29:
3181:
3191:
264:, in the Thames Estuary. This opened the door to strong political opposition against Cublington and in April 1971 the government announced that the site at Maplin Sands had been selected for the third London airport, even though it was the most remote and overall the most expensive of the options considered, and that planning would begin immediately. In due course the
408:. The scheme was proposed by Testrad (Thames Estuary Research and Development), initially an agency formed by Johnson but now also involving other partners, and was rejected by the airport commission in January 2014 in favour of continued upgrades to Heathrow. This proposal would cost £47.3 billion and would mean the closure of
122:
are each sub-optimally located in various ways, such as being too close to built-up areas or requiring aircraft to fly low over London. In the case of
Heathrow, the growth of air traffic has meant that the airport is operating at 98% capacity. Several locations for a new airport have been proposed in
814:
Travel to London ticket price. Unknown is how much the ticket may cost, and if the airport would be at position of London tariff schemes. The position of
Heathrow as part of the London underground system is often cited as a cost and time difference. For an average traveller usually the time and cost
550:
in July 2013 as a proposed solution to the question of how the UK can maintain its global hub status. The future remained unclear as the option was not on the
Commission's original short list, but was still considered. It was finally rejected on grounds of cost (possibly as high as £100 billion) and
281:
to London, and a new town for the accommodation of the thousands of workers who would be required. The new town would eventually cover 82 square miles, with a population of 600,000 people, while the surface route to the airport would require a corridor 100 yards wide and over 30 miles long. The cost
238:
was its chosen site. It was seen offering the best access, as it was situated on the key London-Birmingham axis, it would be away from built-up areas and it would cost less than most of the alternatives. The proposal met with strong opposition from local people and more broadly from politicians and
195:
and had been used since 1930 as a relief airport for
Croydon. A rapid growth in air traffic during the 1950s led to Gatwick becoming London's official second airport in 1954 to accommodate the overspill from Heathrow. Neither location is ideal – the prevailing winds over Heathrow mean that flights
815:
to travel into city centre would be main reason of choosing. Location in the deep sea may be treated as an advantage for most people only if the travel time (at least by public transport) would be faster or similar that from LHR, and would cost less, or for e.g. be fared like usual Zone 1 ticket.
534:
The airport would accommodate long-haul airline schedules and growing demand in the Asian market. Thus it would reassert London's geographical advantage as the stop-off point between North
America and Eurasia, which is being eroded by a combination of new long-range aircraft and the emergence of
272:
in
October 1973. In 1973 a Special Development Order was made under the Town and Country Planning Acts granting planning permission for the project, and the Maplin Development Authority was constituted and began its work. The project would have included not just a major airport, but a deep-water
285:
The Maplin airport project was abandoned in July 1974 when Labour came to power. A reappraisal of passenger projections indicated that there would be capacity until 1990 at
Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton, aided by regional airports. The scheme was abandoned in favour of a cheaper plan to
740:, a road tunnel under the Thames to Benfleet, largely to access the south east Essex labour market, and other road and rail connections. Heathrow rely on public transport and funding for transport infrastructure; major upgrades are also required and need to be considered for rail and motorways.
325:
in north Kent as the leading contender among potential sites for a new airport for London. The proposal was for up to four runways arranged in two east-west close parallel pairs, with a possible fifth runway on a different alignment, which might be used only at night and in particular weather
810:
Infrastructure - the building of new main airport (and the required supporting industrial, technical and hospitality activities) may be very costly, especially to achieve the same position and size of terminals as in the
Heathrow or Dubai ports, which had large expenses despite their initial
624:
A high-speed rail link to London with a journey time of around 20 minutes would encourage more passengers to reach the airport using public transport. Objectors point to the possibility that a high-speed rail link to
Heathrow could also be built. However, such a link would require expensive
488:
in London on 2 November 2011. Thames Hub combines rail, freight logistics, aviation, energy and its transmission, flood protection and regional development in the Thames
Estuary and connects this infrastructure to a trade and utilities spine that runs the length of the country.
787:
The South East of England (SE) is already highly developed, with a population density reported (in 2011) as the third (or sixth, by other criteria) most dense in the world. Many areas of the SE already have three or four layers of audible air traffic over
399:
The proposal has acquired the popular nickname of "Boris Island", and is frequently referred to as such in the press. A new iteration of the proposal named the London Britannia Airport was unveiled in November 2013. It was a proposed six-runway
211:. Intended to serve 8 million passengers per year, the cost of the scheme was estimated at £20 million. It was planned with a central Terminus, three concrete runways each two and a half miles long and was intended to operate 24 hours a day.
296:
magazine in 1973: "An inland site is not on politically, and a coastal site is not on economically." Duncan Needham argues that the challenge of airport expansion at Maplin provides direct parallels with airport expansion following the 2006
361:. When the proposal was put forward again in the government's 2002 consultation, it was rejected on the grounds of insufficient information and prohibitive expense. The Marinair plans had been developed in the years prior to 1990 by
783:
It would require a radical upgrade to the current flight patterns which are based on 1970s patterns, and the proximity to Dutch and Belgian airspace may cause knock-on effects in other countries if not planned properly like
326:
conditions. In December 2003 the government decided against the Cliffe proposal on the grounds that the costs of a coastal site were too high, and there was a significant risk that the airport would not be well used.
329:
After 2008, the then Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, led scoping studies for a further airport in north Kent. Suggestions included the development of a major International hub at Cliffe which would link in with the
592:
Use of the existing infrastructure such as high-speed rail line and expanded 8 lane M25/M2 would require far less public funding and would be less complex to adapt than in London for Heathrow Airport rail and road
166:
On 17 December 2013 the "Airports Commission: interim report" was published. The proposal for an Isle of Grain airport underwent further study in 2014 before the final report was delivered in Summer 2015.
1413:
807:
concluded that they "do not believe that is a viable solution to the capacity issues facing the SE." in the short term, but "applaud the fact that a long term solution is being seriously discussed".
640:
Under the Shivering Sands proposal, it would be possible to reach the airport from terminals in both Kent and Essex, diminishing the amount of new traffic and congestion imposed on either county.
163:. Economic considerations have so far ruled out a new coastal airport, while political considerations have ruled out a new inland airport, leaving planners with an as-yet-unresolved dilemma.
3215:
680:
There would be considerable upheaval involved in moving London's main airport to a new location, though other major cities have successfully moved their main airports, including
570:
The airport would be connected directly to the Channel Tunnel railway services, replacing the demand on short European flights with more efficient train service which reduces CO
282:
would be a then-astronomical £825 million (£8,448 million today), which many – particularly in the Labour Party, which was in opposition at the time – regarded as unacceptable.
265:
1657:
713:
677:
It would require major investment in local infrastructure (roads, railways, schools, hospitals) in order to service the tens of thousands of employees at a major airport.
222:, was proposed as a third airport in 1963. A Government White Paper endorsed Stansted in 1967 and in 1968, after an inconclusive public inquiry, the Government appointed
1151:
1809:
1236:
736:
There would be large costs for constructing road and rail access to the airport. These were estimated at £1.8 billion for Cliffe, including two rail connections to
2334:
1421:
183:
was London's principal airport. In 1943 the government built a new heavy military transport airfield on a rural site to the west of London near the village of
1237:"Speech by former transport minister John Spellar to a Freedom to Fly conference concerning airport capacity and the environment in the South East of England"
1946:
396:) to lead the Greater London Authority's preliminary feasibility study which determined in October 2009 that there is "no logical constraint" to the plan.
1508:
500:. It would be opened in 2029 with an initial handling capacity of 110 million passengers per annum. It would be connected to London by a short spur off
286:
enlarge Stansted rather than building an entirely new airport; the requirement for a container ship harbour was to be discharged by the development of
3095:
551:
environmental damage by the Airports Commission in an announcement made on 2 September 2014, leaving Gatwick and Heathrow as the remaining options.
3230:
1571:
1081:
3220:
2487:
1930:
531:, would allow flights to take off and land over water, significantly reducing noise impacts and enabling the airport to operate 24 hours a day.
2389:
1995:
290:. The dilemma regarding the location of an additional airport, whether inland or on the coast, was summed up by an airport expert quoted by
207:
and long time associate, architect Guy Morgan suggested the construction of a new airport, including a flying boat base, between Cliffe and
1471:
760:
The level of demand for an airport in the Thames estuary is uncertain, and may require government intervention to force airlines to use it.
365:, and a Thames Estuary Airport Company Ltd established to manage the project, under the direction of A. E. T. Matthews, Managing Director.
2252:
473:
709:
392:, supported a Thames estuary airport since before taking office. In November 2008 the mayor appointed Doug Oakervee (executive chair of
2404:
1109:"Preliminary site search of options for new airport capacity to serve the south east and east of England: final report and appendices"
978:
420:
1209:
763:
The massive skilled, semi- and unskilled workforce that a new airport would require (currently all situated in or near West London)
1836:
196:
have to approach the airport by flying over London, and growth of the city means both airports are now located in built-up areas.
2482:
780:, which has around 1,400 tons of explosives on board. A safe way to remove the wreck, present since 1944, has not yet been found.
1665:
750:
Building an artificial offshore island can be expanded; however is time-consuming, adding 3 to 5 years to the construction time.
2745:
2539:
1006:
726:
concluded that 'a new hub airport in the Thames Estuary would be three times more likely to be affected by fog than Heathrow'.
1705:
1158:
1289:
3100:
2720:
1813:
597:
1240:
2470:
1108:
697:
2051:
1988:
885:
507:
The site was selected for its proximity to London – at 34 miles (55 km) from the centre and close proximity to
2841:
2735:
2056:
643:
New flight paths to the new airport would reduce the impact on air and noise pollution over London by huge volumes.
28:
2896:
2876:
2866:
2710:
1952:
685:
405:
1967:
1606:
766:
Building a major new airport to expand capacity may encourage more flights, and thereby increase emissions of CO
3090:
2555:
2529:
953:
910:
524:
485:
415:
Proponents argue the scheme's big advantage is that it would avoid flying over densely populated areas and the
223:
1519:
3000:
2831:
2805:
2705:
2314:
693:
423:
oppose the plan, as do current London airports. Critics suggest the scheme is impractical and too expensive;
302:
253:
3184:
2949:
2785:
2715:
2519:
1981:
1904:
689:
681:
274:
1893:
559:
Many advantages have been claimed for an airport in the Thames estuary, particularly as a replacement for
3018:
701:
1052:
353:
The "Marinair" proposal was put forward in the 1990s, in which an airport would be built on an offshore
273:
harbour suitable for the container ships then coming into use, a high-speed rail link together with the
2921:
2911:
2780:
2770:
2685:
2620:
2164:
2154:
2066:
1490:
335:
1872:
719:
There would be significant job losses at Heathrow, and knock-on impacts to the economy of west London.
2881:
2836:
2775:
2680:
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2351:
424:
381:
2861:
2514:
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3161:
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3034:
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2891:
2810:
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2465:
2455:
2282:
345:
government was committed to a full Aviation Review and a scoping study was released in March 2011.
314:
1589:
Beard, Matthew (15 July 2013). "Architect attacks 'mad' plan for £65 billion Thames estuary hub".
1321:
722:
Fog would be a key difficulty to overcome as it can lead to flights being cancelled. In 2012, the
3225:
3194:
3105:
3044:
2846:
2800:
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2740:
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2361:
2324:
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797:
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The location would be more difficult to access from the rest of the country compared to Heathrow.
609:
601:
298:
215:
115:
107:
1367:
187:. It was converted to civilian use after the war and went into service as London Airport, later
3135:
3008:
2725:
2217:
1961:
605:
442:, in its interim report, did not recommend the London Britannia proposal for further analysis.
200:
111:
1960:
In response to a Freedom of Information request, the Department of Transport has released its
1735:
1394:
3140:
2856:
2755:
2700:
2534:
2445:
2399:
2339:
2237:
2201:
1340:
1256:
1177:
1116:
774:
74:
2851:
2672:
2524:
2021:
804:
729:
The construction costs of the airport alone would be large, estimated at £11.5 billion for
657:, close to the M4 and with excellent rail links, highly suitable for housing redevelopment.
119:
577:
The new airport would be located over water and not land, so reduces the risks related to
106:
has been proposed at various times since the 1940s. London's existing principal airports,
8:
3013:
2916:
2695:
2690:
2594:
2191:
2004:
770:
and other greenhouse gases, unless a channel tunnel is connected to replace many flights.
547:
543:
439:
1783:
1687:
1435:
1213:
822:
would also affect traffic patterns and force aircraft into more circuitous flight paths.
614:
Offshore island can be easily expanded and new barrier would help to control floodplain.
2760:
2730:
2579:
2435:
2420:
2227:
2033:
1692:
477:
457:
451:
287:
227:
1544:
256:, dissented on environmental and planning grounds and proposed an alternative site at
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3120:
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2926:
2901:
2886:
2440:
2425:
2373:
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2144:
2134:
2129:
2076:
1954:
Advice to the Medway Council Cabinet on the Thames Estuary Airport Feasibility Review
906:
881:
851:
673:
A number of disadvantages to an airport in the Thames estuary have been pointed out:
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578:
354:
235:
184:
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2985:
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2504:
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2232:
2222:
2196:
2159:
2149:
2139:
819:
705:
617:
The cost of the airport development would be absorbed by the cost to include a new
409:
301:
strategy and debates by policy makers in the subsequent UK governments regarding a
208:
188:
800:
would have to close down, due to its close proximity to the planned airport sites.
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2826:
2636:
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2086:
1757:
1453:
1325:
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957:
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661:
512:
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to be built on an artificial island, comparable to a similar approach taken with
374:
358:
192:
180:
160:
148:
3115:
2492:
2307:
2302:
2242:
2119:
1858:
1631:
647:
618:
204:
124:
94:
1905:"Proposed Thames Hub airport in 'very worst spot' say air traffic controllers"
3209:
2641:
2292:
2277:
2247:
2091:
2081:
2061:
2046:
855:
825:
The potential interference with one of the busiest shipping routes in Europe.
794:
Building the airport would destroy the habitat of thousands of wetland birds.
497:
493:
492:
The airport would be built on a platform straddling the land and sea off the
481:
469:
461:
389:
377:
342:
322:
292:
156:
140:
3156:
3064:
2972:
2967:
2612:
2181:
2071:
744:
737:
730:
516:
432:
362:
318:
278:
269:
257:
176:
152:
136:
128:
3069:
2962:
2957:
2509:
2106:
803:
A 2012 report by the South East Local Enterprise Partnership prepared by
754:
582:
1414:"'Boris island' airport would cause European flight chaos, say airlines"
214:
By 1960, it was becoming apparent that further air capacity was needed.
3125:
3074:
2041:
723:
385:
231:
1973:
1725:
proposal provides many arguments for an airport in the Thames estuary.
1322:"International engineer to advise Mayor on Thames Airport feasibility"
2319:
1294:
628:
520:
393:
903:
Wings over Woodley- The story of Miles Aircraft and the Adwest Group
2450:
2124:
654:
634:
560:
261:
132:
747:; however, it currently only uses under 10% of its full potential.
33:
Locations of proposed Thames Estuary airports, from west to east:
2356:
1706:"Thames Hub Airport: Outline proposal to the Airports Commission"
1057:
1011:
983:
515:. The proposal to build the airport on a platform, like those at
401:
1491:"Boris Johnson floats Thames island airport plan on HK stopover"
1472:"New plans for six-runway Thames Estuary airport to be unveiled"
850:. Reed Business Information. 1 February 1973. pp. 248–249.
468:) is a proposal for a 4-runway hub airport to be located on the
1947:
Favorable reaction of London Mayor towards the Marinar concept.
1392:
660:
Flexible approach for future expansion, such as new runways or
625:
tunnelling under London, and was costed in July 2008 at £4.5bn.
1612:. The Thames Estuary Research and Development. 16 January 2014
1488:
1082:"Maplin: the Treasury and London's third airport in the 1970s"
476:
integrated infrastructure development developed by architects
1572:"Boris island airport scheme is 'sinking', says Gatwick boss"
528:
427:
compared it to grandiose and unrealistic projects devised by
219:
86:
419:
and other problems that causes. Some local councils and the
1784:"Heathrow and London City Airport flights disrupted by fog"
1569:
428:
144:
90:
191:, on 25 February 1946. Another airport already existed at
147:
on the south side; and artificial islands located off the
2430:
1722:
1436:"Heathrow and Gatwick airports: Ministers mull rail link"
508:
501:
331:
239:
middle-class voters which made it politically untenable.
226:
to head the Commission on the Third London Airport (the "
3216:
Proposed transport infrastructure in the East of England
1545:"Airport commission in Medway over Thames estuary plans"
1810:"Thames Estuary Airport Is Not A "Short Term" Solution"
1758:"Thames Estuary 'three times more foggy' than Heathrow"
1152:"Development of Airport Capacity in the Thames Estuary"
539:
733:, and £3.5 billion more for an offshore island scheme.
460:(like Shivering Sands, nicknamed "Boris Island" after
1393:
Chris Gourlay and Dipesh Gadher (21 September 2008).
757:, higher for coastal sites, lower for offshore sites.
653:
Release of 2,500 acres (10 km) of prime land at
538:
The Thames Hub Airport proposal was submitted to the
1812:. Airport International. 4 July 2012. Archived from
1664:. Foster+Partners, Halcrow, Volterra. Archived from
1632:"Boris Johnson refloats Thames Estuary airport plan"
1489:
Davies, Paul J.; Pickford, James (17 October 2013).
373:
The Isle of Sheppey proposal was revived in 2008 by
621:
that will generate power using hydropower turbines.
380:, located a little further to the east towards the
1149:
880:. University of California Press. pp. 16–17.
252:One influential member of the Roskill Commission,
1931:"Your questions answered: Thames Estuary Airport"
1570:Beard, Matthew; Crerar, Pippa (17 October 2013).
1283:
1281:
1279:
1204:
1202:
1200:
535:networks centred on a global hub, such as Dubai.
3207:
1859:"Gatwick vs. Heathrow : Alex's Travel Blog"
1454:"'Boris Island' London Airport designs unveiled"
631:could be extended easily to connect new airport.
511:, the airport could be reached in 26 minutes by
368:
1736:"£4.5bn proposal for High-Speed Rail extension"
1728:
1316:
567:Flights could arrive and depart 24 hours a day.
71:Shivering Sands ("Boris Island")
2390:Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company
1276:
1197:
954:"The use of systems analysis in public policy"
1989:
1395:"'Boris Island' airport may replace Heathrow"
716:, have had difficulty with such a transition.
637:could be accessed easily via the new airport.
1662:Thames Hub: An integrated vision for Britain
1411:
1234:
1106:
484:and economists Volterra and launched at the
73:with the exclusion zone around the wreck of
1509:"London Britannia: Europe's Arrival Lounge"
840:
838:
63:Off the Isle of Sheppey
2405:Westminster Passenger Services Association
1996:
1982:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1287:
979:"The third London airport: Foulness site"
421:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
357:in the Thames estuary, north east of the
1290:"Problem: Heathrow's in the wrong place"
835:
230:") to review sites for a third airport.
3231:Proposed airports in the United Kingdom
3096:History of public transport authorities
2003:
1873:"Underground - London Tube to Heathrow"
1837:"Guide to Flying to Secondary Airports"
1136:
1079:
127:, to the east of London. These include
3221:Proposed airports in the London region
3208:
905:. Aston Publications. pp. 95–96.
900:
1977:
1588:
472:in Kent. The airport was part of the
445:
3101:Accessibility of transport in London
1607:"Letter for the Airports Commission"
1150:Halcrow Group Ltd. (December 2003).
1015:. Hansard (Commons). 25 October 1973
875:
743:Proposals rely on using capacity on
247:
1968:Airports Commission: interim report
1834:
1368:"Study backs Thames island airport"
1288:Malthouse, Kit (23 November 2007).
1080:Needham, Duncan (27 October 2014).
708:(2019) while other cities, such as
504:with a journey time of 26 minutes.
13:
1518:. 13 November 2013. Archived from
574:emissions by 10 times per journey.
348:
135:on the north side of the estuary;
14:
3242:
1940:
1212:. 1 December 2003. Archived from
773:The presence of the wreck of the
303:proposed third runway at Heathrow
3189:
3180:
3179:
668:
218:, a former military airfield in
55:Maplin Sands, Foulness
27:
1923:
1897:
1887:
1865:
1851:
1828:
1802:
1776:
1750:
1715:
1698:
1680:
1650:
1624:
1599:
1582:
1563:
1537:
1501:
1482:
1464:
1446:
1428:
1405:
1386:
1360:
1310:
1228:
1100:
1073:
1058:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1045:
1036:
1027:
1012:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
984:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
406:Hong Kong International Airport
2556:Global Infrastructure Partners
1964:on the Maplin Airport project.
999:
971:
946:
937:
928:
919:
894:
869:
525:New Doha International Airport
486:Institution of Civil Engineers
199:In 1943 the aircraft designer
1:
1478:. Basildon. 10 November 2013.
1412:Pippa Crerar (1 March 2010).
1235:John Spellar (24 July 2002).
1210:"The Future of Air Transport"
829:
818:The proximity of Amsterdam's
646:Regeneration of the deprived
554:
480:, infrastructure consultants
369:Boris Island/London Britannia
170:
2520:London North Eastern Railway
2395:Uber Boat by Thames Clippers
2253:Taxi and Private Hire office
596:Would negate the need for a
242:
47:Grain (Thames Hub)
16:Proposed airport near London
7:
2525:London Northwestern Railway
363:Covell Matthews Partnership
317:study identified a site at
10:
3247:
2991:A102(M) (East Cross Route)
598:controversial third runway
449:
3175:
3149:
3083:
3057:
3027:
2999:
2948:
2939:
2819:
2671:
2664:
2629:
2587:
2578:
2561:Heathrow Airport Holdings
2548:
2413:
2382:
2265:
2210:
2180:
2105:
2032:
2020:
2011:
308:
155:" proposal championed by
82:
26:
2867:Highbury & Islington
2781:St Pancras International
2566:Port of London Authority
2456:Govia Thameslink Railway
2283:Arriva Southern Counties
2273:Arriva Herts & Essex
1839:. Low Cost Airline Guide
878:Great Planning Disasters
604:, or a second runway at
315:Department for Transport
3106:London Transport Museum
3045:Ultra Low Emission Zone
2912:West Hampstead stations
2369:Transport UK London Bus
2325:RATP Dev Transit London
2115:Docklands Light Railway
1711:. Foster+Partners 2013.
1592:London Evening Standard
1576:London Evening Standard
1418:London Evening Standard
901:Temple, Julian (1987).
798:London Southend Airport
610:London Stansted Airport
602:London Heathrow Airport
299:Department of Transport
224:Hon. Mr Justice Roskill
189:London Heathrow Airport
22:Thames Estuary Airports
3009:London Inner Ring Road
2981:M41 (West Cross Route)
2067:Hammersmith & City
1348:Cite journal requires
1264:Cite journal requires
1185:Cite journal requires
1124:Cite journal requires
1088:. History & Policy
606:London Gatwick Airport
589:at overloaded runways.
266:Maplin Development Act
201:Frederick George Miles
104:Thames Estuary Airport
2721:Elephant & Castle
2535:South Western Railway
2488:Great Western Railway
2446:East Midlands Railway
2400:Thames River Services
2238:London River Services
2155:Gospel Oak to Barking
1875:. Heathrowairport.com
1239:. DfT. Archived from
1107:Scott Wilson (2002).
581:in densely populated
438:In early 2014 the UK
334:line through Kent to
75:SS Richard Montgomery
2786:Tottenham Court Road
1738:. Arup. 23 July 2008
1320:(11 November 2008).
1086:History & Policy
876:Hall, Peter (1982).
805:Parsons Brinckerhoff
388:. The deputy mayor,
384:area, north-east of
3019:South Circular Road
3014:North Circular Road
2877:London City Airport
2233:IFS Cloud Cable Car
2192:East London Transit
2097:Waterloo & City
2005:Transport in London
1816:on 22 November 2012
1525:on 13 November 2013
1460:. 11 November 2013.
1216:on 28 February 2009
753:There is a risk of
544:Airports Commission
440:Airports Commission
23:
2973:M25 London Orbital
2922:Willesden Junction
2515:MTR Elizabeth line
2436:Caledonian Sleeper
2421:Arriva Rail London
2034:London Underground
1933:. 14 October 2013.
1790:. 12 December 2012
1053:"Maplin statement"
777:Richard Montgomery
458:Thames Hub Airport
452:Thames Hub Airport
446:Thames Hub Airport
228:Roskill Commission
21:
3203:
3202:
3167:Network SouthEast
3150:Former BR sectors
3111:Places for London
3053:
3052:
3040:Low emission zone
3035:Congestion charge
2935:
2934:
2862:Heathrow stations
2660:
2659:
2574:
2573:
2441:Chiltern Railways
2426:Avanti West Coast
2347:Stagecoach London
2261:
2260:
2165:Romford–Upminster
2130:London Overground
1693:Foster + Partners
1668:on 7 January 2012
1442:. 8 October 2011.
1374:. 19 October 2009
1243:on 11 August 2007
664:type development.
587:mid-air collision
585:or concerns over
579:emergency landing
478:Foster + Partners
355:artificial island
248:Maplin (Foulness)
236:Vale of Aylesbury
100:
99:
3238:
3193:
3183:
3182:
2986:A40(M) (Westway)
2946:
2945:
2842:Clapham Junction
2751:Liverpool Street
2736:Fenchurch Street
2669:
2668:
2585:
2584:
2505:Heathrow Express
2498:Stansted Express
2330:London Sovereign
2030:
2029:
2018:
2017:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1764:. 22 August 2012
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1420:. Archived from
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:The Sunday Times
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1157:. Archived from
1156:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
950:
944:
941:
935:
932:
926:
923:
917:
916:
898:
892:
891:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
842:
820:Schiphol airport
410:Heathrow Airport
31:
24:
20:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3171:
3145:
3079:
3049:
3023:
2995:
2931:
2847:Ealing Broadway
2815:
2711:City Thameslink
2656:
2625:
2605:London Heliport
2570:
2544:
2461:Gatwick Express
2414:Train operators
2409:
2383:River operators
2378:
2298:Docklands Buses
2288:Go-Ahead London
2257:
2206:
2176:
2101:
2023:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1943:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1911:. 14 April 2012
1903:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1638:. 20 March 2016
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1495:Financial Times
1487:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1424:on 24 May 2010.
1410:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:Mayor of London
1318:Mayor of London
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1286:
1277:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1164:on 18 July 2009
1161:
1154:
1148:
1137:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:Hall, pp. 38–39
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1005:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
987:. 26 April 1971
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
958:Open University
952:
951:
947:
942:
938:
933:
929:
924:
920:
913:
899:
895:
888:
874:
870:
860:
858:
844:
843:
836:
832:
769:
671:
662:Virgin Galactic
573:
557:
548:Foster+Partners
513:high-speed rail
466:Mayor of London
454:
448:
417:noise pollution
382:Shivering Sands
375:Mayor of London
371:
359:Isle of Sheppey
351:
349:Isle of Sheppey
311:
250:
245:
181:Croydon Airport
173:
161:Mayor of London
149:Isle of Sheppey
78:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3226:Thames Estuary
3223:
3218:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Regent's Canal
3118:
3116:Port of London
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2665:Major stations
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2630:Outside London
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2493:Greater Anglia
2490:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:Great Northern
2463:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2335:London Transit
2332:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:London General
2305:
2303:London Central
2300:
2295:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:London Streets
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2120:Elizabeth line
2117:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1970:, 17. Dec 2013
1965:
1958:
1957:, January 2010
1950:
1942:
1941:External links
1939:
1937:
1936:
1922:
1896:
1886:
1864:
1850:
1827:
1801:
1775:
1749:
1727:
1714:
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1679:
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1598:
1581:
1562:
1551:. 13 June 2013
1536:
1500:
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1445:
1427:
1404:
1385:
1359:
1350:|journal=
1309:
1275:
1266:|journal=
1227:
1196:
1187:|journal=
1135:
1126:|journal=
1099:
1072:
1061:. 18 July 1974
1044:
1035:
1026:
1007:"Royal Assent"
998:
970:
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911:
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886:
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665:
658:
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648:Thames Gateway
644:
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632:
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619:Thames Barrier
615:
612:
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575:
571:
568:
556:
553:
450:Main article:
447:
444:
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367:
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254:Colin Buchanan
249:
246:
244:
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205:Miles Aircraft
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125:Thames Estuary
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3174:
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3158:
3155:
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3148:
3142:
3141:Windsor House
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
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3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
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3017:
3015:
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3007:
3006:
3004:
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2880:
2878:
2875:
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2870:
2868:
2865:
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2860:
2858:
2857:Finsbury Park
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:Bromley South
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Waterloo East
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Oxford Circus
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:London Bridge
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Charing Cross
2704:
2702:
2701:Cannon Street
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Bank-Monument
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
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2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:Within London
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Grand Central
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
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2457:
2454:
2452:
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2401:
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2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2340:London United
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Blue Triangle
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Arriva London
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:Bus operators
2264:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Source London
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Coach station
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
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2190:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
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2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:Transport for
2019:
2016:
2014:organisations
2012:Companies and
2010:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1969:
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1963:
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1955:
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1945:
1944:
1932:
1926:
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1854:
1838:
1831:
1815:
1811:
1805:
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2352:East London
2228:Dial-a-Ride
2202:Night buses
2150:West London
2140:East London
2107:London Rail
1949:August 2008
1642:15 November
1555:11 November
1042:Hall, p. 40
943:Hall, p. 37
934:Hall, p. 33
925:Hall, p. 20
861:4 September
755:bird strike
583:urban areas
159:, the then
3210:Categories
3126:Thameslink
3075:Travelcard
3001:Ring roads
2776:Paddington
2761:Marylebone
2741:Green Park
2731:Farringdon
2476:Thameslink
2223:Cycle hire
2170:Watford DC
2160:Lea Valley
2087:Piccadilly
2042:Night Tube
1879:26 October
1843:26 October
1794:21 January
1768:21 January
1742:17 January
1688:Thames Hub
1672:2 November
1616:22 October
1529:14 January
1378:19 October
1331:17 January
1302:17 January
1247:17 January
1220:16 January
1168:17 January
1019:17 January
991:17 January
912:0946627126
830:References
811:cheapness.
724:Met Office
555:Advantages
474:Thames Hub
386:Whitstable
336:St Pancras
313:In 2002 a
288:Felixstowe
232:Cublington
209:Allhallows
171:Background
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2362:Thameside
2320:Metroline
2197:Superloop
1835:Čeština.
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1401:. London.
1295:The Times
1065:5 January
963:5 January
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686:Hong Kong
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593:upgrades.
521:Hong Kong
394:Crossrail
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1788:BBC News
1762:BBC News
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1636:BBC News
1549:BBC News
1458:BBC News
1440:BBC News
1372:BBC News
1298:. London
714:Montréal
706:Istanbul
700:(2006),
696:(2001),
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