Autobiography, 1895
1055:
824:Franklin Autobiography, 1895
2707:Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
2697:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
2340:The Apotheosis of Washington
2265:Franklin's phonetic alphabet
2223:"The Morals of Chess" (1786)
2116:The Busy-Body columns (1729)
2057:United States Postal Service
1883:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
1670:
1660:Winsor, Justin, ed. (1881).
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269:, a prominent and respected
7:
4252:Holyoke Transcript-Telegram
2949:The Martha's Vineyard Times
2692:William Franklin (grandson)
2412:Jefferson Memorial pediment
2333:Royal Society of Arts medal
2208:A Letter to a Royal Academy
1868:Declaration of Independence
1671:Franklin, Benjamin (1722).
571:
31:August 7, 1721, first issue
10:
4551:
4021:The Heathen Woman's Friend
3829:The Independent Advertiser
2747:Richard Bache (son-in-law)
2742:Peter Folger (grandfather)
2437:WashingtonβFranklin stamps
2402:Stanford University statue
2025:University of Pennsylvania
1589:Lee, James Melvin (1923).
1379:
136:
4427:The Daily News Transcript
4402:
4373:
4344:
4315:
4286:
4241:
4204:
4151:
3957:Boston Evening Transcript
3909:Constitutional Telegraphe
3762:
3753:
3735:Blackstone Valley Tribune
3687:Sentinel & Enterprise
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2760:
2702:Louis F. Bache (grandson)
2664:
2611:
2571:(2002 documentary series)
2555:(1997 documentary series)
2495:
2454:Benjamin Franklin College
2301:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
2273:
2085:
1938:
1846:Hutchinson letters affair
1816:
1793:
1600:Lemay, J. A. Leo (2006).
1568:Isaacson, Walter (2003).
1553:"The New-England Courant"
1516:Early American Literature
1412:The New England Quarterly
489:
99:first American newspapers
74:
66:
56:
46:
36:
24:
4005:Boston Evening Traveller
3837:Boston Weekly Advertiser
3711:Southbridge Evening News
3302:The MetroWest Daily News
3294:The Wakefield Daily Item
2812:Massachusetts newspapers
2727:James Franklin (brother)
2722:Josiah Franklin (father)
2392:Portland, Oregon, statue
2260:Franklin as a journalist
2229:An Address to the Public
2122:The Pennsylvania Gazette
1878:Franco-American alliance
1829:(1754 political cartoon)
1673:"Silence Dogood essay 8"
1395:. Stroud : Sutton.
588:
559:Silence Dogood Essay in
16:Early American newspaper
3941:Boston Daily Advertiser
3933:Boston Weekly Messenger
3789:The New-England Courant
3626:Winthrop Sun Transcript
3551:Boston Business Journal
3343:The Inquirer and Mirror
3164:Daily Hampshire Gazette
2630:The New-England Courant
2427:One-hundred-dollar bill
2328:Benjamin Franklin Medal
2291:Benjamin Franklin House
2135:Poor Richard's Almanack
2042:Early American currency
1993:111th Infantry Regiment
1861:"...to be self-evident"
1736:The New-England Courant
1730:The New-England Courant
1724:The New-England Courant
1718:The New-England Courant
1702:The New-England Courant
1501:Duniway, Clyde Augustus
1389:Ashe, Geoffrey (2000).
658:The New England Courant
521:The New-England Courant
513:The New-England Courant
505:The New-England Courant
479:The New-England Courant
455:would be the Roman god
453:The New-England Courant
417:The New-England Courant
397:The New-England Courant
312:The New-England Courant
243:The New-England Courant
204:At 4 pence a copy, the
184:The New-England Courant
177:The New-England Courant
150:The New-England Courant
131:The New England Courant
88:The New-England Courant
20:The New-England Courant
4515:18th century in Boston
4467:Springfield Daily News
4419:The Daily News Tribune
4411:North Adams Transcript
3773:The Boston News-Letter
3695:Telegram & Gazette
3660:The Milford Daily News
3380:The Wellesley Townsman
3038:Gloucester Daily Times
2838:The Barnstable Patriot
2682:Francis Franklin (son)
2677:William Franklin (son)
2624:American Enlightenment
2563:(2002 animated series)
2432:Franklin silver dollar
2407:Washington D.C. statue
2382:Columbus, Ohio, statue
2367:Revolutionary War Door
2253:Bagatelles and Satires
2247:(1771β1790, pub. 1791)
2187:Pennsylvania Chronicle
2072:Master, Les Neuf SΕurs
1621:Miller, Perry (1956).
1439:Brands, H. W. (2000).
1268:American Media History
1140:Silence Dogood essay 8
564:
550:
540:
435:
421:
349:
284:The Boston News-Letter
238:
198:The Boston News-Letter
146:
4451:Medford Daily Mercury
4334:New-England Repertory
4305:Nantucket Independent
4260:Neu England Rundschau
4170:The Cambridge Tribune
4085:The Revolutionary Age
4013:The Flag of Our Union
3917:New-England Repertory
3853:Independent Chronicle
3575:West Ender Newsletter
3310:Daily Times Chronicle
2888:Taunton Daily Gazette
2514:Ben Franklin in Paris
2417:Refunding Certificate
2015:Pennsylvania Hospital
1910:Treaty of Paris, 1783
1712:Electric Ben Franklin
1487:Drake, Samuel Gardner
1380:Further information:
880:Thomas, 1874, Vol. II
741:Thomas, 1874, Vol. II
558:
548:
538:
498:, maintains that the
431:
414:
345:
314:was "carried on by a
241:In 1721, just before
228:
144:
4297:The Nantucket Beacon
4231:LibertΓ© de Fitchburg
3797:The Weekly Rehearsal
3527:The Daily Free Press
3278:Stoneham Independent
2619:Age of Enlightenment
2545:A More Perfect Union
2422:Franklin half dollar
2397:San Francisco statue
2173:Birch letters (1755)
1834:Albany Plan of Union
1187:Thomas, 1874, Vol. I
1175:Thomas, 1874, Vol. I
1163:Thomas, 1874, Vol. I
221:Smallpox controversy
4443:Malden Evening News
4162:Cambridge Chronicle
4061:The Jewish Advocate
3965:Boston Investigator
3813:Boston Evening-Post
3727:Fifty Plus Advocate
3668:The Country Gazette
3567:Dorchester Reporter
3511:The Berkeley Beacon
3503:The Suffolk Journal
3495:The Huntington News
3417:Old Colony Memorial
3198:The Harvard Crimson
2867:The Berkshire Eagle
2732:Jane Mecom (sister)
2672:Deborah Read (wife)
2644:American Revolution
2637:The American Museum
2516:(1964 musical play)
2487:Ben Franklin effect
981:Bullock (ed.), 1897
624:their differences.
611:New England Courant
561:New England Courant
500:New-England Courant
475:New-England Courant
470:New-England Courant
338:New-England Courant
307:New-England Courant
294:was to give Doctor
276:New-England Courant
235:New-England Courant
215:New England Courant
211:New England Courant
206:New-England Courant
94:New England Courant
21:
4435:Somerville Journal
4326:Newburyport Herald
4133:The Boston Courant
4117:Gay Community News
3997:The Boston Journal
3893:Columbian Centinel
3425:Middleboro Gazette
3396:The Westwood Press
3388:The Medfield Press
3372:The Patriot Ledger
3108:The Westfield News
3046:The Jewish Journal
2896:The Standard-Times
2595:(2022 documentary)
2497:In popular culture
2311:Franklin Institute
2037:Union Fire Company
1925:Postmaster General
1905:Libertas Americana
1888:Treaty of Alliance
1748:2021-12-26 at the
1536:Franklin, Benjamin
565:
551:
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367:The Boston Gazette
325:The Boston Gazette
239:
163:The Boston Gazette
147:
76:Ceased publication
19:
4497:
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4215:Voice of Industry
4037:The Boston Record
4032:(c. 1874βc. 1911)
3885:Herald of Freedom
3861:Massachusetts Spy
3749:
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3214:Spare Change News
3174:
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2987:The Eagle-Tribune
2979:Haverhill Gazette
2912:The Sun Chronicle
2829:Barnstable County
2778:
2777:
2603:(2024 miniseries)
2593:Benjamin Franklin
2587:(2015 miniseries)
2579:(2008 miniseries)
2569:Benjamin Franklin
2536:Benjamin Franklin
2469:State of Franklin
2179:The Way to Wealth
1856:Committee of Five
1787:Benjamin Franklin
1700:Works related to
569:
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363:Benjamin Franklin
255:smallpox epidemic
158:Benjamin Franklin
127:Freedom of Speech
115:Benjamin Franklin
111:smallpox epidemic
101:, was founded in
84:
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4483:The Taunton Call
4029:The Morning Star
3845:Boston Chronicle
3760:
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3719:Athol Daily News
3703:The Gardner News
3647:
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3642:Worcester County
3519:Bay State Banner
3479:The Boston Globe
3458:
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3334:Nantucket County
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3180:Middlesex County
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3119:Hampshire County
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2941:Vineyard Gazette
2858:Berkshire County
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1930:Founding Fathers
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4053:Boston Guardian
3973:The Boston Post
3901:American Apollo
3877:American Herald
3805:Boston Post-Boy
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2585:Sons of Liberty
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2355:(1783 painting)
2352:Treaty of Paris
2269:
2098:Founders Online
2081:
2062:Street lighting
1978:Kite experiment
1940:
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1817:Founding of the
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4358:(1800βc. 1911)
4355:Salem Register
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4056:(1901βc. 1950)
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1549:
1532:
1511:
1497:
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1461:
1451:
1436:
1424:10.2307/362582
1407:
1401:
1385:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1304:Isaacson, 2003
1296:
1284:
1282:, pp.20-21, 31
1272:
1260:
1248:
1244:Isaacson, 2003
1233:
1229:Isaacson, 2003
1218:
1206:
1191:
1179:
1167:
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1128:Isaacson, 2003
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1009:
1007:, pp. 214, 221
1005:Fireoved, 1985
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:
921:Isaacson, 2003
908:
896:
884:
872:
868:Fireoved, 1985
857:
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812:Isaacson, 2003
804:
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379:Silence Dogood
351:
350:
333:
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316:Hell-Fire Club
288:Boston Gazette
222:
219:
154:James Franklin
138:
135:
129:in the press.
107:James Franklin
97:), one of the
91:(also spelled
82:
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70:August 7, 1721
68:
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4384:Worcester Spy
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4178:MIT Tech Talk
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4125:In Newsweekly
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3145:El Sol Latino
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3006:Salem Gazette
3003:
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2524:(1969 musical
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2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
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1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
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1973:Lightning rod
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1937:
1931:
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1827:Join, or Die.
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:United States
1815:
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1704:at Wikisource
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1343:Isaacon, 2003
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1203:
1202:Duniway, 1906
1198:
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1165:, pp. 16, 111
1164:
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1129:
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1100:
1093:
1088:
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1076:
1069:
1064:
1058:, pp. 48, 111
1057:
1052:
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1040:
1033:
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1021:
1016:
1014:
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1001:
994:
989:
983:, pp. 269-270
982:
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904:Duniway, 1906
900:
894:, pp. 16, 111
893:
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645:Autobiography
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332:Legal trouble
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293:
289:
285:
281:
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272:
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267:Cotton Mather
263:
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256:
252:
248:
244:
237:for doing so.
236:
232:
231:Cotton Mather
227:
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134:
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108:
104:
100:
96:
95:
90:
89:
80:June 25, 1726
79:
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62:
59:
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52:
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45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
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4295:
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4229:
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4213:
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4168:
4160:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
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4067:
4059:
4051:
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4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3981:Boston Atlas
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
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3803:
3795:
3788:
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3771:
3733:
3725:
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3541:
3533:
3525:
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3509:
3501:
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3469:
3441:The Wanderer
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3341:
3316:
3308:
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3292:
3284:
3276:
3257:
3249:
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3233:
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3162:
3143:
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3106:
3098:
3079:The Recorder
3077:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2985:
2977:
2961:Essex County
2947:
2939:
2932:Dukes County
2920:The Advocate
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2865:
2844:
2836:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2538:(miniseries)
2535:
2521:
2513:
2508:(1953 short)
2505:
2480:
2442:other stamps
2358:
2350:
2339:
2338:Depicted in
2281:Bibliography
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2215:
2207:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2165:
2157:
2134:
2121:
2108:
1941:other events
1873:Model Treaty
1826:
1741:
1711:
1679:December 19,
1677:. Retrieved
1662:
1651:
1637:
1623:
1602:
1591:
1570:
1559:December 21,
1557:. Retrieved
1545:
1540:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1491:
1477:
1466:
1441:
1415:
1411:
1391:
1376:Bibliography
1362:
1350:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1292:Brands, 2000
1287:
1280:Brands, 2000
1275:
1267:
1263:
1256:Winsor, 1881
1251:
1209:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1104:Brands, 2000
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1020:Miller, 1956
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
945:Miller, 1956
940:
928:
899:
892:Thomas, 1874
887:
875:
853:Winsor, 1881
848:
841:Brands, 2000
819:
807:
795:
788:Winsor, 1881
756:Winsor, 1881
736:
729:Winsor, 1881
710:Brands, 2000
705:
693:
679:obligations.
674:
665:
657:
652:
644:
639:
629:
619:
610:
605:
596:
560:
520:
512:
510:
504:
503:states that
499:
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482:
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469:
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126:
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105:in 1721, by
93:
92:
87:
86:
85:
4478:(1989β2003)
4470:(1911β1987)
4462:(1889β1995)
4454:(1880β2017)
4446:(1880β2017)
4438:(1870β2022)
4430:(1870β2009)
4422:(1863β2010)
4414:(1843β2014)
4395:(1922β1931)
4366:(1823β1919)
4337:(1803β1804)
4329:(1797β1915)
4317:Newburyport
4308:(2003β2010)
4300:(1989β1998)
4279:(1923β1956)
4271:(1903β1964)
4263:(1883β1942)
4255:(1849β1993)
4226:(1905β2009)
4218:(1845β1848)
4197:(1972β1981)
4189:(1968β1970)
4181:(1957β2009)
4173:(1878β1966)
4165:(1846β2022)
4144:(2007β2008)
4136:(1995β2016)
4128:(1991β2008)
4120:(1973β1992)
4104:(1967β1968)
4096:(1966β2013)
4093:The Phoenix
4088:(1918β1919)
4080:(1909β2006)
4072:(1904β1961)
4064:(1902β2020)
4048:(1891β1894)
4024:(1869β1940)
4008:(1845β1967)
4000:(1833β1917)
3992:(1832β1873)
3984:(1832β1857)
3976:(1831β1956)
3968:(1831β1904)
3960:(1830β1941)
3952:(1824β1915)
3944:(1813β1929)
3936:(1811β1861)
3920:(1804β1820)
3912:(1799β1802)
3904:(1792β1794)
3896:(1790β1840)
3888:(1788β1791)
3880:(1784β1790)
3872:(1778β1786)
3864:(1770β1776)
3856:(1768β1840)
3848:(1767β1770)
3840:(1757β1775)
3824:(1743β1746)
3816:(1735β1775)
3808:(1734β1754)
3800:(1731β1735)
3792:(1721β1726)
3784:(1719β1798)
3776:(1704β1776)
3559:Bay Windows
2547:(1989 film)
2255:(pub. 1845)
2137:(1732β1758)
2124:(1729β1790)
1988:Associators
1939:Inventions,
1710:, from the
1459:Google link
1355:Drake, 1856
1316:Drake, 1856
1306:, pp. 33-34
1153:, pp. 62-64
1130:, pp. 21-22
1106:, pp. 26-27
1068:Blake, 1952
1034:, pp. 29-30
993:Lemay, 2006
969:Blake, 1952
933:Blake, 1952
800:Wroth, 1938
773:Drake, 1856
251:West Indies
4504:Categories
4268:La Justice
4045:New Nation
3599:El Planeta
2577:John Adams
2506:Ben and Me
2052:Fugio cent
2000:Junto club
1056:Ashe, 2000
51:Broadsheet
4392:EteenpΓ€in
4375:Worcester
4288:Nantucket
4206:Fitchburg
4153:Cambridge
4141:BostonNOW
3591:DigBoston
3364:The Pilot
3226:Watertown
3189:Cambridge
2529:1972 film
2077:Gravesite
1538:(1895) .
1032:Lee, 1923
957:Lee, 1923
686:Citations
634:doctrine.
407:Aftermath
265:Reverend
229:Reverend
57:Publisher
4486:(?β2008)
4387:(1770β?)
4234:(1909β?)
4223:Raivaaja
4186:Old Mole
4040:(1884β?)
4016:(1846β?)
3928:(1809β?)
3832:(1748β?)
3235:Hairenik
3206:The Tech
2770:Category
2649:patriots
2639:magazine
2601:Franklin
2553:Liberty!
2481:Franklin
2086:Writings
1953:Bifocals
1746:Archived
1649:(1874).
1635:(1874).
1528:25055558
1503:(1906).
1489:(1856).
1357:, p. 564
1318:, p. 565
1258:, p. 276
1204:, p. 101
1189:, p. 111
1070:, p. 502
995:, p. 455
971:, p. 494
935:, p. 491
870:, p. 214
855:, p. 396
790:, p. 394
775:. p. 564
758:, p. 394
731:, p. 275
700:, p. 497
572:See also
375:pen name
286:and the
247:Seahorse
4276:Gwiazda
4243:Holyoke
4109:Fag Rag
3755:Defunct
3738:(2008β)
3730:(1975β)
3722:(1934β)
3714:(1923β)
3706:(1869β)
3698:(1866β)
3690:(1838β)
3671:(1981β)
3663:(1887β)
3651:Milford
3629:(1956β)
3621:(1881β)
3602:(2004β)
3594:(1999β)
3586:(1995β)
3578:(1985β)
3570:(1983β)
3562:(1983β)
3554:(1981β)
3546:(1976β)
3538:(1972β)
3530:(1970β)
3522:(1965β)
3514:(1947β)
3506:(1936β)
3498:(1926β)
3490:(1908β)
3482:(1872β)
3474:(1846β)
3444:(1992β)
3436:(1881β)
3428:(1852β)
3420:(1822β)
3399:(1987β)
3391:(1922β)
3383:(1906β)
3375:(1837β)
3367:(1829β)
3346:(1821β)
3321:(1980β)
3313:(1901β)
3305:(1897β)
3297:(1894β)
3289:(1878β)
3286:The Sun
3281:(1870β)
3262:(1969β)
3254:(1939β)
3246:(1922β)
3238:(1899β)
3217:(1992β)
3209:(1881β)
3201:(1873β)
3167:(1786β)
3148:(2004β)
3140:(1890β)
3128:Amherst
3103:(1824β)
3082:(1792β)
3057:(1996β)
3049:(1976β)
3041:(1888β)
3033:(1887β)
3025:(1880β)
3017:(1876β)
3009:(1790β)
2990:(1868β)
2982:(1821β)
2952:(1984β)
2944:(1846β)
2923:(1979β)
2915:(1971β)
2907:(1892β)
2899:(1850β)
2891:(1848β)
2870:(1892β)
2849:(1936β)
2841:(1830β)
2820:Current
2612:Related
1369:, p. 49
1345:, p. 22
1330:, Essay
1294:, p. 31
1246:, p. 33
1231:, p. 32
1216:, p. 48
1177:, p. 16
1118:, p. 46
1094:, p. 53
1082:, p. 57
1046:, p. 59
959:, p. 29
923:, p. 23
906:, p. 97
882:, p. 19
843:, p. 25
826:, p. 49
814:, p. 22
802:, p. 19
743:, p. 31
712:, p. 24
643:In his
483:Courant
465:Courant
448:Courant
444:Courant
440:Courant
427:Courant
401:Courant
393:Courant
388:Courant
383:Courant
371:Courant
356:Courant
320:Courant
300:Courant
292:Courant
280:Courant
271:Puritan
260:Courant
192:Courant
172:Gazette
166:. When
137:History
123:Courant
119:Courant
67:Founded
4403:Others
4101:Avatar
4077:Dielli
3764:Boston
3679:Others
3610:Others
3535:Sampan
3462:Boston
3270:Others
3243:Baikar
3156:Others
2998:Others
2665:Family
2540:(1972)
2316:awards
2274:Legacy
2239:(1789)
2231:(1789)
2218:(1784)
2210:(1781)
2197:(1773)
2189:(1767)
2181:(1758)
2168:(1751)
2160:(1751)
2111:(1725)
1610:
1578:
1526:
1457:
1449:
1432:362582
1430:
1399:
1022:, p. 7
947:, p. 5
614:hand."
490:Legacy
103:Boston
47:Format
4346:Salem
3583:Metro
3054:Rumbo
2321:medal
1524:JSTOR
1428:JSTOR
589:Notes
457:Janus
2522:1776
1681:2021
1608:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1561:2021
1447:ISBN
1397:ISBN
37:Type
1420:doi
377:of
4506::
1520:20
1518:.
1426:.
1416:25
1414:.
1335:^
1236:^
1221:^
1194:^
1012:^
911:^
860:^
831:^
780:^
763:^
748:^
717:^
2804:e
2797:t
2790:v
2531:)
1779:e
1772:t
1765:v
1683:.
1616:.
1584:.
1563:.
1530:.
1455:.
1434:.
1422::
1405:.
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