57:
272:
151:
248:
236:
173:
260:
308:
320:
284:
164:
142:, each locality started to worship the mountain and river gods that ruled over a domain which encompassed their village. Later on, the government decreed the deification of late national heroes, righteous officials and loyal subjects, and specific localities were chosen to exalt these gods. Gradually other common folks took up the practice and worshipped their own gods to be blessed with protection and fortune.
131:
56:
271:
224:
Apart from the ranked gods acknowledged by the government, there were villages that worshiped "demons" and "tainted gods" such as the Beggar God, the
Serpent God, the God of Lecherousness, and others.
504:
247:
187:
Generally each village worships only one Thành Hoàng; however, it is not rare to see two or more gods enshrined simultaneously at a village. They are known collectively as Gods of
Fortune (
408:
235:
283:
484:
432:
259:
547:
415:
527:
319:
307:
150:
44:
in
Vietnam. The gods or deities are believed to protect the village from natural disasters or calamities and bring fortune.
172:
110:, literally referring to the city wall and the moat that surrounds it. It is also the Vietnamese pronunciation of Chinese
678:
723:
685:
494:
599:
728:
577:
401:
572:
499:
738:
664:
514:
207:
671:
298:
450:
211:
107:
702:
614:
489:
203:
733:
460:
290:
220:
Lower ranking gods: whose background and accomplishments are ambiguous but are known to bless mortals
621:
743:
470:
294:
217:
Middle ranking gods: whose accomplishments are ambiguous but have been worshiped for a long time
102:
424:
351:
Phan Kế Bính, Vietnamese
Customs, Ho Chi Minh City Publishing house, 1990 edition, p.78-79.
342:
Phan Kế Bính, Vietnamese
Customs, Ho Chi Minh City Publishing house, 1990 edition, p.78-79.
455:
8:
532:
67:
594:
587:
604:
582:
206:
whose backgrounds are mysterious and miraculous, and unusually brilliant men such as
609:
537:
479:
363:
199:
115:
390:
Phan Kế Bính, Vietnamese
Customs, Ho Chi Minh City Publishing house, 1990 edition.
562:
445:
139:
637:
81:
23:
717:
642:
567:
552:
522:
163:
40:(神城隍) refers to the gods or deities that is enshrined in each village's
440:
393:
373:
368:
378:
198:
High ranking gods: famous mountain and river gods, immortals such as
41:
542:
647:
119:
325:
Ceremonial procession of Thành hoàng in Nghĩa Thành village.
130:
277:
Ceremonial procession of Thành hoàng in Triều Khúc village.
253:
Ceremonial procession of Thành hoàng in Quang Điểm village.
313:
Ceremonial procession of Thành hoàng in Nam Trì village.
265:
Ceremonial procession of Thành hoàng in Bình Đà village.
241:
Ceremonial procession of Thành hoàng in Vân Côn village.
181:
People are holding a ceremony to worship the Thành hoàng
134:Ceremonial procession of Thành hoàng, 19th century
715:
86:
72:
409:
194:Even these Gods were divided in three ranks
61:Statue of a Thành hoàng in northern Vietnam
416:
402:
55:
423:
154:The altar of Thành hoàng in Đình Chí Hòa
149:
129:
716:
397:
289:Ceremonial procession of Thành hoàng
16:Vietnamese tutelary gods of villages
13:
14:
755:
318:
306:
282:
270:
258:
246:
234:
171:
162:
345:
336:
87:
28:
1:
384:
96:
7:
357:
10:
760:
227:
145:
118:), which was adopted from
695:
656:
630:
513:
469:
433:Vietnamese creation myths
431:
125:
80:
73:
66:
54:
49:
724:Vietnamese folk religion
505:Betel Leaf and Areca Nut
330:
155:
135:
153:
133:
729:Vietnamese mythology
696:Mythological weapons
679:Việt Điện U Linh Tập
495:Sơn Tinh – Thủy Tinh
425:Vietnamese mythology
108:Sino-Vietnamese word
703:Thuận Thiên (sword)
672:Lĩnh Nam chích quái
299:Bình Dương province
293:in Tân An commune,
68:Vietnamese alphabet
739:Vietnamese deities
665:Thánh Tông di thảo
622:Thánh Trần worship
600:Tản Viên Sơn Thánh
595:The Four Immortals
515:Vietnamese deities
156:
136:
711:
710:
686:Truyền kỳ mạn lục
94:
93:
751:
734:Tutelary deities
631:Mythic creatures
578:Mẫu Thượng Thiên
451:Kinh Dương Vương
418:
411:
404:
395:
394:
364:Cheng Huang Gong
352:
349:
343:
340:
322:
310:
291:Nguyễn Văn Thành
286:
274:
262:
250:
238:
175:
166:
90:
89:
76:
75:
59:
47:
46:
38:Thần Thành hoàng
31:
30:
759:
758:
754:
753:
752:
750:
749:
748:
744:Vietnamese gods
714:
713:
712:
707:
691:
652:
626:
573:Mẫu Thượng Ngàn
509:
465:
427:
422:
387:
360:
355:
350:
346:
341:
337:
333:
326:
323:
314:
311:
302:
287:
278:
275:
266:
263:
254:
251:
242:
239:
230:
185:
184:
183:
182:
178:
177:
176:
168:
167:
148:
128:
99:
62:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
757:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
709:
708:
706:
705:
699:
697:
693:
692:
690:
689:
682:
675:
668:
660:
658:
654:
653:
651:
650:
645:
640:
634:
632:
628:
627:
625:
624:
619:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
519:
517:
511:
510:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
474:
467:
466:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
435:
429:
428:
421:
420:
413:
406:
398:
392:
391:
386:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
359:
356:
354:
353:
344:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
317:
315:
312:
305:
303:
288:
281:
279:
276:
269:
267:
264:
257:
255:
252:
245:
243:
240:
233:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
215:
208:Lý Thường Kiệt
180:
179:
170:
169:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
147:
144:
138:No later than
127:
124:
98:
95:
92:
91:
84:
78:
77:
70:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
756:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
704:
701:
700:
698:
694:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
676:
674:
673:
669:
667:
666:
662:
661:
659:
655:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
633:
629:
623:
620:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
518:
516:
512:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
475:
472:
468:
462:
461:Thần Trụ Trời
459:
457:
456:Lạc Long Quân
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
399:
396:
389:
388:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
348:
339:
335:
321:
316:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
285:
280:
273:
268:
261:
256:
249:
244:
237:
232:
231:
225:
219:
216:
213:
212:Trần Hưng Đạo
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
195:
192:
190:
174:
165:
152:
143:
141:
132:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
85:
83:
79:
71:
69:
65:
58:
53:
48:
45:
43:
39:
35:
25:
21:
684:
677:
670:
663:
657:Mythic texts
643:Hungry ghost
568:Four Palaces
563:Thiên Y A Na
557:
347:
338:
223:
193:
188:
186:
140:Đinh dynasty
137:
111:
101:
100:
37:
33:
19:
18:
615:Chử Đồng Tử
610:Thánh Gióng
558:Thành hoàng
538:Bà Chúa Kho
500:Mai An Tiêm
490:Chử Đồng Tử
480:Thánh Gióng
295:Thủ Dầu Một
204:Chử Đồng Tử
200:Thánh Gióng
103:thành hoàng
74:Thành hoàng
50:Thành hoàng
20:Thành hoàng
718:Categories
638:Hồ ly tinh
533:Bà Chúa Xứ
385:References
374:Seonangsin
369:Tu Di Gong
112:Chénghuáng
34:Thần hoàng
605:Liễu Hạnh
583:Mẫu Thoải
485:Lang Liêu
471:Hồng Bàng
189:Phúc Thần
97:Etymology
446:Ông Trời
358:See also
116:City God
588:Mẫu Địa
553:Ông Táo
548:Ông Địa
543:Kim Quy
379:Dōsojin
228:Gallery
146:Ranking
82:Chữ Hán
24:chữ Hán
528:Bà Đen
126:Origin
120:Taoism
36:(神隍),
523:Bà mụ
473:myths
441:Âu Cơ
331:Notes
106:is a
32:) or
648:Nghê
210:and
114:(or
42:Đình
191:).
720::
297:,
202:,
122:.
88:城隍
29:城隍
26::
417:e
410:t
403:v
301:.
214:.
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(2).jpg)
