1521:
1363:
466:
1153:
104:
1064:
647:) from 1482 to 1581. The northern Low Countries began growing from 1200 CE, with the drainage and flood control of land, which could then be cultivated. The population rose and the region of Holland became important. Before that, the development of large cities was in the south, with Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp, Brussels, and Leuven, all of which were larger than any settlement in the north. Rivers in the Low Countries run east–west and were a political and strategic barrier to influence southern influence on the north, forming two separate political areas.
651:
1316:
90:
1864:
1009:
1292:
1852:
491:
452:
1267:
1222:
1200:
1082:
1028:
1461:
1417:
1045:
123:
1116:
1495:
1444:
1173:
1099:
1475:
1134:
519:
1579:, whereafter the territories in the far west of the Empire developed a certain grade of autonomy. Through his mother Joanna, who had a mental breakdown following the death of her husband, he was heir to the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and Spain's overseas empire in the New World. Attaining full age in 1515, Charles went on to rule his Burgundian heritage as a native Netherlander. He acquired the lands of
1384:
505:
1252:
1331:
662:(1419–1467), the provinces of the Netherlands began to grow together, whereas previously they were split with being either the tributary of the French Kingdom or of Burgundy under the Holy Roman Empire banner. The collected fiefdoms were
1520:
1827:
1575:, succeeded his father as Duke in 1506, when he was six years old. His paternal grandfather, Emperor Maximilian I, incorporated the Burgundian heritage into the
4165:
1823:. In 1578, the Dutch insurgents appointed Archduke Matthias of Austria governor, though he could not prevail and resigned before the 1581 Act of Abjuration.
4160:
2788:
2778:
2290:
4155:
4150:
4145:
3486:
2226:
1421:
3640:
2209:
1802:
3615:
3570:
3374:
2810:
1784:
1741:
1557:
3795:
3284:
2519:
4135:
2702:
2027:
618:
2001:
3518:
3218:
2504:
3977:
3967:
3585:
2976:
2029:
The Muslim
Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas
2110:
17:
1658:. The Spanish hold on the northern provinces was more and more tenuous. In 1579 the northern provinces established the Protestant
4007:
3513:
3011:
2820:
2629:
1448:
103:
4170:
3580:
3123:
2842:
2411:
2280:
2179:
1975:
4130:
3866:
3047:
3016:
2753:
2054:
2037:
1778:
1674:
3731:
3635:
3543:
3523:
3899:
2961:
2189:
4027:
3758:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3501:
2971:
2805:
267:
30:
This article is about the entire period of
Habsburg rule in the Low Countries. For the rule of the Spanish branch, see
710:
assembly. The centre of the
Burgundian possessions was the Duchy of Brabant, where the Burgundian dukes held court in
3909:
3904:
3800:
3790:
3775:
3681:
3630:
3625:
3491:
2815:
2655:
2453:
2221:
2204:
2174:
2123:
2064:
1790:
1608:
1434:
730:
707:
4140:
4069:
3785:
3605:
3590:
3565:
3436:
3277:
3198:
3118:
3082:
3057:
2949:
2763:
1820:
1549:
609:
in 1795. Austria, however, did not relinquish its claim over the country until 1797 in the Treaty of Campo Formio.
157:
623:
The
Habsburg Netherlands was a geo-political entity covering the whole of the Low Countries (i.e. the present-day
4052:
4022:
3935:
3876:
3805:
3736:
3726:
3696:
3686:
2986:
2891:
2695:
2443:
1808:
1627:
733:
by marrying his daughter Mary to
Frederick's son Maximilian. Disappointed in this, he engaged in the disastrous
4017:
3748:
3741:
3701:
3208:
3193:
3101:
2966:
2326:
1985:
4125:
3982:
3721:
3716:
3691:
2428:
1722:
1690:
1568:
3987:
3886:
3780:
3763:
3711:
3706:
3553:
3506:
3148:
3072:
2923:
2881:
2380:
2331:
2103:
1669:
After the secession of 1581, the southern provinces, called "'t Hof van
Brabant" (of Flandria, Artois, the
2144:
1157:
148:
4032:
3972:
3945:
3861:
3770:
3671:
3659:
3538:
3496:
3481:
3369:
3270:
2911:
2872:
2862:
2793:
2467:
1584:
1049:
471:
89:
4088:
4042:
3923:
3894:
3871:
3824:
3312:
3304:
3143:
3113:
3062:
2783:
2688:
2614:
2375:
2353:
1616:
338:
3950:
3846:
3810:
3325:
3077:
3042:
2996:
2385:
2285:
2270:
2194:
1682:
1604:
2557:
4037:
4002:
3997:
2954:
2800:
2421:
2275:
1561:
1320:
640:
555:
4057:
3338:
3128:
3087:
2981:
2847:
2830:
2773:
2758:
2534:
2489:
2336:
2316:
2243:
2216:
2096:
836:
563:
284:
3753:
3426:
3203:
3138:
3001:
2991:
2937:
2857:
2341:
2233:
2199:
2149:
1592:
1545:
1529:
1204:
457:
403:
246:
3841:
3237:
3176:
3158:
3030:
2852:
2720:
2624:
2509:
2499:
1869:
1596:
1389:
636:
606:
512:
236:
1685:. After the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line in 1700 with the death of the childless
1362:
4097:
3533:
3451:
3171:
2743:
2514:
2494:
2448:
2365:
2360:
2321:
2253:
2164:
2154:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1694:
1655:
1296:
1152:
671:
598:
594:
35:
1662:, in which they declared themselves independent as the Seven United Provinces by the 1581
1335:
8:
4062:
3676:
3595:
3466:
3446:
3441:
3246:
3213:
3188:
2738:
2733:
2539:
2479:
2370:
2304:
2159:
1920:
1908:
1707:
1686:
1541:
1533:
1397:
1271:
1234:
1177:
699:
582:
578:
484:
299:
109:
31:
364:
4102:
3476:
3399:
3181:
3006:
2896:
2648:
2604:
2549:
2438:
2416:
2399:
2265:
2184:
2169:
2131:
1895:, assuming a flag consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the colours of
1733:
1726:
1639:
1635:
1374:
1103:
1063:
919:
663:
581:
in 1549, they were held by the
Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556, known as the
539:
390:
1768:
1564:, but by the turn of the century both areas had been pacified by the Habsburg rulers.
1528:
Upon the death of Mary of
Burgundy in 1482, her substantial possessions including the
3471:
3421:
3403:
3251:
2768:
2728:
2567:
2433:
2060:
2033:
1981:
1884:
1796:
1663:
1643:
1623:
1615:
acknowledged a certain autonomy of the
Netherlands. It was followed by the Emperor's
1576:
1553:
1537:
1367:
1120:
1032:
808:
687:
683:
679:
650:
602:
567:
551:
547:
377:
325:
312:
195:
188:
95:
1556:, and so the period of the Habsburg Netherlands began. The period 1481–1492 saw the
1315:
3992:
3461:
3412:
3347:
3320:
2664:
2619:
2609:
2524:
2484:
1772:
1761:
1715:
1711:
1659:
1619:, which established the Seventeen Provinces as an entity held by a single prince.
1068:
912:
718:
695:
691:
667:
559:
241:
3645:
3528:
3407:
3379:
2867:
2599:
2582:
2577:
1947:
1814:
1642:, Charles' son, inherited the Seventeen Provinces and incorporated them into the
1138:
1013:
894:
738:
734:
675:
659:
589:, the Seven United Provinces seceded from the rest of this territory to form the
251:
231:
70:
3456:
3394:
3389:
3166:
2901:
2669:
2592:
2572:
2562:
2348:
2139:
1939:
1678:
1650:
and the
American possessions). King Philip II of Spain became infamous for his
1622:
Following a series of abdications between 1555 and 1556, Charles V divided the
1256:
981:
951:
794:
726:
703:
590:
498:
351:
226:
184:
56:
1977:
Neptune and the Netherlands: State, Economy, and War at Sea in the Renaissance
1907:. A small cross of Burgundy was present, which in 1781 was covered by a black
1863:
1291:
4119:
3955:
3360:
3133:
1971:
1955:
1904:
1588:
872:
827:
748:
644:
543:
423:
273:
133:
1851:
1266:
1221:
1199:
1081:
4012:
3856:
2587:
2238:
1027:
1008:
959:
865:
586:
1460:
1416:
166:
3575:
3342:
3293:
1746:
1647:
1465:
1044:
974:
773:
624:
1654:, and Catholic persecutions sparked the Dutch Revolt and the subsequent
605:. De facto Habsburg rule ended with the annexation by the revolutionary
3960:
3262:
2711:
1670:
1580:
1499:
632:
2680:
1115:
122:
4047:
3940:
3836:
3067:
2906:
1651:
1494:
1443:
1172:
929:
2918:
2748:
3851:
3416:
3365:
3356:
2886:
2529:
2088:
1631:
1612:
1600:
1098:
1086:
787:
722:
711:
571:
418:
289:
213:
209:
1474:
654:
Burgundian Netherlands (orange) upon the death of Charles the Bold
3384:
3334:
3052:
2119:
1891:, by 1713 the Southern Netherlands were separated from Spain and
1479:
1383:
780:
628:
1133:
658:
Already under the Holy Roman Empire rule of the Burgundian duke
3352:
3330:
1900:
993:
762:
755:
27:
Entire period of Habsburg rule in the Low Countries (1482-1797)
1883:
During the Spanish period it is assumed that the flag was the
1677:, Luxembourg, Limburg, Hainaut, Namur, Mechelen, Brabant, and
1896:
1572:
1251:
1634:
monarch in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, as well as the new
1752:
1330:
191:
1626:
into an Austrian-German and a Spanish branch. His brother
2002:"How Brussels became the capital of Europe 500 years ago"
1693:(1700–14), the southern provinces were also known as the
706:
by the Valois-Burgundy monarchs and represented in the
1714:, Maximilian I, his father, as regent (1482–1493),
1603:. His Seventeen Provinces were re-organised in the
729:, and even hoped to gain the title of "King" from
1828:Francisco Antonio de Agurto Salcedo Medrano Zúñiga
1607:, whereby the Imperial estates represented in the
1524:Map of the Seventeen Provinces by Gabriel Bodenehr
4117:
1681:) remained with the House of Habsburg until the
585:from that time on. In 1581, in the midst of the
570:, was born in the Habsburg Netherlands and made
1740:The provinces were ruled on their behalf by a
601:in 1714, after Austrian acquisition under the
4166:1480s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
3278:
2811:Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg
2696:
2104:
1803:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
1718:, his stepgrandmother, governess (1489–1493)
62:
619:Burgundian inheritance in the Low Countries
48:
4161:States and territories established in 1482
3519:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
3285:
3271:
2703:
2689:
2111:
2097:
121:
4156:18th century in the Southern Netherlands
4151:17th century in the Habsburg Netherlands
4146:16th century in the Habsburg Netherlands
3292:
1519:
649:
554:. The rule began in 1482, when the last
3514:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
2710:
2056:Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict
2025:
1970:
1857:Flag of Spanish Netherlands (1556—1714)
34:. For that of the Austrian branch, see
14:
4118:
3266:
2684:
2092:
2052:
1887:. After a period of turmoil with the
1844:The flags of the Habsburg Netherlands
1779:Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy
893:
2118:
128:
2026:Jenkins, Everett Jr. (2015-05-07).
24:
4136:Former polities in the Netherlands
25:
4182:
3048:Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union
2175:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1791:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
1591:), purchased Friesland from Duke
2412:2008–2009 financial crisis
1862:
1850:
1821:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
1550:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
1493:
1473:
1459:
1442:
1415:
1382:
1361:
1329:
1314:
1290:
1265:
1250:
1220:
1198:
1171:
1151:
1132:
1114:
1097:
1080:
1062:
1043:
1026:
1007:
635:, and most of the modern French
517:
503:
489:
464:
450:
158:Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy
102:
88:
2073:
2046:
2019:
1994:
1964:
1932:
1562:Utrecht embroiled in civil war
731:Habsburg emperor Frederick III
13:
1:
4171:1482 establishments in Europe
3539:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
1926:
1764:, dowager Duchess of Burgundy
1691:War of the Spanish Succession
900:
878:
855:
813:
799:
702:. These realms were ruled in
167:Prince-Bishopric of Cambrésis
4131:History of the Low Countries
612:
7:
2912:Valley of the Seven Castles
2053:Kamen, Henry (2014-03-26).
1914:
1422:Princip. of the Netherlands
472:Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht
10:
4187:
3305:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1809:Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga
1617:Pragmatic Sanction of 1549
1515:
1466:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1435:Kingdom of the Netherlands
721:(1467–1477) also acquired
616:
558:ruler of the Netherlands,
141: Habsburg Netherlands
29:
4082:
3931:
3922:
3885:
3832:
3823:
3667:
3658:
3631:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
3561:
3552:
3375:Development urban centers
3311:
3301:
3231:
3157:
3109:
3100:
3038:
3029:
2945:
2936:
2838:
2829:
2719:
2642:
2548:
2475:
2466:
2407:
2398:
2312:
2303:
2261:
2252:
2145:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
2130:
2032:. McFarland. p. 36.
1700:
1683:French Revolutionary Wars
1605:Burgundian treaty of 1548
1490:
1488:
1472:
1458:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1381:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1313:
1310:
1289:
1286:
1264:
1249:
1219:
1197:
1061:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
973:
969:
958:
950:
946:
942:
928:
911:
871:
848:
842:
835:
793:
779:
772:
761:
759:
746:
429:
417:
413:
400:
387:
374:
361:
348:
335:
324:• Incorporated into
322:
309:
305:
295:
283:
260:
219:
201:
180:
149:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
120:
84:
79:
43:
2843:Administrative divisions
1725:as Duke of Burgundy, as
1552:, Philip was a Habsburg
1321:United States of Belgium
593:. The remaining Spanish
566:, died. Their grandson,
18:The Habsburg Netherlands
4141:15th century in Belgium
2774:Second Treaty of London
2180:Long nineteenth century
1836:
982:Duchy of Lower Lorraine
564:Maximilian I of Austria
3978:Decorations and medals
3427:Burgundian Netherlands
2759:First Treaty of London
2454:Science and technology
2150:Burgundian Netherlands
1952:Pays-Bas des Habsbourg
1951:
1944:Habsburgse Nederlanden
1943:
1546:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1530:Burgundian Netherlands
1525:
1205:Burgundian Netherlands
975:Kingdom of Lotharingia
737:and was killed in the
655:
577:Becoming known as the
574:one of his capitals.
458:Burgundian Netherlands
404:Treaty of Campo Formio
212:till 1530, afterwards
64:Pays-Bas des Habsbourg
63:
50:Habsburgse Nederlanden
49:
3973:Customs and etiquette
2972:Consultative Assembly
2962:Council of Government
1980:. BRILL. p. 13.
1646:(which included also
1558:Flemish cities revolt
1548:. Through his father
1523:
1390:French First Republic
653:
617:Further information:
607:French First Republic
513:French First Republic
220:Common languages
4126:Habsburg Netherlands
4008:Orders of knighthood
3641:World Heritage Sites
3544:Coronavirus pandemic
3534:European debt crisis
3507:Dutch Liberation Day
3432:Habsburg Netherlands
3219:World Heritage Sites
2806:Military occupations
2744:Austrian Netherlands
2630:World Heritage Sites
2165:Austrian Netherlands
2155:Southern Netherlands
1874:Austrian Netherlands
1695:Austrian Netherlands
1585:Bishopric of Utrecht
1534:Philip the Handsome
1297:Austrian Netherlands
1227:Habsburg Netherlands
599:Austrian Netherlands
595:Southern Netherlands
536:Habsburg Netherlands
350:• Inherited by
311:• Inherited by
45:Habsburg Netherlands
36:Austrian Netherlands
3616:Mountains and hills
3467:Batavian Revolution
3447:Spanish Netherlands
3442:Seventeen Provinces
3209:RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg
2977:Diplomatic missions
2950:Chamber of Deputies
2739:Spanish Netherlands
2734:House of Luxembourg
2160:Spanish Netherlands
1921:Spanish Netherlands
1909:double-headed eagle
1893:attached to Austria
1708:Philip I of Castile
1697:from 1715 onwards.
1542:Isabel I of Castile
1532:passed to her son,
1398:First French Empire
1272:Spanish Netherlands
1235:Seventeen Provinces
583:Spanish Netherlands
579:Seventeen Provinces
485:Spanish Netherlands
300:Early modern period
32:Spanish Netherlands
3867:Telecommunications
3477:Kingdom of Holland
3083:Telecommunications
3058:Electricity sector
2897:Luxembourg plateau
2892:Little Switzerland
2754:Belgian Revolution
2185:Belgian Revolution
2170:Brabant Revolution
2081:The Dutch Republic
2079:Israel, Jonathan.
2006:The Brussels Times
1773:Marquis d'Aerschot
1727:Holy Roman Emperor
1640:Philip II of Spain
1636:Holy Roman Emperor
1526:
1480:Kingdom of Belgium
1375:Kingdom of Holland
920:Carolingian Empire
717:Philip's son Duke
656:
540:Renaissance period
391:Battle of Sprimont
339:Pragmatic Sanction
4111:
4110:
4078:
4077:
3918:
3917:
3819:
3818:
3796:Political parties
3732:Foreign relations
3654:
3653:
3524:Same-sex marriage
3472:Batavian Republic
3452:Eighty Years' War
3422:Holy Roman Empire
3260:
3259:
3227:
3226:
3096:
3095:
3025:
3024:
3012:Political parties
2987:Foreign relations
2932:
2931:
2769:Luxembourg Crisis
2729:Celtic Luxembourg
2678:
2677:
2638:
2637:
2462:
2461:
2394:
2393:
2381:Political parties
2332:Foreign relations
2299:
2298:
2039:978-1-4766-0889-1
1972:Sicking, L. H. J.
1889:Eighty Years' War
1885:Cross of Burgundy
1797:Margaret of Parma
1664:Act of Abjuration
1656:Eighty Years' War
1624:House of Habsburg
1577:Burgundian Circle
1538:Joanna of Castile
1513:
1512:
1509:
1484:
1470:
1454:
1439:
1426:
1402:
1394:
1379:
1372:
1368:Batavian Republic
1341:
1326:
1302:
1277:
1262:
1239:
1231:
1209:
1188:
1168:
1148:
1129:
1111:
1094:
1077:
1059:
1040:
1023:
986:
979:
967:
956:
934:
924:
917:
907:
885:
862:
820:
809:Germania Inferior
806:
603:Treaty of Rastatt
568:Emperor Charles V
552:House of Habsburg
548:Holy Roman Empire
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
477:
476:
396:18 September 1794
378:Treaty of Rastatt
326:Burgundian Circle
313:House of Habsburg
174:
173:
96:Cross of Burgundy
16:(Redirected from
4178:
4091:
3929:
3928:
3900:Public transport
3830:
3829:
3665:
3664:
3559:
3558:
3385:Frankish Kingdom
3348:Migration Period
3287:
3280:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3240:
3204:Radio Luxembourg
3194:National symbols
3107:
3106:
3036:
3035:
2967:Council of State
2943:
2942:
2836:
2835:
2784:Second World War
2705:
2698:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2658:
2651:
2473:
2472:
2405:
2404:
2310:
2309:
2259:
2258:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1968:
1962:
1936:
1866:
1854:
1762:Margaret of York
1736:as King of Spain
1716:Margaret of York
1712:Duke of Burgundy
1660:Union of Utrecht
1593:George of Saxony
1507:
1497:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1424:
1419:
1400:
1392:
1388:associated with
1386:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1207:
1202:
1189:
1186:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1030:
1019:
1011:
984:
977:
965:
954:
932:
922:
915:
913:Frankish Kingdom
905:
902:
898:
883:
880:
876:
868:
860:
857:
853:
830:
818:
815:
811:
804:
801:
797:
790:
783:
765:
744:
743:
719:Charles the Bold
521:
520:
507:
506:
493:
492:
481:
480:
468:
467:
454:
453:
447:
446:
431:
430:
365:Peace of Münster
270:(state religion)
268:Roman Catholicsm
164:
155:
146:
140:
129:
125:
106:
92:
74:
66:
60:
52:
41:
40:
21:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4094:
4087:
4074:
4028:Public holidays
3914:
3881:
3815:
3650:
3646:Zuiderzee Works
3548:
3529:Great Recession
3408:Frisian Freedom
3380:Frisian Kingdom
3321:Germanic tribes
3307:
3297:
3291:
3261:
3256:
3243:
3236:
3223:
3153:
3092:
3021:
2955:Current members
2928:
2868:Luxembourg City
2825:
2821:Railway history
2779:First World War
2764:1848 Revolution
2715:
2709:
2679:
2674:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2634:
2615:Public holidays
2544:
2520:Life expectancy
2458:
2390:
2295:
2248:
2126:
2117:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1969:
1965:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1917:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1815:John of Austria
1785:Mary of Hungary
1769:William de Croÿ
1703:
1518:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1464:
1451:
1447:
1420:
1395:
1387:
1373:
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1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1006:
980:
964:
961:
903:
897:
895:Frisian Kingdom
881:
875:
866:
858:
852:
828:
816:
807:
802:
788:
786:
781:
775:
763:
747:History of the
739:Battle of Nancy
735:Burgundian Wars
660:Philip the Good
621:
615:
556:Valois-Burgundy
518:
504:
490:
465:
451:
409:17 October 1797
406:
393:
380:
370:30 January 1648
367:
354:
341:
328:
315:
279:
256:
176:
175:
169:
162:
160:
153:
151:
144:
142:
138:
116:
115:
114:
111:
107:
99:
98:
93:
75:
68:
61:
54:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4184:
4174:
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4168:
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4133:
4128:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4093:
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4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
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4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Cultural icons
3965:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3910:Road transport
3907:
3905:Rail transport
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Prime Minister
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:Municipalities
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Climate change
3679:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Extreme points
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
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3516:
3511:
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3509:
3504:
3494:
3492:United Kingdom
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Dutch Republic
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3410:
3397:
3395:Lower Lorraine
3392:
3390:Middle Francia
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3363:
3350:
3345:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296: articles
3290:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3149:Social welfare
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:Stock Exchange
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3017:Prime Minister
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:Moselle Valley
2899:
2894:
2884:
2882:Extreme points
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2816:Jewish history
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714: articles
2708:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Communications
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2386:Prime Minister
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:Extreme points
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Royal Question
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2190:Crisis of 1870
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Gallia Belgica
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2072:
2065:
2045:
2038:
2018:
1993:
1986:
1974:(2004-01-01).
1963:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1765:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1719:
1702:
1699:
1679:Upper Guelders
1540:, daughter of
1536:, who married
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1471:
1456:
1455:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1380:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1263:
1257:Dutch Republic
1247:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1169:
1149:
1112:
1095:
1060:
1041:
1024:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
990:
989:
987:
971:
970:
968:
957:
952:Middle Francia
948:
947:
944:
943:
941:
939:
936:
935:
926:
925:
910:
908:
891:
890:
888:
886:
870:
863:
846:
845:
843:
841:
839:
834:
832:
825:
822:
821:
795:Gallia Belgica
792:
778:
771:
768:
767:
760:
758:
752:
751:
708:States-General
704:personal union
614:
611:
591:Dutch Republic
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
515:
509:
508:
501:
499:Dutch Republic
495:
494:
487:
478:
475:
474:
469:
461:
460:
455:
443:
442:
437:
427:
426:
421:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
401:
398:
397:
394:
388:
385:
384:
381:
375:
372:
371:
368:
362:
359:
358:
355:
352:Habsburg Spain
349:
346:
345:
342:
336:
333:
332:
329:
323:
320:
319:
316:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
296:Historical era
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
278:
277:
271:
264:
262:
258:
257:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
223:
221:
217:
216:
203:
199:
198:
185:Personal union
182:
178:
177:
172:
171:
161:
152:
143:
137:
127:
126:
118:
117:
108:
101:
100:
94:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
77:
76:
47:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4183:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4114:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Republicanism
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Flood control
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Nazi invasion
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Incorporation
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
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2970:
2968:
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2939:
2935:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
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2066:9781317755005
2062:
2059:. Routledge.
2058:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2031:
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2022:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1979:
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1973:
1967:
1961:
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1644:Spanish Crown
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Imperial Diet
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:and regained
1594:
1590:
1589:Guelders Wars
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:Philip's son
1565:
1563:
1559:
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1213:
1211:
1206:
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1183:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1135:
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1107:
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1096:
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1072:
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1055:
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1029:
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1004:
999:
995:
991:
983:
976:
972:
963:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
937:
931:
927:
921:
914:
909:
896:
892:
889:
887:
874:
873:Salian Franks
869:
864:
851:
847:
844:
840:
838:
833:
831:
829:Salian Franks
826:
824:
823:
810:
796:
791:
784:
777:
770:
769:
766:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:Low Countries
745:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
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661:
652:
648:
646:
645:Pas-de-Calais
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
620:
610:
608:
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596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:Low Countries
542:fiefs in the
541:
537:
516:
514:
511:
510:
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488:
486:
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428:
425:
422:
420:
419:ISO 3166 code
416:
412:
408:
405:
399:
395:
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386:
382:
379:
373:
369:
366:
360:
356:
353:
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327:
321:
317:
314:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
286:
282:
275:
274:Protestantism
272:
269:
266:
265:
263:
259:
253:
250:
248:
247:Luxembourgish
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
168:
159:
150:
135:
134:Low Countries
131:
130:
124:
119:
113:
105:
97:
91:
83:
78:
72:
65:
58:
51:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4113:
4053:Coat of arms
4023:Prostitution
3936:Architecture
3877:Trade unions
3857:Polder model
3842:Central bank
3811:Water boards
3737:Human rights
3727:Homelessness
3697:Demographics
3687:Constitution
3497:World War II
3487:Principality
3431:
3303:Part of the
3144:Social class
3114:Demographics
2558:Architecture
2535:Prostitution
2490:Demographics
2444:Trade unions
2422:Central bank
2337:Human rights
2317:Constitution
2291:Subdivisions
2244:State reform
2239:Congo Crisis
2217:World War II
2080:
2075:
2055:
2048:
2028:
2021:
2010:. Retrieved
2008:. 2017-04-21
2005:
1996:
1976:
1966:
1959:
1954:), in Latin
1934:
1882:
1872:used by the
1832:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1668:
1621:
1566:
1527:
1226:
1051:Bishopric of
849:
716:
657:
637:départements
622:
587:Dutch Revolt
576:
546:held by the
535:
534:
440:Succeeded by
439:
434:
383:7 March 1714
237:West Frisian
205:
110:Coat of arms
4070:Terminology
4018:Pornography
3759:Enforcement
3749:Immigration
3722:Health care
3702:Drug policy
3581:Earthquakes
3576:Delta Works
3437:Renaissance
3343:Cananefates
3294:Netherlands
3043:Accountancy
2997:LGBT rights
2354:enforcement
2200:World War I
2083:, pp. 11-12
1956:referred to
1876:(1714—1797)
1747:stadtholder
1648:south Italy
1628:Ferdinand I
1438:(1815–1830)
1425:(1813–1815)
1401:(1804–1815)
1393:(1795–1804)
1378:(1806–1810)
1371:(1795–1806)
1301:(1714–1795)
1276:(1556–1714)
1261:(1581–1795)
1230:(1482–1795)
1208:(1384–1482)
1187:(1059–1443)
1128:(1071–1432)
1093:(1046–1543)
1076:(1183–1430)
850:unpopulated
625:Netherlands
597:became the
435:Preceded by
112:(Philip IV)
4120:Categories
3993:Literature
3983:Irreligion
3791:Parliament
3717:Euthanasia
3692:Corruption
3462:Golden Age
3199:Newspapers
3124:Euthanasia
3063:Euro coins
2801:Partitions
2789:Occupation
2712:Luxembourg
2625:Television
2605:Literature
2510:Irreligion
2500:Healthcare
2376:Parliament
2227:occupation
2210:occupation
2012:2020-03-01
1987:9004138501
1927:References
1826:1685–1692
1819:1578–1592
1813:1576–1578
1807:1573–1576
1801:1567–1573
1795:1559–1567
1789:1555–1559
1783:1531–1555
1777:1507–1530
1767:1506–1507
1760:1489–1493
1732:1556–1581
1729:from 1519.
1721:1506–1556
1706:1482–1506
1687:Charles II
1671:Tournaisis
1601:Gelderland
1581:Overijssel
1571:, born in
1340:(1789–'91)
1238:after 1543
1166:(980–1794)
1146:(981–1421)
1110:(862–1384)
1058:(695–1456)
1039:(880–1432)
978:(855– 959)
904: 6th
882: 5th
859: 5th
817: 5th
803: 5th
700:Luxembourg
633:Luxembourg
562:, wife of
285:Government
3988:Languages
3887:Transport
3837:AEX index
3781:Provinces
3764:Law Firms
3712:Elections
3707:Education
3636:Volcanoes
3596:Gas field
3554:Geography
3326:Roman Era
3129:Languages
3119:Education
3088:Transport
3068:RTL Group
2982:Elections
2907:Red Lands
2848:Districts
2831:Geography
2794:Holocaust
2515:Languages
2495:Education
2449:Transport
2361:Judiciary
2327:Executive
2322:Elections
2281:Mountains
2254:Geography
1753:landvoogd
1734:Philip II
1723:Charles V
1652:despotism
1597:Groningen
1139:County of
1121:County of
1104:County of
1033:County of
955:(843–855)
933:(511–687)
930:Austrasia
923:(800–843)
916:(481–843)
613:Geography
276:(popular)
261:Religion
232:Low Saxon
136:in 1560.
80:1482–1797
4098:Category
4033:Religion
3946:Cannabis
3862:Taxation
3852:Euronext
3806:Military
3672:Abortion
3660:Politics
3417:Guelders
3400:Flanders
3366:Dorestad
3357:Frisians
3247:Category
3139:Religion
3002:Military
2992:Monarchy
2938:Politics
2887:Guttland
2873:quarters
2858:Communes
2665:Category
2540:Religion
2480:Abortion
2371:Monarchy
2366:Military
2305:Politics
2222:invasion
2205:invasion
2124:articles
1915:See also
1742:governor
1689:and the
1632:suo jure
1613:Augsburg
1583:and the
1500:Gr D. of
1449:Gr D. L.
1396:part of
1336:R. Liège
1178:Duchy of
1160:of Liège
1158:P.-Bish.
1106:Flanders
1089:Guelders
1087:Duchy of
1069:Duchy of
1022:century)
1020:(11–16th
789:Tubantes
723:Guelders
712:Brussels
672:Mechelen
664:Flanders
572:Brussels
538:was the
290:Monarchy
214:Brussels
210:Mechelen
206:De facto
189:Imperial
4089:Outline
4043:Symbols
3956:Cuisine
3924:Culture
3895:Cycling
3872:Tourism
3825:Economy
3771:Monarch
3677:Cabinet
3621:Regions
3611:Mammals
3601:Islands
3413:Brabant
3404:Holland
3370:Utrecht
3335:Chamavi
3313:History
3238:Outline
3177:Cuisine
3159:Culture
3102:Society
3053:Benelux
3031:Economy
2853:Cantons
2721:History
2649:Outline
2578:Cuisine
2550:Culture
2505:Honours
2468:Society
2439:Tourism
2417:Banking
2400:Economy
2266:Climate
2132:History
2120:Belgium
1960:Belgica
1675:Cambrai
1630:became
1569:Charles
1516:History
1508:(1890–)
1483:(1830–)
1469:(1839–)
1453:(1815–)
1429:
1410:
1407:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1311:
1287:
1280:
1243:
1195:
1123:Hainaut
1071:Brabant
1054:Utrecht
1035:Holland
1016:Freedom
1014:Frisian
962:Francia
798:(55 BC–
782:Chamavi
776:nefates
727:Zutphen
696:Limburg
692:Brabant
688:Hainaut
684:Zeeland
680:Holland
629:Belgium
402:•
389:•
376:•
363:•
337:•
242:Walloon
202:Capital
194:within
4103:Portal
4048:Anthem
4013:People
3951:Cinema
3847:Energy
3626:Rivers
3571:Cities
3361:Franks
3353:Saxons
3339:Batavi
3331:Frisii
3252:Portal
3172:Cinema
3134:People
3007:Police
2924:Rivers
2919:Éislek
2749:Forêts
2670:Portal
2593:waffle
2573:Comics
2568:Cinema
2530:People
2434:Energy
2286:Rivers
2195:Empire
2122:
2063:
2036:
1984:
1948:French
1701:Rulers
1502:Luxem-
1325:(1790)
1180:Luxem-
994:Frisia
985:(959–)
966:(843–)
867:Saxons
837:Batavi
764:Belgae
756:Frisii
698:, and
668:Artois
252:French
196:Empire
181:Status
170:
165:
163:
156:
154:
147:
145:
139:
71:French
67:
53:
4038:Sport
4003:Music
3998:Media
3606:Lakes
3566:Birds
3214:Sport
3189:Music
3073:Steel
2863:Towns
2656:Index
2620:Sport
2610:Music
2525:Media
2485:Crime
2276:Lakes
1940:Dutch
1901:white
1587:(see
1573:Ghent
1554:scion
1504:bourg
1182:bourg
1141:Namur
906:–734)
877:(4th–
854:(4th–
774:Cana–
676:Namur
227:Dutch
192:fiefs
57:Dutch
4063:Lion
4058:Flag
3961:Wine
3742:LGBT
3182:Wine
2600:Flag
2588:wine
2583:Beer
2342:LGBT
2061:ISBN
2034:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1905:gold
1903:and
1870:Flag
1837:Flag
1599:and
1560:and
1544:and
960:West
812:(83–
725:and
686:and
670:and
643:and
641:Nord
560:Mary
357:1556
344:1549
331:1512
318:1482
132:The
3941:Art
3754:Law
3167:Art
2563:Art
2349:Law
1958:as
1897:red
1756:):
1750:or
1710:as
1611:at
805:AD)
639:of
550:'s
187:of
4122::
3415:,
3406:,
3402:,
3368:,
3359:,
3355:,
3341:,
3337:,
3333:,
2004:.
1950::
1946:;
1942::
1911:.
1899:,
1771:,
1673:,
1666:.
1638:.
1240:)
901:c.
879:c.
856:c.
814:c.
800:c.
741:.
714:.
694:,
690:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
666:,
631:,
627:,
424:NL
208::
3286:e
3279:t
3272:v
2704:e
2697:t
2690:v
2112:e
2105:t
2098:v
2069:.
2042:.
2015:.
1990:.
1938:(
1744:(
1233:(
918:—
899:(
884:)
861:)
819:)
785:,
73:)
69:(
59:)
55:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
