456:
531:
Polish, Russian and Jewish figures, particularly the servants of
Bolshevik-Muscovite imperialism" and further, when speaking of Russians, Poles, and Jews, to "destroy in struggle, particularly those opposing the regime, by means of: deporting them to their own lands, eradicating their intelligentsia, which is not to be admitted to any governmental positions, and overall preventing any creation of this intelligentsia (e.g. access to education etc.)... Jews are to be isolated, removed from governmental positions in order to prevent sabotage... Those who are deemed necessary may only work under strict supervision and removed from their positions for slightest misconduct... Jewish assimilation is not possible."
31:
538:, the agreement between Ukrainian nationalists and the occupying authorities in the region was not limited to ideology, as 63% of UPA commanders by early 1944 were represented by former commanders of police formations created by Nazi Germany during the initial stage of the occupation of Ukraine. Police units and civil militia established by the Nazi authorities played the role of collaborators of the Nazis, participating not only in the genocide of the Jewish population but also in the killing of Soviet prisoners, as well as in the murder of Ukrainian civilians, such as the killing of 3,000 people in the village of Kortelitsa in September 1942.
265:
152:
578:
430:. It was carried out by a mixture of SS, SD, and Security Police. On Monday the 29th, the Jews of Kiev gathered by the cemetery, expecting to be loaded onto trains. The crowd was large enough that most of the men, women, and children could not have known what was happening until it was too late: by the time they heard the machine-gun fire, there was no chance to escape. All were driven down a corridor of soldiers, in groups of ten. A truck driver described the scene:
1680:"The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, and the Nazi Genocide in Ukraine, Conference: Collaboration in Eastern Europe during World War II and the Holocaust" Conference, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum & Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, Vienna, 2013"
611:
estimated that 1.2 million Jews were murdered, and more recent estimates of the death toll have been as high as 1.6 million. Some of those Jews whose names have been added to the death toll attempted to find refuge in the forest, but later on, during the German retreat, they were killed by members of
434:
ne after the other, they had to remove their luggage, then their coats, shoes, and overgarments and also underwear … Once undressed, they were led into the ravine which was about 150 meters long and 30 meters wide and a good 15 meters deep … When they reached the bottom of the ravine they were seized
366:
I saw them do the killing. At 5:00 p.m. they gave the command, "Fill in the pits." Screams and groans were coming from the pits. Suddenly I saw my neighbor
Ruderman rise from under the soil … His eyes were bloody and he was screaming: "Finish me off!" … A murdered woman lay at my feet. A boy of five
439:
and made to lie down on top of Jews who had already been shot … The corpses were literally in layers. A police marksman came along and shot each Jew in the neck with a submachine gun … I saw these marksmen stand on layers of corpses and shoot one after the other … The marksman would walk across the
1143:
To this number of victims should be added Jews who died in captivity, as well as Jews who were exterminated on the territory of Russia (mainly in the North
Caucasus), where they evacuated in 1941 and where they were caught by the Germans in 1942. Number of Jews who perished can be estimated at 1.6
530:
report stated: "Long live
Ukraine without Jews, Poles and Germans; Poles behind the river San, Germans to Berlin, and Jews to the gallows". In instructions to its members concerning how the OUN should behave during the war, it declared that "in times of chaos... one can allow oneself to liquidate
565:(in January 2011), "Ukraine has, to the best of our knowledge, never conducted a single investigation of a local Nazi war criminal, let alone prosecuted a Holocaust perpetrator." There had been many prosecutions in the past, but all of these trials were conducted by Soviet military and
234:, the war in 1941, and it is organically and integrally connected to the attempt to conquer Ukraine. … Had Hitler not had the colonial idea to fight a war in Eastern Europe to control Ukraine, had there not been that idea, there could not have been a Holocaust.” According to
341:
had the mission to protect the rear of the troops by killing the Jews, Romani, Communist functionaries, active
Communists, uncooperative Slavs, and all persons who would endanger the security." In practice, their victims were nearly all Jewish civilians (not a single
388:
Jews of the city of Kiev and vicinity! On Monday, September 29, you are to appear by 08:00 a.m. with your possessions, money, documents, valuables, and warm clothing at
Dorogozhitskaya Street, next to the Jewish cemetery. Failure to appear is punishable by death.
497:
Timothy Snyder notes that "the majority, probably the vast majority of people who collaborated with the German occupation were not politically motivated. They were collaborating with an occupation that was there, and which is a German historical responsibility."
501:
Widespread coordination between the Third Reich and
Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian militia and rank-and-file pogromists occurred. Prior to the German invasion of Ukraine, the two active OUN factions coordinated directly from their headquarters in
411:, where 33,771 Jews were killed in a single operation on 29–30 September 1941; some 100,000–150,000 Ukrainian and other Soviet citizens were also killed in the following weeks. The mass killing was approved by the military governor Major-General
510:. The headquarters decided to create marching companies ("pohidni groopi") to accompany the German invasion of Ukraine, recruiting new members into their ranks. The OUN supported Nazi antisemitic policies. In 1941, when German official
518:
under the OUN's command led pogroms that resulted in the massacre of 6,000 Jews in Lviv soon after that city's fall to German forces. OUN members spread propaganda urging people to engage in pogroms. A slogan put forth by the
2047:"Holocaust, Fascism, and Ukrainian History: Does It Make Sense to Rethink the History of Ukrainian Perpetrators in the European Context, published by the American Association for Polish-Jewish Studies, April 2016"
658:
485:, around 100,000 joined police units that provided key assistance to the Nazis. Many others staffed the local bureaucracies or lent a helping hand mass shootings of Jews. Ukrainians, such as the infamous
1617:
I.K Patrylyak. (2004). Military activities of the OUN (B) in the years 1940–1942. Kyiv, Ukraine: Shevchenko
University \ Institute of History of Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. p. 324.
4612:
1464:
4542:
4749:
3026:
607:. In the late 1990s, access to Soviet archives increased the estimates of the prewar population of Jews and as a result, the estimates of the death toll have been increasing. In the 1990s,
593:, at least 1.7 million Soviet Jews were killed by Germans and their collaborators by the end of 1942, "and the Soviet Jewish populations under their control had ceased to exist." Until the
4810:
4587:
4294:
4825:
4777:
4782:
4634:
4321:
4734:
4704:
4664:
4624:
4527:
4815:
4835:
4820:
4767:
3956:
1593:
1124:
4805:
4607:
4577:
4567:
4517:
4512:
4830:
4772:
4659:
4557:
1698:
514:
requested "self-cleansing actions" in June of that year the OUN organized militias who killed several thousand Jews in western
Ukraine soon afterward that year. The
463:
Ukrainians who collaborated with the Nazi
Germany did so in various ways including participating in the local administration, in German-supervised auxiliary police,
295:
Total civilian losses during the war and the German occupation of Ukraine are estimated to number four million, including up to a million Jews who were murdered by
4871:
4649:
1553:
1891:
1170:
Approximately 1.5 million of the approximately 5.7 million Jews murdered during the Holocaust came from within the borders of what is today Ukraine – Dieter Pohl
1332:
4346:
3991:
1642:
Philip Friedman. "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation." at Yivo annual of Jewish social science Yiddish Scientific Institute, 1959 p. 268
1163:
535:
597:, it was believed that about 900,000 Jews were murdered as part of the Holocaust in Ukraine. This estimate is found in renowned and respected works as
4906:
4122:
2998:
3104:
4881:
3707:
1626:
1041:
4326:
2429:
3109:
3021:
4025:
3849:
2121:
875:
3986:
2913:
2783:
1615:І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004
1533:
1291:
2354:
1974:
1202:
450:
92:
3209:
4060:
3509:
624:
research maintains that between 1 and 1.1 million Soviet Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, of them around 225,000 were from
182:
and some areas which were located to the East of Reichskommissariat Ukraine (all of those areas were under the military control of
763:
4408:
3929:
3657:
3052:
3003:
2821:
2038:
1961:
1399:
860:
620:, "there were many perpetrators, albeit with different political agendas, who killed Jews and suppressed this history". However,
455:
347:
221:
Between 1941 and 1945, between 850,000–1,600,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine, which included assistance of local collaborators.
4486:
3233:
100:
2067:"Forced Labor Camps for Jews in Reichskommissariat Ukraine: The Exploitation of Jewish Labor within the Holocaust in the East"
1601:
1557:
1320:
As a result of Nazi policy, about one and a half million Jews were murdered on the territories that constitute modern Ukraine.
1135:
4886:
1313:
367:
years crawled out from under her body and began to scream desperately. "Mommy!" That was all I saw, since I fell unconscious.
1482:
3613:
3031:
2871:
616:, members of some nationalist units of the Home Army, or members of other partisan groups. According to American historian
599:
1501:"The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'Ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys"
4876:
4562:
4418:
4251:
3896:
3359:
3099:
2659:
486:
3447:
2015:
1796:
1407:
1364:
1246:
1078:
1017:
984:
778:
211:
122:
2244:
1895:
4866:
4861:
4856:
3228:
2973:
1658:
1271:
870:
3243:
3179:
4891:
4674:
4669:
4014:
3471:
3248:
3189:
3164:
2953:
2881:
3092:
3087:
2114:
594:
3909:
3722:
3184:
2712:
1469:
865:
473:
243:
3884:
798:
66:
Imprisonment, mass shootings, concentration camps, ghettos, forced labor, starvation, torture, mass kidnapping
4787:
4381:
4221:
3384:
3238:
3219:
3199:
3169:
3062:
2603:
2512:
1424:
515:
3291:
1236:
4246:
3809:
3437:
3306:
3281:
3159:
2623:
2567:
1975:"Names and Numbers of Righteous Among the Nations - per Country & Ethnic Origin, as of January 1, 2015"
783:
3879:
977:
Stepan Bandera : the life and afterlife of a Ukrainian nationalist : Fascism, genocide, and cult
4644:
4428:
4413:
4314:
4160:
4084:
3296:
3253:
3214:
3114:
2948:
2814:
2743:
2633:
2319:
720:
582:
562:
30:
3406:
2314:
4639:
4479:
4286:
4165:
4135:
4054:
3971:
3804:
3442:
3340:
3301:
3258:
3194:
3067:
2943:
2729:
2628:
2501:
2171:
2107:
743:
168:
96:
891:, a 2012 documentary film about a group of Ukrainian Jews who survived the Holocaust by hiding in the
4896:
4719:
4714:
4689:
4547:
3924:
3739:
3286:
3263:
3174:
3036:
2888:
2876:
2863:
2618:
2582:
552:, "In January 1942 a company of Tatar volunteers was established in Simferopol under the command of
4901:
4694:
4654:
4602:
4592:
4572:
4552:
4537:
4532:
4522:
4507:
4403:
4358:
3904:
3684:
3223:
3204:
3151:
3135:
3082:
3077:
2978:
2968:
2920:
2903:
2893:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2788:
2680:
2654:
2506:
2439:
2186:
2161:
2156:
925:
921:
671:
613:
468:
269:
187:
3829:
4739:
4729:
4709:
4699:
4684:
4679:
4629:
4597:
4582:
4396:
4386:
4112:
3666:
3394:
3072:
3057:
2983:
2963:
2958:
2938:
2908:
2898:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2166:
1957:
929:
917:
803:
647:
302:
114:
3463:
2289:
2034:
4724:
4619:
4107:
3874:
3353:
2931:
2925:
2807:
1730:"Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower (eds.): The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization"
1571:
1290:(2024). "Antisemitism in Ukraine". In Weitzman, Mark; Williams, Robert J.; Wald, James (eds.).
554:
524:
3618:
2005:
1921:
1786:
1729:
723:" for saving Jews during the Holocaust, with 2,515 individuals recognized as of January 2015.
558:. This company participated in anti-Jewish manhunts and murder actions in the rural regions."
4472:
4341:
3966:
3919:
3583:
3334:
2764:
2549:
2491:
2334:
379:
resulted in the deaths of 35,782 Soviet citizens, most of whom were Jews, as was reported to
1832:"Collaboration on Trial: New Source Material on Soviet Postwar Trials against Collaborators"
4304:
4241:
3824:
3608:
3499:
3477:
3372:
3367:
3348:
2702:
2577:
2559:
2486:
2449:
2304:
1699:"Terrorists or national heroes? Politics and perceptions of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine"
1529:
748:
653:
334:
288:
259:
4170:
1982:
1209:
214:) during World War II. The listed areas are currently parts of Ukraine (except modern-day
8:
4391:
4299:
4145:
3732:
2686:
2279:
2274:
2254:
1575:
793:
698:
207:
35:
SS paramilitaries murder Jewish civilians, including a mother and her child, in 1942, in
3527:
3517:
440:
bodies of the executed Jews to the next Jew, who had meanwhile lain down, and shoot him.
3771:
3766:
3273:
2750:
2638:
2542:
2532:
2397:
1869:
1861:
1749:
1512:
896:
753:
203:
174:
126:
1714:
958:"The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd"
773:
734:
Protestant denomination which emerged in late 19th century Ukraine, helped hide Jews.
4376:
4236:
4067:
3981:
3948:
3862:
3679:
3645:
2736:
2674:
2249:
2088:
2011:
1853:
1792:
1753:
1679:
1403:
1391:
1370:
1360:
1356:
Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941 : total war, genocide, and radicalization
1309:
1267:
1242:
1159:
1084:
1074:
1070:
Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941 : total war, genocide, and radicalization
1023:
1013:
990:
980:
887:
880:
855:
813:
688:
590:
542:
511:
419:
372:
230:
225:
195:
78:
1873:
1811:
1769:
Complicated Complicity: European Collaboration with Nazi Germany during World War II
4353:
4331:
4150:
4140:
3869:
3857:
3839:
3776:
2608:
2496:
2434:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2344:
2329:
2229:
2078:
1939:
1843:
1741:
1710:
1301:
1183:
1102:
708:
666:
464:
436:
151:
3522:
3484:
4423:
4263:
4256:
4073:
3976:
3834:
3814:
3727:
3563:
2757:
2669:
2664:
2392:
2309:
1662:
1614:
1537:
1287:
641:
541:
Ukrainian police auxiliaries "had been involved at least in preparations for the
318:
310:
264:
2339:
4336:
4231:
4130:
4101:
3793:
3757:
3712:
3422:
3329:
2587:
2481:
2413:
2382:
2362:
2284:
2259:
2234:
1887:
828:
731:
683:
637:
527:
520:
322:
297:
279:
255:
110:
82:
3717:
3537:
1745:
4850:
4226:
4155:
4046:
3914:
3744:
3701:
3547:
3532:
2830:
2707:
2613:
2554:
2454:
2444:
2294:
2224:
2219:
2146:
2092:
1857:
1374:
1088:
1027:
994:
818:
768:
566:
412:
396:
Order posted in Kiev in Russian and Ukrainian on or around September 26, 1941
199:
48:
1042:"Nazikollaborateur als neuer Held der Ukraine – Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin"
577:
4438:
3588:
3573:
3568:
3542:
3495:
3427:
3389:
3139:
2572:
2324:
2269:
2099:
2083:
2066:
1782:
892:
850:
838:
703:
604:
549:
215:
183:
4464:
1652:
1354:
1305:
1068:
4444:
3961:
3578:
3432:
2214:
823:
693:
617:
608:
482:
235:
118:
86:
1516:
1500:
4433:
4268:
4041:
3819:
2299:
2264:
2239:
1865:
1654:
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1589:
1549:
788:
727:
621:
481:
A number of Ukrainians had collaborated: According to German historian
427:
314:
191:
74:
1465:
President Putin Has Called Ukraine a Hotbed of Anti-Semites. It's Not.
4273:
4079:
1816:
1428:
1297:
569:
courts, and never by Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
490:
306:
284:
274:
36:
3934:
2046:
1848:
1831:
507:
493:, were also among the guards who manned the German Nazi death camps.
246:
was closely linked to German plans to exploit and colonize Ukraine.
3799:
3599:
2537:
1766:
1486:
1333:"Timothy Snyder: Germany must own up to past atrocities in Ukraine"
957:
833:
758:
404:
376:
359:
351:
330:
239:
1483:
Germans must remember the truth about Ukraine – for their own sake
625:
358:, when they killed 1,600 Jews on 6 April 1942, the second day of
355:
2799:
1651:
Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
228:, "the Holocaust is integrally and organically connected to the
4309:
1812:
Nazi-hunters give low grades to 13 countries, including Ukraine
808:
503:
380:
326:
1633:. (1980) New York: Conference of Jewish Social Studies. p. 181
1629:. "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation." In
1402:(2nd ed.). USHMM / Johns Hopkins Univ Press. p. 93.
3674:
1554:"June 30: Germany occupies Lvov; 4,000 Jews killed by July 3"
1447:
1445:
1359:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 232.
1073:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 203.
719:
Ukraine rates fourth in the number of people recognized as "
273:, the 1942 photograph showing a Jewish man near the town of
1425:"Jewish History of Mykolayiv (Nikolayev), Kherson Gubernia"
408:
163:
1442:
403:
The most notorious massacre of Jews in Ukraine was at the
346:
member was killed in action during these operations). The
1103:"Questions and answers about the Holocaust (Hebrew) (#4)"
350:
tells the story of one survivor of the Einsatzgruppen in
4192:
2035:
The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives
1570:
1353:
Kay, Alex J.; Rutherford, Jeff; Stahel, David (2012).
1184:"World War II in Ukraine: Jewish Holocaust in Ukraine"
1165:
Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928–1953
1067:
Kay, Alex J.; Rutherford, Jeff; Stahel, David (2012).
1012:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 89.
1498:
916:
Given the overlapping geographical scopes, see also
206:, with the latter three areas being re-annexed) and
1352:
1261:
1066:
1255:
459:Jews digging their own graves. Storow, 4 July 1941
2044:
2007:Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning
1532:By John Paul Himka. Kyiv Post 23 September 2010.
317:) was assigned to north and central Ukraine, and
4848:
1940:"Questions and answers about the Holocaust (#4)"
1386:
1384:
1200:
415:, the Police Commander for Army Group South (SS-
4872:Military history of Ukraine during World War II
3967:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2037:, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the
1673:
1671:
16:Aspect of Nazi Germany's extermination campaign
1894:. The New York Review of Books. Archived from
1886:
4480:
4327:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
2815:
2115:
2045:Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz (24 April 2016).
1381:
1007:
548:According to the Israeli Holocaust historian
2129:
1767:Martina Bitunjac, Julius H. Schoeps (2021).
1696:
1668:
1631:Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust
1241:. University of Toronto Press. p. 679.
1158:
1154:
1152:
333:. According to Ohlendorf's testimony at the
4494:
4026:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
2474:
1582:
1542:
1181:
883:, a short-lived German Colony near Zhytomyr
876:World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
444:
249:
4487:
4473:
2822:
2808:
2784:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
2122:
2108:
1997:
1588:
1578:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
1548:
1125:"ХРОНИКА ХОЛОКОСТА В УКРАИНЕ 1941–1944 гг"
2082:
1847:
1760:
1451:
1390:
1149:
1118:
1116:
652:Abwehr/Brandemburg special saboteur unit
467:, in the German military, and serving as
451:Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany
4907:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Europe
1922:"Introduction: the Holocaust in Ukraine"
1677:
1645:
974:
576:
454:
263:
150:
2713:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2039:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1962:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1296:(1st ed.). Abingdon and New York:
1266:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 403.
1234:
1208:. pp. 133, 145–147. Archived from
951:
949:
861:History of the Jews in the Soviet Union
348:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4882:World War II prisoner of war massacres
4849:
2003:
1829:
1228:
1113:
202:(all of those areas were then part of
101:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
4468:
4191:
4012:
3643:
3134:
3133:
2803:
2430:Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations
2103:
1771:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
1727:
1564:
1422:
1293:The Routledge History of Antisemitism
1286:
1188:Reprinted from Forum Ukrainian Review
661:3 & 4 (Russians & Ukrainians)
309:troops and local Nazi collaborators.
277:about to be shot dead by a member of
3614:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
2064:
1791:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 211.
1781:
1703:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
1194:
946:
677:
600:The Destruction of the European Jews
4419:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2660:Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph
1264:The war against the Jews, 1933–1945
1122:
13:
4013:
2071:Eastern European Holocaust Studies
2028:
631:
325:) to Moldavia, south Ukraine, the
283:. Also present are members of the
162:was the systematic mass murder of
14:
4918:
2829:
2065:Dean, Martin Christopher (2022).
1919:
1788:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
1715:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.06.006
955:
871:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
534:According to political scientist
371:From 16 to 30 September 1941 the
155:A map of the Holocaust in Ukraine
137:850,000 –1,600,000 Ukrainian Jews
3982:Polish leaders and intellectuals
3472:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2010:. Crown/Archetype. p. 328.
1892:"Holocaust: The Ignored Reality"
1203:"Civil Wars in the Soviet Union"
145:In various places in the country
29:
1967:
1950:
1932:
1913:
1880:
1823:
1805:
1775:
1721:
1690:
1636:
1620:
1608:
1523:
1492:
1476:
1457:
1416:
1398:. Contributors: Arnold Kramer,
1346:
1325:
1280:
1123:Kruglov, Alexander Iosifovich.
910:
3910:Attack on the twentieth convoy
3723:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
1926:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1175:
1095:
1060:
1034:
1001:
975:Grzegorz, Rossolinski (2014).
968:
866:History of the Jews in Ukraine
329:, and, during 1942, the north
1:
2604:Bogdanovka concentration camp
1499:Berkhoff and Carynnk (1999).
1423:Hemme, Amira Lapidot (2012).
1235:Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996).
1010:Holocaust in the Soviet Union
939:
4887:Eastern Front (World War II)
4247:Jewish war conspiracy theory
3438:Extermination through labour
2624:Vapniarka concentration camp
1600:. Yad Vashem. Archived from
1262:Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1986).
1182:Gregorovich, Andrew (1995).
979:. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag.
737:
525:recorded in the 16 July 1941
224:According to Yale historian
7:
4429:Righteous Among the Nations
3644:
3115:Righteous Among the Nations
2744:She Paid the Ultimate Price
2634:Janowska concentration camp
2152:Related articles by country
1697:Katchanovski, Ivan (2015).
1598:Chronology of the Holocaust
844:
799:Massacre of Lwów professors
784:Kamenets-Podolskiy massacre
721:Righteous Among the Nations
714:
659:Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment
563:The Simon Wiesenthal Center
10:
4923:
4877:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
4166:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
4136:Lithuanian Security Police
4055:Reich Security Main Office
3022:Evidence and documentation
2730:Luboml: My Heart Remembers
2629:Pechora concentration camp
2513:Ukrainian People's Militia
2502:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
744:1941 Bila Tserkva massacre
664:Ukrainian auxiliary units
572:
516:Ukrainian People's Militia
448:
375:in and around the city of
253:
180:Crimean General Government
169:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
129:), and local collaborators
97:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
4796:
4758:
4500:
4382:Books and other resources
4369:
4285:
4214:
4210:
4187:
4121:
4093:
4034:
4021:
4008:
3947:
3895:
3848:
3785:
3755:
3693:
3665:
3656:
3652:
3639:
3597:
3556:
3508:
3494:
3456:
3415:
3315:
3272:
3150:
3146:
3129:
3045:
3014:
2914:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
2841:
2837:
2774:
2721:
2695:
2647:
2619:Syrets concentration camp
2596:
2583:Pripyat Marshes massacres
2525:
2467:
2422:
2406:
2353:
2207:
2200:
2137:
2041:, Conference Papers, 2013
1746:10.1007/s10835-009-9097-8
1594:"July 25: Pogrom in Lwów"
1536:25 September 2010 at the
1505:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
1201:Alfred J. Rieber (2003).
141:
133:
106:
70:
62:
54:
44:
28:
23:
4867:Jewish Ukrainian history
4862:The Holocaust by country
4857:The Holocaust in Ukraine
3972:People with disabilities
3905:Aid and Rescue Committee
2789:Transnistria Governorate
2681:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
2507:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
2440:Hermann Friedrich Graebe
2315:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2131:The Holocaust in Ukraine
2004:Snyder, Timothy (2015).
926:The Holocaust in Belarus
922:The Holocaust in Romania
903:
672:Ukrainische Hilfspolizei
614:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
595:fall of the Soviet Union
445:Collaboration in Ukraine
270:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
250:Death squads (1941–1943)
188:Transnistria Governorate
160:The Holocaust in Ukraine
93:local Nazi collaborators
24:The Holocaust in Ukraine
4892:Ukraine in World War II
4495:The Holocaust in Europe
4113:Order Police battalions
1530:The Lviv pogrom of 1941
930:The Holocaust in Russia
918:The Holocaust in Poland
648:Order Police battalions
303:Order Police battalions
115:Order Police battalions
4543:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3962:Soviet urban residents
3053:International response
3027:Contemporary knowledge
2084:10.1515/eehs-2022-0002
1830:Penter, Tanja (2005).
1572:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1008:Arad, Yitzhak (2009).
586:
583:Prison on Łącki Street
495:
460:
442:
391:
369:
292:
156:
4409:Memorials and museums
4347:Reparations Agreement
4342:Holocaust restitution
3920:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
3443:Human experimentation
3282:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2765:Word of the Righteous
2550:Bila Tserkva massacre
2492:Police Regiment South
2335:Hans Graf von Sponeck
1958:Mobile Killing Squads
1661:25 March 2009 at the
1306:10.4324/9780429428616
1132:holocaust-ukraine.net
580:
479:
458:
432:
386:
364:
267:
154:
3609:Jewish Ghetto Police
3478:Politische Abteilung
3373:Risiera di San Sabba
3234:Natzweiler-Struthof
2703:Einsatzgruppen trial
2487:Nachtigall Battalion
2450:Klymentiy Sheptytsky
2305:Walter von Reichenau
2290:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
1678:Katchanovski, Ivan.
1238:A History of Ukraine
749:1941 Odessa massacre
654:Nachtigall Battalion
335:Einsatzgruppen Trial
289:German Labor Service
260:Einsatzgruppen trial
58:22 June 1941 to 1944
4759:States with limited
4387:Days of remembrance
4300:Holocaust survivors
4295:Depopulated shtetls
4146:Rollkommando Hamann
3992:Jehovah's Witnesses
3810:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2872:Bohemia and Moravia
2687:Deutsche Volksliste
2568:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2280:Hans von Obstfelder
2275:Gustav Adolf Nosske
2255:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1728:Stone, Dan (2010).
1470:National Geographic
1396:The World Must Know
1225:Slavica Publishers.
794:Lviv pogroms (1941)
699:Adam Daniel Rotfeld
474:National Geographic
208:Carpathian Ruthenia
121:occupation forces (
4370:History and memory
4274:Forced euthanasia
4222:Nazi racial policy
3925:Danish underground
3772:Operation Reinhard
3767:Wannsee Conference
2751:The Lemberg Mosaic
2398:Petro Zakhvalynsky
2295:Paul Otto Radomski
1985:on 13 October 2016
1899:(Internet Archive)
1392:Berenbaum, Michael
1215:on 30 October 2020
1160:D. Snyder, Timothy
1141:on 9 August 2014.
956:Himka, John-Paul.
754:Artemivsk massacre
587:
469:concentration camp
461:
435:by members of the
293:
175:General Government
157:
4844:
4843:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4305:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
4252:Jewish emigration
4242:Hitler's prophecy
4237:Haavara Agreement
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4171:Ypatingasis būrys
4068:Sicherheitsdienst
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3943:
3942:
3863:Bielski partisans
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3466:Totenkopfverbände
3125:
3124:
2797:
2796:
2737:No Place on Earth
2675:Sonderaktion 1005
2561:Durchgangsstrasse
2521:
2520:
2463:
2462:
2250:Friedrich Jeckeln
1901:on 9 January 2014
1820:(12 January 2011)
1604:on 11 March 2005.
1560:on 11 March 2005.
1454:, pp. 97–98.
1315:978-1-138-36944-3
1046:www.jg-berlin.org
888:No Place on Earth
856:German war crimes
814:Nikolaev massacre
689:Mordechai Rokeach
678:Notable survivors
591:Timothy D. Snyder
543:Babi Yar massacre
536:Ivan Katchanovski
512:Reinhard Heydrich
487:Ivan the Terrible
420:Friedrich Jeckeln
417:Obergruppenführer
373:Nikolaev massacre
231:Vernichtungskrieg
226:Timothy D. Snyder
196:Northern Bukovina
149:
148:
79:Friedrich Jeckeln
4914:
4897:1940s in Ukraine
4797:Dependencies and
4501:Sovereign states
4489:
4482:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4354:Holocaust denial
4332:Nuremberg trials
4322:Postwar violence
4277:
4212:
4211:
4189:
4188:
4151:Special Brigades
4141:Nederlandsche SS
4108:Police Regiments
4032:
4031:
4010:
4009:
3870:Ghetto uprisings
3858:Jewish partisans
3805:Harvest Festival
3777:Holocaust trains
3663:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3506:
3505:
3402:
3380:
3362:
3343:
3325:
3148:
3147:
3131:
3130:
2839:
2838:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2780:
2655:Graebe affidavit
2609:Drohobycz Ghetto
2497:Schutzmannschaft
2472:
2471:
2435:Aleksei Glagolev
2388:Hryhoriy Vasiura
2378:Vladimir Katriuk
2373:Anatoliy Kabayda
2368:Feodor Fedorenko
2345:Dieter Wisliceny
2330:Heinrich Seetzen
2245:Günther Herrmann
2230:Hermann Fegelein
2205:
2204:
2153:
2143:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2022:
2021:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1981:. Archived from
1971:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1890:(16 July 2009).
1884:
1878:
1877:
1851:
1827:
1821:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1709:(2–3): 217–228.
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:researchgate.net
1675:
1666:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1556:. Archived from
1546:
1540:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1511:(3/4): 149–184.
1496:
1490:
1480:
1474:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1288:Himka, John-Paul
1284:
1278:
1277:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1162:; Brandon, Ray.
1156:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1134:. Archived from
1129:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1005:
999:
998:
972:
966:
965:
953:
933:
914:
709:Simon Wiesenthal
667:Schutzmannschaft
555:Einsatzgruppe 11
465:Schutzmannschaft
437:Schutzmannschaft
399:
89:and many others.
33:
21:
20:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4902:Generalplan Ost
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4798:
4792:
4778:Northern Cyprus
4760:
4754:
4675:North Macedonia
4496:
4493:
4463:
4450:
4365:
4281:
4275:
4264:Madagascar Plan
4257:Kindertransport
4206:
4205:
4175:
4117:
4089:
4074:Ordnungspolizei
4030:
4017:
3996:
3939:
3891:
3844:
3815:Maly Trostenets
3786:Mass executions
3781:
3751:
3689:
3648:
3623:
3593:
3552:
3490:
3452:
3411:
3400:
3378:
3360:
3341:
3323:
3311:
3268:
3142:
3121:
3041:
3032:Hidden children
3010:
2868:Czechoslovakia
2833:
2828:
2798:
2793:
2778:
2770:
2758:The White Hotel
2717:
2691:
2670:Generalplan Ost
2665:Katzmann Report
2643:
2639:Priest's Grotto
2592:
2578:Odessa massacre
2517:
2459:
2418:
2402:
2393:Petro Voinovsky
2349:
2310:Walter Schimana
2196:
2151:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2055:
2053:
2031:
2029:Further reading
2026:
2025:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1881:
1849:10.2307/3649913
1828:
1824:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1780:
1776:
1765:
1761:
1726:
1722:
1695:
1691:
1676:
1669:
1663:Wayback Machine
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1627:Philip Friedman
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1587:
1583:
1569:
1565:
1547:
1543:
1538:Wayback Machine
1528:
1524:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1389:
1382:
1367:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1300:. p. 241.
1285:
1281:
1274:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1157:
1150:
1138:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1109:(in Hebrew): 4.
1101:
1100:
1096:
1081:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1020:
1006:
1002:
987:
973:
969:
954:
947:
942:
937:
936:
915:
911:
906:
897:Priest's Grotto
847:
779:Ivano-Frankovsk
740:
717:
680:
642:Einsatzkommando
634:
632:Execution units
575:
453:
447:
407:ravine outside
401:
393:
319:Einsatzgruppe D
311:Einsatzgruppe C
280:Einsatzgruppe D
262:
254:Main articles:
252:
90:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4799:other entities
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4750:United Kingdom
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4563:Czech Republic
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:trivialization
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4337:Eichmann trial
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4232:Nuremberg Laws
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4215:Early elements
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4196:Early elements
4193:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Arajs Kommando
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4102:Einsatzgruppen
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:Responsibility
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3794:Einsatzgruppen
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3758:Final Solution
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3619:Ústredňa Židov
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3584:Theresienstadt
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:Einsatzgruppen
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:Mittelbau-Dora
3226:
3217:
3212:
3210:Kraków-Płaszów
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3100:Rescue of Jews
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
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2896:
2891:
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2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2795:
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2649:
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2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2588:Sarny massacre
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Einsatzgruppen
2478:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2414:Tatiana Markus
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Vasyl Meleshko
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:John Demjanjuk
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:Heinz Schubert
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Otto Ohlendorf
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2260:Fritz Katzmann
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Lothar Fendler
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2062:
2042:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2017:978-1101903469
2016:
1996:
1966:
1949:
1931:
1920:Lower, Wendy.
1912:
1888:Timothy Snyder
1879:
1842:(4): 782–790.
1822:
1804:
1798:978-0803222700
1797:
1774:
1759:
1740:(2): 225–227.
1734:Jewish History
1720:
1689:
1667:
1644:
1635:
1619:
1607:
1581:
1563:
1541:
1522:
1491:
1475:
1473:. May 30, 2014
1456:
1452:Berenbaum 2006
1441:
1415:
1409:978-0801883583
1408:
1380:
1366:978-1580467698
1365:
1345:
1324:
1314:
1279:
1272:
1254:
1248:978-0802078209
1247:
1227:
1193:
1174:
1148:
1112:
1094:
1080:978-1580467698
1079:
1059:
1033:
1019:978-0803222700
1018:
1000:
986:978-3838206868
985:
967:
944:
943:
941:
938:
935:
934:
908:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
884:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
846:
843:
842:
841:
836:
831:
829:Sarny massacre
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
764:Dnipropetrovsk
761:
756:
751:
746:
739:
736:
716:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
684:Roald Hoffmann
679:
676:
675:
674:
662:
656:
650:
645:
638:Einsatzgruppen
633:
630:
574:
571:
528:Einsatzgruppen
449:Main article:
446:
443:
385:
339:Einsatzgruppen
323:Otto Ohlendorf
298:Einsatzgruppen
256:Einsatzgruppen
251:
248:
244:Ukrainian Jews
210:(then part of
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
111:Einsatzgruppen
108:
104:
103:
83:Otto Ohlendorf
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4919:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:Faroe Islands
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:South Ossetia
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
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4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
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4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
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4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Liechtenstein
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
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4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Nazi eugenics
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Topf and Sons
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4123:Collaborators
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4061:Referat IV B4
4059:
4058:
4057: (RSHA)
4056:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4048:Schutzstaffel
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:Organizations
4033:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:Romani people
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Working Group
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Kastner train
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:Kristallnacht
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3485:Sanitätswesen
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3448:Death marches
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3274:Extermination
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Sachsenhausen
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Herzogenbusch
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Bergen-Belsen
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3152:Concentration
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:United States
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:and colonies
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:The Holocaust
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Kharkov Trial
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Mizocz Ghetto
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:Drobytsky Yar
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:Organizations
2466:
2456:
2455:Yurii Sokolov
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Omelyan Kovch
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2355:Collaborators
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Kurt Eberhard
2223:
2221:
2220:Werner Braune
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2147:The Holocaust
2145:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:Slavic Review
1833:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:Arad, Yitzhak
1778:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1489:(7 July 2017)
1488:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1273:0-553-34302-5
1269:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1004:
996:
992:
988:
982:
978:
971:
963:
959:
952:
950:
945:
931:
927:
924:(southwest),
923:
919:
913:
909:
898:
894:
890:
889:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
769:Drobytsky Yar
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
673:
669:
668:
663:
660:
657:
655:
651:
649:
646:
643:
639:
636:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
606:
602:
601:
596:
592:
589:According to
584:
579:
570:
568:
567:Ukrainian SSR
564:
561:According to
559:
557:
556:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
529:
526:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
478:
476:
475:
470:
466:
457:
452:
441:
438:
431:
429:
425:
424:Einsatzgruppe
421:
418:
414:
413:Kurt Eberhard
410:
406:
400:
397:
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Einsatzgruppe
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
271:
266:
261:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
222:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Hertsa region
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:
171:
170:
165:
161:
153:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
107:Organizations
105:
102:
98:
94:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
63:Incident type
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:Ukrainian SSR
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4788:Transnistria
4744:
4439:Yizkor books
4100:
4047:
3792:
3740:in Lithuania
3700:
3598:
3483:
3476:
3465:
3399:
3377:
3358:
3339:
3322:
3105:by Catholics
2988:
2974:Soviet Union
2842:By territory
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2722:Books, films
2679:
2573:Lviv pogroms
2560:
2475:Perpetrators
2340:Otto Wächter
2325:Erwin Schulz
2270:Felix Landau
2208:Perpetrators
2142:Main article
2130:
2074:
2070:
2054:. Retrieved
2051:Academia.edu
2050:
2006:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1978:
1969:
1952:
1946:(in Hebrew).
1943:
1934:
1925:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1882:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1807:
1787:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1683:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1610:
1602:the original
1597:
1584:
1566:
1558:the original
1544:
1525:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1478:
1468:
1459:
1432:. Retrieved
1418:
1395:
1355:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1319:
1292:
1282:
1263:
1257:
1237:
1230:
1217:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1196:
1187:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1142:
1136:the original
1131:
1106:
1097:
1069:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1009:
1003:
976:
970:
961:
928:(north) and
912:
886:
725:
718:
704:Shevah Weiss
665:
605:Raul Hilberg
598:
588:
560:
553:
550:Yitzhak Arad
547:
540:
533:
500:
496:
480:
472:
471:guards. The
462:
433:
426:C Commander
423:
416:
402:
395:
392:
387:
370:
365:
343:
338:
296:
294:
278:
268:
229:
223:
220:
216:Transnistria
184:Nazi Germany
179:
173:
167:
159:
158:
95:, including
71:Perpetrators
18:
4826:Isle of Man
4761:recognition
4735:Switzerland
4670:Netherlands
4445:Never again
4276:(Action T4)
4202:Remembrance
3987:Homosexuals
3957:Soviet POWs
3885:Częstochowa
3433:Gas chamber
3244:Ravensbrück
3185:Gross-Rosen
3180:Flossenbürg
3063:Philippines
2995:Yugoslavia
2954:Netherlands
2882:Sudetenland
2215:Paul Blobel
2077:: 175–196.
1989:12 December
1665:, pp. 62–63
1656:, Chapter 2
1434:29 December
1048:(in German)
732:evangelical
694:Mina Rosner
670:as well as
640:C & D (
618:Wendy Lower
609:Dieter Pohl
483:Dieter Pohl
422:), and the
285:German Army
236:Wendy Lower
87:Paul Blobel
4851:Categories
4705:San Marino
4665:Montenegro
4645:Luxembourg
4625:Kazakhstan
4528:Azerbaijan
4434:Yad Vashem
4414:Uniqueness
4269:Nisko Plan
4042:Nazi Party
3850:Resistance
3820:Ninth Fort
3685:Vel' d'Hiv
3457:Nazi units
3395:Westerbork
3385:Amersfoort
3239:Neuengamme
3220:Mauthausen
3200:Kaiserwald
3170:Buchenwald
2949:Luxembourg
2300:Otto Rasch
2265:Erich Koch
2240:Hans Frank
1979:Yad Vashem
1944:Yad Vashem
1590:Yad Vashem
1550:Yad Vashem
1107:Yad Vashem
940:References
804:Mezhirichi
728:Shtundists
622:Yad Vashem
523:group and
477:reported:
428:Otto Rasch
315:Otto Rasch
192:Bessarabia
186:), in the
123:Hungarians
99:, and the
75:Erich Koch
39:, Ukraine.
4816:Gibraltar
4640:Lithuania
4392:Education
4287:Aftermath
4199:Aftermath
4161:Trawnikis
4085:Wehrmacht
4080:Waffen-SS
3880:Białystok
3708:Bucharest
3680:Marseille
3557:Elsewhere
3518:Białystok
3330:Breendonk
3307:Treblinka
3160:Auschwitz
2944:Lithuania
2543:memorials
2533:Artemivsk
2172:Lithuania
2093:2749-9030
1858:0037-6779
1817:Kyiv Post
1754:161077713
1429:JewishGen
1375:794328914
1298:Routledge
1089:794328914
1052:5 January
1028:466441935
995:880566030
774:Feodosiya
738:Massacres
585:courtyard
491:Treblinka
307:Wehrmacht
275:Vinnytsia
142:Memorials
127:Romanians
37:Ivanhorod
4836:Svalbard
4821:Guernsey
4768:Abkhazia
4720:Slovenia
4715:Slovakia
4690:Portugal
4548:Bulgaria
4377:Academia
3830:Piaśnica
3800:Babi Yar
3728:Jedwabne
3667:Roundups
3600:Judenrat
3564:Budapest
3335:Mechelen
3297:Majdanek
3254:Stutthof
3215:Majdanek
3110:by Poles
3068:Portugal
3046:Response
3037:Timeline
3015:Overview
2877:Slovakia
2864:Bulgaria
2779:See also
2648:Evidence
2538:Babi Yar
2423:Rescuers
1905:17 March
1874:35070744
1785:(2009).
1659:Archived
1592:(2005).
1574:(2006).
1552:(2005).
1534:Archived
1517:41036794
1487:Eurozine
1394:(2006).
1144:million.
962:Academia
920:(west),
881:Hegewald
845:See also
839:Zhytomyr
834:Terebovl
759:Babi Yar
715:Rescuers
405:Babi Yar
377:Mykolaiv
360:Passover
352:Piryatin
331:Caucasus
287:and the
240:genocide
198:and the
91:Various
45:Location
4745:Ukraine
4695:Romania
4655:Moldova
4613:Ireland
4608:Iceland
4603:Hungary
4593:Germany
4588:Georgia
4578:Finland
4573:Estonia
4568:Denmark
4553:Croatia
4538:Belgium
4533:Belarus
4523:Austria
4518:Armenia
4513:Andorra
4508:Albania
4404:Lessons
3840:Rumbula
3713:Dorohoi
3694:Pogroms
3646:Victims
3496:Ghettos
3428:Gas van
3416:Methods
3390:Schoorl
3368:Bolzano
3316:Transit
3302:Sobibor
3292:Chełmno
3259:Vaivara
3195:Hinzert
3140:ghettos
3093:Vatican
2999:Croatia
2989:Ukraine
2979:Belarus
2969:Romania
2921:Hungary
2904:Germany
2894:Estonia
2889:Denmark
2859:Belgium
2854:Austria
2849:Albania
2407:Victims
2187:Romania
2162:Estonia
2157:Belarus
2056:1 March
1964:(USHMM)
1866:3649913
932:(east).
893:Verteba
851:Gas van
824:Pliskov
626:Belarus
581:In the
573:Victims
521:Bandera
356:Ukraine
337:, "the
301:units,
242:of the
212:Hungary
204:Romania
166:in the
134:Victims
4831:Jersey
4773:Kosovo
4740:Turkey
4730:Sweden
4710:Serbia
4700:Russia
4685:Poland
4680:Norway
4660:Monaco
4630:Latvia
4598:Greece
4583:France
4558:Cyprus
4310:Bricha
4076:(Orpo)
3949:Others
3935:Żegota
3897:Rescue
3875:Warsaw
3835:Ponary
3745:Kaunas
3548:Warsaw
3533:Lublin
3523:Kraków
3510:Poland
3354:Drancy
3287:Belzec
3264:Warsaw
3175:Dachau
3083:Turkey
3078:Sweden
3004:Serbia
2984:Russia
2964:Poland
2959:Norway
2939:Latvia
2909:Greece
2899:France
2696:Trials
2597:Places
2526:Events
2201:People
2192:Russia
2182:Poland
2177:Norway
2167:Latvia
2091:
2014:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1795:
1752:
1576:"Lwów"
1515:
1406:
1373:
1363:
1338:5 July
1312:
1270:
1245:
1219:8 June
1087:
1077:
1026:
1016:
993:
983:
809:Mizoch
789:Klevan
508:Krakow
504:Berlin
381:Hitler
327:Crimea
238:, the
178:, the
172:, the
4806:Åland
4725:Spain
4650:Malta
4620:Italy
4424:Humor
4397:Films
4094:Units
3825:Odesa
3675:Izieu
3589:Vilna
3574:Minsk
3569:Kovno
3543:Radom
3407:Sereď
3224:Gusen
3205:Kauen
3136:Camps
3073:Spain
3058:Japan
2932:Libya
2926:Italy
2509:(UPA)
1870:S2CID
1862:JSTOR
1750:S2CID
1513:JSTOR
1400:USHMM
1213:(PDF)
1206:(PDF)
1190:(92).
1139:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
904:Notes
899:caves
819:Olyka
730:, an
4315:List
4070:(SD)
4050:(SS)
3733:Lviv
3718:Iași
3658:Jews
3579:Riga
3538:Lwów
3528:Łódź
3500:list
3349:Gurs
3222:and
3138:and
2089:ISSN
2058:2023
2012:ISBN
1991:2015
1928:: 3.
1907:2015
1854:ISSN
1793:ISBN
1436:2014
1404:ISBN
1371:OCLC
1361:ISBN
1340:2017
1310:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1221:2022
1085:OCLC
1075:ISBN
1054:2018
1024:OCLC
1014:ISBN
991:OCLC
981:ISBN
895:and
726:The
612:the
506:and
409:Kyiv
258:and
190:and
164:Jews
119:Axis
55:Date
3464:SS-
2079:doi
1960:".
1844:doi
1742:doi
1711:doi
1467:".
1302:doi
603:by
545:."
489:of
218:).
4853::
3401:sk
3379:nl
3361:it
3342:fr
3324:be
2563:IV
2087:.
2073:.
2069:.
2049:.
1977:.
1942:.
1924:.
1868:.
1860:.
1852:.
1840:64
1838:.
1834:.
1814:,
1748:.
1738:24
1736:.
1732:.
1707:48
1705:.
1701:.
1682:.
1670:^
1596:.
1509:23
1507:.
1503:.
1485:,
1444:^
1427:.
1383:^
1369:.
1318:.
1308:.
1186:.
1168:.
1151:^
1130:.
1115:^
1105:.
1083:.
1044:.
1022:.
989:.
960:.
948:^
628:.
394:—
383:.
362::
354:,
305:,
194:,
125:,
117:,
113:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
4488:e
4481:t
4474:v
4447:"
4443:"
3760:"
3756:"
3502:)
3498:(
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2816:t
2809:v
2123:e
2116:t
2109:v
2095:.
2081::
2075:1
2060:.
2020:.
1993:.
1956:"
1909:.
1876:.
1846::
1801:.
1756:.
1744::
1717:.
1713::
1686:.
1519:.
1463:"
1438:.
1412:.
1377:.
1342:.
1304::
1276:.
1251:.
1223:.
1091:.
1056:.
1030:.
997:.
964:.
644:)
398:.
321:(
313:(
291:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
