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thatch on the surface around a chimney. Fires can also begin when sparks or flames work their way through a degraded chimney and ignite the surrounding semi-charred thatch. This can be avoided by ensuring that the chimney is in good condition, which may involve stripping thatch immediately surrounding the chimney to the full depth of the stack. This can easily be done without stripping thatch over the entire roof. Insurance premiums on thatched houses are higher than average in part because of the perception that thatched roofs are a fire hazard, but also because a thatch fire can cause extensive smoke damage and a thatched roof is more expensive to replace than a standard tiled or slate roof. Workmen should never use open flame near thatch, and nothing should be burnt that could fly up the chimney and ignite the surface of the thatch.
308:, such as the former Maya civilization, Mesoamerica, the Inca empire, and the Triple Alliance (Aztec), lived in thatched buildings. It is common to spot thatched buildings in rural areas of the YucatĂĄn Peninsula as well as many settlements in other parts of Latin America, which closely resemble the method of construction from distant ancestors. The first Americans encountered by Europeans lived in structures roofed with bark or skin set in panels that could be added or removed for ventilation, heating, and cooling. Evidence of the many complex buildings with fiber-based roofing material was not rediscovered until the early 2000s. French and British settlers built temporary thatched dwellings with local vegetation as soon as they arrived in New France and New England, but covered more permanent houses with wooden shingles.
653:
758:, remains the most widely used reference book on the techniques used for thatching. The thickness of a layer of thatch decreases over time as the surface gradually turns to compost and is blown off the roof by wind and rain. Thatched roofs generally need replacement when the horizontal wooden 'sways' and hair-pin 'spars', also known as 'gads' (twisted hazel staples) that fix each course become visible near the surface. It is not total depth of the thatch within a new layer applied to a new roof that determines its longevity, but rather how much thatch covers the fixings of each overlapping course. âA roof is as good as the amount of correctly laid thatch covering the fixings.â
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493:(2.1 m) thick on very old buildings. The straw is bundled into "yelms" before it is taken up to the roof and then is attached using staples, known as "spars", made from twisted hazel sticks. Over 250 roofs in Southern England have base coats of thatch that were applied over 500 years ago, providing direct evidence of the types of materials that were used for thatching in the medieval period. Almost all of these roofs are thatched with wheat, rye, or a "maslin" mixture of both. Medieval wheat grew to almost 6 feet (1.8 m) tall in very poor soils and produced durable straw for the roof and grain for baking bread.
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301:) was probably used to cover shelters and primitive dwellings in Europe in the late Palaeolithic period, but so far no direct archaeological evidence for this has been recovered. People probably began to use straw in the Neolithic period when they first grew cerealsâbut once again, no direct archaeological evidence of straw for thatching in Europe prior to the early medieval period survives.
504:
1960sâ70s also weakened straw and reduced its longevity. Since the 1980s, however, there has been a big increase in straw quality as specialist growers have returned to growing older, tall-stemmed, "heritage" varieties of wheat such as
Squareheads Master (1880), N59 (1959), Rampton Rivet (1937), Victor (1910) and April Bearded (early 1800s) in low input/organic conditions.
511:(with many amendments) for an individual or organisation to give, trade or sell seed of an older variety of wheat (or any other agricultural crop) to a third party for growing purposes, subject to a significant fine. Because of this legislation, thatchers in the UK can no longer obtain top quality thatching straw grown from traditional, tall-stemmed varieties of wheat.
523:, China and South Africa. Water reed might last for 50 years or more on a steep roof in a dry climate, modern imported water reed on an average roof in England, when thatched by a proficient craftsman, is more likely to last roughly 40 years. The lifespan of a thatched roof also depends on the skill of the thatcher, but other factors must be consideredâsuch as
954:
on a dry June night in 1613 when a burning wad of cloth ejected from a special effects cannon during a performance set light to the surface of the thatch. The nearby Rose
Theatre was actually thatched with cereal straw, a sample of which was recovered by Museum of London archaeologists during the excavation of the site in the 1980s.
117:. Thatch is still employed by builders in developing countries, usually with low-cost local vegetation. By contrast, in some developed countries it is the choice of some affluent people who desire a rustic look for their home, would like a more ecologically friendly roof, or who have purchased an originally thatched abode.
1262:
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Some thatched roofs in the UK are extremely old and preserve evidence of traditional materials and methods that had long been lost. In northern
Britain this evidence is often preserved beneath corrugated sheet materials and frequently comes to light during the development of smaller rural properties.
953:
is one of the few thatched buildings in London, but the Globe's modern, water reed thatch is purely for decorative purpose and actually lies over a fully waterproofed roof built with modern materials. The Globe
Theatre, opened in 1997, was modelled on the original Globe, which was destroyed by a fire
961:
outlawed the use of thatched roofs in the colony for this reason. Thatch is lighter than most other roofing materials, typically around 34 kg/m (7 lb/sq ft), so the roof supporting it does not need to be so heavily constructed, but if snow accumulates on a lightly constructed thatched
929:
Thatched houses are harder to insure because of the perceived fire risk. In the UK, 50â80 thatched roofs are destroyed in house fires yearly. Because thatching is labour-intensive, it is much more expensive to thatch a roof than to cover it with slate or tiles. Birds can damage a roof while they are
744:
Unlike conventional roof coverings, thatch has a maintenance cycle in the UK of 12â15 years. At this time, the ridge will need to be replaced and any other works to the main body of a roof can be undertaken. Rethatching takes place when the coat work has eroded to such an extent that fixings which
877:
Thatch has some natural properties that are advantageous to its performance. It is naturally weather-resistant, and when properly maintained does not absorb a lot of water. There should not be a significant increase to roof weight due to water retention. A roof pitch of at least 50 degrees allows
327:
Gradually, thatch became a mark of poverty, and the number of thatched properties gradually declined, as did the number of professional thatchers. Thatch has become much more popular in the UK over the past 30 years, and is now a symbol of wealth rather than poverty. There are approximately 1,000
323:
made other materials readily available. Still, the number of thatched properties actually increased in the UK during the mid-1800s as agriculture expanded, but then declined again at the end of the 19th century because of agricultural recession and rural depopulation. A 2013 report estimated that
777:
Thatch is not as flammable as many people believe. It burns slowly, "like a closed book," thatchers say. The vast majority of fires are linked to the use of wood burners and faulty chimneys with degraded or poorly installed or maintained flues. Sparks from paper or burned rubbish can ignite dry
786:
On new buildings, a solid fire retardant barrier over the rafters can make the thatch sacrificial in case of fire. If fireboards are used, they require a ventilation gap between boarding and thatch so that the roof can breathe, as condensation can be a significant problem in thin, single layer
514:
All evidence indicates that water reed was rarely used for thatching outside of East Anglia. It has traditionally been a "one coat" material applied in a similar way to how it is used in continental Europe. Weathered reed is usually stripped and replaced by a new layer. It takes 4â5 acres of
503:
significantly affected the popularity of thatching. The availability of good quality thatching straw declined in
England after the introduction of the combine harvester in the late 1930s and 1940s, and the release of short-stemmed wheat varieties. Increasing use of nitrogen fertiliser in the
492:
and over 150,000 in the
Netherlands. Good quality straw thatch can last for more than 50 years when applied by a skilled thatcher. Traditionally, a new layer of straw was simply applied over the weathered surface, and this "spar coating" tradition has created accumulations of thatch over 7â
782:
usually cause more harm than good, as they are easily blocked and reduce air flow. All thatched roofs should have smoke detectors in the roof space. Spray-on fire retardant or pressure impregnated fire retardants can reduce the spread of flame and radiated heat output.
745:
hold the thatch material in place become visible on the surface of a roof. Each roof is subject to its own specific conditions and will weather according to many outside influences - the skill of the thatcher being an important aspect affecting longevity.
1001:
have funded several research projects into thatching techniques and these have revealed a wide range of materials including broom, heather, rushes, cereals, bracken, turf and clay and highlighted significant regional variation.
515:
well-managed reed bed to produce enough reed to thatch an average house, and large reed beds have been uncommon in most of
England since the Anglo-Saxon period. Over 80% of the water reed used in the UK is now imported from
881:
Thatch is also a natural insulator, and air pockets within straw thatch insulate a building in both warm and cold weather. A thatched roof ensures that a building is cool in summer and warm in winter.
962:
roof, it could collapse. A thatched roof is usually pitched between 45 and 55 degrees and under normal circumstances this is sufficient to shed snow and water. In areas of extreme snowfall, such as
887:
Thatching materials range from plains grasses to waterproof leaves found in equatorial regions. It is the most common roofing material in the world, because the materials are readily available.
957:
Whether thatch can cope with regular snowfall depends â as with all roofing materials â on the strength of the underlying roof structure and the pitch of the surface. A law passed in 1640 in
328:
full-time thatchers at work in the UK, and thatching is becoming popular again because of the renewed interest in preserving historic buildings and using more sustainable building materials.
1739:
Walker, B, McGregor, C.& Stark, G 1996 Thatches and
Thatching Techniques: A guide to conserving Scottish Thatching Traditions. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland Technical Advice Note 4.
1404:
1748:
Holden, T G 2010 Thatch, in
Jenkins, M ed. The Traditional Building Materials of Scotland Building Scotland: Celebrating Scotlandâs Traditional Buildings Materials. Historic Scotland
1828:
1476:
Jonathan
Dickinson's Journal or, God's Protecting Providence. Being the Narrative of a Journey from Port Royal in Jamaica to Philadelphia between August 23, 1696 to April 1, 1697
105:, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. Since the bulk of the vegetation stays dry and is densely packedâtrapping airâthatching also functions as
311:
In most of England, thatch remained the only roofing material available to the bulk of the population in the countryside, in many towns and villages, until the late 1800s.
488:
Thatch is popular in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, parts of France, Sicily, Belgium and Ireland. There are more than 60,000 thatched roofs in the
695:
438:
600:
1298:
Sedemsky, Matt (Nov 30, 2003), "Low-Tech Building Craze Hits Hawaii; Indigenous Thatched-Roof Hale Once Out of Favor, Now Seen as Status Symbol on the Islands",
679:
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thatch. Condensation is much less of a problem on thick straw roofs, which also provide much better insulation since they do not need to be ventilated.
365:
1066:
469:
1820:
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Thatching methods have traditionally been passed down from generation to generation and numerous descriptions of the materials and methods used in
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Thatch is a versatile material when it comes to covering irregular roof structures. This fact lends itself to the use of second-hand,
381:
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406:
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there were 60,000 properties in the UK with a thatched roof; they are usually made of long straw, combed wheat reed or water reed.
1853:
1520:
667:
1277:
1836:
1542:
640:
400:
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can be a problem if very thick, but is not usually detrimental, and many species of moss are actually protective.
222:, thatchers combine fan palm leaf roofs with layered reed walls. Feathered palm leaf roofs are used in Dominica.
1941:
1766:
Holden, T G 2012 Moirlanich Longhouse, Killin: Changing techniques in thatching. Vernacular Building 35, 39-47.
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precipitation to travel quickly down slope so that it runs off the roof before it can penetrate the structure.
842:
1224:
1185:
Thomson, Lex AJ; Englberger, Lois; Guarino, Luigi; Thaman, RR; Elevitch, Craig R (2006). "Pandanus tectorius (
1884:
1670:
2553:
1150:
444:
1775:
Holden, T G and Walker, B 2013 Sunnybrae Cottage, Pitlochry. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland Research report.
1757:
Holden, T G 1998 The Archaeology of Scottish Thatch. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland Technical Advice Note 13
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they are set to increase and some house builders are meeting the demand for new homes with thatched roofs.
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2543:
1919:
1010:
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https://www.riet.com/media/vfr/leden/downloads/rapporten/De%20Nederlandse%20rietdekmarkt%2020-5-2010.pdf
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are abundant, palm leaves are used to thatch walls and roofs. Many species of palm trees are called "
827:
2588:
2485:
1165:
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949:, and existing roofs had to have their surfaces plastered to reduce the risk of fire. The modern
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39:
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1671:"Florilegium urbanum - Physical fabric - Regulations for building construction and fire safety"
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17:
1648:
2147:
2017:
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179:
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Smoke Blackened Thatch: a unique source of late medieval plant remains from Southern England
2057:
2032:
1478:, Florida Classics Library (reprint ed.), New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 11
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8:
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The performance of thatch depends on roof shape and design, pitch of roof, positionâits
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1914:
1807:
Devon Thatch: An Illustrated History of Thatching and Thatched Buildings in Devon
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Because thatch is lighter, less timber is required in the roof that supports it.
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Thatch also has very good resistance to wind damage when applied correctly.
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1992:
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foraging for grubs, and rodents are attracted by residual grain in straw.
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230:) thatched roofs are used in Hawaii and Bali. In Southeast Asia, mangrove
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over the past three centuries survive in archives and early publications.
45:
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In some equatorial countries, thatch is the prevalent local material for
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58:
35:
1904:
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1971:
1331:
Moir, J; Letts, John (1999), "Thatch: Thatching in England 1790â1940",
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2012:
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816:
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1977:
1953:
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Andrews, Charles Mclean; Andrews, Evangeline Walker, eds. (1981) ,
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The Indonesian Town Revisited, Volume 1 of Southeast Asian dynamics
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320:
110:
1793:, Reading & London: University of Reading and English Heritage
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1829:
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
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New thatched roofs were forbidden in London in 1212 following a
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1997:
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921:, but need not fit exact standard dimensions to perform well.
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2052:
2047:
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2007:
1987:
1144:
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259:
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803:âthe quality of material and the expertise of the thatcher.
109:. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both
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710:
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606:
Grassland with thatching grass on Imba Abba Salama Mt. in
538:", or have "thatch" as part of their common names. In the
218:
Palm leaves are also often used. For example, in Na Bure,
1950:
1005:
More recent examples include the Moirlanich Longhouse,
1868:"Thatching in West Europe, from Asturias to Iceland",
542:, Native and pioneer houses were often constructed of
1441:, The COHT (Conservation of Historic Thatch Committee
2212:
1572:, UK: The East Anglia Master Thatchers Association,
739:
1494:, Miami: University of Miami Press, pp. 53â4,
1311:
1309:
234:leaves are used as thatched roof material known as
673:Outside layer of moss and lichen growing on thatch
128:roof in one of the few reconstructed buildings of
1590:"Tried and trusted thatch still comes out on top"
1013:(rye, bracken & turf) and Sunnybrae Cottage,
250:, is also used as thatching material, usually in
155:. There are diverse building techniques from the
2535:
1306:
1192:Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry
30:"Thatch" redirects here. For the racehorse, see
1244:
1858:, UK: Battley Brothers Limited, archived from
1473:
1397:"Magical thatched homes that will enchant you"
1067:Historic Villages of Shirakawa-gĆ and Gokayama
258:leaf roofs are used in Kikuyu tribal homes in
1935:
917:and natural materials that are not only more
527:, quality of materials, and the roof pitch.
315:began in 1820, and the mobility provided by
1326:
1324:
845:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1942:
1928:
634:Bundling technique used in straw thatching
1516:Thatching from the Bayleaf Palm of Belize
1330:
1202:: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).
865:Learn how and when to remove this message
558:are still thatched with palmetto leaves.
1321:
1297:
1153:the largest thatch roof in the world in
984:
973:
932:
889:
765:
479:
463:
447:the largest thatch roof in the world in
340:Thatch works on a house in Mecklenburg,
188:
119:
44:
1819:
1617:"No job too big or small for thatching"
1063:e pallozas, Asturias and Galicia, Spain
484:Korean traditional straw thatched house
14:
2536:
1805:Cox, Jo and Thorp, John R. L. (2001).
1489:
313:Commercial distribution of Welsh slate
1923:
1874:, Europa nostra, 2011, archived from
1788:
1702:Unpublished photos and sample records
1436:
1379:
1315:
646:Inside view of a straw-thatched house
1717:. Addicted to Travel. Archived from
1681:from the original on 26 October 2017
1587:
1439:Growing Straw for Thatching: a guide
843:adding citations to reliable sources
810:
1886:Thatching with Green Broom in Spain
1251:. LIT Verlag MĂŒnster. p. 215.
24:
1799:
966:, the pitch is increased further.
507:In the UK it is illegal under the
25:
2600:
1956:designs and semi-permanent human
1846:
1699:
1523:from the original on June 8, 2007
1492:Pioneer Life in Southeast Florida
1407:from the original on 2 April 2018
1147:A thatching material from willows
740:Maintenance in temperate climates
705:, or black sugar palm fibres, at
306:indigenous people of the Americas
34:. For the aircraft maneuver, see
2515:
2504:
2503:
2215:
2206:
1265:from the original on 2017-03-13.
1209:from the original on 2012-10-21.
1189:)". In Elevitch, Craig R (ed.).
924:
902:. The combination of thatch and
815:
717:
694:
678:
666:
651:
639:
627:
615:
599:
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509:Plant Variety and Seeds Act 1964
470:historic village of Shirakawa-go
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364:
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333:
1782:
1769:
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1751:
1742:
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1707:
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1663:
1637:
1609:
1588:Bond, Rachel (March 20, 2004).
1581:
1576:from the original on 2011-08-31
1560:
1535:
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1462:from the original on 2012-01-11
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1227:from the original on 2014-02-01
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989:Section through the thatch at
969:
790:
622:A closeup of English thatching
13:
1:
1905:Devon County Council (2003).
1171:
906:is quite common in that area.
806:
1823:(2010). "Chapter 5: Roofs".
1645:"Thatching Advisory Service"
1151:The House of the Five Senses
978:Excavation of the thatch at
685:Thatching by hay for making
496:Technological change in the
468:Straw-thatched house at the
445:The House of the Five Senses
162:shelter made from the local
75:with dry vegetation such as
7:
1282:, Polynesia, archived from
1089:
1024:
1011:National Trust for Scotland
459:
71:is the craft of building a
10:
2605:
1715:"Winter Japan at its Best"
1569:The Thatch & Thatching
1490:Pierce, Charles W (1970),
1198:(1.1 ed.). HĆlualoa,
540:southeastern United States
242:, the black fibres of the
135:
29:
2499:
2423:
2333:
2280:
2232:
2204:
1964:
1809:. Tiverton: Devon Books.
1352:"Cotswold Thatched Roofs"
1110:Thatched cottage orné in
1021:(rye, broom & turf).
658:Thatched roof with snow,
371:Thatched cottages in the
2559:Sustainable technologies
2193:Wigwam, wickiup and wetu
1889:, Thatch, archived from
1245:Peter J. M. Nas (2003).
299:Schoenoplectus lacustris
265:Wild vegetation such as
208:are thatched with black
2486:Vernacular architecture
1166:Covering (construction)
1122:Vernacular architecture
387:Thatched roof house in
254:roofs and meru towers.
53:(The Williams Arms) at
40:Thatch (disambiguation)
1384:(unpublished ed.)
993:
982:
942:
907:
774:
701:Thatched roof made of
485:
477:
355:Fishermen's Church in
215:
132:
65:
38:. For other uses, see
2013:ClochĂĄn (beehive hut)
1789:Letts, John (2000) ,
1551:: HCT, archived from
1333:Research Transactions
1055:Roundhouse (dwelling)
988:
977:
936:
893:
769:
483:
467:
359:municipality, Germany
192:
184:Heteropogon contortus
123:
48:
2058:Icelandic turf house
1965:Traditional immobile
1855:The Thatcher's Craft
1831:. pp. 145â203.
1437:Letts, John (2007),
1380:Letts, John (2008),
1108:Swiss cottage, Cahir
991:Moirlanich Longhouse
980:Moirlanich Longhouse
839:improve this section
770:River houses on the
754:The Thatcher's Craft
271:Phragmites australis
2554:Energy conservation
1651:on 25 December 2012
1595:The Daily Telegraph
1300:The Washington Post
1057:, Iron Age European
1039:, Scotland, Ireland
474:World Heritage Site
409:Breton cottages at
228:Imperata cylindrica
168:Cordyline fruticosa
2574:Thatched buildings
2544:Building materials
2491:Village des Bories
2233:Traditional mobile
1913:2016-03-04 at the
1358:. 20 February 2013
1339:, English Heritage
1221:"Welcome to nginx"
1104:, depiction in art
994:
983:
943:
908:
894:Farm-house in the
775:
546:-leaf thatch. The
486:
478:
425:Thatched roofs in
413:, Brittany, France
216:
176:Pandanus tectorius
133:
124:Inside view of an
115:temperate climates
66:
2579:Roofing materials
2549:Natural materials
2531:
2530:
2431:Cabanes du Breuil
1825:The Welsh Cottage
1622:Irish Independent
1019:Historic Scotland
999:Historic Scotland
875:
874:
867:
357:Born auf dem DarĂ
287:Cytisus scoparius
193:The multi-tiered
32:Thatching (horse)
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1721:on 28 March 2012
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2424:Related topics
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1983:Beehive house
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1893:on 2011-09-28
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:on 2011-08-15
1877:
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1872:
1866:
1862:on 2015-05-01
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1700:Letts, John,
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1555:on 2012-01-11
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1501:0-87024-163-X
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1356:Cotswold Life
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1286:on 2009-07-26
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1258:9783825860387
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1009:owned by the
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959:Massachusetts
955:
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951:Globe Theatre
948:
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925:Disadvantages
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824:This section
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727:thatching at
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103:palm branches
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64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2521:
2509:
2476:Transhumance
2470:
2408:Mountain hut
2371:Jamesway hut
2270:Ger district
2265:Yurt and ger
2133:Quiggly hole
2088:Menstruation
1906:
1895:, retrieved
1891:the original
1885:
1876:the original
1870:
1860:the original
1854:
1824:
1806:
1790:
1783:Bibliography
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1709:
1701:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1674:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1553:the original
1543:
1537:
1525:, retrieved
1515:
1509:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1454:
1448:
1438:
1432:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1360:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1336:
1332:
1299:
1293:
1284:the original
1278:
1271:
1247:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1215:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1131:cottage orné
1071:
1004:
995:
956:
944:
928:
912:
909:
886:
883:
880:
876:
861:
852:
837:Please help
825:
794:
785:
776:
762:Flammability
753:
747:
743:
702:
587:
582:A thatching
529:
513:
506:
495:
487:
411:Plougoumelen
389:Kilmore Quay
326:
310:
303:
298:
294:
290:
289:), heather (
286:
278:
270:
264:
247:
227:
217:
209:
183:
175:
167:
159:
151:, and often
146:
139:
130:Machu Picchu
88:
68:
67:
27:Type of roof
2461:Stilt house
2413:Winter room
2393:Twynham hut
2366:Quonset hut
2028:Earth lodge
1725:7 September
1519:, Palomar,
1455:Legislation
1401:www.msn.com
1362:11 December
1159:Netherlands
1155:Kaatsheuvel
1098:, for lawns
970:Archaeology
919:sustainable
896:Netherlands
791:Performance
610:, Ethiopia
590:) field in
584:silvergrass
564:East Africa
536:thatch palm
453:Netherlands
449:Kaatsheuvel
277:/cat tail (
238:. In Bali,
224:Alang-alang
195:Meru towers
59:North Devon
49:A thatched
36:Thach weave
2538:Categories
2481:Tree house
2378:Romney hut
2361:Nissen hut
2351:Hopper hut
2290:Beach fale
2148:Roundhouse
1974:(Nipa hut)
1972:Bahay kubo
1897:2011-09-23
1316:Letts 2000
1276:"Houses",
1231:2014-02-01
1172:References
1096:Dethatcher
1045:, Seminole
1037:Blackhouse
947:major fire
904:roof tiles
807:Advantages
801:topography
772:River Kwai
689:at Kolkata
588:Miscanthus
556:Miccosukee
373:sand dunes
267:water reed
256:Sugar cane
244:sugar palm
180:pili grass
107:insulation
81:water reed
2471:Thatching
2341:Beach hut
2198:Zemlyanka
2178:Tongkonan
2168:Sod house
2118:Pit-house
2078:Log cabin
1017:owned by
1015:Pitlochry
855:July 2023
826:does not
797:geography
608:Haddinnet
594:, Denmark
375:, Denmark
319:and then
297:spp. and
246:, called
240:Indonesia
232:nipa palm
164:ti leaves
69:Thatching
2510:Category
2388:Slab hut
2383:Rondavel
2356:Iris hut
2346:Hexayurt
2282:Open-air
2163:Shieling
2143:Rondavel
2138:Quinzhee
1978:Barabara
1958:shelters
1954:dwelling
1911:Archived
1679:Archived
1655:10 March
1629:June 29,
1601:June 29,
1574:archived
1521:archived
1460:archived
1458:, 1964,
1405:Archived
1263:Archived
1225:Archived
1204:Archived
1187:Pandanus
1090:See also
1085:, France
1083:Brittany
1079:Normandy
1051:, Mexico
1025:Examples
941:, Africa
915:recycled
733:Scotland
729:Culloden
592:Sandager
552:Seminole
548:chickees
544:palmetto
501:industry
476:in Japan
460:Material
431:Ethiopia
321:railways
111:tropical
2564:Cereals
2315:Pergola
2300:Chickee
2260:Yaranga
2113:Palloza
1527:June 4,
1139:England
1116:Ireland
1043:Chickee
939:Lesotho
900:Alkmaar
847:removed
832:sources
725:Heather
707:Besakih
687:Pandals
550:of the
525:climate
498:farming
393:Ireland
342:Germany
281:spp.),
275:bulrush
214:fibres.
199:Besakih
197:of the
172:lauhala
136:History
99:heather
63:England
55:Wrafton
2522:Portal
2334:Modern
2325:Toguna
2320:Ramada
2310:Palapa
2305:Gazebo
2295:Cabana
2183:Trullo
2173:Sukkah
2128:Qarmaq
2093:Mitato
2083:Maloca
2043:Goahti
2023:Dugout
2018:Crotto
1998:Burdei
1993:Bunong
1835:
1813:
1544:Thatch
1498:
1382:Survey
1255:
1061:Teitos
1049:Palapa
1007:Killin
756:, 1960
517:Turkey
427:Kerene
407:Cahire
317:canals
295:Juncus
252:temple
202:temple
142:Europe
95:rushes
18:Thatch
2569:Roofs
2446:Shack
2245:Lavvu
2188:Tukul
2123:Qargi
2073:Kapar
2068:Jacal
2063:Igloo
2053:Humpy
2048:Hogan
2038:Girna
2033:Funco
2008:Cleit
1988:Bothy
1685:6 May
1411:6 May
1207:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
1145:Withy
1135:Devon
1112:Cahir
898:near
660:Japan
566:uses
532:palms
304:Many
283:broom
279:Typha
260:Kenya
178:) or
153:walls
149:roofs
101:, or
85:sedge
77:straw
2466:Tent
2451:Shed
2255:Tipi
2240:Chum
2153:Ruka
2108:Orri
2003:Bure
1833:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1727:2011
1687:2018
1657:2013
1631:2024
1603:2024
1529:2007
1496:ISBN
1413:2018
1364:2018
1279:Fiji
1253:ISBN
830:any
828:cite
799:and
749:Moss
711:Bali
703:ijuk
554:and
472:, a
248:ijuk
220:Fiji
211:ijuk
206:Bali
160:hale
126:Inca
113:and
73:roof
2103:Oca
1951:Hut
1133:in
841:by
562:in
273:),
204:in
186:).
170:),
93:),
51:pub
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1549:UK
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1200:HI
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