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divisive and revisionist account of history that threatens the integrity of the Union by denying the true principles on which it was founded." On
September 6, 2020, Trump responded on Twitter to a claim that the State of California was adding the 1619 Project to the state's public school curriculum. Trump stated that the
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protesting the
Department of Education's proposal to modify federal grants to states and local schools to "incentivize them to use tools like the 1619 Project in their classrooms" and demanding that the proposal be abandoned. McConnell's letter charged that the programs were being modified "away from
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in support of the 1619 Project. Responding to criticism, Hannah-Jones wrote on
Twitter, "Those who've wanted to act as if tweets/discussions about the project hold more weight than the actual words of the project cannot be taken in good faith", and that "Those who point to edits of digital blurbs but
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One of the claims made by Hannah-Jones is that the colonists fought the
Revolutionary War to preserve slavery. The claim was later softened to say that "some of" the colonists fought to preserve slavery. The essays further discuss details of history as well as modern American society, such as traffic
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applauded "all efforts to address the enduring centrality of slavery and racism to our history" and deemed the project a "praiseworthy and urgent public service," but expressed "strong reservations" about some "important aspects" of the project and requested factual corrections. These scholars denied
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Hurston did not aim to bury an ugly past but to search for historical understanding. Her 1927 interview with Cudjoe Lewis, among the last living survivors of the 1860 voyage of the slave ship
Clotilda, contains an invaluable eyewitness account of the middle passage as told by one of its victims. Yet
468:, the project recruited a panel of historians to research, develop, and fact-check content. The project was envisioned with the condition that almost all of the content would be from African-American contributors, deeming the perspective of Black writers an essential element of the story to be told.
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I just look at—I look at school. I watch, I read, look at the stuff. Now they want to change—1492, Columbus discovered
America. You know, we grew up, you grew up, we all did, that's what we learned. Now they want to make it the 1619 project. Where did that come from? What does it represent? I don't
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In
November 2020, Trump established the 1776 Commission by executive order, organizing 18 conservative leaders to generate an opposing response to the 1619 Project. The 1776 Report, released on January 18, 2021, was widely criticized for factual errors, incomplete or missing citations, and lack of
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said that Hannah-Jones had said the argument about dating the founding to 1619 was self-evidently metaphorical, but said "these were not minor points. The deleted assertions went to the core of the project's most controversial goal, 'to reframe
American history by considering what it would mean to
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made avoidable mistakes, but that the project was "a much-needed corrective to the blindly celebratory histories". Hannah-Jones has also said that she stands by the claim that slavery helped fuel the revolution, though she concedes she might have phrased it too strongly in her essay, in a way that
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case to support its argument, since that legal decision concerned slavery in
England, with no effect in the American colonies. Wilentz wrote that the project's claims that "if the Revolution had caused the ending of the slave trade, this would have upended the economy of the colonies, in both the
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expressed "strong reservations" about the project and requested factual corrections, accusing the authors of a "displacement of historical understanding by ideology". The letter disputed the claim, made in Hannah-Jones' introductory essay, that "one of the primary reasons the colonists decided to
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of
Arkansas proposed the "Saving American History Act of 2020", prohibiting K-12 schools from using federal funds to teach curriculum related to the 1619 Project, and make schools that did ineligible for federal professional-development grants. Cotton added that "The 1619 Project is a racially
2690:'I think the thing in the project that made people the most upset was when I wrote that one of the reasons why the colonies decided that they wanted to start a revolution and form the United States was to preserve slavery. That was really shocking to a lot of people,' Hannah-Jones explained.
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Gordon-Reed, Annette; Stremlau, Rose; Lowery, Malinda; Reed, Julie L.; Barker, Joanne; Sharfstein, Daniel; Scott, Daryl Michael; Wulf, Karin; Greene, Sandra E.; Sweet, James H.; Troutt Powell, Eve M.; Schine, Rachel; Mikhail, Alan; Edwards, Erika Denise; Williams, Danielle Terrazas (2022).
916:—all agreed that slavery was present decades before the year 1619. According to Deagan, people have "spent their careers trying to correct the erroneous belief" in such a narrative, with Nolan claiming that in ignoring the earlier settlement, the authors were "robbing black history".
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The Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting has made available free online lesson plans, is collecting further lesson plans from teachers, and helps arrange for speakers to visit classes. The Center considers most of the lessons usable by all grades from elementary school through college.
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for her essay. The award cited her "sweeping, provocative and personal essay for the ground-breaking 1619 Project, which seeks to place the enslavement of Africans at the center of America's story, prompting public conversation about the nation's founding and evolution."
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that criticized the historical accuracy of the project in multiple areas, stating that it "has botched the history of the slave economy, misconstrued the origins of Northern economic development, erased the history of antislavery, and rendered emancipation irrelevant".
444:
The project dedicated an issue of the magazine to a re-examination of the legacy of slavery in America, at the anniversary of the 1619 arrival of the first enslaved people to Virginia. This framing challenges the idea that American history began with the signing of the
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Hurston saw only absurdity in trying to find justice by bludgeoning the past for its sins. "While I have a handkerchief over my eyes crying over the landing of the first slaves in 1619," she continued, "I might miss something swell that is going on in" the present day.
1151:, Damon Linker found the 1619 Project's treatment of history "sensationalistic, reductionistic, and tendentious." Timothy Sandefur deemed the project's goal as worthy, but observed that the articles persistently went wrong trying to connect everything with slavery. In
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saying that "The 1619 Project offers a historically-limited view of slavery." While agreeing to the importance of examining American slavery, they objected to what they described as the portrayal of slavery as a uniquely American phenomenon, to construing slavery as a
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859:, Wilentz responded to Silverstein, writing, "No effort to educate the public in order to advance social justice can afford to dispense with a respect for basic facts", and disputing the accuracy of Silverstein's defense of the project.
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Significant controversy has centered on the project's claim that "one of the primary reasons the colonists decided to declare their independence from Britain was because they wanted to protect the institution of slavery". According to
3907:
712:'s essay draws parallels between pro-slavery politics and the modern right-wing politics. Bouie argues that the United States still has not let go of the assumption that some people inherently deserve more power than others.
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1195:, reporter Phillip W. Magness criticized the 1619 Project as "junk history." Magness contrasted the present work of Hannah-Jones with past work at historical understanding of slavery by prominent African-Americans such as
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venture, and to presenting out-of-context quotes of a conversation between Abraham Lincoln and "five esteemed free black men". The following month, Silverstein issued a response stating that no corrections were necessary.
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North and the South" did not consider the numerous attempts to outlaw—or impose prohibitive duties on—the slave trade by several colonies from 1769 to 1774. The historians critical of the project have said that many of
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their intended purposes toward a politicized and divisive agenda" and said that "Actual, trained, credentialed historians with diverse political views have debunked the project's many factual and historical errors."
306:
updated the opening text of the project website to remove the phrase "...understanding 1619 as our true founding..." without any accompanying editorial note to point to what was being redone. Critics — including the
1363:, in his final few months as president of the United States, vowed to ban the 1619 Project from state curricula, accusing educators of teaching their students to "hate their own country." Echoing Trump's proposal,
4150:
849:, who defended the accuracy of the 1619 Project and declined to issue corrections. Wood responded in a letter, "I don't know of any colonist who said that they wanted independence in order to preserve their slaves
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lasted for about six weeks from late September 1526 to the middle of November. Historian Paul Hoffman writes that the slaves at San Miguel rebelled and set fire to some homes of the Spaniards." Writing in
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to rescind Hannah-Jones' prize because of the project's claim that "protecting the institution of slavery was a primary motive for the American Revolution, a claim for which there is simply no evidence."
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wrote that Hannah-Jones' lead essay leaves out unwelcome facts about slavery, such that 'it was Africans who captured other Africans, and marched them to the coast to be sold to European slavers', smears
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The New York Times' 1619 Project excited tremendous controversy because it challenged established narratives that date the founding of America's political development and character to 1620 or 1776.
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magazine, which declared the project "wide-reaching and collaborative, unflinching, and insightful" and a "dramatic and necessary corrective to the fundamental lie of the American origin story."
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1221:, stating "The #1619Project is a powerful and necessary reckoning of our history. We cannot understand and address the problems of today without speaking truth about how we got here."
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was investigating the matter and, if the aforementioned claim was found true, federal funding would be withheld from California public schools. On September 17, Trump announced the
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could give readers the impression that the support for slavery was universal. On March 11, 2020, Silverstein authored an "update" in the form of a "clarification" on the
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740:. The Sunday sports section had an essay about slavery's impact on professional sports in the United States: "Is Slavery's Legacy in the Power Dynamics of Sports?" The
773:, and is edited by Hannah-Jones, Caitlin Roper, Ilena Silverman and Jake Silverstein. Six of the essays from the anthology were adapted into a six-episode miniseries,
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1015:", and argued, "The question of journalistic practices, however, raises deeper doubts about the 1619 Project's core premises." This column led to tension within the
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as cited by Silverstein, with Wilentz asserting that the event was a response to rebellion rather than a cause; he also questioned the reliance on a quotation by
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In September 2020, Nikole Hannah-Jones criticized conservatives for their depiction of the project because it "does not argue that 1619 is our true founding".
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critiqued the project as an important perspective that needed to be heard but that was presented in a biased way under the guise of objectivity. Writing in
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issued a "clarification", modifying one of the passages on slavery's role that had sparked controversy. In September 2020, controversy again arose when the
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In March 2020, in light of persistent criticism of the project's portrayal of the role of slavery, including from one of its own consulting historians,
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of the colonists". This "clarification" was reportedly prompted by a private warning to Silverstein by Harvard classicist and political scientist
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on August 18, 2019. It included ten written essays, a photo essay, and a collection of poems and fiction, with an introduction by editor-in-chief
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1390:, the 1619 Project was banned from being taught in Florida public schools, first by a 2021 Florida State Board of Education amendment banning
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2937:"The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story edited by Nikole Hannah-Jones & Caitlin Roper & Elena Silverman & Jake Silverstein"
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in Mississippi. By the end of the summer of 2021, 27 states had introduced bills echoing the language and intent of Cotton's bill.
1057:, the claim that there was a "perceptible British threat to American slavery in 1776" is an ahistorical assertion, noting that the
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case caused a "sensation" in American reports. But Wilentz countered that the decision was reported by only six newspapers in the
4628:
4564:
4374:"Governor DeSantis Announces Legislative Proposal to Stop W.O.K.E. Activism and Critical Race Theory in Schools and Corporations"
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752:. Hundreds of thousands of extra copies of the magazine issue were printed for distribution to schools, museums and libraries.
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The project quickly grew into a larger endeavor, encompassing multiple issues of the magazine, with related materials in other
1111:. Harris has also pointed to Dunmore's Proclamation as a spur to the disruption of slavery by the revolutionary side as well.
4444:
1349:
1267:
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609:
490:"Our Democracy's Founding Ideals Were False When They Were Written. Black Americans Have Fought to Make Them True", essay by
318:— claimed the differences showed that the newspaper was backing away from some of the initiative's controversial claims. The
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that she had warned that the idea that the American Revolution was fought to protect slavery was inaccurate, and that the
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The project has become a leading subject of the American history wars, receiving criticism from historians, both from the
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1157:, Phillip W. Magness wrote that the project provides a distorted economic history borrowed from "bad scholarship" of the
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publications, as well as a school curriculum developed in collaboration with the Pulitzer Center. With support from the
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responded on Twitter by citing statements from Hannah-Jones that 1619 was the nation's true founding. Critics cited by
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4135:"Perspective | Here's a list of the 10 greatest works of journalism of the past 10 years. Care to argue about it?"
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4044:"McConnell sends letter to Education secretary demanding removal of the 1619 Project from federal grant programs"
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4416:"Evaluating and Reshaping Timelines in The 1619 Project: New York Times for Kids Edition [lesson plans]"
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was quietly revising its position without acknowledgement of the original mischaracterization. The conservative
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853:... No colonist expressed alarm that the mother country was out to abolish slavery in 1776." In an article in
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3574:"The Founders Were Flawed. The Nation Is Imperfect. The Constitution Is Still a 'Glorious Liberty Document.'"
2741:"The New York Times Magazine's 1619 Project takes a hard look at the American paradox of freedom and slavery"
2004:
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defended its practices, with Hannah-Jones saying that most of the project's content had remained unchanged.
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declare their independence from Britain was because they wanted to protect the institution of slavery". The
550:"Their Ancestors Were Enslaved by Law. Now They're Lawyers", photo essay by Djeneba Aduayom, with text from
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2668:"1619 Project's Nikole Hannah-Jones wants Black people to know the role they play in America's democracy"
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769:. It is a book-length expansion of the project's essays. The book was created by Nikole Hannah-Jones and
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The magazine issue was accompanied by a special section in the Sunday newspaper, in partnership with the
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website, correcting Hannah-Jones's essay to state that "protecting slavery was a primary motivation for
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The 1619 Project was launched in August 2019 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the
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2433:"Perspective - Everyone is talking about 1619. But that's not actually when slavery in America started"
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2005:""This Isn't Jayson Blair": With 1619 and Caliphate Controversies, the New York Times Turns on Itself"
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lawmakers also sought to ban the project from state curricula; bills were introduced by US Senator
395:. In 1619, a group of "twenty and odd" captive Africans arrived in the Virginia Colony. An English
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557:"A New Literary Timeline of African-American History", a collection of original poems and stories
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261:
3157:"Forget What You Know about 1619, Historians Say. Slavery Began a Half-Century before Jamestown"
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4251:"Perspective | Why Republican efforts to ban the 1619 Project from classrooms are so misguided"
2009:
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1281:, a conservative advocacy group, published an open letter with 21 signatories calling on the
1182:"does not care about the truth" and instead "hires and promotes its reporters and editors on
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that she might go public with criticism if the passage on the revolution were not corrected.
587:
409:, carried 20–30 Africans who had been captured in joint African-Portuguese raids against the
4072:"The New York Times's 1619 Project: A racialist falsification of American and world history"
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3934:"Executive Order on Establishing the President's Advisory 1776 Commission | The White House"
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named the 1619 Project one of the ten greatest works of journalism in the 2010–2019 decade.
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jams and the American affinity for sugar, and their connections to slavery and segregation.
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1513:"Twelve Scholars Critique the 1619 Project and the New York Times Magazine Editor Responds"
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was practically non-existent in 1776. Wilentz also criticized the project's mentioning the
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3738:"GOP Sen. Tom Cotton pitches bill to prohibit use of federal funds to teach 1619 Project"
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732:. Beginning on August 20, a multi-episode audio series titled "1619" began, published by
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502:"How False Beliefs in Physical Racial Difference Still Live in Medicine Today", essay by
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3908:"Trump order seeks to ban military, government contractors from some diversity training"
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Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present
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1699:"In '1619' Project, the Times Puts Slavery Front and Center of the American Experience"
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353:. This series won an Emmy for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series at the 75th
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The project received varied reactions from political figures. Then-Democratic Senator
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premiered a dedicated podcast series. In 2021, a book anthology of essays and poetry
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3801:"Trump says Department of Education will investigate use of 1619 Project in schools"
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Also in December 2019, twelve scholars and political scientists specializing in the
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3882:"Trump plans panel to promote 'patriotic education' in appeal to conservative base"
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3193:
3103:"Historian Gordon Wood responds to the New York Times' defense of the 1619 Project"
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1084:, opposed slavery. They also said that every state north of Maryland took steps to
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283:, defended The 1619 Project and refused to issue corrections. On May 4, 2020, the
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of August 2019. The project developed an educational curriculum, supported by the
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3363:"1619 Project faces renewed criticism — this time from within The New York Times"
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2093:"1619 Project faces renewed criticism — this time from within The New York Times"
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1324:"falsification of history", saying that it wrongly centers on racial rather than
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508:"What the Reactionary Politics of 2019 Owe to the Politics of Slavery", essay by
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3130:"'1619 Project' ignores fact that slaves were present in Florida decades before"
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ignore the unchanged text of the actual project cannot be taken in good faith."
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published the letter along with a rebuttal from the magazine's editor-in-chief,
496:"American Capitalism Is Brutal. You Can Trace That to the Plantation", essay by
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708:'s essay argues that slavery has shaped modern capitalism and workplace norms.
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3514:"The New York Times' journey from paper of record to home of the 1619 Project"
2774:"Conservatives are livid the New York Times is writing articles about slavery"
1933:"The New York Times Begins Correcting the Historical Record on "1619 Project""
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published a letter asking for the revocation of the project's Pulitzer Prize.
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3855:"Department of Education is looking at this. If so, they will not be funded!"
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Silverstein said that the phrase had actually been removed in December 2019.
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In January 2020, historian Susan Parker, who specializes in the studies of
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2535:"Why conservatives are bothered by the New York Times' project on slavery"
526:"Why Doesn't America Have Universal Healthcare? One Word: Race", essay by
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that takes a critical view of traditionally revered figures and events in
2703:"New York Times Quietly Edits '1619 Project' After Conservative Pushback"
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called the project "malicious" and "historically illiterate." Writing in
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1186:- race and gender - criteria rather than proven reporting excellence."
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The 1619 Project received positive reviews by Alexandria Neason in the
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premiered a six-part documentary TV series created by Hannah-Jones and
2412:"1619: 400 years ago, a ship arrived in Virginia, bearing human cargo"
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The 1619 Project Sparks Dialogue and Reflection in Schools Nationwide
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Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019
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characterizing it as "left-wing propaganda masquerading as 'the truth
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3967:"Trump's '1776 Report' released on MLK Day receives heavy backlash"
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This article is about the journalism endeavor. For other uses, see
544:"How America's Vast Racial Wealth Gap Grew: By Plunder", essay by
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Niemuth, Niles; Mackaman, Tom; North, David (September 6, 2019).
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3828:"Trump warns schools teaching 1619 Project 'will not be funded'"
3643:"The Flagrant Distortions and Subtle Lies of the '1619 Project'"
4215:"Disputing Racism's Reach, Republicans Rattle American Schools"
1224:
High-profile conservatives criticized it. Former House Speaker
414:
532:"Why American Prisons Owe Their Cruelty to Slavery", essay by
3607:"How the 1619 Project Rehabilitates the 'King Cotton' Thesis"
1805:"We Respond to the Historians Who Critiqued The 1619 Project"
3198:"I Helped Fact-Check the 1619 Project. The Times Ignored Me"
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called it "brainwashing" and "propaganda," later writing an
908:, several historians—among them Parker, archaeologist
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New York University's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute
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academic rigor. The commission was terminated by President
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346:
3478:"The New York Times Has Abandoned Liberalism for Activism"
1841:"Nikole Hannah-Jones Wins Pulitzer Prize for 1619 Project"
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Although the project places this moment in the context of
4473:"The 1619 Project: Pulitzer Center Education Programming"
4358:
4354:"It's Been a Minute: Fear, Florida, and The 1619 Project"
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2745:
2604:"The New York Times Launches the 1619 Project: raceAhead"
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also of Flagler, and civil rights activist and historian
804:
accused the project of cynicism for its portrayal of the
514:"Why Is Everyone Always Stealing Black Music?", essay by
4290:"The 1619 Project and the Long Battle Over U.S. History"
3071:"1776 Honors America's Diversity in a Way 1619 Does Not"
3061:
3059:
3032:"The Fight Over the 1619 Project Is Not About the Facts"
2376:"The 1619 Project and the stories we tell about slavery"
1955:
1764:"The Fight Over the 1619 Project Is Not About the Facts"
1547:"1776 Honors America's Diversity in a Way 1619 Does Not"
1540:
1538:
436:
has been documented as far back as Columbus in 1493–94.
4576:
Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting: 2019 Annual Report
4326:"Florida bans teaching critical race theory in schools"
3900:
3296:"Pulitzer Board Must Revoke Nikole Hannah-Jones' Prize"
1892:
715:
4471:
Schulte, Mark; Berk, Hannah; Mostoufi, Fareed (2019).
2807:"Is Slavery's Legacy in the Power Dynamics of Sports?"
3056:
2125:"Listen to '1619,' a Podcast From The New York Times"
1535:
1091:
In defense of the project, Silverstein said that the
538:"The Barbaric History of Sugar in America", essay by
4069:
3873:
3676:"The 1619 Project Unrepentantly Pushes Junk History"
2494:"The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history"
520:"How Segregation Caused Your Traffic Jam", essay by
426:
slavery in the colonial history of the United States
383:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
335:
was published, as well as a children's picture book
4470:
4179:"Lawmakers Push to Ban '1619 Project' From Schools"
3541:"The New York Times surrenders to the left on race"
923:, who had been consulted for the project, wrote in
3361:Stelter, Brian; Darcy, Oliver (October 12, 2020).
3188:
3186:
3184:
3025:
3023:
3021:
2492:
1583:"American Slavery and 'the Relentless Unforeseen'"
1468:
1466:
1464:
1189:In the May 2022 issue of the libertarian magazine
1174:, and misrepresents the founding era and Lincoln.
476:The first edition appeared in a 100-page issue of
471:
3819:
3792:
3705:"Did Slavery Really Define America for All Time?"
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
4590:
4212:
2636:"Mediaite's Most Influential in News Media 2020"
2430:
1439:Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
213:. The first publication from the project was in
4213:Gabriel, Trip; Goldstein, Dana (June 1, 2021).
3852:
3770:"Cotton Bill to Defund 1619 Project Curriculum"
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3181:
3105:. World Socialist Web Site. December 24, 2019.
3018:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1755:
1461:
887:, noted that slavery existed before any of the
744:plans to take the project to schools, with the
4063:
4003:"On Day 1, Biden Moves to Undo Trump's Legacy"
2077:
2029:
1576:
1574:
1371:at the federal level, by State Representative
287:board announced that it was awarding the 2020
4490:1620: A Critical Response to the 1619 Project
4414:Jesuthasan, Meerabelle (September 10, 2019).
3910:. Reuters. September 23, 2020. Archived from
3399:"A Note From Dean Baquet on The 1619 Project"
3354:
3289:
3287:
3095:
3423:
3360:
3318:
3065:
2897:
2083:
1924:
1788:
1544:
291:to Hannah-Jones for her introductory essay.
4284:
4104:"Nikole Hannah-Jones of The New York Times"
3387:
3228:
2988:
2431:Torres-Spelliscy, Ciara (August 23, 2019).
2158:
1966:
1799:
1653:
1571:
1240:also equated it with propaganda. President
991:magazine, argued that this showed that the
4413:
3284:
3222:
2898:Hannah-Jones, Nikole (November 16, 2021).
1996:
820:". In a December 2019 letter published in
777:, which premiered on January 26, 2023, on
369:A 1901 illustration of the landing of the
47:
1972:"On Recent Criticism of The 1619 Project"
4664:Race-related controversies in literature
4437:American Institute for Economic Research
4323:
4176:
3699:
3571:
3472:
3324:
3267:"How the 1619 Project Distorted History"
3155:Ellis, Nicquel Terry (January 1, 2020).
2861:
2804:
2738:
2565:
1305:sent a letter to Secretary of Education
1178:said that the 1619 Project reveals that
1114:
824:, Wilentz, along with fellow historians
434:European enslavement of Native Americans
364:
235:
4428:
3964:
3825:
3673:
3605:Magness, Phillip W. (August 26, 2019).
3604:
3436:
2771:
2532:
2490:
2319:
2313:
2283:
2281:
2243:
2052:
1930:
1580:
1545:Friedersdorf, Conor (January 6, 2020).
1472:
1044:Motivations for the American Revolution
4654:African-American-related controversies
4591:
4453:
4041:
3853:Donald J. Trump (September 6, 2020).
3798:
3674:Magness, Phillip W. (March 29, 2022).
3511:
3393:
3192:
3136:from the original on December 26, 2019
3044:from the original on December 24, 2019
3029:
2989:Silverstein, Jake (January 26, 2023).
2879:from the original on December 12, 2019
2734:
2732:
2730:
2648:from the original on December 25, 2020
2601:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2463:
2374:Neason, Alexandria (August 15, 2019).
2373:
2301:from the original on December 26, 2019
2239:
2237:
2235:
2197:
2002:
1943:from the original on December 21, 2020
1838:
1776:from the original on December 24, 2019
1761:
1727:
1011:regard 1619 as our nation's birth year
816:, who Wilentz wrote is "rendered as a
789:
269:was essential to the beginning of the
4172:
4170:
4168:
4153:from the original on October 15, 2020
4023:from the original on January 20, 2021
3997:
3979:from the original on January 20, 2021
3888:from the original on October 26, 2020
3879:
3834:from the original on February 1, 2021
3807:from the original on October 22, 2020
3735:
3637:
3572:Sandefur, Timothy (August 21, 2019).
3507:
3505:
3466:
3411:from the original on October 20, 2020
3375:from the original on October 14, 2020
3342:from the original on February 1, 2021
3306:from the original on October 15, 2020
3264:
3154:
2991:"A New Expansion of The 1619 Project"
2819:from the original on February 1, 2021
2597:
2595:
2533:Charles, J. Brian (August 19, 2019).
2445:from the original on December 7, 2019
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2164:"A New Expansion of The 1619 Project"
2105:from the original on October 14, 2020
2065:from the original on February 1, 2021
2055:"How the 1619 Project took over 2020"
2017:from the original on October 25, 2020
1984:from the original on October 18, 2020
1864:
1862:
1834:
1832:
1817:from the original on January 15, 2020
1679:from the original on January 31, 2020
1375:in Arkansas, by State Representative
1274:to develop a "patriotic" curriculum.
1208:
610:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
4483:
4460:Presents 'The 1619 Project' Onstage"
4352:Luse, Brittany (February 24, 2023).
4351:
4177:Schwartz, Sarah (February 3, 2021).
4132:
3965:Johnson, Martin (January 19, 2021).
3780:from the original on August 10, 2020
3490:from the original on October 1, 2019
3293:
3109:from the original on August 19, 2020
2786:from the original on August 21, 2019
2753:from the original on August 21, 2019
2715:from the original on January 7, 2021
2616:from the original on August 17, 2019
2580:from the original on August 20, 2019
2547:from the original on August 20, 2019
2507:from the original on August 21, 2019
2392:from the original on August 16, 2019
2278:
2266:from the original on August 19, 2019
2246:"How the 1619 Project Came Together"
1931:Butcher, Jonathan (March 16, 2020).
1709:from the original on August 17, 2019
1635:from the original on August 17, 2019
1595:from the original on August 14, 2020
1507:
1505:
956:wrote a detailed essay published in
766:The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story
748:developed in collaboration with the
716:Accompanying material and activities
332:The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story
138:The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story
4649:Historiography of the United States
4454:Mysore, Meghana (August 16, 2019).
4248:
3826:Blitzer, Ronn (September 6, 2020).
3799:Liptak, Kevin (September 6, 2020).
3586:from the original on March 14, 2020
3246:from the original on March 12, 2020
2765:
2727:
2680:from the original on August 1, 2020
2519:
2491:Tharoor, Ishaan (August 20, 2019).
2484:
2232:
2053:Ellison, Sarah (October 13, 2020).
1912:from the original on March 12, 2020
1659:"Why We Published The 1619 Project"
1581:Wilentz, Sean (November 19, 2019).
1523:from the original on August 4, 2020
421:in the English colony of Virginia.
377:is seen anchored in the background.
371:first enslaved Africans in Virginia
338:The 1619 Project: Born on the Water
13:
4391:
4317:
4165:
4084:from the original on July 30, 2020
3991:
3880:Mason, Jeff (September 17, 2020).
3750:from the original on July 27, 2020
3729:
3717:from the original on July 25, 2020
3655:from the original on July 13, 2020
3619:from the original on June 23, 2020
3553:from the original on July 13, 2020
3502:
3265:Oakes, James (December 27, 2023).
3127:
3083:from the original on July 16, 2020
3030:Serwer, Adam (December 23, 2019).
2831:
2772:Covucci, David (August 19, 2019).
2739:Asmelash, Leah (August 19, 2019).
2592:
2568:"What The 1619 Project Leaves Out"
2559:
2469:"How America Outgrew the Pilgrims"
2356:
2244:Gyarkye, Lovia (August 18, 2019).
2198:Jensen, Grace (January 10, 2024).
1859:
1829:
1762:Serwer, Adam (December 23, 2019).
1647:
1559:from the original on July 16, 2020
736:, the morning news podcast of the
724:, examining the beginnings of the
158:revisionist historiographical work
14:
4675:
4659:Virginia historical anniversaries
4532:
3865:on September 7, 2020 – via
3512:Koberg, Kelsey (March 23, 2022).
3454:from the original on May 30, 2020
3210:from the original on June 7, 2020
2602:McGirt, Ellen (August 14, 2019).
2566:Geraghty, Jim (August 20, 2019).
1728:Blight, David W. (June 9, 2021).
1502:
1490:from the original on May 30, 2020
1261:In July 2020, Republican Senator
759:In November 2021, Random House's
696:Superdome after Hurricane Katrina
21:The 1619 Project (disambiguation)
4324:Asmelash, Leah (June 10, 2021).
4114:from the original on May 4, 2020
2869:"Pulitzer Center Lesson Builder"
2849:from the original on May 6, 2020
2805:Streeter, Kurt (July 18, 2019).
2003:Pompeo, Joe (October 14, 2020).
1880:from the original on May 4, 2020
1847:from the original on May 6, 2020
1279:National Association of Scholars
997:National Association of Scholars
763:imprint published the anthology
236:question its historical accuracy
130:
119:
4519:
4366:
4345:
4278:
4242:
4206:
4126:
4096:
4042:Nobles, Ryan (April 30, 2021).
4035:
3958:
3926:
3846:
3762:
3693:
3631:
3598:
3565:
3533:
3294:Wood, Peter (October 6, 2020).
3258:
3234:"An Update to The 1619 Project"
3148:
3121:
2982:
2957:
2929:
2891:
2798:
2660:
2628:
2457:
2424:
2404:
2221:
2191:
2152:
2117:
1900:"An Update to The 1619 Project"
891:. She wrote in an editorial in
472:August 18, 2019, magazine issue
4629:Education in the United States
4404:The American Historical Review
3736:Foran, Clare (July 24, 2020).
1721:
1691:
1607:
897:that "The settlement known as
728:, written by Mary Elliott and
1:
4644:Slavery in the British Empire
4599:1619 in the Thirteen Colonies
2839:"The 1619 Project Curriculum"
1454:
1342:Pulitzer Prize for Commentary
1059:British abolitionist movement
1019:, and prompted statements by
453:, or with the arrival of the
360:
289:Pulitzer Prize for Commentary
244:in December 2019, historians
4432:The 1619 Project: A Critique
4429:Magness, Phillip W. (2020).
3774:Tom Cotton: Arkansas Senator
2320:Painter, Nell Irvin (2006).
1839:Barrus, Jeff (May 4, 2020).
1588:The New York Review of Books
1002:In an opinion column in the
952:In December 2023, historian
797:The New York Review of Books
784:
646:Tuskegee syphilis experiment
637:New Orleans massacre of 1866
7:
4552:The New York Times Magazine
4458:The New York Times Magazine
2294:The New York Times Magazine
1401:
966:
771:The New York Times Magazine
479:The New York Times Magazine
449:in 1776, which created the
447:Declaration of Independence
351:The New York Times Magazine
280:The New York Times Magazine
238:. In a letter published in
216:The New York Times Magazine
201:The New York Times Magazine
16:2019 New York Times project
10:
4680:
4585:." Pulitzer Center (2020).
2381:Columbia Journalism Review
1122:Columbia Journalism Review
1070:America's Founding Fathers
592:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
439:
380:
205:It focused on subjects of
18:
2386:Columbia University Press
1730:"The Fog of History Wars"
1394:and again in 2022 by the
1331:
1159:New History of Capitalism
919:In March 2020, historian
726:transatlantic slave trade
628:Emancipation Proclamation
355:Creative Arts Emmy Awards
265:the project's claim that
114:
109:
101:
89:
84:
74:
66:
58:
46:
35:
30:
4512:
4077:World Socialist Web Site
2204:Docuseries Wins an Emmy"
1379:in Iowa, and by Senator
1315:World Socialist Web Site
894:The St. Augustine Record
417:, making its landing at
399:operating under a Dutch
209:and the founding of the
2708:The Heritage Foundation
2328:Oxford University Press
1937:The Heritage Foundation
1876:. Columbia University.
1355:
1268:Department of Education
1125:and by Ellen McGirt in
1033:New York Times Magazine
746:1619 Project Curriculum
389:first enslaved Africans
4634:Historical revisionism
4560:(2019 August–October).
4400:The 1619 Project Forum
3703:(September 27, 2019).
3476:(September 13, 2019).
2711:. September 26, 2020.
1444:Historical revisionism
1259:
1236:". Republican Senator
1206:
1101:Dunmore's Proclamation
1088:after the revolution.
899:San Miguel de Gualdape
881:Colonial United States
540:Khalil Gibran Muhammad
378:
188:. It was developed by
155:long-form journalistic
4581:July 7, 2021, at the
3330:"The 1619 Chronicles"
2644:. December 21, 2020.
2467:(November 25, 2020).
1803:(December 20, 2019).
1657:(December 20, 2019).
1340:was awarded the 2020
1294:on January 20, 2021.
1277:In October 2020, the
1254:
1244:, in an interview on
1201:
1115:Journalistic reaction
866:sent a letter to the
588:Reginald Dwayne Betts
381:Further information:
368:
53:The 1619 Project logo
4571:(December 20, 2019).
4288:(November 9, 2021).
4133:Sullivan, Margaret.
4001:(January 20, 2021).
3440:(January 22, 2020).
3397:(October 13, 2020).
2906:Penguin Random House
2162:(January 26, 2023).
2133:. January 23, 2020.
2091:(October 12, 2020).
1970:(October 16, 2020).
1519:. January 26, 2020.
1517:History News Network
1476:(January 22, 2020).
1434:Critical race theory
1392:critical race theory
1283:Pulitzer Prize Board
1051:Princeton University
341:by Hannah-Jones and
79:Long-form journalism
4256:The Washington Post
4108:The Pulitzer Prizes
3914:on October 25, 2020
3641:(October 7, 2019).
3549:. August 20, 2019.
3442:"A Matter of Facts"
3328:(October 9, 2020).
3169:on February 1, 2021
3069:(January 6, 2020).
3067:Friedersdorf, Conor
2500:The Washington Post
2438:The Washington Post
2420:. February 8, 2019.
2326:. Oxford, England:
2297:. August 14, 2019.
1874:The Pulitzer Prizes
1843:. Pulitzer Center.
1705:. August 16, 2019.
1623:. August 14, 2019.
1478:"A Matter of Facts"
1338:Nikole Hannah-Jones
1297:On April 30, 2021,
1176:Victor Davis Hanson
1139:The Washington Post
982:The Washington Post
806:American Revolution
790:Historical accuracy
664:Black Panther Party
601:Gabriel's Rebellion
552:Nikole Hannah-Jones
492:Nikole Hannah-Jones
345:. In January 2023,
271:American Revolution
190:Nikole Hannah-Jones
170:American Revolution
41:Nikole Hannah-Jones
4639:The New York Times
4619:2019 introductions
4614:2019 short stories
4421:The New York Times
4295:The New York Times
4249:Strauss, Valerie.
4220:The New York Times
4008:The New York Times
3404:The New York Times
3335:The New York Times
3239:The New York Times
3232:(March 11, 2020).
2996:The New York Times
2965:"The 1619 Project"
2812:The New York Times
2289:"The 1619 Project"
2251:The New York Times
2228:Television Academy
2169:The New York Times
2130:The New York Times
1977:The New York Times
1908:. March 11, 2020.
1905:The New York Times
1810:The New York Times
1664:The New York Times
1620:The New York Times
1615:"The 1619 Project"
1209:Political reaction
1199:. Magness stated:
1197:Zora Neale Hurston
1180:The New York Times
1107:as interpreted by
1064:Somerset v Stewart
977:Conor Friedersdorf
910:Kathleen A. Deagan
864:American Civil War
830:James M. McPherson
822:The New York Times
775:"The 1619 Project"
682:Rev. Jesse Jackson
655:Sgt. Isaac Woodard
651:Jacqueline Woodson
554:and Wadzanai Mhute
393:colony of Virginia
379:
327:The New York Times
300:The New York Times
250:James M. McPherson
241:The New York Times
195:The New York Times
95:The New York Times
31:"The 1619 Project"
4624:Magazine articles
4446:978-1-63069-201-8
4286:Silverstein, Jake
3999:Shear, Michael D.
3952:National Archives
3942:. January 1, 2021
3861:). Archived from
3776:. July 23, 2020.
3483:New York Magazine
3230:Silverstein, Jake
3196:(March 3, 2020).
3194:Harris, Leslie M.
2945:. August 18, 2021
2904:. New York City:
2676:. March 9, 2020.
2384:. New York City:
2160:Silverstein, Jake
1968:Silverstein, Jake
1801:Silverstein, Jake
1655:Silverstein, Jake
1381:Angela Burks Hill
1348:In October 2020,
1097:southern colonies
1023:executive editor
889:Thirteen Colonies
818:white supremacist
686:rainbow coalition
528:Jeneen Interlandi
411:Kingdom of Ndongo
258:Victoria E. Bynum
148:
147:
144:
143:
4671:
4544:
4543:
4541:Official website
4526:
4523:
4508:
4480:
4467:
4450:
4425:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4174:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3635:
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3628:
3626:
3624:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3474:Sullivan, Andrew
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3434:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3190:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3165:. Archived from
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3027:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2901:The 1619 Project
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2736:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2530:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2496:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2371:
2354:
2353:
2317:
2311:
2310:
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1217:praised it in a
1172:the Constitution
1037:Jake Silverstein
1029:A. G. Sulzberger
1014:
940:
921:Leslie M. Harris
852:
847:Jake Silverstein
794:In an essay for
671:on the birth of
583:Phillis Wheatley
570:Yusef Komunyakaa
484:Jake Silverstein
401:letter of marque
313:
296:Leslie M. Harris
277:, the editor of
275:Jake Silverstein
174:Founding Fathers
162:American history
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4477:Pulitzer Center
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1303:Mitch McConnell
1272:1776 Commission
1233:
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1154:National Review
1135:Andrew Sullivan
1117:
1105:Edward Rutledge
1086:abolish slavery
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885:Flagler College
850:
814:Abraham Lincoln
792:
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706:Matthew Desmond
624:Darryl Pinckney
619:Black Seminoles
574:Crispus Attucks
534:Bryan Stevenson
504:Linda Villarosa
498:Matthew Desmond
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1319:New York Times
1307:Miguel Cardona
1210:
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