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has occurred along its periphery. The report noted that to reverse ongoing ecosystem declines, it will be necessary to expedite restoration projects that target the central
Everglades, and to improve both the quality and quantity of the water in the ecosystem. To better understand the potential implications of the current slow pace of progress, the report assessed the current status of ten Everglades ecosystem attributes, including phosphorus loads, peat depth, and populations of snail kites, birds of prey that are endangered in South Florida. Most attributes received grades ranging from C (degraded) to D (significantly degraded), but the snail kite received a grade of F (near irreversible damage). The report also assessed the future trajectory of each ecosystem attribute under three restoration scenarios: improved water quality, improved hydrology, and improvements to both water quality and hydrology, which helped highlight the urgency of restoration actions to benefit a wide range of ecosystem attributes and demonstrate the cost of inaction. Overall, the report concluded that substantial near-term progress to address both water quality and hydrology in the central Everglades is needed to reverse ongoing degradation before it is too late.
3114:
the
Central and Southern Florida Project for Flood Control and Other Purposes (C&SF), which divided the Everglades into basins. In the northern Everglades were Water Conservation Areas (WCAs), and the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) bordering to the south of Lake Okeechobee. In the southern Everglades was Everglades National Park. Levees and pumping stations bordered each WCA, and released water in dryer times or removed it and pumped it to the ocean in times of flood. The WCAs took up approximately 37 percent of the original Everglades. The C&SF constructed over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of canals, and hundreds of pumping stations and levees within three decades. During the 1950s and 1960s the Miami metropolitan area grew four times as fast as the rest of the nation. Between 1940 and 1965, 6 million people moved to South Florida: 1,000 people moved to Miami every week. Developed areas between the mid-1950s and the late 1960s quadrupled. Much of the water reclaimed from the Everglades was sent to newly developed areas.
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euthanized with an additional wage pay and $ 200 per active nest found. In
Everglades National Park alone, agents removed more than 2,000 Burmese pythons from the park as of 2017. Federal authorities banned four species of exotic snakes, including the Burmese python, in 2012. The pythons are believed to be responsible for drastic decreases in the populations of some mammals within the park. In a 2015 study by the United States Geological Survey, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, and the University of Florida, 95 adult marsh rabbits were released and tracked in areas known to have invasive python populations. 11 months later, it was found that 77% of the rabbits that fell victim to predation, was due to pythons. Relationships like these are believed to be a reason for declining native predator populations such as the Florida Panther that has less than 500 remaining individuals in the wild.
695:– the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere – associated with thunderstorms, is the key mechanism by which water leaves the region. During a year unaffected by drought, the rate may reach 40 inches (100 cm) a year. When droughts take place, the rate may peak at over 50 inches (130 cm), and exceed the amount of rainfall. As water leaves an area through evaporation from groundwater or from plant matter, activated primarily by solar energy, it is then moved by wind patterns to other areas that border or flow into the Everglades watershed system. Evapotranspiration is responsible for approximately 70–90 percent of water entering undeveloped wetland regions in the Everglades.
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spanning 17,000 acres (69 km) was constructed in 2004, making it the largest manmade wetland in the world. Fifty-five percent of the land necessary to acquire for restoration has been purchased by the State of
Florida, totaling 210,167 acres (850.52 km). A plan to hasten the construction and funding of projects was put into place, named "Acceler8", spurring the start of six of eight large construction projects, including that of three large reservoirs. However, federal funds have not been forthcoming; CERP was signed when the U.S. government had a budget surplus, but since then deficits have renewed, and two of CERP's major supporters in Congress retired. According to a story in
2001:
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73:
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2:00 pm is the mean time of daily thundershowers across South
Florida and the Everglades. Late in the wet season (August and September), precipitation levels reach their highest levels as tropical depressions and lows add to daily rainfall. Occasionally, tropical lows can become severe tropical cyclones and cause significant damage when they make landfall across south Florida. Tropical storms average one a year, and major hurricanes about once every ten years. Between 1871 and 1981, 138 tropical cyclones struck directly over or close to the Everglades. Strong winds from these storms disperse plant seeds and replenish
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the South
Florida ecosystem, the report predicted, would inevitably cause further and intolerable deterioration that would harm local tourism by 12,000 jobs and $ 200 million annually, and commercial fishing by 3,300 jobs and $ 52 million annually. Urban areas had grown beyond their capacities to sustain themselves. Crowded cities were facing problems such as high crime rates, traffic jams, severely overcrowded schools, and overtaxed public services; the report noted that water shortages were ironic, given the 53 inches (130 cm) of rain the region received annually.
623:. Prior to urban and agricultural development in Florida, the Everglades began at the southern edge of Lake Okeechobee and flowed for approximately 100 miles (160 km), emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. The limestone shelf is wide and slightly angled instead of having a narrow, deep channel characteristic of most rivers. The vertical gradient from Lake Okeechobee to Florida Bay is about 2 inches (5.1 cm) per mile, creating an almost 60-mile (97 km) wide expanse of river that travels about half a mile (0.8 km) a day. This slow movement of a broad, shallow river is known as
3063:
3386:, or species of plants and animals that adapt aggressively to conditions in the Everglades, allowing them to reproduce faster and grow larger than they would naturally in their native environments. Approximately 26% of all species of fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals in South Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the U.S.—and the region hosts one of the highest numbers of exotic plant species in the world. Controlling invasive species in 1,700,000 acres (6,900 km) of infested land in South Florida costs authorities about $ 500 million a year.
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2079:. Whereas in the wet season, dead plant matter and the tips of grasses and trees are burned, in the dry season the fire may be fed by organic peat and burn deeply, destroying root systems. Fires are confined by existing water and rainfall. It takes approximately 225 years for one foot (.30 m) of peat to develop, but in some locations the peat is less dense than it should be for the 5,000 years of the Everglades' existence. Scientists indicate fire as the cause; it is also cited as the reason for the black color of Everglades muck. Layers of
3275:, a meandering 90-mile (140 km)-long river that was drained to make way for grazing land and agriculture. The C&SF started building the C-38 canal in 1962 and the effects were seen almost immediately. Waterfowl, wading birds, and fish disappeared, prompting conservationists and sport fishers to demand the region be restored before the canal was finished in 1971. In general, C&SF projects had been criticized for being temporary fixes that ignored future consequences, costing billions of dollars with no end in sight. After Governor
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627:, and gives the Everglades its nickname, River of Grass. Water leaving Lake Okeechobee may require months or years to reach its final destination, Florida Bay. The sheetflow travels so slowly that water is typically stored from one wet season to the next in the porous limestone substrate. The ebb and flow of water has shaped the land and every ecosystem in South Florida throughout the Everglades' estimated 5,000 years of existence. The motion of water defines plant communities and how animals adapt to their habitats and food sources.
3316:, used as a fertilizer in the EAA, was flushed into canals and pumped back into the lake. When the lake drained, the phosphorus entered the water in the marshes, changing the nutrient levels. It kept periphyton from forming marl, one of two soils in the Everglades. The arrival of phosphorus allowed cattails to spread quickly. The cattails grew in dense mats—too thick for birds or alligators to nest in. It also dissolved oxygen in the peat, promoted algae, and prohibited the growth of native invertebrates on the bottom of the food chain.
1953:
2899:, a populist Democrat from Duval County, promoted draining the Everglades. He called the future of South Florida the "Empire of the Everglades". Soon after his successful election, he began work to "drain that abominable pestilence-ridden swamp", and pushed the Florida legislature to form a group of commissioners to oversee reclamation of flooded lands. In 1907 they established the Everglades Drainage District and began to study how to build the most effective canals, and how to fund them. Governor Broward ran for the
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to Cuba. Official permission for the immigration of Native
Americans from the Florida Keys was granted by Cuban officials in 1704. Spanish priests attempted to set up missions in 1743, but noted that the Tequesta were under assault from a neighboring tribe. When only 30 members were left, they were removed to Havana. A British surveyor in 1770 described multiple deserted villages in the region where the Tequesta lived. Common descriptions of Native Americans in Florida by 1820 used only the term "Seminoles".
89:
2407:, which is comprised almost completely of mangrove forests, covers almost 200,000 acres (810 km). In the wet season fresh water pours out into Florida Bay, and sawgrass begins to grow closer to the coastline. In the dry season, and particularly in extended periods of drought, the salt water creeps inland into the coastal prairie, an ecosystem that buffers the freshwater marshes by absorbing sea water. Mangrove trees begin to grow in fresh water ecosystems when the salt water goes far enough inland.
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3515:(CERP) proposed more than 60 construction projects over 30 years to store water that was being flushed into the ocean, in reservoirs, underground aquifers, and abandoned quarries; add more Stormwater Treatment Areas to filter water that flowed into the lower Everglades; regulate water released from pumping stations into local waterways and improve water released to Everglades National Park and Water Conservation Areas; remove barriers to sheetflow by raising the
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land, would then be rehabilitated and water flow from Lake
Okeechobee would be restored. In November 2008, the agreement was revised to offer $ 1.34 billion, allowing sugar mills in Clewiston to remain in production. Critics of the revised plan say that it ensures sugarcane will be grown in the Everglades for at least another decade. Further research is being done to address the continuing production of sugarcane in the Everglades to minimize phosphorus runoff.
2868:. At first, the canals seemed to work in lowering the water levels in the wetlands surrounding the rivers. They were effective in lowering the groundwater, but it became apparent that their capacity was insufficient for the wet season. Although Disston's canals did not drain well, his purchase primed the economy of Florida. It made news and attracted tourists and land buyers. Within four years property values doubled, and the population increased significantly.
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3534:, state officials say the restoration is lost in a maze of "federal bureaucracy, a victim of 'analysis paralysis'". CERP still remains controversial as the projects slated for Acceler8, environmental activists note, are those that benefit urban areas, and regions in the Everglades in desperate need of water are still being neglected, suggesting that water is being diverted to make room for more people in an already overtaxed environment.
2137:, or free-flowing channels of water, develop in between sawgrass prairies. Sloughs are about 3 feet (0.91 m) deeper than sawgrass marshes, and may stay flooded for at least 11 months out of the year and sometimes multiple years in a row. Aquatic animals such as turtles, alligators, snakes, and fish thrive in sloughs; they usually feed on aquatic invertebrates. Submerged and floating plants grow here, such as bladderwort (
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2428:), although all are from different families. All grow in oxygen-poor soil, can survive drastic water level changes, and are tolerant of salt, brackish, and fresh water. All three mangrove species are integral to coastline protection during severe storms. Red mangroves have the farthest-reaching roots, trapping sediments that help build coastlines after and between storms. All three types of trees absorb the energy of waves and
2299:. Within Everglades National Park, 19,840 acres (80.3 km) of pine forests are protected, but outside the park, 1,780 acres (7.2 km) of pine communities remained as of 1990, averaging 12.1 acres (49,000 m) in area. The misunderstanding of the role of fire also played a part in the disappearance of pine forests in the area, as natural fires were put out and pine rocklands transitioned into hardwood hammocks.
2542:. They conformed to the environmental changes, and created many tools with the various resources available. During the Late Archaic period, the climate became wetter again, and approximately 3000 BCE the rise of water tables allowed an increase in population and cultural activity. Florida Indians developed into three distinct but similar cultures that were named for the bodies of water near where they were located:
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Everglades are lagging logistic and legislative action. Restoration projects in other areas of
Florida (i.e. Tamami Trail Next Steps, water storage and treatment south of Lake Okeechobee, etc.), as well as decompartmentalization of the varying jurisdictions and regional water quality/quantity measures which are upstream of the ecosystem, have not received adequate attention, but are essential to prevent further loss.
2213:. They may range from one (4,000 m) to ten acres (40,000 m) in area, and appear in freshwater sloughs, sawgrass prairies, or pineland. Hammocks are slightly elevated on limestone plateaus risen several inches above the surrounding peat, or they may grow on land that has been unharmed by deep peat fires. Hardwood hammocks exhibit a mixture of subtropical and hardwood trees, such as Southern live oak (
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months to clear the land. Some tried burning off the sawgrass or other vegetation, only to learn that the peat continued to burn. Animals and tractors used for plowing got mired in the muck and were useless. When the muck dried, it turned to a fine black powder and created dust storms. Although initially crops sprouted quickly and lushly, they just as quickly wilted and died, seemingly without reason.
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2119:
sheetflow occupied nearly a third of the lower
Florida peninsula. Sawgrass thrives in the slowly moving water, but may die in unusually deep floods if oxygen is unable to reach its roots. It is particularly vulnerable immediately after a fire. The hydroperiod for the marsh is at least nine months, and can last longer. Where sawgrass grows densely, few animals or other plants live, although
3404:), has also wreaked havoc on the Everglades, exhibiting a tendency to spread rapidly and to crowd out native species of plants as well as to create inhospitable environments for native animals. It is especially difficult to eradicate and is readily propagated by birds, which eat its small red berries. The Brazilian pepper problem is not exclusive to the Everglades; neither is the
3496:, and dramatic changes in marine and freshwater ecosystems. The Restudy noted the overall decline in water quality over the past 50 years was due to loss of wetlands that act as filters for polluted water. It predicted that without intervention the entire South Florida ecosystem would deteriorate. Water shortages would become common and some cities would have annual
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2262:). Pineland communities require fire to maintain them, and the trees have several adaptations that simultaneously promote and resist fire. The sandy floor of the pine forest is covered with dry pine needles that are highly flammable. South Florida slash pines are insulated by their bark to protect them from heat. Fire eliminates competing vegetation on the
2584:. Most Calusa villages were located at the mouths of rivers or on key islands. The Calusa were hunter-gatherers who lived on small game, fish, turtles, alligators, shellfish, and various plants. Most of their tools were made of bone or teeth, although sharpened reeds were also effective for hunting or war. Calusa weapons consisted of bows and arrows,
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3395:) takes water in greater amounts than other trees. Melaleucas grow taller and more densely in the Everglades than in their native Australia, making them unsuitable as nesting areas for birds with wide wingspans. They also choke out native vegetation. More than $ 2 million has been spent on keeping them out of Everglades National Park.
2807:, "killing hundreds, but they continued to return". Willoughby pointed out that much of the rest of the country had been explored and mapped except for this part of Florida, writing, "(w)e have a tract of land one hundred and thirty miles long and seventy miles wide that is as much unknown to the white man as the heart of Africa."
2247:. Although some ecosystems are maintained and promoted by fire, hammocks may take decades or centuries to recover. The moats around the hammocks protect the trees. The trees are limited in height by weather factors such as frost, lightning, and wind; the majority of trees in hammocks grow no higher than 55 feet (17 m).
3046:—here, it appeared on the surface. In 1939, a million acres (4,000 km) of Everglades burned, and the black clouds of peat and sawgrass fires hung over Miami. Scientists who took soil samples before draining did not take into account that the organic composition of peat and muck in the Everglades make it prone to soil
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325:("Lake of the Holy Spirit"). The area was featured on maps for decades without having been explored. Writer James Grant Forbes stated in 1811, "The Indians represent as impenetrable; and the surveyors, wreckers, and coasters, had not the means of exploring beyond the borders of the sea coast, and the mouths of rivers".
3149:, beans, lettuce, celery, and rice are also grown. Fields in the EAA are typically 40 acres (160,000 m), bordered by canals on two sides, that are connected to larger canals where water is pumped in or out depending on the needs of the crops. The fertilizers used on vegetables, along with high concentrations of
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that divides the runoff between the Caloosahatchee River and The Big Cypress. This slight rise in elevation on both sides of the Everglades creates a basin, and forces water that overflows Lake Okeechobee to creep toward the southwest. Under both the Miami Limestone formation and the Fort Thompson limestone lies the
3577:, a road that borders Everglades National Park to the north and has blocked water from reaching the southern Everglades, was begun by the Army Corps of Engineers in December 2009. The next month work began to reconstruct the C-111 canal, east of the park that historically diverted water into Florida Bay. Governor
3105:. After researching the region for five years, she described the history and ecology of South Florida in great detail. She characterized the Everglades as a river instead of a stagnant swamp. The last chapter was titled "The Eleventh Hour" and warned that the Everglades were dying, although it could be reversed.
2341:. The Big Cypress Swamp is located to the west of the sawgrass prairies and sloughs, and it is commonly called "The Big Cypress". The name refers to its area rather than the height or diameter of the trees; at its most conservative estimate, the swamp measures 1,200 square miles (3,100 km), but the
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of the area. In 1995, Chiles published the commission's findings in a report that related the degradation of the Everglades ecosystems to the lower quality of life in urban areas. The report noted past environmental abuses that brought the state to a position to make a decision. Not acting to improve
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While some Everglades Restoration projects have been completed, critical plans remain incomplete. Further, pre-CERP components of current plans overestimated the hydrologic and ecologic benefits of these plans, and restoration projects to be complete by 2027 that address these "benefit setbacks" lack
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read, "Development of the proposed jetport and its attendant facilities ... will inexorably destroy the south Florida ecosystem and thus the Everglades National Park". When studies indicated the proposed jetport would create 4,000,000 US gallons (15,000,000 L) of raw sewage a day and 10,000
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The same year the park was dedicated, two hurricanes and the wet season caused 100 inches (250 cm) to fall on South Florida. Although there were no human casualties, agricultural interests lost approximately $ 59 million (equivalent to $ 756 million in 2023). In 1948, Congress approved
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became the primary crop grown in South Florida. Miami experienced a second real estate boom that earned a developer in Coral Gables $ 150 million. Undeveloped land north of Miami sold for $ 30,600 an acre. In 1925, Miami newspapers published editions weighing over 7 pounds (3.2 kg), most of
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to tour the state to promote drainage. Elected to the Senate in 1910, Broward died before he could take office. Land in the Everglades was being sold for $ 15 an acre a month after Broward died. Meanwhile, Henry Flagler continued to build railway stations at towns as soon as the populations warranted
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Alligators have created a niche in wet prairies. With their claws and snouts they dig at low spots and create ponds free of vegetation that remain submerged throughout the dry season. Alligator holes are integral to the survival of aquatic invertebrates, turtles, fish, small mammals, and birds during
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The annual range of temperatures in south Florida and the Everglades is rather small (less than 20 °F ) – ranging from a monthly mean temperature of around 65 °F (18 °C) in January to 83 °F (28 °C) in July. High temperatures in the hot and wet season (summer) typically exceed
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have begun reproducing in an environment for which they are well-suited. In 2017 The South Florida Water Management District implemented the Python Elimination program, hoping to encourage the public to participate in the removal of the snakes by placing a cash reward per foot of python captured and
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Immediately, the effects of the Hoover Dike were seen. An extended drought occurred in the 1930s; with the wall preventing water from leaving Lake Okeechobee and canals and ditches removing other water, the Everglades became parched. Peat turned to dust. Salt ocean water intruded into Miami's wells;
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A series of biennial reports from the U.S. National Research Council have reviewed the progress of CERP. The fourth report in the series, released in 2012, found that little progress has been made in restoring the core of the remaining Everglades ecosystem; instead, most project construction so far
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initiated the Save Our Everglades campaign in 1983, the first section of the canal was backfilled in 1986. Graham announced that by 2000 the Everglades would be restored as closely as possible to its pre-drainage state. The Kissimmee River Restoration project was approved by Congress in 1992. It is
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2020 Conservation Outlook as "Critical." Assessment of current trends were concluded to be "deteriorating" with "very high threat" to the overall health of the ecosystem. Unfortunately, some ecological features now lost cannot be restored as they were initially developed over decades to centuries.
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With the construction of canals, newly reclaimed Everglades land was promoted throughout the United States. Land developers sold 20,000 lots in a few months in 1912. Advertisements promised within eight weeks of arrival, a farmer could be making a living, although for many it took at least two
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or Little River. Spanish depictions of the Tequesta state that they were greatly feared by sailors, who suspected them of torturing and killing survivors of shipwrecks. With an increasing European presence in south Florida, Native Americans from the Keys and other areas began increasing their trips
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eat the grass, while invertebrate animals, such as worms, clams and other mollusks eat the algae formations and microscopic plankton. Female sea turtles return annually to nest on the shore, and manatees spend the winter months in the warmer water of the bay. Sea grasses also serve to stabilize the
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trees grow in formations with the tallest and thickest trunks in the center, rooted in the deepest peat. As the peat thins out, cypresses grow smaller and thinner, giving the small forest the appearance of a dome from the outside. They also grow in strands, slightly elevated on a ridge of limestone
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Wet prairies are slightly elevated like sawgrass marshes, but with greater plant diversity. The surface is covered in water only three to seven months of the year, and the water is, on average, shallow at only 4 inches (10 cm) deep. When flooded, the marl can support a variety of water plants.
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and all of its manufacturing and production facilities for an estimated $ 1.7 billion. Florida officials indicated they intended to allow U.S. Sugar to process for six more years before dismissing its employees and dismantling the plant. The area, which includes 187,000 acres (760 km) of
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In 1999, an evaluation of the C&SF was submitted to Congress as part of the Water Development Act of 1992. The seven-year report, called the "Restudy", cited indicators of harm to the ecosystem: a 50 percent reduction in the original Everglades, diminished water storage, harmful timing of
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Major contributors to this decline include water quality (nutrient pollution), quantity (reduced water flow), distribution, and timing; invasive species; climate change (sea-level rise, etc.); ocean acidification; and hurricanes. Other significant threats to the restoration and conservation of the
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that are the byproduct of decayed soil necessary for sugarcane production, were pumped into WCAs south of the EAA. The introduction of large amounts of these chemicals provided opportunities for exotic plants to take hold in the Everglades. One of the defining characteristics of natural Everglades
2815:
A national push for expansion and progress in the United States occurred in the later part of the 19th century, which stimulated interest in draining the Everglades for agricultural use. According to historians, "From the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, the
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Some of the driest land in the Everglades is pineland (also called pine rockland) ecosystem, located in the highest part of the Everglades with little to no hydroperiod. Some floors, however, may have flooded solution holes or puddles for a few months at a time. The most significant feature of the
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and the Atlantic Ocean), while high temperatures in the dry winter season average from 70 to 79 °F (21 to 26 °C). Frost and freeze are rare across south Florida and the Everglades; annually coastal cities like Miami and Naples report zero days with frost, although a few times each decade
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are located on a rise in elevation along the eastern coast of Florida, called the Eastern Coastal Ridge, that was formed as waves compressed ooids into a single formation. Along the western border of the Big Cypress Swamp is the Immokolee Ridge (or Immokolee Rise), a slight rise of compressed sand
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Although scientists made headway in decreasing mercury and phosphorus levels in water, the natural environment of South Florida continued to decline in the 1990s, and life in nearby cities reflected this downturn. To address the deterioration of the Miami metropolitan area, Governor Lawton Chiles
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Recent changes in internal site policies have been lauded as showing promising improvement, including improved consistency in the management of park visitor activities, efforts to deal with invasive species, improving prescribed fire activities, and increasing financing opportunities for internal
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The military penetration of southern Florida offered the opportunity to map a poorly understood and largely unknown part of the country. An 1840 expedition into the Everglades offered the first printed account for the general public to read about the Everglades. The anonymous writer described the
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Precipitation during the wet season is primarily caused by air mass thunderstorms and the easterly flow out of the subtropical high (Bermuda High). Intense daytime heating of the ground causes the warm moist tropical air to rise, creating the afternoon thundershowers typical of tropical climates.
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that empties directly into Lake Okeechobee, which at 730 square miles (1,900 km) with an average depth of 9 feet (2.7 m), is a vast but shallow lake. Soil deposits in the Everglades basin indicate that peat is deposited where the land is flooded consistently throughout the year. Calcium
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was found dead with levels of mercury high enough to kill a human. Scientists found that power plants and incinerators using fossil fuels were expelling mercury into the atmosphere, and it fell as rain or dust during droughts. The naturally occurring bacteria that reduce sulfur in the Everglades
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are 10a north with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 30 to 35 °F (−1 to +2 °C), and 10b south with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 35 to 40 °F (2 to 4 °C). Annual rainfall averages approximately 62 inches (160 cm), with the Eastern
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and Cfa). Like most regions with this climate type, there are two basic seasons – a "dry season" (winter) which runs from November through April, and a "wet season" (summer) which runs from May through October. About 70% of the annual rainfall in south Florida occurs in the wet season – often as
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that follows the upper bedrock of the Big Cypress Swamp, and underlies the southern portion of the Everglades. Between the Tamiami Formation and Lake Okeechobee is the Caloosahatchee Formation, named for the river over it. Much less permeable, this formation is highly calcitic and is composed of
3356:(DEP) in charge of testing and enforcing low phosphorus levels: 10 parts per billion (ppb) (down from 500 ppb in the 1980s). The SFWMD built Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) near sugarcane fields where water leaving the EAA flows into ponds lined with lime rock and layers of peat and
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marsh. The iconic water and sawgrass combination in the shallow river 100 miles (160 km) long and 60 miles (97 km) wide that spans from Lake Okeechobee to Florida Bay is often referred to as the "true Everglades" or just "the Glades". Prior to the first drainage attempts in 1905, the
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organisms. The unique structure was some of the first material used in housing in early 20th-century South Florida. The composition of this sedimentary formation affects the hydrology, plant life, and wildlife above it: the rock is especially porous and stores water during the dry season in the
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Since its signing, the State of Florida reports that it has spent more than $ 2 billion on the various projects. More than 36,000 acres (150 km) of Stormwater Treatment Areas have been constructed to filter 2,500 short tons (2,300 t) of phosphorus from Everglades waters. An STA
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to Miami, altered their ways of life. Some began to work in local farms, ranches, and souvenir stands. Some of the people who interacted more with European Americans began to move to reservations in the 1940s. These were their bases for reorganizing their government and they became federally
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Many pets have escaped or been released into the Everglades from the surrounding urban areas. Some find the conditions quite favorable and have established self-sustaining populations, competing for food and space with native animals. Many tropical fish have been released, but blue tilapias
3034:; whenever the lake rose too high, the excess water left through the canal. More than $ 20 million was spent on the entire project. Sugarcane production soared after the dike and canal were built. The populations of the small towns surrounding the lake jumped from 3,000 to 9,000 after
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described the area as a "River of Grass" in 1947, though that metaphor represents only a portion of the system. The area recognized as the Everglades, prior to drainage, was a web of marshes and prairies 4,000 square miles (10,000 km) in size. Borders between ecosystems are subtle or
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was blocked when an environmental study found that it would severely damage the South Florida ecosystem. With heightened awareness and appreciation of the region, restoration began in the 1980s with the removal of a canal that had straightened the Kissimmee River. However, development and
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and many colored birds during the nesting season, shoot the parents with small-bore rifles, and leave the chicks to starve. Plumes from Everglades wading birds could be found in Havana, New York City, London, and Paris. Hunters could collect plumes from a hundred birds on a good day.
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The land seemed to inspire extreme reactions of both wonder or hatred. During the Second Seminole War an army surgeon wrote, "It is in fact a most hideous region to live in, a perfect paradise for Indians, alligators, serpents, frogs, and every other kind of loathsome reptile."
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established the Everglades Tropical National Park Association. It had enough support to be declared a national park by Congress in 1934. It took another 13 years to be dedicated on December 6, 1947. One month before the dedication of the park, a former editor from
3054:. When water levels became so low that peat and muck were at the surface, the bacteria interacted with much higher levels of oxygen in the air, rapidly breaking down the soil. In some places, homes had to be moved to stilts and 8 feet (2.4 m) of soil was lost.
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Estimated numbers of Calusa at the beginning of the Spanish occupation ranged from 4,000 to 7,000. The society declined in power and population; by 1697 their number was estimated to be about 1,000. In the early 18th century, the Calusa came under attack from the
2538:. They found an arid landscape that supported plants and animals adapted for desert conditions. However, 6,500 years ago, climate changes brought a wetter landscape; large animals became extinct in Florida, and the Paleo-Indians slowly adapted and became the
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deposits are left behind when flooding is shorter. The deposits occur in areas where water rises and falls depending on rainfall, as opposed to water being stored in the rock from one year to the next. Calcium deposits are present where more limestone is exposed.
517:: tiny formations of egg-shaped concentric shells and calcium carbonate, formed around a single grain of sand or shell fragment. The other facies, which underlies the eastern lower Everglades (in Miami-Dade County and part of Monroe County) consists of fossilized
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caused Lake Okeechobee to breach its levees, killing thousands of people. The government began to focus on the control of floods rather than drainage. The Okeechobee Flood Control District was created in 1929, financed by both state and federal funds. President
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and destroying the Miami Canal, and reuse wastewater for urban areas. The cost estimate for the entire plan was $ 7.8 billion, and in a bipartisan show of cooperation, CERP was voted through Congress with an overwhelming margin. It was signed by President
2016:, or how long an area within the region stays flooded throughout the year. Longer hydroperiods are possible in areas that were submerged beneath seawater for longer periods of time, while the geology of Florida was forming. More water is held within the porous
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of the limestone created slight valleys and plateaus in some areas. These plateaus rise and fall only a few inches, but on the subtle South Florida topography these small variations affect both the flow of water and the types of vegetation that can take hold.
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Bussey, Jane, Morgan, Curtis (November 16, 2008). "Land deal could lift U.S. Sugar's sagging fortunes: Is it a buyout or a bailout? Either way, a pending deal to sell land to the state for Everglades restoration could reverse Big Sugar's flagging finances",
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The increasing population in towns near the Everglades hunted in the area. Raccoons and otters were the most widely hunted for their skins. Hunting often went unchecked; in one trip, a Lake Okeechobee hunter killed 250 alligators and 172 otters.
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Although The Big Cypress is the largest growth of cypress swamps in South Florida, cypress swamps can be found near the Atlantic Coastal Ridge and between Lake Okeechobee and the Eastern flatwoods, as well as in sawgrass marshes. Cypresses are deciduous
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and water. Some of the peat was burned by settlers to clear the land. Some homes built in the areas of early farms had to have their foundations moved to stilts as the peat deteriorated; other areas lost approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) of soil depth.
3417:) may be causing the most harm to restoration as it blankets areas thickly, making it impossible for animals to pass through. It also climbs up trees and creates "fire ladders", allowing parts of the trees to burn that would otherwise remain unharmed.
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at the southern end of the state. The Everglades experiences a wide range of weather patterns, from frequent flooding in the wet season to drought in the dry season. Throughout the 20th century, the Everglades suffered significant loss of habitat and
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The surviving ecological features are of vital importance to protect due to their essential support of the state of Florida and their unique properties, unknown elsewhere in the world and are of invaluable consequence to multiple fields of study.
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made their way to Florida, where Spain had promised slaves freedom and arms if they converted to Catholicism and pledged loyalty to Spain. These African Americans gradually created communities near those of the Seminole, and became known as the
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By 1913, the Seminole in the Everglades numbered no more than 325. They made a living by hunting and trading with white settlers, and raised domesticated animals. The Seminole made their villages in hardwood hammocks or pinelands, had diets of
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estimated that it will cost $ 578 million to convert only 22 miles (35 km) of the canal. The entire project was to be complete by 2011, yet as of 2017, the project is "more than halfway complete" and the new completion date is 2020.
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of peat causes loss of volume. Bacteria decompose dead sawgrass slowly underwater without oxygen. When the water was drained in the 1920s and bacteria interacted with oxygen, an aerobic reaction occurred. Microorganisms degraded the peat into
498:, and sand representing a former mangrove or salt marsh. The Anastasia Formation is much more permeable and filled with pocks and solution holes. The Fort Thompson and Anastasia Formations, and Miami Limestone and (x), were formed during the
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No country that I have ever heard of bears any resemblance to it; it seems like a vast sea filled with grass and green trees, and expressly intended as a retreat for the rascally Indian, from which the white man would never seek to drive
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roots, fish, turtles, venison, and small game. Their villages were not large, due to the limited size of the hammocks. Between the end of the last Seminole War and 1930, the people lived in relative isolation from the majority culture.
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to the tip of the Florida peninsula was at one point a single drainage unit. When rainfall exceeded the capacity of Lake Okeechobee and the Kissimmee River floodplain, it spilled over and flowed in a southwestern direction to empty into
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was delegated to federal powers: the United States declared legal limits of the lake to between 14 and 17 feet (4.3 and 5.2 m). A massive canal was also constructed 80 feet (24 m) wide and 6 feet (1.8 m) deep through the
2033:. Where there are longer hydroperiods, peat builds up over hundreds or thousands of years due to many generations of decaying plant matter. Where periphyton grows, the soil develops into marl, which is more calcitic in composition.
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The C&SF established 470,000 acres (1,900 km) for the Everglades Agricultural Area—27 percent of the Everglades prior to development. In the late 1920s, agricultural experiments indicated that adding large amounts of
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to request those with experience in the Everglades to give their opinion on the possibility of drainage. Many officers who had served in the Seminole Wars favored the idea. In 1850 Congress passed a law that gave several states
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from 1855 to 1859, when a few hundred Seminole fought off US forces from the swamps of the Everglades. The US finally decided to leave them alone, as they could not dislodge them even after this protracted and expensive warfare.
428:, which serves as the main source of fresh water for the northern portion of Florida. However, this aquifer lies beneath thousands of feet of impermeable sedimentary rock from Lake Okeechobee to the southern tip of the peninsula.
2350:, which creates sandy soil that hosts a variety of vegetation different from what is found in other areas of the Everglades. The basin for The Big Cypress receives on average 55 inches (140 cm) of water in the wet season.
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in 1848, but no work of this type was attempted until 1882. Canals were constructed throughout the first half of the 20th century, and spurred the South Florida economy, prompting land development. In 1947, Congress formed the
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approximately 17,000 years ago, the runoff of water from Lake Okeechobee slowed and created the vast marshland that is now known as the Everglades. Slower runoff also created an accumulation of almost 18 feet (5.5 m) of
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and selling craftworks. As of 2008, the Seminole Tribe of Florida had five reservations, and the lands of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians were collectively considered a sixth reservation. The two tribes have each developed
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was approved by Congress to combat these problems, which at that time was considered the most expensive and comprehensive environmental restoration attempt in history; however, implementation faced political complications.
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of South Florida. The properties of the rock underneath the Everglades can be explained by the geologic history of the state. The crust underneath Florida was at one point part of the African region of the supercontinent
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park projects. However, although the site itself is increasing work to deal with salient issues, support at the local, state, and federal level have not been in proportion to the critical nature of conservation efforts.
3436:) is a relatively new invasive species in the Everglades. This species can grow up to 20 feet (6.1 m) long, and they compete with alligators for the top of the food chain. Florida wildlife officials speculate that
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imperceptible. These systems shift, grow and shrink, die, or reappear within years or decades. Geologic factors, climate, and the frequency of fire help to create, maintain, or replace the ecosystems in the Everglades.
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water releases from canals and pumping stations, an 85 to 90 percent decrease in wading bird populations over the past 50 years, and the decline of output from commercial fisheries. Bodies of water including
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brief but intense tropical downpours. The dry season sees little rainfall and dew points and humidity are often quite low. The dry season can be severe at times, as wildfires and water restrictions are often in place.
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in 1893. Along the way he built resort hotels, transforming territorial outposts into tourist destinations. The land bordering the rail lines was developed as citrus farms. By 1896 the rail line had been extended to
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of The Big Cypress can be calculated at over 2,400 square miles (6,200 km). Most of The Big Cypress sits atop a bedrock covered by a thinner layer of limestone. The limestone underneath the Big Cypress contains
3221:, announcing it in the Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program. Although construction of only one runway was completed, the remains of the Everglades Jetport was later opened as the
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invaded the Florida peninsula; they conquered and assimilated what was left of pre-Columbian societies into the Creek Confederacy. They were joined by remnant Indian groups and formed the Seminole, a new tribe, by
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and limestone than older types of rock that spent more time above sea level. A hydroperiod of ten months or more fosters the growth of sawgrass, whereas a shorter hydroperiod of six months or less promotes beds of
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are considered to be a part of the Everglades watershed and one of the ecosystems connected to and affected by the Everglades as a whole. More than 800 square miles (2,100 km) of Florida Bay is protected by
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through the food chain. Stricter emissions standards helped lower mercury coming from power plants and incinerators, which in turn lowered mercury levels found in animals, though they continue to be a concern.
2724:. As metropolitan areas in South Florida began to grow, the two groups were closely associated with the Everglades. They struggled to maintain privacy while serving as tourist attractions. They earned money by
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United States went through a period in which wetland removal was not questioned. Indeed, it was considered the proper thing to do." Draining the Everglades was suggested as early as 1837, and a resolution in
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will burn above water, but the roots are preserved underneath. Fire in the sawgrass marshes serves to keep out larger bushes and trees, and releases nutrients from decaying plant matter more efficiently than
2243:) flourish, making the hammocks very difficult for people to penetrate, though small mammals, reptiles and amphibians find these islands an ideal habitat. Water in sloughs flows around the islands, creating
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have been detected in the peat in portions of the Everglades that indicate the region endured severe fires for years at a time, although this trend seems to have abated since the last occurrence in 940
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announced the same month that $ 50 million of state funds would be earmarked for Everglades restoration. In May 2010, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) of bridges were proposed to be added to the Tamiami Trail.
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ensured that the state would be responsible for funding the attempts at developing wetlands into farmlands. Florida quickly formed a committee to consolidate grants to pay for any attempts, though the
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Meindl, Christopher; et al. ""(December, 2002). "On the Importance of Claims-Making: The Role of James O. Wright in Promoting the Drainage of Florida's Everglades in the Early Twentieth Century".
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when it becomes dry. Naturally occurring bacteria in Everglades peat and muck assist with the process of decomposition under water, which is generally very slow, partially due to the low levels of
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Following the demise of the Calusa and Tequesta, Native Americans in southern Florida were referred to as "Spanish Indians" in the 1740s, probably due to their friendlier relations with Spain. The
332:, who mapped the coast of Florida in 1773, called the area "River Glades". The name "Everglades" first appeared on a map in 1823, although it was also spelled as "Ever Glades" as late as 1851. The
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interested in implementing plans to drain the land for agriculture. Disston purchased 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km) of land for $ 1 million in 1881, and he began constructing canals near
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Everglades, and its chemical composition determines the vegetation prevalent in the region. The Miami Oolite facies also acts to impede flow of water from the Everglades to the ocean between
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Dorcas, M. E.; Willson, J. D.; Reed, R. N.; Snow, R. W.; Rochford, M. R.; Miller, M. A.; Meshaka, W. E.; Andreadis, P. T.; Mazzotti, F. J.; Romagosa, C. M.; Hart, K. M. (December 21, 2011).
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388:. About 300 million years ago, North America merged with Africa, connecting Florida with North America. Volcanic activity centered on the eastern side of Florida covered the prevalent
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In 1886, 5 million birds were estimated to be killed for their feathers. They were shot usually in the spring, when their feathers were colored for mating and nesting. The plumes, or
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of South Florida, together with a warm, wet, subtropical/tropical climate, provides conditions well-suited for a large marshland ecosystem. Layers of porous and permeable limestone create
72:
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Surrounding the southern part of Lake Okeechobee is the Fort Thompson Formation, made of dense, hard limestone, shells, and sand. Rain water is less likely to erode the limestone to form
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The Restudy came with a plan to stop the declining environmental quality, and this proposal was to be the most expensive and comprehensive ecological repair project in history. The
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it in real estate advertising. Waterfront property was the most highly valued. Mangrove trees were cut down and replaced with palm trees to improve the view. Acres of South Florida
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withdrew his support for the project, and Marjory Stoneman Douglas was persuaded at 79 years old to go on tour to give hundreds of speeches against it. Nixon instead proposed
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sandy shell marl, clay, and sand. Water underneath the Caloosahatchee Formation is typically very mineralized. Both the Tamiami and Caloosahatchee Formations developed during the
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Following this period of rapid development and environmental degradation, the ecosystem began to receive notable attention from conservation groups in the 1970s. Internationally,
2588:, and spears. Canoes were used for transportation, and South Florida tribes often canoed through the Everglades, but rarely lived in them. Canoe trips to Cuba were also common.
2884:. Three months after the first train had arrived, the residents of Miami voted to incorporate the town. Miami became a prime destination for extremely wealthy people after the
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The Everglades hosts 1,392 exotic plant species actively reproducing in the region, outnumbering the 1,301 species considered native to South Florida. The melaleuca tree (
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business, sold for $ 32 an ounce in 1915—the price of gold. Millinery was a $ 17 million a year industry that motivated plume harvesters to lay in watch of nests of
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the limestone. As limestone wore away, the groundwater came into contact with the land surface and created a massive wetland ecosystem. Although the region appears flat,
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2580:. The Calusa was the largest and most powerful nation in South Florida. It controlled fifty villages located on Florida's west coast, around Lake Okeechobee, and on the
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to assist the communities surrounding the lake. Between 1930 and 1937 a dike 66 miles (106 km) long was built around the southern edge of the lake. Control of the
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230:
Human habitation in the southern portion of the Florida peninsula dates to 15,000 years ago. Before European colonization, the region was dominated by the native
2860:, whose purpose was to improve Florida's roads, canals, and rail lines, was discovered to be deeply in debt. The IIF found a Pennsylvania real estate developer named
490:—smaller versions of sinkholes that do not intersect with the water table. In this formation the beds are generally impermeable. Underneath the metropolitan areas of
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people who had been warring to the North, assimilated other peoples and created a new culture after being forced from northern Florida into the Everglades during the
2266:, and opens pine cones to germinate seeds. A period without significant fire can turn pineland into a hardwood hammock as larger trees overtake the slash pines. The
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began to separate North America from Gondwana about 180 million years ago. When Florida was part of Africa, it was initially above water, but during the cooler
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grew substantially at this time and Everglades water was diverted to cities. Portions of the Everglades were transformed into farmland, where the primary crop was
3411:, which is a widespread problem in Florida's waterways, a major threat to endemic species, and is difficult and costly to eradicate. The Old World climbing fern (
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2963:; it was so vast there were never enough law enforcement officers to patrol it. The arrival of the railroad, and the discovery that adding trace elements like
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Initial attempts at developing agriculture near Lake Okeechobee were successful, but the nutrients in the peat were rapidly removed. In a process called soil
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408:, most of Florida remained a tropical sea floor of varying depths. The peninsula has been covered by seawater at least seven times since the bedrock formed.
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in Florida Bay, many of which are mangrove forests. The fresh water coming into Florida Bay from the Everglades creates perfect conditions for vast beds of
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Much of the coast and the inner estuaries are built of mangroves; there is no border between the coastal marshes and the bay. Thus the marine ecosystems in
2209:
Small islands of trees growing on land raised between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 3 feet (0.91 m) above sloughs and prairies are called tropical hardwood
505:
The geologic formations that have the most influence on the Everglades are the Miami Limestone and the Fort Thompson Formation. The Miami Limestone has two
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ecology is its ability to support itself in a nutrient-poor environment, and the introduction of fertilizers began to alter the plant life in the region.
2448:) industries; between 80 and 90 percent of commercially harvested crustacean species in Florida's salt waters are born or spend time near the Everglades.
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that are uniquely adapted to thrive in flooded conditions, with buttressed trunks and root projections that protrude out of the water, called "knees".
259:
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Eventually the water from Lake Okeechobee and The Big Cypress makes its way to the ocean. Mangrove trees are well adapted to the transitional zone of
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Obeysekera, Jayantha; Browder, J.; Hornrung, L.; Harwell, M. (October 1999). "The natural South Florida system I: Climate, geology, and hydrology".
2171:, or deep pits where the limestone has worn away, may remain flooded even when the prairies are dry, and they support aquatic invertebrates such as
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Climbing ferns overtake cypress trees in the Everglades. The ferns act as "fire ladders" that can destroy trees that would otherwise survive fires.
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Warnings are placed in Everglades National Park to dissuade people from eating fish due to high mercury content. This warning explicitly mentions
88:
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The IIF was able to invest in development projects due to Disston's purchase, and an opportunity to improve transportation arose when oil tycoon
2671:. After Florida became a U.S. territory in 1821, conflicts between settlers and the Seminole increased as the former tried to acquire lands. The
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Several ecosystems are present in the Everglades, and boundaries between them are subtle or absent. The primary feature of the Everglades is the
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in the area. The presence of such peat deposits, dated to about 5,000 years ago, is evidence that widespread flooding had occurred by then.
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Lamme, Ary J.; Oldakowski, Raymond K. (2007). "Spinning a New Geography of Vernacular Regional Identity: Florida in the Twenty-First Century".
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to the north. They asked the Spanish for refuge in Cuba, where almost 200 died of illness. Soon they were relocated again to the Florida Keys.
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periphyton. Testing has shown this method to be more effective than previously anticipated, bringing levels from 80 ppb to 10 ppb.
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grows. Periphyton supports larval insects and amphibians, which in turn are consumed as food by birds, fish, and reptiles. It also absorbs
1980:. The abundance of fresh water allowed new vegetation to take root, and formed convective thunderstorms over the land through evaporation.
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1968:, 21,000 years ago, continental ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. This submerged portions of the Florida peninsula and caused the
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voicing his opposition: "It is a test of whether or not we are really committed in this country to protecting our environment." Governor
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Coastal Ridge receiving the majority of precipitation and the area surrounding Lake Okeechobee receiving about 48 inches (120 cm).
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Davis, Jack (2003). "'Conservation is now a dead word': Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the transformation of American environmentalism".
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Davis, Jack (2001). "Green Awakening: Social activism and the evolution of Marjory Stoneman Douglas's Environmental Consciousness".
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2288:). The most diverse group of plants in the pine community are the herbs, of which there are two dozen species. These plants contain
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and snails, and larval amphibians which feed young wading birds. These regions tend to border between sloughs and sawgrass marshes.
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strikes from thunderstorms during the wet season. Their effects are largely superficial, and serve to foster specific plant growth:
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forests, coral reefs, and other ecosystems. Dramatic fluctuations in precipitation are characteristic of the South Florida climate.
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sustainability concerns have remained pertinent in the region. The deterioration of the Everglades, including poor water quality in
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airports combined, and the chosen location was 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Everglades National Park. The first sentence of the
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A 2007 survey by geographers Ary J. Lamme and Raymond K. Oldakowski found that the "Glades" has emerged as a distinct vernacular
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designated the Everglades a Wetland Area of Global Importance. The construction of a large airport 6 miles (10 km) north of
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Chapter 373: Water Resources, Part IV. Management and Storage of Surface Waters, 373.4592 Everglades improvement and management
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As a center for trade and travel between the U.S., the Caribbean, and South America, South Florida is especially vulnerable to
2721:
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Water is the dominant force in the Everglades, shaping the land, vegetation, and animal life in South Florida. Starting at the
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Prior to urban development of the South Florida region, pine rocklands covered approximately 161,660 acres (654.2 km) in
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counties. Like the Calusa, the Tequesta societies centered on the mouths of rivers. Their main village was probably on the
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3427:) cause damage to shallow waterways by creating large nests and consuming aquatic plants that protect native young fish.
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were cleared. Some of the pine was for lumber, but most of the pine forests in Dade County were cleared for development.
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A turning point came for development in the Everglades at the proposal in the late 1960s for an expanded airport, after
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to Everglades muck produced a profitable harvest for vegetables. The primary cash crop in the EAA is sugarcane, though
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National Research Council Report-in-Brief, Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Fourth Biennial Review 2012,
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McCleery, Robert A.; Sovie, Adia; Reed, Robert N.; Cunningham, Mark W.; Hunter, Margaret E.; Hart, Kristen M. (2015).
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of the early 19th century. After adapting to the region, they were able to resist removal by the United States Army.
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Exploring Wild South Florida: A Guide to Finding the Natural Areas and Wildlife of the Everglades and Florida Keys
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A 2003 U.S. Geological Survey photo showing the border between Water Conservation Area 3 (bottom) with water, and
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404:, the Florida Platform became a shallow marine environment in which sedimentary rocks were deposited. Through the
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when the city brought in an expert to explain why, he discovered that the water in the Everglades was the area's
2375:. If cypresses are removed, the hardwoods take over, and the ecosystem is recategorized as a mixed swamp forest.
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to rise. Fresh water saturated the limestone that underlies the Everglades, eroding some of it away, and created
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4961:. National Atmosphere and Oceanic Administration and the Florida Department of Community Affairs. Archived from
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lasted from 1835 to 1842, and afterward, the US forcibly removed about 3,000 Seminole and 800 Black Seminole to
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Fire is an important element in the natural maintenance of the Everglades. The majority of fires are caused by
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363:, largely corresponding to the Everglades itself. It is one of the most sparsely populated areas of the state.
17:
470:. The Tamiami Formation is a compression of highly permeable light-colored fossiliferous sands and pockets of
274:. Approximately 50 percent of the original Everglades has been developed as agricultural or urban areas.
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6173:, National Park Service and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
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90 °F (32 °C) across inland south Florida (although coastal locations are cooled by winds from the
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National Research Council report Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Fourth Biennial Review 2012,
6334:"Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park"
2679:(now Oklahoma), west of the Mississippi River. Many others died in the war. Conflict broke out again in the
550:'s fresh water source. Rainfall and stored water in the Everglades replenish the Biscayne Aquifer directly.
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Ferriter, Amy; Serbesoff-King, Kristina; Bodle, Mike; Goodyear, Carole; Doren, Bob; Langeland, Ken (2004).
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The Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project's final construction project was straightening the
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Climate data for Royal Palm Ranger Station, Florida, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–present
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tribes. With Spanish colonization, both tribes declined gradually during the following two centuries. The
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in 1994, was an attempt to legislate the lowering of phosphorus in Everglades waterways. The act put the
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2025:, a growth of algae and other microscopic organisms. There are only two types of soil in the Everglades,
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Schmitt, Eric (October 20, 2000). "Everglades Restoration Plan Passes House, With Final Approval Seen",
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was the remedy for crops sprouting and dying quickly, soon created a population boom. New towns such as
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gaming on some of their properties to generate revenue for support, services and economic development.
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who had not seen the land. They named the unknown area between the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of Florida
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crashed in the Florida Everglades, causing 101 fatalities and 75 survivors. The cause was pilot error.
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The idea of a national park for the Everglades was pitched in 1928, when a Miami land developer named
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People who kept more traditional ways had settlements along the Tamiami Trail and tended to speak the
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Wilhelm, Chris, "Pragmatism, Seminoles, and Science: Opposition to Progressive Everglades Drainage".
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Goodnough, Abby (November 2, 2007). "Vast Effort to Save Everglades Falters as U.S. Funds Dwindle",
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Gleason, Patrick, Peter Stone, "Age, Origins, and Landscape Evolution of the Everglades Peatland" in
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crashed in the Everglades killing all 110 passengers and crew. The cause was an in-flight cargo fire.
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344:" on a U.S. military map from 1839, although it had earlier been called "Ever Glades" throughout the
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Grunwald, Michael (October 14, 2004). "Fla. Steps In to Speed Up State-Federal Everglades Cleanup",
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Unlike any other wetland system on earth, the Everglades are sustained primarily by the atmosphere.
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DOI science plan in support of ecosystem restoration, preservation, and protection in South Florida
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4059:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Watersheds and Coastal Waters (Big Cypress Watershed)"
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was found in local fish at such high levels that consumption warnings were posted for fishermen. A
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extended drought periods. The alligators then feed upon some of the animals that come to the hole.
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low temperatures may fall between 30 and 40 °F (−1 and 4 °C) across South Florida. The
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bordered on either side by sloughs. Other hardwood trees can be found in cypress domes, such as
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8158:
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7852:
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7436:
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Stephan, L. Lamar (1942). "Geographic Role of the Everglades in the Early History of Florida".
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short tons (9,100 t) of jet engine pollutants a year, the project met staunch opposition.
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began purchasing land and building rail lines along the east coast of Florida, as far south as
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2319:
A cross section of fresh water ecosystems in the Everglades, with relative average water depths
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444:
6393:"Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of mammals in the Everglades"
431:
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2486:, representing the largest body of water in the park boundaries. There are approximately 100
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1957:
603:
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60 miles (97 km) wide and over 100 miles (160 km) long, flowing southward across a
7286:
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South Florida Environmental Report (South Florida Water Management District and Florida DEP)
6701:, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on August 9, 2010.
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formations that developed between 25 million and 70 million years ago created the
294:, was linked to the diminishing quality of life in South Florida's urban areas. In 2000 the
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invaded Florida to hasten its annexation to the United States, in what became known as the
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Major landscape types in the Everglades before human action. Source: U.S. Geological Survey
1984:
1973:
1965:
684:
591:
6710:
Morgan, Curtis, Clark, Lesley (April 29, 2009). "River of Cash: Stimulus Aid for Glades",
8:
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8707:
8697:
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8579:
8551:
8408:
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7315:
7276:
Water's Journey: Everglades – Comprehensive film and web documentary about the Everglades
7136:
6670:
Cave, Damien (November 12, 2008). "Everglades Deal Shrinks to Sale of Land, Not Assets",
6646:
6104:
5657:
5247:
3243:
2876:
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2672:
2647:. The Seminole originally settled in the northern portion of the territory. In addition,
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2418:
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345:
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Skoloff, Brian (January 22, 2010). "Gov. Crist proposes $ 2.1 billion for environment",
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Big Cypress Swamp and the Ten Thousand Islands: Eastern America's Last Great Wilderness
6417:
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6368:
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6137:
5957:
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5849:
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Brooks, Paul (July 12, 1969). "Topics: Everglades Jetport — A Blueprint for Disaster".
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3573:. As a result of the stimulus package, a mile-long (1.6 km) bridge to replace the
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Cypress swamps can be found throughout the Everglades, but the largest covers most of
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Federal officials plan to add more bridges to let Everglades water flow under U.S. 41
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2937:. Bird feathers were used in women's hats in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
2803:"more or less" in Lake Okeechobee. The party encountered thousands of birds near the
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1952:
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718:
Climate data for 36 mi WNW Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida (1981 – 2010 averages).
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Tasker, Georgia (August 22, 1998). "Federal Experts Warn of Alien Plant Invasion",
6061:
Davis, Steven. "Phosphorus Inputs and Vegetation Sensitivity in the Everglades" in
5941:
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Man in the Everglades: 2000 Years of Human History in the Everglades National Park
6254:
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Five geologic formations form the surface of the southern portion of Florida: the
311:
This map made by the U.S. military shows the term "Everglades" was in use by 1857.
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flowing out to Florida Bay, Lostmans River Slough bordering The Big Cypress, and
711:, and tropical cyclones are part of the natural water system in the Everglades.
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occur in Everglades National Park in pine rocklands every three to seven years.
32:
This article is about the natural region in Florida. For the national park, see
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6530:. The Journey to Restore America's Everglades. November 4, 2002. Archived from
5850:"51 – Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program"
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243:
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Morgan, Curtis (January 27, 2010). "Canal work begins in Everglades project",
4357:
4200:. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS)
4089:
4003:. Research Labs : Florida Atlantic University – Department of Geosciences
3124:
Draining and development of the Everglades § Everglades Agricultural Area
2603:. They occupied the southeastern portion of the lower peninsula in modern-day
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6813:"ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-1011-385-1 TriStar 1 N310EA Everglades, FL"
6748:. Vol. 1, no. 4. Army Corps of Engineers. p. 3. Archived from
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Humans arrived in the Florida peninsula approximately 15,000 years ago.
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sea beds and protect shorelines from erosion by absorbing energy from waves.
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and fish, and rookeries for birds. The region supports Tortugas pink shrimp (
2160:
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1801:
978:
651:
513:
from southern Palm Beach County to southern Miami-Dade County, is made up of
475:
360:
247:
141:
117:
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7159:
Arthur R. Marshall National Wildlife Refuge (US Fish & Wildlife Service)
6350:
6136:. The Journey to Restore America's Everglades. December 2003. Archived from
5355:
4343:
3374:
2996:
2292:
and other mechanisms that allow them to sprout quickly after being charred.
2195:
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7993:
7978:
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7482:
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6377:
4956:"Florida's Estuaries: A Citizen's Guide to Coastal Living and Conservation"
4221:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Watersheds and Coastal Waters"
3521:
3485:
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3017:
toured the towns affected by the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane and ordered the
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6295:"Burmese Pythons – Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
4404:
4379:
3489:
3301:
3293:
3214:
3043:
3022:
2900:
2795:. Willoughby described the water as healthy and wholesome, with numerous
2527:
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and algae formations that are the foundation for animal life in the bay.
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2467:
2457:
2433:
2429:
2342:
2139:
1969:
620:
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554:
499:
219:
7226:
7095:
Bulletin 442: Soils, Geology, and Water Control in the Everglades Region
4932:
2012:
The underlying bedrock or limestone of the Everglades basin affects the
253:
Migrants to the region who wanted to develop plantations first proposed
8679:
7887:
7231:
7200:
6870:
Stolen Water: Saving the Everglades from its Friends, Foes, and Florida
6832:"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 N904VJ Everglades, FL"
5953:
5503:
4867:
Katherisen, K. (2001). "Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems",
4141:
3862:
3545:
3507:
Planned water recovery and storage implementation using CERP strategies
3357:
3313:
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1988:
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356:
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The first written record of the Everglades was on Spanish maps made by
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outgrew its capacities. The new jetport was planned to be larger than
2403:
water where fresh and salt water meet. The estuarine ecosystem of the
2237:) that grow in very dense clumps. Near the base, sharp saw palmettos (
307:
7962:
7776:
7275:
7153:
7149:
6602:
http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Progress-Toward-Restoring-Everglades/13422
6097:"Florida Statutes (Supplement 1994) [Everglades Forever Act]"
3202:
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2980:
2945:
2800:
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There are three species of trees that are considered mangroves: red (
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2364:
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2120:
2067:
2041:
2005:
1202:
1154:
439:
421:
380:
271:
215:
93:
Location of Everglades in the southern third of the Florida Peninsula
7249:
Environment Florida – Founders of The "Save The Everglades" campaign
5945:
5495:
4280:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
4225:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
4191:
4171:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
4121:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
4063:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
2572:
From the Glades peoples, two major nations emerged in the area: the
7163:
4953:
3769:
3493:
3150:
3128:
2941:
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Second in power and number to the Calusa in South Florida were the
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2400:
2388:
2172:
2168:
2080:
1977:
700:
518:
385:
333:
239:
235:
4034:(1). Everglades Natural History Association: 21–24. Archived from
3944:. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. January 24, 2006
1939:
The Everglades are a complex system of interdependent ecosystems.
7210:
Public television series episode on history of Florida Everglades
4193:
3997:"Virtual Field Trip of Selected Exposures of the Miami Limestone"
3541:
2829:
2693:
2593:
2499:
2392:
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2199:
In a tropical hardwood hammock, trees are very dense and diverse.
2134:
2128:
2115:
2071:
704:
495:
376:
372:
183:
137:
78:
63:
6964:
The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise
5102:
Goggin, John (1940). "The Tekesta Indians of Southern Florida".
4192:
Fling, H.; N. Aumen; T. Armentano; F. Mazzotti (December 2004).
3304:
appeared in one-fifth of Lake Okeechobee in 1986, the same year
2131:
from water, which adds to the calcitic composition of the marl.
7080:
Central and Southern Florida Project Comprehensive Review Study
3756:
McMullen, Wallace (1953). "The Origin of the Term Everglades".
2964:
2730:
2689:
2585:
2573:
2563:
2347:
506:
471:
278:
231:
7253:
6739:"Everglades supporters celebrate Tamiami Trail groundbreaking"
6131:"Periphyton-based Stormwater Treatment Area (PSTA) Technology"
2329:
2270:
shrubs in pine rocklands are the fire-resistant saw palmetto (
2123:
choose these locations for nesting. Where there is more room,
7307:
7270:
6624:
http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Report-In-Brief/4296-Everglades
6441:"The Florida Panther | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"
6065:, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994), St. Lucie Press.
5377:
Dovell, Junius (1948). "The Everglades: A Florida Frontier".
4316:"Regional Evaluation of Evapotranspiration in the Everglades"
3915:, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994), St. Lucie Press.
3305:
2949:
2781:
spent eight days canoeing with a party from the mouth of the
2289:
708:
514:
355:
of Florida. It comprises the interior areas and southernmost
263:
211:
43:"Florida Everglades" redirects here. Not to be confused with
6929:
Chapter 8E: Exotic Species in the Everglades Protection Area
3447:
3000:
A sign advertising the completion of the Herbert Hoover Dike
2920:
A canal lock in the Everglades Drainage District around 1915
2526:
came to Florida probably following large game that included
2256:
pineland is the single species of South Florida slash pine (
6856:
Mirage: Florida and the Vanishing Water of the Eastern U.S.
6390:
5452:
Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.
4954:
Humphreys, Jay; Franz, Shelley; Seaman, Bill (March 1993).
2244:
2030:
2026:
2017:
586:
The consistent Everglades flooding is fed by the extensive
559:
397:
207:
7190:"A Recent History of Everglades Regulation and Litigation"
6699:
Sugarcane Okay in Standing Water, Helps Protect Everglades
5220:. Florida Memory Project: Tourism. c. 1880. Archived from
4087:
3800:
Dovell, J.E. (1947). "The Everglades Before Reclamation".
3492:
and the Everglades reflected drastic water level changes,
2745:
Map of the Everglades in 1856: Military action during the
494:
is the Anastasia Formation, composed of shelly limestone,
7237:
South Florida Information Access (U.S. Geological Survey)
7236:
6647:"Florida to Buy Sugar Maker in Bid to Restore Everglades"
6462:
The Governor's Commission for a Sustainable South Florida
5399:
Davis, T. Frederick (1939). "The Disston Land Purchase".
3871:. South Florida Water Management District. Archived from
3590:
At least three airplanes have crashed in the Everglades.
3569:
Everglades restoration received $ 96 million of the
3146:
2749:
improved understanding of the features of the Everglades.
2487:
1983:
As rain continued to fall, the slightly acidic rainwater
7102:
Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species
4770:. U.S. Geological Survey. April 26, 2007. Archived from
4735:
South Florida Multi-Species Recovery Plan: Pine rockland
3836:(2). University of North Carolina Press: 329 & 334.
3300:
Further problems with the environment arose when a vast
3225:
and is sometimes used as an aviation training facility.
435:
A satellite image of the Everglades, taken in March 2019
7164:
Everglades Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area
6644:
6397:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4167:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Hydrology"
3597:, February 12, 1963, all 43 passengers and crew killed.
7281:
The Everglades in the Time of Marjory Stoneman Douglas
6556:. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. 2006
6009:. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. 2006
5126:. Florida Museum of Natural History, 2004. (Pages 5–6)
4313:
4273:
4218:
4164:
4114:
4056:
3699:
2720:. They later were federally recognized in 1962 as the
2155:). Major sloughs in the Everglades system include the
7574:
Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport
6331:
4276:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Climate"
4117:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Geology"
3241:
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
2903:
in 1908 but lost. Broward was paid by land developer
1928:
646:
moving ashore on South Florida's Gulf of Mexico coast
553:
With the rise of sea levels that occurred during the
416:
Fluctuating sea levels compressed numerous layers of
262:, which built 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals,
77:
The most prominent feature of the Everglades are the
7683:
7222:
The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)
7006:
The Everglades Handbook. Understanding the Ecosystem
5124:
A history of Southeastern Indians in Cuba, 1513–1823
3619:
654:
is located across the broad transition zone between
6464:. State of Florida. October 1, 1995. Archived from
5218:"Images of Florida Seminoles in the Sunshine State"
2432:. Everglades mangroves also serve as nurseries for
606:in central Florida. The Kissimmee River is a broad
5882:"Everglades National Park Conservation Assessment"
3109:Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project
474:, 150 feet (46 m) thick. It is named for the
340:, meaning "Grassy Water". The region was labeled "
260:Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project
5344:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5246:. Seminole Tribe of Florida. 2007. Archived from
4282:. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from
4065:. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from
2704:, beginning in 1928 and spanning the region from
8752:
6528:"Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) of 2000"
6082:
6080:
6078:
5464:Bramson, Seth (1998). "A Tale of Three Henrys",
4809:
4807:
4142:South Florida Water Management District (2008).
3863:South Florida Water Management District (2002).
6452:
6450:
6338:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5482:Bush, Gregory (1999). "Playground of the USA".
4547:
4545:
4459:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4434:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4269:
4267:
3982:
3980:
3827:
3308:were discovered overtaking sawgrass marshes in
3117:
2856:After the Civil War, a state agency called the
2378:
2109:
509:. The Miami Oolite facies, which underlies the
443:Limestone formations in South Florida. Source:
379:and soil that affect the climate, weather, and
5553:
5551:
5549:
5095:
4571:
4569:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4194:"The Role of Flow in the Everglades Landscape"
3942:"Florida Geological Survey: Tamiami Formation"
3571:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
3354:Florida Department of Environmental Protection
8450:
7669:
7467:Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge
7323:
7287:Everglades images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
6075:
6063:Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration
5466:The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts
5070:
5068:
4804:
4339:
4337:
3913:Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration
3430:Native to southern Asia, the Burmese python (
3328:ecosystem were transforming the mercury into
2777:explored the area in 1892. In 1897, explorer
420:, sand, and shells. The resulting permeable
320:
202:, which discharges into the vast but shallow
182:in the southern portion of the U.S. state of
7139:UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
6915:Marjory Stoneman Douglas: Voice of the River
6447:
4559:
4557:
4542:
4455:"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020"
4352:(3/4). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 223–244.
4264:
3977:
3561:In 2008, the State of Florida agreed to buy
3223:Dade-Collier Training and Transition Airport
2959:used the Everglades as a hiding spot during
2634:Seminoles made their home in the Everglades.
2190:
2008:formations in an Everglades sawgrass prairie
574:Predevelopment flow direction of water from
6645:Damien Cave; John Holusha (June 24, 2008).
6320:U.S. bans imports of 4 exotic snake species
5907:"Environmental Setting: The Altered System"
5664:. National Park Service. September 17, 2007
5546:
5460:
5458:
5370:
5310:
5308:
5306:
4566:
4481:
3556:
3057:
27:Flooded grassland in Florida, United States
8457:
8443:
7676:
7662:
7330:
7316:
6913:Douglas, Marjory; Rothchild, John (1987).
5913:. U.S. Geological Survey. November 2, 2004
5437:Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement
5394:
5392:
5161:
5159:
5065:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4334:
3970:
3968:
3812:
3751:
3749:
3370:List of invasive species in the Everglades
3201:called it a "blueprint for disaster", and
2755:Draining and development of the Everglades
2518:Indigenous people of the Everglades region
186:, comprising the southern half of a large
7569:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
6931:, South Florida Water Management District
6640:
6638:
6458:"Chapter 1: Background and understanding"
6416:
6367:
6349:
6164:
5999:
5899:
5809:
5183:
4891:
4889:
4554:
3670:
3668:
3513:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
3454:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
3448:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
411:
296:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
7457:Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge
7201:History information about the Everglades
7187:
7143:
7093:Soil Conservation Service (March 1948).
7020:The Everglades: An Environmental History
6618:
6616:
5650:
5472:, Florida Theme Issue, pp. 113–143.
5455:
5303:
4756:
4021:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3755:
3708:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
3536:
3502:
3373:
3287:
3127:
3061:
2995:
2915:
2911:
2847:
2773:A survey team led by railroad executive
2740:
2629:
2461:
2382:
2328:
2194:
2177:
2100:
2057:
1999:
1951:
634:
569:
438:
430:
306:
7589:South Florida Water Management District
7091:United States Department of Agriculture
7075:South Florida Water Management District
6736:
6517:US Army COE and SFWMD, pp. vii–ix.
6325:
5968:
5389:
5335:
5314:
5165:
5156:
4764:"Land and Resource Management Projects"
4722:
4251:United States Department of Agriculture
3965:
3905:
3746:
3350:South Florida Water Management District
2097:Geography and ecology of the Everglades
1935:Geography and ecology of the Everglades
546:, a surface aquifer that serves as the
14:
8753:
7452:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
7447:Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park
7036:, University of South Carolina Press.
6635:
5974:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5800:
5676:
5376:
5101:
4990:. National Park Service. July 30, 2007
4886:
4247:"USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map"
4090:"Historic Everglades Basin Topography"
4024:"Surface Rock in the Lower Everglades"
3799:
3665:
3161:
2722:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
2557:
2466:A clump of mangroves in the distance,
210:in the wet season forms a slow-moving
8438:
7657:
7311:
6613:
6495:US Army COE and SFWMD, pp. iv–v.
6322:, CNN. Retrieved on January 17, 2012.
5931:
5847:
5682:
5398:
4405:"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State U"
4380:"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State U"
3784:
7462:Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge
7188:Rizzardi, Keith W. (March 1, 2001).
7089:Agricultural Experiment Station and
6089:
5481:
4988:"Ecosystems: Marine & Estuarine"
4430:"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data"
4239:
3398:Brazilian pepper, or Florida holly (
3310:Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge
7100:Whitney, Ellie et al., eds. (2004)
6486:US Army COE and SFWMD, p. iii.
6255:"Snake bursts after gobbling gator"
6107:School of Law. 1997. Archived from
5867:
5848:Nixon, Richard (February 8, 1972).
4733:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "
3363:
3192:environmental impact of the jetport
2852:Hamilton Disston's land sale notice
2832:within their state boundaries. The
2511:
156:7,800 square miles (20,000 km)
24:
8531:
8465:Municipalities and communities of
8348:St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal
6966:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
6886:, Sierra Club / Ballantine Books.
6829:
6810:
5975:Angier, Natalie (August 6, 1984).
5341:
4935:. Sea Grant Florida. July 16, 2001
3266:
2845:halted progress until after 1877.
2789:. He sent his observations to the
1929:Formative and sustaining processes
266:, and water control devices. The
25:
8812:
7130:
6697:Yao, Stephanie (March 24, 2010).
5825:. August 22, 1969. Archived from
4322:. U.S. Department of the Interior
4227:. U.S. Department of the Interior
4173:. U.S. Department of the Interior
4146:. U.S. Department of the Interior
4123:. U.S. Department of the Interior
3865:"Everglades Information: Geology"
2820:was passed in 1842 that prompted
8404:List of major springs in Florida
7684:Significant waterways of Florida
7636:
7625:
7624:
7215:
7169:
7117:The Florida Historical Quarterly
6858:, University of Michigan Press.
6823:
6804:
6786:Gibson, William (May 19, 2010).
6780:
6767:
6737:Jackson, Susan (December 2009).
6730:
6717:
6704:
6691:
6677:
6664:
6594:
6581:
6568:
6546:
6520:
6511:
6498:
6489:
6480:
6433:
6384:
6312:
6287:
6273:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6198:
6189:
6176:
6155:
6123:
6055:
6046:
6021:
5925:
5841:
5794:
5785:
5776:
5767:
5758:
5749:
5740:
5731:
5722:
5713:
5704:
5695:
5685:The Florida Historical Quarterly
5641:
5632:
5623:
5614:
5605:
5596:
5587:
5578:
5569:
5560:
5537:
5528:
5519:
5510:
5475:
5450:Dictionary of American Biography
5442:
5429:
5420:
5411:
5401:The Florida Historical Quarterly
5294:
5280:
5271:
5262:
5105:The Florida Historical Quarterly
4088:Duke University Wetland Center.
3802:The Florida Historical Quarterly
3622:
3585:
3283:
2991:
2760:terrain the party was crossing:
2308:
87:
71:
8766:Flooded grasslands and savannas
7022:. University Press of Florida.
6980:. University Press of Florida.
6952:. University Press of Florida.
6846:
6318:Segal, Kim (January 17, 2012).
5977:"Now You See It, Now You Don't"
5854:The American Presidency Project
5236:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5168:"Notes on the Florida Seminole"
5147:
5138:
5129:
5116:
5086:
5077:
5056:
5047:
5038:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4980:
4947:
4925:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4861:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4795:
4786:
4747:
4713:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4578:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4472:
4447:
4422:
4397:
4372:
4314:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4307:
4298:
4274:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4219:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4212:
4185:
4165:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4158:
4135:
4115:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4108:
4081:
4057:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4050:
4022:Ginsburg, Robert (March 1953).
4015:
3989:
3974:UF & USDA (1948), p. 30–33.
3962:UF & USDA (1948), p. 26–30.
3956:
3934:
3925:
3896:
3700:U.S. Geological Survey (1999).
3099:released her first book titled
3004:Two catastrophic hurricanes in
2895:race, the strongest candidate,
2858:Internal Improvement Fund (IIF)
7605:The Everglades: River of Grass
7337:
6901:The Everglades: River of Grass
6801:. Retrieved on August 9, 2010.
6554:"Restoring the River of Grass"
6161:Ferriter, et al. (2004), p. 1.
5053:Tebeau (1968), pp. 38–41.
4144:"Lake Okeechobee & Region"
3887:
3856:
3821:
3724:
3693:
3228:
3102:The Everglades: River of Grass
2834:Swamp and Overflowed Lands Act
2736:
2660:. The groups acted as allies.
2451:
582:Source: U.S. Geological Survey
13:
1:
7432:Big Cypress National Preserve
7154:Big Cypress National Preserve
6029:"Kissimmee River Restoration"
5484:The Pacific Historical Review
5185:10.1525/aa.1913.15.1.02a00070
3658:
3595:Northwest Airlines Flight 705
3548:attraction in the Everglades.
3459:commissioned a report on the
3312:. Scientists discovered that
3235:Restoration of the Everglades
3219:Big Cypress National Preserve
2944:, as they were called in the
2090:
2062:Wildfire photographed in 1922
7071:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
7053:. University of Miami Press.
6950:Archeology of the Everglades
6281:"Python Elimination Program"
5439:, Vol. 21. Gale Group, 2001.
5288:"Everglades Digital Library"
4539:UF & USDA (1948), p. 79.
4503:UF & USDA (1948), p. 35.
3602:Eastern Air Lines Flight 401
3118:Everglades Agricultural Area
2933:were a particular target of
2379:Mangrove and Coastal prairie
2110:Sawgrass marshes and sloughs
1250:Source = PRISM Climate Group
1099:Source: PRISM Climate Group
565:
7:
7176:A History of the Everglades
6882:Caulfield, Patricia (1970)
6868:Carter, W. Hodding (2004).
6629:September 25, 2012, at the
6607:September 28, 2012, at the
5782:Grunwald, pp. 283–284.
5629:Grunwald, pp. 199–200.
5620:Grunwald, pp. 198–199.
5525:Grunwald, pp. 148–149.
3734:. scholar.library.miami.edu
3615:
3188:U.S. Department of Interior
3168:Miami International Airport
3095:and freelance writer named
2810:
2619:
2250:
2182:Alligator in the Everglades
2163:in the eastern Everglades.
1874:Average precipitation days
1590:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
1450:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
907:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
767:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
38:Everglades (disambiguation)
10:
8817:
8419:Outstanding Florida Waters
7564:Burmese pythons in Florida
7271:Everglades Digital Library
6962:Grunwald, Michael (2006).
5773:McCally, pp. 172–173.
5755:McCally, pp. 159–160.
5534:McCally, pp. 124–126.
5448:"Henry Morrison Flagler".
5017:Whitney, pp. 313–316.
4871:, Alan J. Southward (ed.)
4869:Advances in Marine Biology
4028:Everglades Natural History
3451:
3367:
3232:
3121:
3077:
2897:Napoleon Bonaparte Broward
2792:New Orleans Times-Democrat
2752:
2709:recognized in 1957 as the
2623:
2561:
2515:
2506:
2455:
2324:
2282:), and West Indian lilac (
2202:
2094:
1932:
1920:
1260:
1248:
1098:
717:
630:
533:The metropolitan areas of
366:
42:
31:
8726:
8678:
8613:
8560:
8542:
8529:
8498:
8479:
8379:Coastal waters of Florida
8371:
8323:Cross Florida Barge Canal
8310:
8247:Blackwater (Hillsborough)
8227:
7971:
7830:
7689:
7619:
7584:Friends of the Everglades
7546:
7475:
7442:Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary
7424:
7383:
7345:
7254:Friends of the Everglades
7227:The Everglades Foundation
7077:(April 1999). "Summary",
7004:Lodge, Thomas E. (2005).
6976:Hann, John (ed.) (1991).
6854:Barnett, Cynthia (2007).
6007:"Kissimmee River History"
5417:Grunwald, pp. 92–93.
5166:Skinner, Alanson (1913).
4744:", Retrieved May 3, 2008.
4409:www.prism.oregonstate.edu
4384:www.prism.oregonstate.edu
3676:"411 Everglades Province"
3433:Python molurus bivittatus
3344:, introduced by Governor
2979:sprouted like the crops.
2711:Seminole Tribe of Florida
2333:A pond in The Big Cypress
2205:Tropical hardwood hammock
2191:Tropical hardwood hammock
1873:
1799:
1729:
1659:
1589:
1519:
1449:
1379:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1200:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1050:
976:
906:
836:
766:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
322:Laguna del Espíritu Santo
225:environmental degradation
194:. The system begins near
160:
152:
147:
133:
98:
86:
70:
61:
54:
7406:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
7370:Everglades National Park
7360:Draining and development
7264:
7232:The Everglades Coalition
7150:Everglades National Park
7137:Everglades National Park
7104:. Pineapple Press, Inc.
6994:, Pineapple Press, Inc.
6235:Lodge, pp. 243–244.
6195:Lodge, pp. 237–240.
6086:Lodge, pp. 231–233.
5764:Lodge, pp. 225–226.
5662:Everglades National Park
5300:McCally, pp. 65–69.
5044:McCally, pp. 37–39.
4710:Douglas, pp. 48–49.
4575:McCally, pp. 18–21.
4521:McCally, pp. 12–14.
3557:Future of the Everglades
3401:Schinus terebinthifolius
3248:Everglades National Park
3134:Everglades National Park
3097:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
3080:Everglades National Park
3072:Everglades National Park
3058:Everglades National Park
2775:James Edmundson Ingraham
2700:The construction of the
2484:Everglades National Park
2439:Farfantepenaeus duorarum
2391:trees bordering a tidal
1947:
1941:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
456:Caloosahatchee Formation
302:
287:Everglades National Park
81:found across the region.
34:Everglades National Park
7297:The Everglades in Peril
7018:McCally, David (1999).
6945:. Gov. doc #I 29.62:Ev2
6903:. R. Bemis Publishing.
6793:March 30, 2012, at the
6578:, Section A, p. 1.
6351:10.1073/pnas.1115226109
5356:10.1111/1467-8306.00311
5268:Tebeau, pp. 66–67.
5207:Tebeau, pp. 55–56.
5172:American Anthropologist
4858:Ripple, pp. 31–32.
4683:George, pp. 45–46.
4530:McCally, pp. 15–17
4494:McCally, pp. 9–10.
4358:10.1023/A:1009552500448
4001:www.geosciences.fau.edu
3830:Southeastern Geographer
3392:Melaleuca quinquenervia
3019:Army Corps of Engineers
2053:
1995:
1960:in the Everglades, 1966
548:Miami metropolitan area
537:, Fort Lauderdale, and
468:Fort Thompson Formation
268:Miami metropolitan area
255:draining the Everglades
8771:Neotropical ecoregions
8536:
8468:Monroe County, Florida
8399:List of Florida rivers
8079:Little Econlockhatchee
7437:Biscayne National Park
7124:(Spring 2012), 426–52.
7058:The Florida Everglades
7056:Toops, Connie (1998).
6990:Jewell, Susan (1993).
6978:Missions to the Calusa
6948:Griffin, John (2002).
6409:10.1098/rspb.2015.0120
6033:www.saj.usace.army.mil
5886:World Heritage Outlook
5791:Grunwald, p. 257.
5737:Caulfield, p. 55.
5728:Grunwald, p. 229.
5710:Grunwald, p. 219.
5658:"Conservation efforts"
5611:Grunwald, p. 179.
5566:Grunwald, p. 120.
5317:The Scientific Monthly
5198:Tebeau, pp. 50–51
4563:Lodge, pp. 39–41.
3818:Douglas, pp. 7–8.
3648:Everglades Pseudoatoll
3600:On December 29, 1972,
3549:
3524:on December 11, 2000.
3508:
3409:(Eichhornia crassipes)
3379:
3342:Everglades Forever Act
3297:
3137:
3075:
3001:
2921:
2853:
2767:
2750:
2635:
2474:
2396:
2334:
2200:
2183:
2106:
2063:
2009:
1961:
647:
583:
511:Atlantic Coastal Ridge
447:
445:U.S. Geological Survey
436:
412:Limestone and aquifers
321:
312:
161:Highest elevation
36:. For other uses, see
8776:Ecoregions of Florida
8535:
8389:Intracoastal Waterway
8318:Canaveral Barge Canal
8069:Little (Biscayne Bay)
7817:Withlacoochee (South)
7812:Withlacoochee (North)
7579:Everglades Foundation
7350:Geography and ecology
7205:World Digital Library
7144:Geography and ecology
7087:University of Florida
7032:Ripple, Jeff (1992).
6943:National Park Service
6727:, South Florida news.
5934:Environmental History
5829:on September 25, 2008
5701:Douglas, p. 349.
5647:McCally, p. 142.
5602:Douglas, p. 334.
5593:Douglas, p. 330.
5584:McCally, pp. 117–118.
5575:Douglas, p. 310.
5557:McCally, p. 117.
5543:Douglas, p. 318.
5277:Grunwald, p. 42.
5244:"Tourism/Enterprises"
5153:Griffin, p. 180.
5092:Griffin, p. 173.
5083:Griffin, p. 170.
5074:Griffin, p. 171.
4922:Whitney, p. 286.
4753:George, pp. 7–8.
4674:Whitney, p. 163.
4665:Whitney, p. 164.
4602:Whitney, p. 168.
4094:Everglades Field Trip
3869:The Living Everglades
3842:10.1353/sgo.2007.0029
3643:Everglades Foundation
3544:has become a popular
3540:
3506:
3414:Lygodium microphyllum
3377:
3291:
3131:
3065:
2999:
2919:
2912:Growth of urban areas
2851:
2822:Secretary of Treasury
2762:
2744:
2633:
2465:
2425:Laguncularia racemosa
2386:
2332:
2198:
2181:
2104:
2061:
2003:
1955:
1660:Mean minimum °F (°C)
1380:Mean maximum °F (°C)
685:plant hardiness zones
638:
573:
502:interglacial period.
442:
434:
310:
242:, formed from mostly
8739:United States portal
8074:Little (Ochlockonee)
7599:Ten Thousand Islands
7488:Caloosahatchee River
6939:Everglades Wildguide
6799:Florida Sun-Sentinel
5817:"Jets v. Everglades"
5426:Douglas p. 286.
5379:Agricultural History
5062:McCally, p. 39.
5035:McCally, p. 35.
5026:McCally, p. 34.
4620:Whitney, p.168.
4593:Douglas, p. 11.
3931:Lodge, pp. 6–7.
3702:"Florida Everglades"
3474:Caloosahatchee River
3032:Caloosahatchee River
2726:wrestling alligators
2405:Ten Thousand Islands
2234:Dipholis salicifolia
2149:), and spatterdock (
1966:last glacial maximum
1310:Record high °F (°C)
330:John Gerard de Brahm
206:. Water leaving the
164:25 feet (7.6 m)
8796:Wetlands of Florida
8409:Okeechobee Waterway
8394:Indian River Lagoon
7630:Category:Everglades
7503:Indian River Lagoon
7194:Florida Bar Journal
6917:. Pineapple Press.
6897:Douglas, Marjory S.
6836:aviation-safety.net
6817:aviation-safety.net
6589:The Washington Post
6244:Lodge, p. 244.
6226:Lodge, p. 242.
6217:Lodge, p. 241.
6111:on October 28, 2008
6105:University of Miami
6052:Lodge, p. 230.
5746:Lodge, p. 223.
5719:Lodge, p. 224.
5638:McCally, p. 9.
5516:Carter, p. 78.
5329:1942SciMo..55..515L
5250:on February 3, 2008
5144:Tebeau, p. 45.
5135:Tebeau, p. 43.
5008:George, p. 21.
4933:"About Florida Bay"
4913:Jewell, p. 41.
4904:George, p. 19.
4895:Ripple, p. 80.
4875:, pp. 18–251.
4849:Ripple, p. 26.
4840:Jewell, p. 43.
4831:Ripple, p. 16.
4813:George, p. 26.
4719:George, p. 31.
4701:George, p. 30.
4647:George, p. 14.
4629:George, p. 42.
4611:Jewell, p. 46.
4584:George, p. 13.
3875:on January 16, 2008
3209:wrote to President
3162:Jetport proposition
3074:on December 6, 1947
2673:Second Seminole War
2558:Calusa and Tequesta
2419:Avicennia germinans
2343:hydrologic boundary
1730:Record low °F (°C)
1520:Daily mean °F (°C)
837:Daily mean °F (°C)
526:and Coot Bay (near
460:Anastasia Formation
346:Second Seminole War
114: /
8801:Symbols of Florida
8781:Marshes of Florida
8537:
8363:Tampa Bypass Canal
7411:Arthur R. Marshall
7302:The New York Times
7291:Slow modem version
7242:2011-12-12 at the
7181:2008-08-21 at the
7060:. Voyageur Press.
6672:The New York Times
6651:The New York Times
6576:The New York Times
6506:The New York Times
5803:The New York Times
4822:Lodge, p. 67.
4801:Lodge, p. 63.
4792:Lodge, p. 66.
4740:2012-11-11 at the
4692:Lodge, p. 35.
4656:Lodge, p. 29.
4638:Lodge, p. 31.
4551:Lodge, p. 38.
4478:Lodge, p. 14.
3732:"Old Florida Maps"
3653:History of Florida
3609:ValuJet Flight 592
3550:
3531:The New York Times
3509:
3498:water restrictions
3424:Oreochromis aureus
3380:
3298:
3246:Outlook cited the
3198:The New York Times
3138:
3076:
3025:and the waters of
3002:
2922:
2854:
2799:, and 10,000
2751:
2681:Third Seminole War
2669:First Seminole War
2636:
2532:saber-toothed cats
2475:
2445:Menippe mercenaria
2442:) and stone crab (
2397:
2335:
2285:Tetrazygia bicolor
2216:Quercus virginiana
2201:
2184:
2157:Shark River Slough
2107:
2064:
2010:
1962:
693:Evapotranspiration
648:
584:
448:
437:
377:water-bearing rock
313:
180:flooded grasslands
153: • Total
45:Florida Everblades
8786:Swamps of Florida
8748:
8747:
8432:
8431:
8252:Blackwater (Lake)
7853:East Tohopekaliga
7651:
7650:
7518:Lake Worth Lagoon
7355:Indigenous people
7110:978-1-56164-309-7
6443:. April 13, 2022.
6261:. October 5, 2005
5435:"Henry Flagler".
4881:978-0-12-026140-6
4304:Lodge, p.14.
4096:. Duke University
3986:Lodge, p. 10
3893:Lodge. p. 3.
3607:On May 11, 1996,
3482:Lake Worth Lagoon
3319:At the same time
3143:manganese sulfate
2905:Richard J. Bolles
2718:Mikasuki language
2413:Rhizophora mangle
2395:in the Everglades
2297:Miami-Dade County
2276:), cabbage palm (
1956:A storm over the
1925:
1924:
1255:
1254:
1103:
1102:
1053:relative humidity
660:tropical climates
640:Hurricane Charley
492:Palm Beach County
452:Tamiami Formation
418:calcium carbonate
406:Cretaceous Period
328:British surveyor
283:Ramsar Convention
192:Neotropical realm
168:
167:
79:sawgrass prairies
16:(Redirected from
8808:
8740:
8733:
8665:Sugarloaf Shores
8534:
8508:Key Colony Beach
8491:
8484:
8474:
8469:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8436:
8435:
8414:Okefenokee Swamp
7678:
7671:
7664:
7655:
7654:
7640:
7628:
7627:
7559:Biscayne Aquifer
7493:Fisheating Creek
7416:Garald G. Parker
7401:Hamilton Disston
7375:Invasive species
7332:
7325:
7318:
7309:
7308:
7197:
7047:Tebeau, Charlton
6840:
6839:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6808:
6802:
6784:
6778:
6775:The Miami Herald
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6755:on July 25, 2011
6754:
6743:
6734:
6728:
6725:The Miami Herald
6721:
6715:
6712:The Miami Herald
6708:
6702:
6695:
6689:
6686:The Miami Herald
6681:
6675:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6642:
6633:
6620:
6611:
6598:
6592:
6585:
6579:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6534:on July 20, 2008
6524:
6518:
6515:
6509:
6502:
6496:
6493:
6487:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6420:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6371:
6353:
6344:(7): 2418–2422.
6329:
6323:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6209:
6206:The Miami Herald
6202:
6196:
6193:
6187:
6180:
6174:
6171:Florida Invaders
6168:
6162:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6142:
6135:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6073:
6059:
6053:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5983:. Archived from
5972:
5966:
5965:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5878:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5747:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5729:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5702:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5639:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5544:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5479:
5473:
5462:
5453:
5446:
5440:
5433:
5427:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5312:
5301:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5163:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5063:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4968:on March 3, 2016
4967:
4960:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4884:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4745:
4731:
4720:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4564:
4561:
4552:
4549:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4513:
4512:Lodge, p. 38–39.
4510:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4346:Urban Ecosystems
4341:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3975:
3972:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3923:
3909:
3903:
3902:Lodge, p. 4
3900:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3782:
3781:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3712:on June 26, 2008
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3672:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3384:invasive species
3364:Invasive species
3352:(SFWMD) and the
3259:timely funding.
3092:The Miami Herald
3052:dissolved oxygen
2891:During the 1904
2886:Royal Palm Hotel
2862:Hamilton Disston
2825:Robert J. Walker
2677:Indian Territory
2536:spectacled bears
2512:Native Americans
2312:
2301:Prescribed fires
2222:Bursera simaruba
2219:), gumbo limbo (
1877:
1258:
1257:
1106:
1105:
715:
714:
544:Biscayne Aquifer
426:Floridan Aquifer
390:sedimentary rock
324:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
91:
75:
52:
51:
21:
8816:
8815:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8791:Natural regions
8751:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8738:
8731:
8722:
8674:
8616:
8609:
8595:North Key Largo
8570:Big Coppitt Key
8556:
8538:
8532:
8527:
8494:
8489:
8482:
8475:
8472:
8467:
8463:
8433:
8428:
8367:
8353:St. Lucie Canal
8333:Hillsboro Canal
8306:
8229:
8223:
8139:Pithlachascotee
8119:New (Carabelle)
7967:
7826:
7737:Econlockhatchee
7685:
7682:
7652:
7647:
7615:
7554:Alligator Alley
7542:
7533:St. Lucie River
7513:Lake Okeechobee
7508:Kissimmee River
7476:Bodies of water
7471:
7425:Protected areas
7420:
7379:
7341:
7336:
7299:– slideshow by
7283:(Photo exhibit)
7267:
7244:Wayback Machine
7218:
7183:Wayback Machine
7172:
7146:
7133:
7128:
7127:
6872:, Atria Books.
6849:
6844:
6843:
6830:Ranter, Harro.
6828:
6824:
6811:Ranter, Harro.
6809:
6805:
6795:Wayback Machine
6785:
6781:
6777:, Florida news.
6772:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6741:
6735:
6731:
6722:
6718:
6709:
6705:
6696:
6692:
6682:
6678:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6653:
6643:
6636:
6631:Wayback Machine
6621:
6614:
6609:Wayback Machine
6599:
6595:
6586:
6582:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6537:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6468:on May 16, 2009
6456:
6455:
6448:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6389:
6385:
6330:
6326:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6203:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6181:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6156:
6146:
6144:
6143:on May 29, 2008
6140:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6114:
6112:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6076:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6037:
6035:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5987:on May 12, 2009
5973:
5969:
5946:10.2307/3985972
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5880:
5879:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5496:10.2307/3641982
5480:
5476:
5463:
5456:
5447:
5443:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5397:
5390:
5375:
5371:
5340:
5336:
5313:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5227:
5225:
5224:on June 3, 2008
5216:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5122:Worth, John E.
5121:
5117:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4887:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4774:on May 12, 2009
4762:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4742:Wayback Machine
4732:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4567:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4342:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4286:on May 13, 2008
4272:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4069:on May 15, 2009
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3861:
3857:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3798:
3785:
3758:American Speech
3754:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3638:Carr (landform)
3628:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3588:
3559:
3470:Lake Okeechobee
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:escaped pythons
3372:
3366:
3334:bioaccumulating
3325:Florida panther
3286:
3273:Kissimmee River
3269:
3267:Kissimmee River
3237:
3231:
3164:
3126:
3120:
3111:
3082:
3060:
3027:Lake Okeechobee
2994:
2914:
2813:
2779:Hugh Willoughby
2757:
2739:
2658:Black Seminoles
2628:
2622:
2570:
2562:Main articles:
2560:
2540:Archaic peoples
2520:
2514:
2509:
2460:
2454:
2381:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2259:Pinus elliottii
2253:
2231:), and bustic (
2225:), royal palm (
2207:
2193:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2056:
1998:
1950:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1251:
1104:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
650:The climate of
633:
576:Lake Okeechobee
568:
539:West Palm Beach
524:Fort Lauderdale
464:Miami Limestone
414:
402:Jurassic Period
369:
305:
292:Lake Okeechobee
204:Lake Okeechobee
200:Kissimmee River
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
94:
82:
66:
57:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8814:
8804:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8735:
8732:Florida portal
8727:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8684:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8670:Summerland Key
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8621:
8619:
8615:Unincorporated
8611:
8610:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8566:
8564:
8558:
8557:
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8554:
8548:
8546:
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8515:
8510:
8504:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8462:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8439:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8424:Paynes Prairie
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8343:Mud Lake Canal
8340:
8335:
8330:
8328:Haulover Canal
8325:
8320:
8314:
8312:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
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8239:
8233:
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8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
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8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8124:New (Santa Fe)
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8084:Little Manatee
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8004:Chassahowitzka
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7975:
7973:
7972:Smaller rivers
7969:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7732:Choctawhatchee
7729:
7724:
7719:
7717:Caloosahatchee
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7658:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7645:
7642:Portal:Florida
7633:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7523:Lostmans River
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7387:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7334:
7327:
7320:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7294:
7284:
7278:
7273:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7198:
7185:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7140:
7132:
7131:External links
7129:
7126:
7125:
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7098:
7084:
7068:
7054:
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7030:
7016:
7002:
6988:
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6803:
6779:
6766:
6729:
6716:
6703:
6690:
6676:
6663:
6634:
6612:
6593:
6591:, p. A03.
6580:
6567:
6545:
6519:
6510:
6497:
6488:
6479:
6446:
6432:
6383:
6324:
6311:
6286:
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6054:
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6020:
5998:
5967:
5924:
5898:
5866:
5840:
5808:
5793:
5784:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5721:
5712:
5703:
5694:
5675:
5649:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5577:
5568:
5559:
5545:
5536:
5527:
5518:
5509:
5490:(2): 153–172.
5474:
5454:
5441:
5428:
5419:
5410:
5388:
5369:
5350:(4): 682–701.
5334:
5323:(6): 515–526.
5302:
5293:
5279:
5270:
5261:
5235:
5209:
5200:
5191:
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5146:
5137:
5128:
5115:
5094:
5085:
5076:
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5028:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4979:
4946:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4885:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4833:
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4815:
4803:
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4755:
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4703:
4694:
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4604:
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4505:
4496:
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4446:
4421:
4396:
4371:
4333:
4306:
4297:
4263:
4238:
4211:
4184:
4157:
4134:
4107:
4080:
4049:
4038:on May 3, 2005
4014:
3988:
3976:
3964:
3955:
3933:
3924:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3855:
3820:
3811:
3783:
3770:10.2307/454403
3745:
3723:
3692:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3630:Florida portal
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3587:
3584:
3558:
3555:
3461:sustainability
3452:Main article:
3449:
3446:
3406:water hyacinth
3368:Main article:
3365:
3362:
3285:
3282:
3268:
3265:
3244:World Heritage
3233:Main article:
3230:
3227:
3207:Gaylord Nelson
3163:
3160:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3078:Main article:
3059:
3056:
3015:Herbert Hoover
2993:
2990:
2913:
2910:
2843:Reconstruction
2812:
2809:
2753:Main article:
2738:
2735:
2665:Andrew Jackson
2624:Main article:
2621:
2618:
2559:
2556:
2548:Caloosahatchee
2516:Main article:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2456:Main article:
2453:
2450:
2422:), and white (
2380:
2377:
2339:Collier County
2326:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2279:Sabal palmetto
2273:Serenoa repens
2252:
2249:
2240:Serenoa repens
2203:Main article:
2192:
2189:
2169:Solution holes
2143:), waterlily (
2111:
2108:
2095:Main article:
2092:
2089:
2055:
2052:
2047:carbon dioxide
1997:
1994:
1949:
1946:
1933:Main article:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
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868:
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843:
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823:
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813:
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803:
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751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
713:
680:Gulf of Mexico
632:
629:
614:The area from
592:Caloosahatchee
567:
564:
488:solution holes
481:Pliocene Epoch
413:
410:
396:. Continental
368:
365:
304:
301:
188:drainage basin
176:natural region
166:
165:
162:
158:
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150:
149:
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144:
135:
131:
130:
96:
95:
92:
84:
83:
76:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
55:
26:
18:The Everglades
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8813:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
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8774:
8772:
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8764:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8756:
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8709:
8706:
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8612:
8606:
8603:
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8550:
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8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8473:United States
8470:
8460:
8455:
8453:
8448:
8446:
8441:
8440:
8437:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8358:Tamiami Canal
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8277:Myakkahatchee
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8179:St. Sebastian
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8114:New (Broward)
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8089:Little Wekiva
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
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8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
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7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7722:Chattahoochee
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:Larger rivers
7688:
7679:
7674:
7672:
7667:
7665:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7594:Tamiami Trail
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7538:Taylor Slough
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7396:Ernest F. Coe
7394:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7328:
7326:
7321:
7319:
7314:
7313:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7184:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7170:History links
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7066:0-89658-372-4
7063:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7042:0-87249-842-5
7039:
7035:
7031:
7029:
7028:0-8130-2302-5
7025:
7021:
7017:
7015:
7014:1-884015-06-9
7011:
7008:. CRC Press.
7007:
7003:
7001:
7000:1-56164-023-9
6997:
6993:
6989:
6987:
6986:0-8130-1966-4
6983:
6979:
6975:
6973:
6972:0-7432-5107-5
6969:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6958:0-8130-2558-3
6955:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6923:0-910923-94-9
6920:
6916:
6912:
6910:
6909:0-912451-44-0
6906:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6892:0-345-02353-6
6889:
6885:
6881:
6879:
6878:0-7434-7407-4
6875:
6871:
6867:
6865:
6864:0-472-11563-4
6861:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6783:
6776:
6770:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6720:
6713:
6707:
6700:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6667:
6652:
6648:
6641:
6639:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6597:
6590:
6584:
6577:
6571:
6555:
6549:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6514:
6507:
6501:
6492:
6483:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6442:
6436:
6428:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6315:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6282:
6276:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6241:
6232:
6223:
6214:
6207:
6201:
6192:
6185:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6158:
6139:
6132:
6126:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6072:
6071:0-9634030-2-8
6068:
6064:
6058:
6049:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6008:
6002:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5912:
5911:Circular 1134
5908:
5902:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5855:
5851:
5844:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5805:. p. 26.
5804:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5770:
5761:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5725:
5716:
5707:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5644:
5635:
5626:
5617:
5608:
5599:
5590:
5581:
5572:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5540:
5531:
5522:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5445:
5438:
5432:
5423:
5414:
5407:(3): 201–211.
5406:
5402:
5395:
5393:
5385:(3): 187–197.
5384:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5297:
5289:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5204:
5195:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5160:
5150:
5141:
5132:
5125:
5119:
5112:(4): 274–285.
5111:
5107:
5106:
5098:
5089:
5080:
5071:
5069:
5059:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4989:
4983:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4934:
4928:
4919:
4910:
4901:
4892:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4808:
4798:
4789:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4750:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4716:
4707:
4698:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4570:
4560:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4475:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4338:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4301:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4199:
4198:Circular 1452
4195:
4188:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4145:
4138:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3983:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3959:
3943:
3937:
3928:
3922:
3921:0-9634030-2-8
3918:
3914:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3733:
3727:
3711:
3707:
3706:Circular 1182
3703:
3696:
3685:September 14,
3681:
3680:www.fs.fed.us
3677:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3620:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:Plane crashes
3583:
3580:
3579:Charlie Crist
3576:
3575:Tamiami Trail
3572:
3567:
3564:
3554:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3517:Tamiami Trail
3514:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:hypersalinity
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3455:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:Lawton Chiles
3343:
3338:
3335:
3332:, and it was
3331:
3330:methylmercury
3326:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3284:Water quality
3281:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:Richard Nixon
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3190:study of the
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3086:Ernest F. Coe
3081:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2992:Flood control
2989:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2935:plume hunting
2932:
2926:
2918:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:gubernatorial
2889:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2873:Henry Flagler
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2747:Seminole Wars
2743:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2702:Tamiami Trail
2698:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2651:and fugitive
2650:
2646:
2641:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:Paleo-Indians
2519:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2161:Taylor Slough
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:decomposition
2073:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1921:Source: NOAA
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1802:precipitation
1798:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1264:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
980:
979:precipitation
975:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
905:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
835:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
765:
721:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
696:
694:
689:
686:
681:
675:
672:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:South Florida
645:
641:
637:
628:
626:
622:
617:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
577:
572:
563:
561:
556:
551:
549:
545:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
477:
476:Tamiami Trail
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
446:
441:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
374:
364:
362:
361:South Florida
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
323:
318:
317:cartographers
309:
300:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
251:
249:
248:Seminole Wars
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
143:
142:United States
139:
136:
132:
127:
118:26.0°N 80.7°W
99:Coordinates:
97:
90:
85:
80:
74:
69:
65:
60:
53:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
8640:Dry Tortugas
8600:Stock Island
8575:Big Pine Key
8487:
8383:
8214:Weeki Wachee
8184:Steinhatchee
8054:Hontoon Dead
7984:Alapahoochee
7948:Tsala Apopka
7943:Tohopekaliga
7848:Blue Cypress
7752:Indian River
7747:Hillsborough
7702:Apalachicola
7635:
7623:
7603:
7483:Biscayne Bay
7338:
7300:
7193:
7121:
7115:
7101:
7094:
7079:
7057:
7050:
7033:
7019:
7005:
6991:
6977:
6963:
6949:
6938:
6935:George, Jean
6914:
6900:
6883:
6869:
6855:
6847:Bibliography
6835:
6825:
6816:
6806:
6798:
6782:
6774:
6769:
6759:February 11,
6757:. Retrieved
6750:the original
6745:
6732:
6724:
6719:
6711:
6706:
6693:
6685:
6679:
6671:
6666:
6654:. Retrieved
6650:
6596:
6588:
6583:
6575:
6570:
6558:. Retrieved
6548:
6536:. Retrieved
6532:the original
6522:
6513:
6505:
6500:
6491:
6482:
6470:. Retrieved
6466:the original
6461:
6435:
6400:
6396:
6386:
6341:
6337:
6327:
6314:
6302:. Retrieved
6298:
6289:
6275:
6263:. Retrieved
6258:
6249:
6240:
6231:
6222:
6213:
6205:
6200:
6191:
6183:
6178:
6166:
6157:
6145:. Retrieved
6138:the original
6125:
6113:. Retrieved
6109:the original
6100:
6091:
6062:
6057:
6048:
6036:. Retrieved
6032:
6023:
6011:. Retrieved
6001:
5989:. Retrieved
5985:the original
5980:
5970:
5940:(1): 53–76.
5937:
5933:
5927:
5915:. Retrieved
5910:
5901:
5889:. Retrieved
5885:
5857:. Retrieved
5853:
5843:
5831:. Retrieved
5827:the original
5820:
5811:
5802:
5796:
5787:
5778:
5769:
5760:
5751:
5742:
5733:
5724:
5715:
5706:
5697:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5666:. Retrieved
5661:
5652:
5643:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5607:
5598:
5589:
5580:
5571:
5562:
5539:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5449:
5444:
5436:
5431:
5422:
5413:
5404:
5400:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5320:
5316:
5296:
5282:
5273:
5264:
5252:. Retrieved
5248:the original
5238:
5226:. Retrieved
5222:the original
5212:
5203:
5194:
5178:(1): 63–77.
5175:
5171:
5149:
5140:
5131:
5123:
5118:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5088:
5079:
5058:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4982:
4970:. Retrieved
4963:the original
4949:
4937:. Retrieved
4927:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4854:
4845:
4836:
4827:
4818:
4797:
4788:
4776:. Retrieved
4772:the original
4767:
4758:
4749:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4449:
4437:. Retrieved
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4408:
4399:
4387:. Retrieved
4383:
4374:
4349:
4345:
4324:. Retrieved
4319:
4309:
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4284:the original
4279:
4254:. Retrieved
4241:
4229:. Retrieved
4224:
4214:
4202:. Retrieved
4197:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4170:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4120:
4110:
4098:. Retrieved
4093:
4083:
4071:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4062:
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4036:the original
4031:
4027:
4017:
4005:. Retrieved
4000:
3991:
3958:
3946:. Retrieved
3936:
3927:
3912:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3868:
3858:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3801:
3764:(1): 26–34.
3761:
3757:
3736:. Retrieved
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3710:the original
3705:
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3679:
3589:
3568:
3560:
3551:
3529:
3526:
3522:Bill Clinton
3510:
3486:Biscayne Bay
3466:
3457:
3443:
3431:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3381:
3339:
3318:
3299:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3238:
3196:
3165:
3139:
3112:
3100:
3090:
3083:
3068:Harry Truman
3040:
3036:World War II
3003:
2955:
2939:
2927:
2923:
2890:
2888:was opened.
2882:Biscayne Bay
2870:
2855:
2814:
2790:
2783:Harney River
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2715:
2699:
2686:
2662:
2645:ethnogenesis
2637:
2598:
2590:
2582:Florida Keys
2571:
2528:giant sloths
2521:
2492:turtle grass
2476:
2443:
2437:
2430:storm surges
2423:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2360:Bald cypress
2352:
2336:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2264:forest floor
2257:
2254:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2185:
2165:
2152:Nuphar lutea
2150:
2146:Nymphaeaceae
2144:
2138:
2133:
2113:
2065:
2035:
2013:
2011:
1982:
1963:
1938:
1804:inches (mm)
981:inches (mm)
697:
690:
676:
649:
624:
613:
604:Peace Rivers
585:
552:
532:
504:
487:
485:
449:
415:
394:igneous rock
370:
350:
341:
337:
327:
314:
276:
252:
229:
171:
169:
49:
29:
8680:Ghost towns
8660:Rock Harbor
8645:Garden Cove
8617:communities
8483:County seat
8338:Miami Canal
8094:Loxahatchee
8059:Ichetucknee
7767:Ochlockonee
7528:Shark River
7498:Florida Bay
7391:Guy Bradley
7365:Restoration
7216:Restoration
6299:www.nps.gov
5691:(1): 43–77.
3490:Florida Bay
3302:algal bloom
3229:Restoration
3215:Claude Kirk
3136:, dry (top)
3070:dedicating
3044:groundwater
3023:Hoover Dike
2977:Belle Glade
2969:Moore Haven
2961:Prohibition
2957:Rum-runners
2931:Water birds
2901:U.S. Senate
2805:Shark River
2787:Miami River
2737:Exploration
2649:free blacks
2613:Miami River
2496:Sea turtles
2479:Florida Bay
2468:Florida Bay
2458:Florida Bay
2452:Florida Bay
2434:crustaceans
2140:Utricularia
2014:hydroperiod
1970:water table
1958:Shark River
1876:(≥ 0.01 in)
656:subtropical
621:Florida Bay
580:Florida Bay
555:Pleistocene
500:Sangamonian
342:Pa-hai-okee
220:Florida Bay
190:within the
123:26.0; -80.7
121: /
8761:Everglades
8755:Categories
8708:Pigeon Key
8698:Indian Key
8580:Cudjoe Key
8552:Islamorada
8384:Everglades
8272:Fisheating
8228:Creeks and
8199:Waccasassa
8034:Eau Gallie
7999:Carrabelle
7958:Washington
7913:Okeechobee
7903:Miccosukee
7712:Blackwater
7611:U.S. Sugar
7339:Everglades
6884:Everglades
6688:(Florida).
3808:(1): 1–44.
3738:August 22,
3659:References
3563:U.S. Sugar
3546:ecotourism
3542:Airboating
3358:calcareous
3314:phosphorus
3277:Bob Graham
3155:phosphorus
3122:See also:
3066:President
3048:subsidence
2986:slash pine
2877:Palm Beach
2801:alligators
2544:Okeechobee
2416:), black (
2268:understory
2125:periphyton
2121:alligators
2091:Ecosystems
2038:subsidence
2023:periphyton
1989:weathering
608:floodplain
528:Cape Sable
466:, and the
357:Gulf Coast
172:Everglades
56:Everglades
8718:Poinciana
8713:Pinecrest
8688:Chevelier
8655:Key Haven
8635:Conch Key
8625:Bay Point
8605:Tavernier
8590:Key Largo
8287:Pottsburg
8174:St. Marks
8169:St. Lucie
8164:Sopchoppy
8049:Homosassa
7893:Kissimmee
7878:Istokpoga
7802:St. Marys
7797:St. Johns
7772:Ocklawaha
7757:Kissimmee
7203:from the
6746:Jaxstrong
6360:0027-8424
6265:March 14,
6186:, p. 9-2.
6182:Rodgers,
5962:145203614
5891:March 24,
5364:143720189
5254:April 30,
4326:March 17,
4320:FS-168-96
4290:March 17,
4231:March 15,
4204:March 15,
4177:March 15,
4127:March 15,
4100:March 15,
4073:March 17,
4042:March 17,
3948:April 29,
3879:March 15,
3850:129577530
3716:March 14,
3480:estuary,
3478:St. Lucie
3203:Wisconsin
2981:Sugarcane
2973:Clewiston
2946:millinery
2942:aigrettes
2866:St. Cloud
2839:Civil War
2663:In 1817,
2369:swamp bay
2365:red maple
2228:Roystonea
2068:lightning
2042:oxidation
2006:limestone
1985:dissolved
1978:sinkholes
1205: °C
1203:Dew Point
1157: °F
1155:Dew Point
625:sheetflow
588:Kissimmee
566:Hydrology
422:limestone
381:hydrology
272:sugarcane
218:shelf to
216:limestone
198:with the
8693:Flamingo
8585:Duck Key
8523:Marathon
8513:Key West
8490:Key West
8372:See also
8267:Econfina
8104:Matanzas
8064:Imperial
8039:Econfina
8029:East Bay
7933:Seminole
7928:Rousseau
7918:Poinsett
7843:Crescent
7807:Suwannee
7792:Santa Fe
7742:Escambia
7547:See also
7240:Archived
7179:Archived
7049:(1968).
6937:(1972).
6899:(1947).
6791:Archived
6674:, p. 16.
6656:June 24,
6627:Archived
6605:Archived
6427:25788598
6403:(1805).
6378:22308381
6304:April 7,
6259:BBC News
6038:April 7,
5228:June 20,
4738:Archived
4389:June 26,
4150:July 21,
3616:See also
3306:cattails
3205:senator
3151:nitrogen
2830:wetlands
2818:Congress
2811:Drainage
2626:Seminole
2620:Seminole
2601:Tequesta
2578:Tequesta
2576:and the
2568:Tequesta
2500:manatees
2472:Flamingo
2401:brackish
2389:mangrove
2356:conifers
2251:Pineland
2211:hammocks
2173:crayfish
2116:sawgrass
2081:charcoal
2072:sawgrass
1869:(1,457)
1800:Average
1201:Average
1153:Average
1051:Average
1046:(1,299)
977:Average
705:Droughts
701:mangrove
519:bryozoan
386:Gondwana
336:call it
334:Seminole
281:and the
240:Seminole
236:Tequesta
134:Location
8650:Jewfish
8630:Chatham
8544:Village
8297:Snapper
8292:Shingle
8237:Billy's
8230:streams
8209:Wakulla
8204:Wacissa
8149:Ribault
8144:Rainbow
8099:Manatee
8014:Crystal
8009:Crooked
7989:Anclote
7938:Talquin
7898:Manatee
7883:Jackson
7873:Iamonia
7787:Perdido
7727:Chipola
7707:Aucilla
7697:Alapaha
6560:May 24,
6538:May 23,
6508:, p. 1.
6472:May 23,
6418:4389622
6369:3289325
6147:May 22,
6115:May 21,
6013:May 19,
5991:May 20,
5954:3985972
5917:May 19,
5859:May 10,
5833:May 10,
5668:May 10,
5504:3641982
5325:Bibcode
4972:June 8,
4939:June 8,
4414:July 2,
4366:2526625
4256:July 2,
4007:May 15,
3321:mercury
2797:springs
2785:to the
2694:coontie
2609:Broward
2594:Yamasee
2586:atlatls
2507:History
2393:estuary
2373:pop ash
2325:Cypress
2135:Sloughs
2129:calcium
2004:Uneven
1974:springs
1715:(11.2)
1710:(16.3)
1705:(21.6)
1700:(21.7)
1695:(21.3)
1690:(19.9)
1685:(14.4)
1680:(10.2)
1655:(18.6)
1650:(14.8)
1645:(17.7)
1640:(21.6)
1635:(23.4)
1630:(23.5)
1625:(23.1)
1620:(22.2)
1615:(19.2)
1610:(16.7)
1605:(14.4)
1600:(13.6)
1595:(12.8)
1585:(24.4)
1580:(20.7)
1575:(23.1)
1570:(26.3)
1565:(28.2)
1560:(28.6)
1555:(28.3)
1550:(27.6)
1545:(25.6)
1540:(23.4)
1535:(21.5)
1530:(20.4)
1525:(19.2)
1515:(30.2)
1510:(26.7)
1505:(28.4)
1500:(31.1)
1495:(32.9)
1490:(33.7)
1485:(33.6)
1480:(32.8)
1475:(31.9)
1470:(30.2)
1465:(28.5)
1460:(27.2)
1455:(25.6)
1445:(37.4)
1440:(30.8)
1435:(32.3)
1430:(34.8)
1425:(36.0)
1420:(36.3)
1415:(36.3)
1410:(36.2)
1405:(35.5)
1400:(34.1)
1395:(32.9)
1390:(31.3)
1385:(30.4)
972:(19.4)
967:(15.3)
962:(18.6)
957:(22.1)
952:(24.1)
947:(24.3)
942:(23.9)
937:(22.8)
932:(19.8)
927:(17.3)
922:(15.8)
917:(14.6)
912:(13.4)
902:(24.5)
897:(20.6)
892:(23.2)
887:(26.4)
882:(28.2)
877:(28.8)
872:(28.6)
867:(27.8)
862:(25.7)
857:(23.3)
852:(21.6)
847:(20.3)
842:(19.2)
832:(29.6)
827:(25.8)
822:(27.8)
817:(30.6)
812:(32.4)
807:(33.3)
802:(33.3)
797:(32.7)
792:(31.4)
787:(29.4)
782:(27.3)
777:(26.1)
772:(24.8)
631:Climate
616:Orlando
496:coquina
398:rifting
373:geology
367:Geology
338:Pahokee
196:Orlando
184:Florida
138:Florida
109:80°42′W
106:26°00′N
64:Wetland
8518:Layton
8500:Cities
8311:Canals
8302:Turkey
8282:Orange
8219:Wekiva
8189:Tomoka
8159:Silver
8134:Orange
8044:Estero
7994:Braden
7979:Alafia
7923:Rodman
7908:Monroe
7868:Harris
7863:Harney
7858:George
7838:Apopka
7822:Yellow
7762:Myakka
7384:People
7108:
7064:
7040:
7026:
7012:
6998:
6984:
6970:
6956:
6921:
6907:
6890:
6876:
6862:
6714:, p1A.
6425:
6415:
6376:
6366:
6358:
6184:et al.
6069:
5960:
5952:
5502:
5362:
4994:May 4,
4879:
4778:May 2,
4464:May 9,
4439:May 9,
4364:
3919:
3848:
3778:454403
3776:
3472:, the
3182:, and
3176:Dulles
3172:O'Hare
2975:, and
2965:copper
2950:egrets
2908:them.
2731:casino
2690:hominy
2653:slaves
2574:Calusa
2564:Calusa
2552:Glades
2550:, and
2534:, and
2371:, and
2348:quartz
2290:tubers
1916:135.9
1854:(141)
1849:(229)
1844:(218)
1839:(173)
1834:(229)
1829:(148)
1725:(2.1)
1720:(6.9)
1675:(6.5)
1670:(5.4)
1665:(3.8)
1266:Month
1109:Month
1031:(102)
1026:(178)
1021:(188)
1016:(181)
1011:(221)
1006:(113)
723:Month
709:floods
664:Koppen
602:, and
600:Myakka
507:facies
472:quartz
353:region
279:UNESCO
264:levees
232:Calusa
8703:Perky
8262:Cross
8257:Crane
8242:Black
8194:Trout
8154:Shark
8129:Oleta
8109:Miami
7888:Jesup
7831:Lakes
7782:Peace
7265:Media
6753:(PDF)
6742:(PDF)
6141:(PDF)
6134:(PDF)
5958:S2CID
5950:JSTOR
5500:JSTOR
5360:S2CID
4966:(PDF)
4959:(PDF)
4362:S2CID
3846:S2CID
3774:JSTOR
2765:them.
2706:Tampa
2640:Creek
2245:moats
2018:ooids
1948:Water
1907:12.6
1904:18.3
1901:19.2
1898:17.2
1895:17.2
1892:10.9
1867:57.36
1864:(48)
1859:(61)
1824:(72)
1819:(49)
1814:(46)
1809:(43)
1795:(−4)
1790:(−3)
1785:(−1)
1775:(18)
1770:(19)
1765:(19)
1760:(10)
1745:(−1)
1740:(−2)
1735:(−4)
1375:(42)
1370:(35)
1365:(37)
1360:(41)
1355:(41)
1350:(39)
1345:(39)
1340:(40)
1335:(42)
1330:(39)
1325:(38)
1320:(36)
1315:(33)
1305:Year
1244:19.6
1241:16.1
1238:18.7
1235:21.9
1232:23.9
1229:24.2
1226:23.7
1223:23.0
1220:19.9
1217:17.2
1214:16.0
1211:15.3
1208:14.6
1196:67.2
1193:60.9
1190:65.6
1187:71.5
1184:75.1
1181:75.6
1178:74.6
1175:73.4
1172:67.9
1169:62.9
1166:60.8
1163:59.6
1160:58.2
1148:Year
1094:74.1
1091:75.4
1088:75.6
1085:76.6
1082:77.6
1079:76.2
1076:74.7
1073:75.3
1070:70.7
1067:68.3
1064:70.7
1061:73.0
1058:74.6
1044:51.13
1041:(35)
1036:(53)
1001:(65)
996:(70)
991:(52)
986:(41)
762:Year
596:Miami
535:Miami
515:ooids
392:with
303:Names
244:Creek
212:river
174:is a
8562:CDPs
8024:East
8019:Dead
7963:Weir
7953:Ward
7152:and
7106:ISBN
7073:and
7062:ISBN
7038:ISBN
7024:ISBN
7010:ISBN
6996:ISBN
6982:ISBN
6968:ISBN
6954:ISBN
6919:ISBN
6905:ISBN
6888:ISBN
6874:ISBN
6860:ISBN
6761:2010
6658:2008
6562:2008
6540:2008
6474:2008
6423:PMID
6374:PMID
6356:ISSN
6306:2017
6267:2008
6149:2008
6117:2008
6067:ISBN
6040:2017
6015:2008
5993:2008
5981:Time
5919:2008
5893:2023
5861:2008
5835:2008
5822:Time
5670:2008
5256:2008
5230:2008
4996:2008
4974:2008
4941:2008
4877:ISBN
4780:2008
4466:2021
4441:2021
4416:2019
4391:2019
4328:2008
4292:2008
4258:2019
4233:2008
4206:2008
4179:2008
4152:2008
4129:2008
4102:2008
4075:2008
4044:2008
4009:2019
3950:2008
3917:ISBN
3881:2008
3740:2008
3718:2008
3687:2020
3340:The
3294:bass
3239:The
3153:and
3010:1928
3008:and
3006:1926
2841:and
2692:and
2607:and
2605:Dade
2566:and
2498:and
2488:keys
2387:Red
2054:Fire
2031:marl
2029:and
2027:peat
1996:Rock
1976:and
1913:6.6
1910:7.8
1889:6.3
1886:6.7
1883:6.5
1880:6.6
1862:1.88
1857:2.39
1852:5.55
1847:9.01
1842:8.57
1837:6.82
1832:9.00
1827:5.84
1822:2.85
1817:1.93
1812:1.82
1807:1.70
1780:(9)
1755:(9)
1750:(3)
1723:35.8
1718:44.5
1713:52.1
1708:61.3
1703:70.8
1698:71.0
1693:70.3
1688:67.8
1683:58.0
1678:50.3
1673:43.7
1668:41.7
1663:38.9
1653:65.5
1648:58.6
1643:63.8
1638:70.9
1633:74.2
1628:74.3
1623:73.5
1618:72.0
1613:66.6
1608:62.0
1603:58.0
1598:56.5
1593:55.1
1583:75.9
1578:69.3
1573:73.5
1568:79.4
1563:82.8
1558:83.5
1553:83.0
1548:81.6
1543:78.0
1538:74.2
1533:70.7
1528:68.7
1523:66.6
1513:86.4
1508:80.0
1503:83.2
1498:88.0
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