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is also used as a decorative attire and ornamentation, and as a boundary markers. It is common for the red and green cultivars to be used differently in rituals. Red ti plants commonly symbolize blood, war, and the ties between the living and the dead; while green ti plants commonly symbolize peace and healing. Their ritual uses in Island
Southeast Asia have largely been obscured by the introduction of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity, but they still persist in certain areas or are co-opted for the rituals of the new religions.
79:
1282:
974:, ti leaves are worn as everyday skirts by women. The color and size of leaves can vary by personal preference and fashion. New cultivars with different colors are traded regularly and strands of ti are grown near the village. Red leaves can only worn by women past puberty. Ti is also the most important plant in magic and healing rituals of the Maenge. Some ti cultivars are associated with supernatural spirits and have names and folklore around them. In
683:
894:, red ti plants are used in rituals and as decorations of ritual objects. They are believed to occur in both the material and the spirit worlds (a common belief in Austronesian animism). In the spirit world, they exist as fins and tails of spirits. In the material world, they are most useful as guides used to attract the attentions of spirits. The red leaves are also symbolic of blood and thus of life and vitality. Among the
919:, they are believed to house "red spirits" (spirits of men who died in battle). Prior to a highly ritualized (but lethal) warfare over land ownership, they are uprooted and pigs are sacrificed to the spirits. After the hostilities, they are re-planted in the new land boundaries depending on the outcome of the fight. The men involved ritually place their souls into the plants. The ritual warfare have been suppressed by the
474:
818:, it is planted around terraces and communities to drive away evil spirits as well as mark boundaries of cultivated fields. The red leaves are believed to be attractive to spirits and is worn during important rituals as part of the headdresses and tucked into armbands. In the past, it was also worn during ceremonial dances called
1043:), and in grave sites. The leaves are also carried as a charm when traveling and the leaves are used in rituals that communicate with the species. Like in Southeast Asia, they are widely believed to protect against evil spirits and bad luck; as well as having the ability to host spirits of dead people, as well as nature spirits.
1838:
931:, believed as having arisen from the site of the first murder. Among the Mendi and Sulka people they are made into dyes used as body paint, and their leaves are used for body adornments and purification rituals. Among the Nikgini people, the leaves have magical abilities to bring good luck and are used in
781:
by humans, not so much for its food value (although some forms are edible) but mainly for socio-cultural reasons. It is widely regarded as having mystical and spiritual importance in various cultures. It is common planted on grave sites, used in magical and ritual practices, including for healing. It
1015:
to ward of malign sorcery. In instances of an unknown death, shamans in
Micronesia communicate with the dead spirit through ti plants, naming various causes of death until the plant trembles. There is also archaeological evidence that the rhizomes of the plants were eaten in the past in
1854:
858:, red ti are used as wards against evil spirits and as boundary markers. They are also used in rituals like in healing and funerals and are very commonly planted in sacred groves and around shrines. The Dayak also extract a natural green dye from ti. During healing rituals of the
939:, ti plants are regarded as magical plants and are believed to be spiritual beings themselves. Unlike other magical plants which are controlled by other spirits, ti plants had their own spirits and are powerful enough to command other spiritual beings. Red plants are used in
1222:
970:, red ti are associated with feuding and vengeance, while green ti are associated with ancestor spirits, markers of sacred groves, and wards against evil. The Kwaio cultivate these varieties around their communities. Among the Maenge people of
915:, ti are commonly planted to indicate land ownership for cultivation and are also planted around ceremonial men's houses. They are also used in various rituals and are commonly associated with blood and warfare. Among the
1158:
776:
It has many uses but it is most notable as one of the most important plants related to the indigenous socio-cultural practices of the
Pacific and Island Southeast-Asia. In particular, it was propagated throughout the
1995:. Social Practices, Rituals and Festive Events. International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHCAP). Archived from
747:
at their furthest extent. A particularly important type of ti in eastern
Polynesia is a large green-leafed cultivar grown for their enlarged edible rhizomes. Unlike the ti populations in Southeast Asia and
1323:
The roots and young leaves can be cooked and eaten as survival food. The leaves can make a rain cloak. The plants are also widely used for traditional medicine, dye, and ornamentation throughout
347:
with leaves 30–60 centimetres (12–24 inches) (rarely 75 cm or 30 in) long and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) wide at the top of a woody stem. It produces 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long
1004:, red ti leaves are used as skirts for dancers and are used in rituals dedicated to the spirits of the dead. They are also planted around ceremonial buildings used for initiation rituals.
1682:
1379:, is believed to have been a daring innovation of Polynesian cultures as a response to famine conditions. The lifting of the taboo is believed to be tied to the development of the
2958:
422:
902:
of ancestors. They were also important in ritual promises dedicated to high gods. They were regarded as symbolic of the masculine "Tree of Life", in a dichotomy against
1365:, and their rhizomes harvested and processed into a sweet molasses-like pulp eaten like candy or used to produce a honey-like liquid used in various sweet treats. In
1181:
1375:. Fibers extracted from leaves are also used in cordage and in making bird traps. The consumption of ti as food, regarded as a sacred plant and thus was originally
2715:
1987:
2020:
Balangcod, T.D.; Balangcod, A.K. (January 2009). "Underutilized Plant
Resources in Tinoc, Ifugao, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon Island, Philippines".
822:, which was performed by both men and women for warriors who died in battle or through violent means. They are also used to decorate ritual objects. Among the
2954:
1134:("the phantom trees of Kaingaroa"), based on the legend of two women who were turned into ti plants and seemingly follow people traveling through the area.
878:, green ti represent the body, while red ti represent the soul. Both are used in rice planting rituals. They are also planted on burial grounds. Among the
368:
1078:, and to outline borders between properties it was also planted at the corners of the home to keep evil spirits away. To this day some Hawaiians plant
948:
752:, this cultivar is almost entirely sterile in the further islands of eastern Polynesia. It can be propagated only by cuttings from the stalks or the
395:
315:. It is also cultivated for food, traditional medicine, and as an ornamental for its variously colored leaves. It is identified by a wide variety of
1254:
847:
2070:
1337:
flowers are a traditional treatment for asthma, and their anthocyanin content has been assessed to see if they might be commercial herbal remedy.
966:, ti are regarded as sacred by various Austronesian-speaking peoples and are used in rituals for protection, divination, and fertility. Among the
3531:
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It is a palm-like plant growing up to 4.5 metres (15 feet) tall with an attractive fan-like and spirally arranged cluster of broadly elongated
1143:
3281:
1701:
1062:(chiefs) were able to wear leaves around their necks during certain ritual activities. Ti was sacred to the god of fertility and agriculture
1281:
53:
1031:, green ti were cultivated widely for food and religious purposes. They are commonly planted around homes, in sacred places (including
3366:
2346:
Sheridan, Michael (1 January 2016). "Boundary Plants, the Social
Production of Space, and Vegetative Agency in Agrarian Societies".
3492:
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1446:
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skirt is a dense skirt with an opaque layer of at least fifty green leaves and the bottom (top of the leaves) shaved flat. The
2071:"Study Ethnobotany Andong Plants of the Genus Cordyline in the Dayaknese of Meratus Lok Lahung Village, Loksado, South Borneo"
1962:
1204:
3676:
3260:
3047:
1762:
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3549:
2044:
3691:
3234:
1477:
2229:
2734:
1086:. A number of leaves are lashed together and people ride down hills on them. The leaves were also used to make items of
2075:
4th
International Conference on Global Resource Conservation & 10th Indonesian Society for Plant Taxonomy Congress
1996:
728:. It has the highest morphological diversity in New Guinea and is believed to have been extensively cultivated there.
3696:
3661:
3646:
2632:
2607:
2537:
2411:
2384:
2327:
2300:
2273:
2268:. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 87. Springer. p. 225.
2212:
1919:
2812:"Anthocyanin Profile and Antioxidant Property of Anti-asthma Flowers of Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth (Agavaceae)"
434:
3286:
2207:. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 294. BRILL. p. 74.
3518:
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are enticed with songs and offerings to enter ti stems which are then reconciled with the sick person. Among the
213:
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1726:
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or healing rituals. A common belief in
Filipino cultures is that the plant has the innate ability to host
3466:
3216:
3065:
3060:
3034:
664:. In New Zealand, the terms for ti were also transferred to the native and closely related cabbage tree (
3169:
1876:
1428:
383:
3567:
3510:
3379:
2714:
Kawate, M.; Uchida, J.; Coughlin, J.; Melzer, M.; Kadooka, C.; Kam, J.; Sugano, J.; Fukuda, S. (2014).
2474:"Actions, Relations and Transformations: The Cycle of Life According to the Ankave of Papua New Guinea"
1513:
461:
2683:"Are Cabbage Trees Worth Anything? Relating Ecological and Human Values in the Cabbage Tree, tī kōuka"
2473:
2078:
78:
3656:
3636:
3559:
3296:
3255:
3130:
2950:
994:, with different varieties having particular symbolic meanings. Cordylines are often planted outside
495:
was formerly listed as part of the families
Agavaceae and Laxmanniaceae (now both subfamilies of the
2441:
2427:
Rappaport, Roy A. (1967). "Ritual
Regulation of Environmental Relations among a New Guinea People".
3626:
2883:
2810:
Adaku, Christopher; Skaar, Irene; Byamukama, Robert; Jordheim, Monica; Andersen, Øyvind M. (2020).
3273:
1369:, the roots mixed with water and fermented are also distilled into an alcoholic beverage known as
609:. The names in some languages have also been applied to the botanically unrelated garden crotons (
343:
at the tip of the slender trunk. The leaves range from red to green and variegated forms. It is a
3371:
3138:
1936:
883:
705:
512:
760:, probably because they produce larger and less fibrous rhizomes more suitable for use as food.
700:
Its original native distribution is unknown, but it is believed to be native to the region from
3536:
3208:
3112:
2977:
2785:
2436:
1083:
778:
3247:
2917:
2401:
2263:
615:), which similarly have red or yellow leaves. The cognates of Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian
3666:
2508:
Colour and Ceremony: the role of paints among the Mendi and Sulka peoples of Papua New Guinea
2317:
2202:
1791:"The wild plants used as traditional medicines by indigenous people of Manokwari, West Papua"
916:
839:
717:
312:
265:
192:
3407:
3335:
2103:
3086:
1307:
1169:
1127:
826:, it is planted in burial grounds to prevent the dead from becoming malevolent spirits. In
757:
253:
2649:
2170:"Various Plants of Traditional Rituals: Ethnobotanical Research Among The Baduy Community"
1122:, certain place names are derived from the use and folklore of ti, like Puketī Forest and
8:
1481:
1192:
951:, red plants are used for initiation rites, while green plants are used for healing. The
666:
611:
453:
3621:
3593:
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230:
221:
73:
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991:
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2911:
2861:"Report on the drinks and drinking among the Mandaya, Manobo, and Mangguangan Tribes"
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240:
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2029:
1911:
Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People, Second Edition
596:
39:
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531:
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rituals. They are also commonly used in protection and warding rituals. Among the
307:. The plant is of great cultural importance to the traditional inhabitants of the
3447:
3345:
3317:
3039:
2374:
2290:
2204:
Religion and Architecture in Premodern Indonesia: Studies in Spatial Anthropology
1909:
1316:
879:
859:
657:
646:
588:
581:
570:
308:
300:
116:
2522:
2295:. Illinois studies in anthropology. Vol. 16. University of Illinois Press.
3353:
3000:
2376:
Conservation Is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea
2241:
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936:
815:
694:
635:
556:
549:
542:
500:
356:
103:
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1807:
1790:
1357:
In Polynesia, the leaves of the green-leafed form are used to wrap food, line
3615:
3242:
2943:
2837:
2828:
2811:
2359:
1772:
1499:
1188:
1165:
928:
891:
843:
811:
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209:
159:
129:
2201:
Domenig, Gaudenz (2014). Hoefte, Rosemarijn; Nordholt, Henk Schulte (eds.).
1242:
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875:
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863:
831:
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304:
149:
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2154:
Cultural and Spiritual Values of Forests in Bady Region, Banten, Indonesia
1752:
1471:
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available, many of them selected for green or reddish or purple foliage.
1324:
1173:
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1021:
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851:
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709:
623:
344:
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281:
139:
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3156:
2458:
2319:
Inside Austronesian Houses: Perspectives on Domestic Designs for Living
2104:"Ethnobotanical Study of Sasak Ethnic, East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara"
1362:
1358:
1328:
1260:
1067:
1008:
932:
912:
803:
786:
731:
It was carried throughout Oceania by Austronesians, reaching as far as
721:
701:
631:
3182:
2492:
1608:(Laxmanniaceae) with implications for human settlement of Polynesia".
870:, green ti leaves are used as part of the offerings to spirits by the
3099:
2888:
1028:
827:
619:, similarly, have been applied to both garden crotons and ti plants.
297:
169:
20:
2971:
2650:"Archaeological Evidence of a Prehistoric Farming Technique on Guam"
2553:
Keesing, Roger M. (September 2012). "On not understanding symbols".
2450:
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3441:
3392:
2994:
2157:. MSc Forest and Nature Conservation Policy. Wageningen University.
1391:
1371:
1351:
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near their houses to bring good luck. The leaves are also used for
1058:
794:
682:
626:, they are also known by names derived from the Proto-Austronesian
3523:
3195:
3104:
1340:
In the Philippines, the roots were used to flavor the traditional
1312:
1150:
1012:
996:
983:
975:
789:
753:
348:
3091:
2523:"Reite Plants: An Ethnobotanical Study in Tok Pisin and English"
1963:"Flora De Filipinas: A Short Overview of Philippine Plant Lore"
1740:. Student Research Papers, Fall 2009. University of California.
1738:
UCB Moorea Class: Biology and Geomorphology of Tropical Islands
1366:
1292:
1246:
1123:
1111:
1052:
799:
732:
713:
352:
340:
2884:"Okolehao, the Sweet Hawaiian Moonshine With an Unsavory Past"
2591:
Maenge Gardens: A study of Maenge relationship to domesticates
2152:
923:
government, but parts of the rituals still survive. Among the
2588:
Panoff, Françoise (2018). Barbira-Freedman, Françoise (ed.).
1937:"Punnuk rice harvest ritual celebrates the Earth's abundance"
1604:
Hinkle, Anya E. (May 2007). "Population structure of Pacific
1534:"The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress"
1376:
1342:
1237:
1210:
1102:
1039:
1033:
956:
904:
830:, red ti are used similarly as in the Philippines. Among the
807:
90:
2265:
The Sa'dan-Toraja: A Study of Their Social Life and Religion
886:, ti plants are planted near village or family shrines in a
2809:
1839:"'Inedible' to 'edible': Firewalking and the ti plant [
1264:
1214:
1098:
1071:
1063:
1017:
1001:
375:
66:
2713:
2292:
Feasts of Honor: Ritual and Change in the Toraja Highlands
1877:"Special problems in an ethnobotanical literature search:
1050:
the plant was thought to have great spiritual power; only
756:. It is speculated that this was the result of deliberate
2174:
Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education
2168:
Iskandar, Johan; Iskandar, Budiawati S. (15 March 2017).
990:, are worn tucked into a belt in traditional dances like
908:
species which symbolize the feminine "Tree of the Dead".
2101:
1754:
Potted history : the story of plants in the home
1655:. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
763:
It was introduced to Europe as a houseplant in 1771.
1731:: the distribution and continuity of a sacred plant"
771:
2102:Rahayu, Mulyati; Rustiami, Himmah; Rugayah (2016).
1928:
1164:Red ti planted alongside traditional houses of the
1011:, ti leaves are buried under newly built houses in
19:"Ti plant" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2403:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction
2019:
955:peoples also regard ti plants as their collective
634:rituals. Cognates derived from that usage include
3613:
2167:
1903:
1901:
1683:"The distribution of a male sterile form of ti (
1115:, and decorated with some yellow or red leaves.
2341:
2339:
1934:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1404:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
1109:, is an apron of about 20 leaves, worn over a
2465:
2420:
2255:
2221:
2097:
2095:
2036:
2013:
1954:
1898:
1228:Offerings of stone and bundles of ti leaves (
2903:
2865:The Philippine Journal of Science: Section A
2336:
2309:
2161:
2111:Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation
1784:
1782:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1531:
935:and in decorating ritual objects. Among the
2724:) Diseases in Hawaii's Commercial Orchards"
2667:
2546:
2406:. Cambridge University Press. p. 249.
2282:
1868:
1815:
1687:) in Polynesia: a case of human selection?"
1520:
677:
2959:Comparative Awareness: Modified Leaves of
2852:
2751:
2707:
2581:
2520:
2393:
2092:
1718:
1564:
52:
38:
2966:manifest at the same time with Poinsettia
2827:
2760:"Ti Leaf: Canoe Plant of Ancient Hawai'i"
2698:
2641:
2471:
2440:
2426:
2261:
2227:
2185:
2144:
2042:
1960:
1914:. Waveland Press. pp. 19, 125, 231.
1907:
1806:
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1532:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2013).
1473:The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants
1306:
1066:, and the goddess of the forest and the
943:rituals, while green plants are used in
681:
2680:
2552:
2288:
2200:
2194:
2068:
2062:
1874:
1836:
1757:. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 70.
1750:
1447:United States Department of Agriculture
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3614:
2881:
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2757:
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2399:
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2077:. Brawijaya University. Archived from
1935:van Schooneveld, Inge (18 July 2018).
1724:
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3687:Objects believed to protect from evil
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2975:
2647:
2514:
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2150:
1980:
1847:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
1788:
1694:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
3560:12164dcb-3f2a-4136-a5d0-4f9426613c7c
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2784:Da Silva, Alexandre (24 July 2005).
2622:
2505:
2499:
2372:
2123:
1881:(L.) Kunth, the "Hawaiian ti plant""
1643:Philip, Simpson (9 September 2012).
1478:United States Department of the Army
1466:
1464:
1462:
2953:(1990–2000) dressed in tī leaves.
2910:Griffith, Robert Eglesfeld (1847).
2555:HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory
2521:Nombo, Porer; Leach, James (2010).
2315:
1421:
1149:Ti plants as wedding decoration in
1074:. Ti leaves were also used to make
13:
2882:Lanier, Clint (10 November 2016).
2687:The Journal of New Zealand Studies
2681:Simpson, Philip (1 January 1997).
2530:Asia-Pacific Environment Monograph
2045:"Palawan Attitudes Toward Illness"
1311:Ti tree as wedding decorations in
1291:) used as offerings to spirits in
1187:Red ti planted around traditional
351:of small scented yellowish to red
14:
3708:
2928:
2625:The Languages of Pentecost Island
2472:Bonnemère, Pascale (March 2018).
2230:"Plants Intertwined with Culture"
1961:de Guzman, Daniel (6 July 2018).
1459:
898:, ti plants were symbolic of the
772:Socio-cultural and spiritual uses
3573:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:533470-1
3385:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:533580-1
2187:10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i1.8117
1576:Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden
1280:
1253:
1221:
1203:
1180:
1157:
1142:
1094:worn in dance performances. The
472:
460:
445:
433:
421:
406:
394:
382:
367:
77:
2803:
2777:
2758:Gamayo, Darde (4 August 2016).
2506:Hill, Rowena Catherine (2011).
2030:10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.806.80
630:, "to know", due to its use in
2816:Natural Product Communications
2594:. pacific-credo Publications.
1744:
334:
1:
2916:. Lea and Blanchard. p.
2627:. Manples (BFoV) Publishing.
2138:10.1525/aa.1929.31.1.02a00050
1443:Agricultural Research Service
1414:
1302:
982:leaves, known locally by the
3677:Garden plants of Australasia
2532:. Vol. 4. ANU E Press.
2289:Volkman, Toby Alice (1985).
2228:Sumantera, I. Wayan (1999).
1853:(4): 371–400. Archived from
1789:Lense, Obed (1 April 2012).
1700:(3): 263–290. Archived from
779:Austronesian linguistic area
7:
3692:Medicinal plants of Oceania
2322:. ANU E Press. p. 21.
1751:Horwood, Catherine (2007).
1653:Invasive Species Compendium
1397:
792:, ti were commonly used by
487:
65:in Makawao Forest Reserve,
10:
3713:
2731:HānaiʻAi/The Food Provider
2648:Moore, Darlene R. (2005).
1908:Rappaport, Roy A. (1989).
1610:American Journal of Botany
1241:(temple) in the summit of
1132:nga tī whakāwe o Kaingaroa
927:, red ti is part of their
18:
3431:
2984:
2600:10.4000/books.pacific.690
2510:(MSc). Durham University.
2262:Nooy-Palm, Hetty (1979).
2043:Novellino, Dario (2001).
1361:and fermentation pits of
227:
220:
198:
191:
74:Scientific classification
72:
60:
51:
46:
37:
30:
3697:Austronesian agriculture
3662:Plants described in 1759
3647:Asparagales of Australia
2859:Garvan, John M. (1912).
2829:10.1177/1934578X20922637
2360:10.3167/ares.2016.070103
1989:Harvest Rituals in Hapao
1725:Trisha, Borland (2009).
1681:Hinkle, Anya E. (2004).
678:Distribution and history
506:
2968:by Isidro A. T. Savillo
2348:Environment and Society
2126:American Anthropologist
1888:Journal of Ethnobiology
1875:Ehrlich, Celia (1989).
1837:Ehrlich, Celia (2000).
1808:10.13057/biodiv/d130208
1346:sugarcane wines of the
766:
706:Mainland Southeast Asia
660:, this plant is called
513:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
2951:Queen's Representative
2822:(5): 1934578X2092263.
2733:: 1–11. Archived from
2700:10.26686/jnzs.v7i1.395
2400:Morris, Brian (2006).
2316:Fox, James J. (2006).
1512:: CS1 maint: others (
1320:
917:Tsembaga Maring people
697:
3672:Garden plants of Asia
3433:Convallaria fruticosa
2623:Gray, Andrew (2012).
2151:Hakim, Nurul (2006).
1578:. Benton Family Trust
1484:. 2009. p. 104.
1310:
718:Island Southeast Asia
685:
355:that mature into red
313:Island Southeast Asia
3642:Flora of the Pacific
2718:Cordyline terminalis
2373:West, Paige (2006).
2240:(19). Archived from
1879:Cordyline terminalis
1622:10.3732/ajb.94.5.828
1550:10.1353/ol.2013.0016
1170:Banaue Rice Terraces
758:artificial selection
277:Terminalis fruticosa
250:Cordyline terminalis
3682:Flora of New Guinea
3652:Flora of Queensland
3632:Flora of Indo-China
3346:Cordyline_fruticosa
3131:Cordyline fruticosa
3053:Cordyline_fruticosa
3016:Cordyline fruticosa
2986:Cordyline fruticosa
2937:Cordyline fruticosa
2567:10.14318/hau2.2.023
1843:(L.) A. Chev.]"
1841:Cordyline fruticosa
1729:Cordyline fruticosa
1685:Cordyline fruticosa
1647:Cordyline fruticosa
1606:Cordyline fruticosa
1538:Oceanic Linguistics
1482:Skyhorse Publishing
1431:Cordyline fruticosa
1335:Cordyline fruticosa
1213:green ti plants in
1126:. The ti plants in
874:shamans. Among the
689:(under its synonym
687:Cordyline fruticosa
667:Cordyline australis
612:Codiaeum variegatum
523:. Cognates include
493:Cordyline fruticosa
454:Gulf Coast of Texas
440:Specimen with fruit
428:Variegated specimen
293:Cordyline fruticosa
202:Cordyline fruticosa
32:Cordyline fruticosa
2052:Philippine Studies
2022:Acta Horticulturae
1967:The Aswang Project
1409:Samoan plant names
1381:firewalking ritual
1321:
864:life-giving spirit
802:) when conducting
726:Northern Australia
698:
511:The reconstructed
47:Foliage and fruit
3609:
3608:
3331:Open Tree of Life
2978:Taxon identifiers
2493:10.1002/ocea.5180
1764:978-0-7112-2800-9
1491:978-1-60239-692-0
1287:Ti leaf bundles (
1271:, in traditional
1105:dance dress, the
289:
288:
284:
275:
268:
256:
247:
237:
184:C. fruticosa
3704:
3657:Hawaiian cuisine
3637:Flora of Malesia
3602:
3601:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3540:
3539:
3527:
3526:
3514:
3513:
3501:
3500:
3488:
3487:
3475:
3474:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3424:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2973:
2972:
2935:Flora of China:
2922:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2831:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2728:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2678:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2444:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2069:Gunawan (2013).
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2024:(806): 647–654.
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1468:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1425:
1390:, with numerous
1388:ornamental plant
1386:Ti is a popular
1284:
1257:
1225:
1207:
1184:
1161:
1146:
964:Island Melanesia
921:Papua New Guinea
856:Mongondow people
741:Kermadec Islands
476:
464:
449:
437:
425:
413:Red specimen in
410:
398:
386:
371:
279:
273:
271:Dracaena formosa
264:
252:
245:
235:
204:
82:
81:
56:
42:
28:
27:
16:Species of plant
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3627:Root vegetables
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3535:
3530:
3522:
3517:
3509:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3483:
3478:
3470:
3465:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3318:Observation.org
3316:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2980:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2880:
2876:
2857:
2853:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2712:
2708:
2679:
2668:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2586:
2582:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2504:
2500:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2451:10.2307/3772735
2442:10.1.1.460.3366
2425:
2421:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2122:
2118:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1906:
1899:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1835:
1816:
1787:
1780:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1689:
1679:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1602:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1530:
1521:
1505:
1504:
1492:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1400:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1285:
1276:
1258:
1249:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1185:
1176:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1048:ancient Hawaiʻi
949:Baktaman people
860:Mentawai people
824:Palaw'an people
774:
769:
739:(including the
680:
658:Central Visayas
509:
490:
485:
484:
483:
480:
477:
468:
465:
456:
450:
441:
438:
429:
426:
417:
411:
402:
401:Purple specimen
399:
390:
387:
378:
372:
337:
309:Pacific Islands
301:flowering plant
269:
257:
248:
238:
216:
206:
200:
187:
76:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:wfo-0000764126
3590:
3577:
3564:
3554:
3541:
3528:
3515:
3502:
3489:
3476:
3463:
3453:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:wfo-0000764243
3412:
3402:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3350:
3340:
3327:
3314:
3301:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3187:
3174:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3044:
3031:
3021:
3006:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2969:
2956:
2940:
2930:
2929:External links
2927:
2924:
2923:
2913:Medical Botany
2902:
2874:
2851:
2802:
2776:
2764:Big Island Now
2750:
2706:
2666:
2640:
2633:
2615:
2608:
2580:
2561:(2): 406–430.
2545:
2538:
2513:
2498:
2464:
2419:
2412:
2392:
2385:
2365:
2335:
2328:
2308:
2301:
2281:
2274:
2254:
2220:
2213:
2193:
2160:
2143:
2116:
2091:
2061:
2035:
2012:
1979:
1953:
1927:
1920:
1897:
1867:
1814:
1778:
1763:
1743:
1717:
1666:
1635:
1616:(5): 828–839.
1589:
1563:
1544:(2): 493–523.
1519:
1490:
1458:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1234:Puʻu Moaulanui
1227:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1130:are known as
1056:(shamans) and
1000:buildings. In
937:Kapauku people
816:Northern Luzon
773:
770:
768:
765:
695:Pitcairn stamp
679:
676:
508:
505:
501:APG III system
489:
486:
482:
481:
478:
471:
469:
466:
459:
457:
451:
444:
442:
439:
432:
430:
427:
420:
418:
412:
405:
403:
400:
393:
391:
389:Green specimen
388:
381:
379:
373:
366:
363:
362:
361:
336:
333:
303:in the family
287:
286:
225:
224:
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217:
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114:
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101:
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83:
70:
69:
58:
57:
49:
48:
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43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3709:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
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3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
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3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
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3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
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3555:
3551:
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3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
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3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
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3460:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:Apenera Short
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2791:
2790:Star Bulletin
2787:
2786:"Thrill ride"
2780:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2740:on 2015-12-10
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2634:9780956098542
2630:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2609:9782956398189
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2539:9781921666018
2535:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2413:9780521852418
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2386:9780822388067
2382:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2329:9781920942847
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2302:9780252011832
2298:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2275:9789401771504
2271:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2244:on 2019-01-19
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2214:9789004274075
2210:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2081:on 2020-01-26
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2016:
2002:on 2018-09-09
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1166:Ifugao people
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929:creation myth
926:
925:Ankave people
922:
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909:
907:
906:
901:
900:sacred groves
897:
893:
892:Toraja people
889:
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812:Ifugao people
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193:Binomial name
190:
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164:
161:
160:Lomandroideae
158:
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29:
26:
22:
3667:House plants
3432:
2985:
2963:
2960:
2948:Cook Islands
2936:
2912:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2887:
2877:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2789:
2779:
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2763:
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2735:the original
2730:
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2690:
2686:
2663:(1): 93–120.
2660:
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2643:
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2354:(1): 29–49.
2351:
2347:
2318:
2311:
2291:
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2264:
2257:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2237:
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2223:
2203:
2196:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2146:
2132:(1): 60–84.
2129:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:the original
2074:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2021:
2015:
2004:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1988:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1930:
1910:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1850:
1846:
1840:
1798:
1794:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1697:
1693:
1684:
1657:. Retrieved
1652:
1646:
1638:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1580:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1541:
1537:
1480:. New York:
1472:
1450:. Retrieved
1436:
1430:
1423:
1385:
1370:
1356:
1348:Lumad people
1341:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1288:
1272:
1261:Hula dancers
1236:
1229:
1131:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1079:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1022:Latte Period
1006:
995:
987:
979:
968:Kwaio people
961:
910:
903:
896:Ngaju people
890:. Among the
888:sacred grove
876:Baduy people
871:
868:Sasak people
819:
810:. Among the
793:
784:
775:
762:
750:Near Oceania
730:
699:
690:
686:
671:
665:
661:
656:, though in
653:
649:
638:
627:
621:
616:
610:
606:
599:
584:
577:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
534:
527:
520:
516:
510:
497:Asparagaceae
492:
491:
415:Buton Island
338:
329:cabbage palm
328:
324:
320:
319:, including
317:common names
305:Asparagaceae
292:
291:
290:
276:
270:
258:
249:
239:
229:
228:
201:
199:
183:
182:
170:
150:Asparagaceae
123:
110:
97:
63:C. fruticosa
62:
31:
25:
3269:NatureServe
3178:iNaturalist
3010:Wikispecies
2946:, a former
2657:Micronesica
2058:(1): 78–93.
1894:(1): 51–63.
1649:(ti plant)"
1359:earth ovens
1325:Austronesia
1275:leaf skirts
1193:Tana Toraja
1174:Philippines
972:New Britain
953:Ok-speaking
945:black magic
941:white magic
884:Karo people
737:New Zealand
710:South China
624:Philippines
345:woody plant
335:Description
231:Convallaria
156:Subfamily:
140:Asparagales
117:Angiosperms
3616:Categories
3359:kew-303171
3354:Plant List
2895:21 January
2871:: 106–114.
2795:21 January
2769:21 January
2744:2019-01-21
2716:"Ti Leaf (
2248:2019-01-21
2180:(1): 114.
2085:2019-01-21
2006:2019-01-21
1972:19 January
1946:19 January
1861:2019-01-21
1711:2019-01-19
1659:19 January
1582:15 January
1452:2009-11-17
1415:References
1363:breadfruit
1329:New Guinea
1303:Other uses
1243:Kahoʻolawe
1191:houses in
1090:including
1068:hula dance
1009:Micronesia
992:Māʻuluʻulu
933:divination
913:New Guinea
804:mediumship
787:Philippine
722:New Guinea
702:Bangladesh
691:terminalis
632:divination
262:terminalis
243:terminalis
3622:Cordyline
3448:Q38488580
3144:200027601
3118:200027601
2964:fruticosa
2961:Cordyline
2846:218954103
2838:1934-578X
2722:fruticosa
2575:143871873
2437:CiteSeerX
2429:Ethnology
1773:155682753
1558:146739541
1508:cite book
1500:277203364
1392:cultivars
1232:) in the
1128:Kaingaroa
1029:Polynesia
988:nanggaria
980:Cordyline
836:Sundanese
828:Indonesia
820:bangibang
519:plant is
515:word for
452:Blossom,
325:palm lily
298:evergreen
241:Asparagus
233:fruticosa
178:Species:
171:Cordyline
87:Kingdom:
21:tea plant
3586:18404224
3581:Tropicos
3537:11021039
3524:533470-1
3442:Wikidata
3398:18401647
3393:Tropicos
3343:PalDat:
3274:2.131996
3248:96813340
3209:11209917
3196:533580-1
3001:Q2717614
2995:Wikidata
2113:: 85–99.
1630:21636452
1398:See also
1372:okolehao
1352:Mindanao
1317:Javanese
1197:Sulawesi
1120:Aotearoa
1096:Hawaiian
1088:clothing
880:Balinese
798:(female
795:babaylan
754:rhizomes
672:tī kōuka
639:sagilala
617:*sabaqaŋ
604:Hawaiian
593:Tahitian
564:Chuukese
525:Malagasy
488:Taxonomy
349:panicles
321:ti plant
260:Dracaena
222:Synonyms
146:Family:
130:Monocots
3498:2766301
3256:MoBotPF
3157:2766278
3092:1087091
2481:Oceania
2459:3772735
1319:culture
1313:Cirebon
1269:Lāhainā
1168:in the
1151:Cirebon
1013:Pohnpei
997:nakamal
984:Bislama
976:Vanuatu
848:Berawan
808:spirits
800:shamans
790:anitism
743:), and
693:) on a
643:Visayan
636:Tagalog
628:*kilala
622:In the
532:Palauan
499:in the
479:Berries
357:berries
353:flowers
214:A.Chev.
166:Genus:
136:Order:
91:Plantae
3557:NZOR:
3550:511292
3472:203288
3459:227160
3456:APDB:
3408:612442
3405:uBio:
3367:PLANTS
3336:973384
3323:283917
3294:NZOR:
3261:282057
3183:123572
3170:401621
3066:381832
3027:227159
3024:APDB:
2844:
2836:
2631:
2606:
2573:
2536:
2457:
2439:
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2326:
2299:
2272:
2211:
1941:Sinchi
1918:
1771:
1761:
1628:
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1488:
1367:Hawaii
1293:Hawaii
1289:puʻolo
1247:Hawaii
1230:puʻolo
1189:Toraja
1124:Temuka
1112:tupenu
1103:Tongan
1092:skirts
1053:kahuna
872:belian
862:, the
844:Kenyah
733:Hawaii
724:, and
714:Taiwan
670:), as
650:kilála
641:; and
602:; and
595:, and
589:Samoan
582:Tongan
571:Wuvulu
543:Kuruti
341:leaves
296:is an
282:Kuntze
274:W.Bull
61:Green
3532:IRMNG
3511:11277
3485:99HT2
3372:COFR2
3305:NZPCN
3287:39501
3235:43183
3222:11866
3204:IRMNG
3126:FoAO2
3105:CDLFR
3040:79568
2889:Eater
2842:S2CID
2738:(PDF)
2727:(PDF)
2693:(1).
2653:(PDF)
2571:S2CID
2526:(PDF)
2477:(PDF)
2455:JSTOR
2234:Roots
2107:(PDF)
2048:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1884:(PDF)
1734:(PDF)
1705:(PDF)
1690:(PDF)
1572:"*Tï"
1554:S2CID
1377:taboo
1343:intus
1263:in a
1238:heiau
1211:Feral
1059:aliʻi
1040:heiau
1034:marae
986:name
957:totem
905:Ficus
840:Kayan
832:Dayak
704:, to
662:ti-as
654:kilaa
647:Bikol
597:Māori
567:tii-n
557:Arosi
550:Araki
521:*siRi
507:Names
280:(L.)
254:Kunth
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
3568:POWO
3545:ITIS
3519:IPNI
3506:GRIN
3493:GBIF
3467:APNI
3380:POWO
3310:4253
3282:NCBI
3243:IUCN
3230:ITIS
3191:IPNI
3165:GRIN
3152:GBIF
3100:EPPO
3079:YCTN
3061:BOLD
3048:ATRF
3035:APNI
2942:Sir
2897:2019
2834:ISSN
2797:2019
2771:2019
2629:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2408:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2209:ISBN
1974:2019
1948:2019
1916:ISBN
1769:OCLC
1759:ISBN
1661:2019
1626:PMID
1584:2019
1514:link
1496:OCLC
1486:ISBN
1327:and
1265:Luau
1215:Maui
1107:sisi
1099:hula
1072:Laka
1064:Lono
1037:and
1018:Guam
1002:Fiji
882:and
854:and
852:Iban
767:Uses
645:and
560:diri
553:jihi
541:and
528:síly
376:Maui
311:and
266:Lam.
67:Maui
3594:WFO
3480:CoL
3416:WFO
3217:ISC
3139:FoC
3113:FNA
3087:EoL
3074:CoL
2918:655
2824:doi
2720:or
2695:doi
2596:doi
2563:doi
2489:doi
2447:doi
2356:doi
2182:doi
2134:doi
2026:doi
1851:109
1803:doi
1698:113
1618:doi
1546:doi
1350:of
1267:in
1118:In
1076:lei
1046:In
1027:In
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