632:
587:
The new types can make up no more than 10% of the final wine blend. The rest must be from the six red and eight white grape varieties traditionally cultivated in the region during its 2,000 year history. Another approach to protecting plants against the effects of climate change involves experimenting with rootstocks to develop plants that are resilient, vigorous and use water more efficiently under stressful conditions. Differences in planting, irrigation and harvesting practices are also being studied. Practices developed in warmer climates like
Australia, Israel, South America, and Spain are being adapted for use in countries that used to be cooler, as temperatures rise.
240:
1049:
in approach, committed to grueling physical labor, well bestowed with land, and, most important, literate, the monks were uniquely prepared for their mission: to delineate and codify
Burgundy's vineyards. Plot by plot, they cleared and cultivated the most difficult limestone slopes of the CĂŽte d'Or, studiously comparing vineyards and the wines made from them, recording their impressions over centuries. Tantamount to a millennium-long research project, the work of these monks in fact, for the first time, established terroir as the critical core of
3363:
3071:
2303:
40:
373:, has described the common conception of terroir as a myth. While Matthews agrees local characteristics can have an effect on plant growth and the wines made from particular grapes, he points out that the term is imprecisely defined, and also proposes the concept of terroir is accepted primarily based on
1048:
the period most crucial in the region's history was the thousand-year period from the eighth century to the French
Revolution, when much of the land and most of its wines were under the powerful command of Benedictine and Cistercian monks. Contemplative by nature, patient in temperament, systematic
586:
in a variety of ways in response. In 2021, in a controversial move, the French
National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment formally authorized wine producers in the Bordeaux region to experiment on a trial basis with four red and two white vine types selected from other areas of France.
581:
disrupts long-established patterns of temperature and precipitation in wine-growing regions and causes more extreme weather events, there are potential serious impacts on terroir and the wine industry. Hotter temperatures and an earlier growing season can push berries towards a higher sugar content,
475:
all have the potential to either reduce or emphasize some aspect derived from the terroir. Winemakers can work between the extremes of producing wine that is terroir-driven and focused on purely expressing the unique aspects of a region's terroir, or winemaking that is done without any consideration
196:
Over the centuries, French winemakers developed the concept of terroir by observing the differences in wines from different regions, vineyards, or even different sections of the same vineyard. The French began to crystallize the concept of terroir as a way of describing the unique aspects of a place
713:
can taste very similar to the same style of wine from elsewhere. The marketability of wines from different regions and producers is affected by the importance accorded to terroir, both by the wine industry and consumer wine markets, with some producers downplaying terroir and its effect on their
385:
The definition of terroir can be expanded to include elements that are controlled or influenced by humans. This can include the decision of which grape variety to plant, though whether or not that grape variety will produce quality wine is an innate element of terroir that may be beyond human
650:
The flavor of cheeses (and other dairy products) is impacted by the production location. For instance, Alpine pastures are composed of a larger variety of grasses, herbs, and flowers, than those in the lowlands. At higher elevations, the flora also changes significantly throughout the
498:
The influence of terroir means that wines from a particular region are unique, incapable of being reproduced outside that area, even if the grape variety and winemaking techniques are painstakingly duplicated. Winemakers in
Burgundy do not believe that they are producing
564:
agreement. While appellation systems and the protected designations of origin can be a way of protecting "unique terroir", the commercial importance of terroir has been a much debated topic in the wine industry. In Spain in 2018, networks of vintners joined in a
671:
movement appreciates history of a variety of plant or animal, the story of the farmer who produced it, and ultimately the quality of the product. Chefs and bakers develop their own list of qualities they desire for their creations, and terroir affects these.
479:
The importance of these influences depends on the culture of a particular wine region. In France, particularly
Burgundy, there is the belief that the role of a winemaker is to bring out the expression of a wine's terroir. The French word for "winemaker,"
402:
is a controversial element since some will advocate that its use is beneficial in bringing out the natural terroir characteristics while others will argue that its use can mask the influences of the terroir. Vineyard management (e.g., growing grapes
187:
and around the world. The AOC system presumes that the land from which the grapes are grown imparts a unique quality that is specific to that growing site (the plants' habitat). The extent of terroir's significance is debated in the wine industry.
701:, cultured yeast, micro-oxygenation, and color pigment additives â obscure or even eliminate the influence of terroir in making different regions unique. Critics often point to the homogenizing effect on mass-produced wines made from popular
486:, is more aptly translated as "wine-grower" rather than "winemaker". The belief that the terroir is the dominant influence in the wine is the basis behind French wine labels emphasizing the region, vineyard, or AOC more prominently than the
476:
given to terroir. Furthermore, aspects of terroir such as climate and soil type may be considered when deciding such things as which grape variety to plant if the goal is to make good wine rather than terroir-driven wine.
221:. With vast landholdings, the monks could conduct large-scale observation of the influences that various parcels of land had on the wine it produced. Some legends have the monks establishing the boundaries of different
681:
vineyard, and whether it merits the higher price. These doubts also arise when the quality of winemaking and other human influences are taken into account, which may be of a higher standard with the "lesser"
532:
of
Sangiovese, in the same soil composition as found in the Chianti region with winemakers using the Tuscan method of production, there is an assumption that the two wines will be different due to terroir.
507:
that happen to be made from Pinot noir. Appellation systems, such as the French AOC systems, have developed around the concepts of "unique wines from a unique area". These systems have also developed into
667:
The importance of terroir affects the price of the agricultural product as well as the products made from the product. Branding, variety, and farmer identification affects the price of a product. The
655:
period (from spring to autumn), thus also impacting the taste of cheeses produced in different batches. In
Switzerland, Alp cheese is typically indicated with a special logo, in addition to the
209:
with the seal of the region they came from, and different regions established reputations based on the quality of their wines. For centuries, literate and disciplined members of the
536:
The names of these
European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different terroir are not confused with wines from that those regions â i.e. a
132:, including unique environment contexts, farming practices and a crop's specific growth habitat. Collectively, these contextual characteristics are said to have a character;
801:
about terroir. At the end of the episode, May identifies three wines successfully, placing them in the correct order on the basis of the quality of terroir they come from.
1090:
Fraga, Helder; Malheiro, Aureliano C.; Moutinho-Pereira, José; Cardoso, Rita M.; Soares, Pedro M. M.; Cancela, Javier J.; Pinto, Joaquim G. & Santos, João A. (2014).
560:
but there has been more effort by the
American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the 2005
1516:
The secondary metabolites of the dicotyledonous plants found in mountain pastures like terpenoids or phenolic compounds are directly transferred to animal products
783:, explores the globalization of the wine business, and features interviews with a number of small producers, mostly French, who talk about terroir. In the 2006
656:
264:
While wine experts disagree about the exact definition, particular consideration is given to the natural elements that are beyond the control of humans.
201:
had already developed a concept of different regions having the potential to produce very different and distinct wines, even from the same grapes. The
675:
Wine critics question the value of a Pinot noir wine from a Burgundy Grand Cru vineyard relative to a wine produced from the "lesser terroir" of a
1282:
van Leeuwen, Cornelius (2010). "Terroir: The effect of the physical environment on vine growth, grape ripening and wine sensory attributes".
2229:
2167:
709:, which may have their terroir characteristics hidden by invasive and intensive winemaking. A heavily oaked, over-ripe Chardonnay from
647:, and French authorities have fought to balance traditional cheesemakers terroir cheeses concerns with those of major industrialists.
1374:
1327:
Alonso GonzĂĄlez, Pablo & Parga Dans, Eva (2018). "The 'terroirist' social movement: The reawakening of wine culture in Spain".
927:
362:
present in the vineyards. The microbial populations in vineyards have been described as being a quantifiable aspect of the overall
3297:
727:
175:
1907:
735:
1783:
1732:
1694:
1675:
1542:
3119:
789:
1833:
1656:
1604:
1266:
2381:
1887:
1813:
1751:
1713:
1624:
1436:
1299:
1074:
1034:
1004:
979:
813:, explores the importance of terroir and organic growing methods for the quality and future sustainability of the
350:
of the vineyard location. Other organisms growing in, on, and around the vine plots refers to the region specific
330:, such as fertility, drainage and ability to retain heat. Geomorphology refers to natural landscape features like
2356:
1512:
Mountain Pastures and Livestock Farming Facing Uncertainty: Environmental,technical and Socio Economic Challenges
1490:
631:
603:
where the chalky soil, climate and distance from the ocean are all factors influencing the product. Producers of
509:
370:
2670:
2837:
3323:
2260:
1892:
1504:
1464:
3328:
2270:
731:
582:
less acids and differences in secondary compounds that are important for aromas. Growers are attempting to
427:
process can either lessen or increase the expression of terroir in the wine. These include decisions about
1912:
327:
319:
226:
1092:"Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in Iberian Viticultural Regions"
3393:
3248:
3215:
3044:
2039:
835:
also make references to terroir. Terroir recognition is a plot turning point in the 1976 French comedy
197:
that influence and shape the wine made from it. Long before the French, the wine-making regions of the
722:
In the United States, the principles of terroir have been applied in a few limited instances, such as
411:
over a more conventional method of farming) can also be seen as a human controlled aspect of terroir.
3408:
3338:
3228:
2234:
2132:
2044:
1962:
1776:
698:
583:
561:
1410:
569:
to produce wines with added terroir value with intention to enhance the Spanish rural wine culture.
3333:
3112:
3054:
2983:
2875:
2476:
2459:
2162:
2142:
1151:"PNAS Plus: Microbial biogeography of wine grapes is conditioned by cultivar, vintage, and climate"
17:
3398:
3223:
2596:
2432:
2244:
2097:
1838:
1818:
1534:
825:
387:
31:
3086:
3009:
2454:
2265:
2119:
1972:
873:
837:
639:. Alp cheeses are characterised by the variety of herbs and flowers found at higher elevations.
408:
239:
3024:
2793:
2437:
2201:
2147:
1967:
1149:
Bokulich, Nicholas A.; Thorngate, John H.; Richardson, Paul M. & Mills, David A. (2013).
596:
202:
398:
instead of cultured or laboratory produced yeast can be a reflection of terroir. The use of
3403:
2675:
2427:
2306:
1769:
1336:
1162:
1103:
468:
464:
152:
1687:
The Geography of Wine: How Landscapes, Cultures, Terroir, and the Weather Make a Good Drop
8:
3253:
3205:
3105:
2349:
2219:
2196:
1505:"The contribution of mountain pastures to the link to terroir in dairy and meat products"
819:
566:
452:
448:
395:
391:
374:
311:
2655:
1340:
1166:
1107:
935:
3243:
2748:
2177:
2030:
1927:
1441:
1352:
1234:
1209:
1185:
1150:
1126:
1091:
906:
604:
343:
342:, which affect how the climate interacts with the region, and includes the elements of
326:). The element of soil relates both to the composition and the intrinsic nature of the
156:
619:
use terroir elements in their production process, including wood flavors derived from
3197:
3144:
2728:
2466:
2157:
1747:
1728:
1709:
1690:
1671:
1652:
1620:
1600:
1538:
1356:
1295:
1262:
1239:
1190:
1131:
1070:
1030:
1000:
975:
774:
456:
444:
432:
299:
218:
2665:
1210:"Quantifying separation and similarity in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metapopulation"
846:
2988:
2915:
2778:
2680:
2188:
2137:
2087:
1382:
1348:
1344:
1287:
1229:
1221:
1180:
1170:
1121:
1111:
553:
69:
1558:
817:
market. Terroir is also a frequent topic of discussion in the Japanese wine comic
677:
307:
295:
3343:
3164:
3081:
2867:
2695:
2630:
2573:
2536:
2416:
2280:
2239:
2224:
2015:
2005:
1528:
1116:
1024:
868:
858:
850:
809:
773:
The concept of terroir has been discussed in several films and television shows.
710:
697:
wine and whether modern winemaking techniques â like significant oak influences,
608:
541:
472:
404:
339:
125:
100:
1744:
Terroir: The Role of Geology, Climate, and Culture in the Making of French Wines
1291:
390:
thrive better in certain areas than in others. The winemaking decision of using
247:
is not specific to Burgundy, the examples of Burgundy wine from places like the
3233:
3182:
3136:
2993:
2965:
2940:
2861:
2850:
2845:
2743:
2710:
2526:
2504:
2471:
2447:
2342:
2182:
2074:
2000:
1868:
901:
896:
863:
690:
644:
600:
578:
513:
460:
436:
248:
3238:
1387:
3387:
3362:
3263:
3172:
3070:
2978:
2973:
2650:
2442:
1977:
1937:
1020:
723:
545:
529:
504:
323:
281:
198:
1175:
1029:(2nd, revised ed.). New York: Workman Publishing Company. p. 199.
3049:
2640:
2578:
2568:
2521:
2152:
2064:
2054:
1982:
1902:
1828:
1808:
1243:
1225:
1194:
1135:
758:
620:
549:
537:
291:
44:
2798:
3367:
3318:
3281:
3075:
2930:
2920:
2818:
2583:
2514:
2373:
1957:
1792:
1050:
854:
831:
814:
765:
after the main setting, a wine restaurant in turn named for the concept.
734:, which can only carry that label if grown within an area defined by the
517:
503:
that happens to be grown in Burgundy, but that they are producing unique
420:
303:
290:
The interaction of climate and terroir is generally broken down from the
210:
180:
2700:
3271:
3187:
3177:
3128:
3034:
3029:
3014:
2950:
2945:
2910:
2808:
2803:
2763:
2690:
2635:
2625:
2607:
2563:
2551:
2541:
2499:
2325:
2315:
2290:
2172:
2020:
1922:
706:
521:
500:
440:
424:
399:
359:
315:
214:
2620:
3149:
3039:
3019:
2955:
2935:
2925:
2885:
2823:
2705:
2645:
2546:
2391:
2092:
1932:
1850:
1670:. Paso Robles, California: Thomas J. Rice & Tracy G. Cervellone.
1572:
886:
804:
798:
794:
779:
742:
694:
668:
557:
369:
Mark A. Matthews, a professor of viticulture and plant physiology at
347:
331:
276:
129:
128:
term used to describe the environmental factors that affect a crop's
1089:
39:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2773:
2753:
2720:
2685:
2531:
2494:
2406:
2401:
2386:
2275:
2049:
1897:
1855:
1843:
702:
487:
482:
2615:
3154:
2905:
2758:
2733:
2660:
2107:
2102:
2059:
2010:
891:
652:
525:
428:
271:
206:
48:
2509:
1148:
643:
The tenet of terroir has also been applied to the production of
3313:
3276:
2900:
2788:
2783:
1561:. 7 CFR Part 955 – via LII / Legal Information Institute.
595:
The concept of terroir exists in other drinks, notably in tea (
335:
306:
of a smaller subsection of that region (such as the village of
184:
148:
1761:
1411:"Bordeaux Aims to Protect its Future with New Grape Varieties"
3097:
2813:
2768:
2738:
2025:
1861:
1823:
761:, most of whose leading characters work with wine, is titled
754:
616:
355:
351:
160:
1706:
The Wine Wars: The Mondavi Affair, Globalization and Terroir
516:
so that, for example, winemakers from outside a region like
87:
2365:
2321:
2285:
2127:
2082:
974:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 693â695.
636:
414:
144:
75:
267:
Components often described as aspects of terroir include:
1326:
784:
612:
286:
Other organisms growing in, on, and around the vine plots
164:
490:
of grape, and often more prominently than the producer.
2334:
1437:"Can Liquor Have a Local Taste? They're Banking on It"
1314:
994:
84:
81:
72:
1725:
The Taste of Place: A Cultural Journey Into Terroir
1666:Rice, Thomas J. & Cervellone, Tracy G. (2007).
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
689:These critics also question the difference between
78:
1409:Voss, Roger; Buckley, Kathleen (8 February 2021).
1375:"Climate change is altering the chemistry of wine"
377:, and is not backed by rigorous data or research.
3385:
1308:
1208:Knight, Sarah & Goddard, Matthew R. (2014).
995:McCarthy, Ed & Ewing-Mulligan, Mary (2001).
950:
726:, whose production area has been defined by the
1634:Nowak, Zachary (June 2012). "Against Terroir".
1373:Chrobak, Ula; Zimmer, Katarina (22 June 2022).
1155:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1665:
1649:Tasting French Terroir: The History of an Idea
1597:Tasting French Terroir: The History of an Idea
3113:
2350:
1777:
1372:
1207:
1058:
2230:Effects of climate change on wine production
1746:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1727:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1651:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1619:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1599:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
988:
793:, one episode is almost entirely devoted to
380:
59:
1708:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing.
1408:
1281:
1201:
1142:
1083:
572:
528:. While the wine may be made from the same
109:
3120:
3106:
2357:
2343:
1784:
1770:
1368:
1366:
999:. New York: Wiley Publishing. p. 22.
1386:
1233:
1184:
1174:
1125:
1115:
225:â many of which still exist today as the
139:Some artisanal crops and foods for which
2320:
1462:
1256:
969:
630:
548:there is some confusion over the use of
415:Influences of viticulture and winemaking
238:
179:(AOC) system, which is a model for wine
38:
3298:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1684:
1491:"The end to a French cheese tradition?"
1363:
1064:
1019:
807:and Gina Leibrecht's 2007 documentary,
728:United States Department of Agriculture
662:
443:, cultured or ambient yeast, length of
14:
3386:
1741:
1722:
1703:
1646:
1594:
1573:"History â Indian River Citrus League"
1488:
1259:Terroir and Other Myths of Winegrowing
867:. Terroir is frequently referenced in
736:United States Federal Trade Commission
493:
3101:
2338:
2319:
1765:
1633:
1614:
1434:
768:
99:
1315:McCarthy & Ewing-Mulligan (2001)
657:Appellation d'origine protégée (AOP)
626:
217:orders cultivated grapes in much of
1463:Erlanger, Steven (31 August 2013).
1069:. Workman Publishing. p. 190.
314:of a particular vineyard or row of
294:of a larger area (For example, the
24:
1834:International Grape Genome Program
1587:
1261:. University of California Press.
925:
753:have been popularised by Japanese
590:
25:
3420:
2382:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1814:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1559:"Vidalia Onions Grown in Georgia"
790:Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure
717:
3361:
3069:
2302:
2301:
1668:Paso Robles: An American Terroir
173:is the basis of the French wine
68:
1791:
1565:
1551:
1521:
1497:
1482:
1456:
1428:
1402:
1320:
1275:
510:protected designation of origin
371:University of California, Davis
176:appellation d'origine contrÎlée
136:also refers to this character.
3127:
1689:. New York: Plume Publishing.
1530:The Oxford Companion to Cheese
1489:Monaco, Emily (18 June 2018).
1435:Risen, Clay (21 August 2018).
1349:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.04.014
1250:
1013:
919:
47:, and influence of the nearby
13:
1:
3324:Glossary of viticulture terms
2261:Glossary of viticulture terms
1893:Diurnal temperature variation
912:
599:being a notable example) and
310:) and even to the individual
3329:Glossary of winemaking terms
2271:Glossary of winemaking terms
1117:10.1371/journal.pone.0108078
972:The Oxford Companion to Wine
439:. At the winery, the use of
7:
1292:10.1533/9781845699284.3.273
932:Stephen Tanzer's Winophilia
880:
232:
55:of this German wine region.
10:
3425:
3249:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2040:Integrated pest management
1685:Sommers, Brian J. (2008).
1257:Matthews, Mark A. (2016).
970:Robinson, J., ed. (2006).
419:Many decisions during the
191:
29:
3357:
3339:History of the wine press
3306:
3290:
3262:
3229:Sparkling wine production
3214:
3196:
3163:
3135:
3063:
3002:
2964:
2859:
2836:
2719:
2606:
2594:
2487:
2415:
2372:
2332:
2299:
2253:
2235:Environmental stewardship
2210:
2116:
2073:
1991:
1948:
1878:
1799:
1742:Wilson, James E. (1999).
1636:Petites Propos Culinaires
1388:10.1146/knowable-062222-1
562:Napa Declaration on Place
447:and time in contact with
381:Human controlled elements
3334:Wine tasting descriptors
3055:Wine tasting descriptors
2984:Phenolic content in wine
2876:Alternative wine closure
2460:Great French Wine Blight
2364:
2163:Great French Wine Blight
1704:Torres, Olivier (2006).
1329:Journal of Rural Studies
573:Impact of climate change
30:Not to be confused with
3224:Malolactic fermentation
2245:Sustainable agriculture
2026:Frost damage prevention
1908:Regional climate levels
1723:Trubek, Amy B. (2008).
1647:Parker, Thomas (2015).
1615:Fanet, Jacques (2004).
1595:Parker, Thomas (2015).
1535:Oxford University Press
1176:10.1073/pnas.1317377110
1065:MacNeil, Karen (2001).
997:French Wine for Dummies
32:Terror (disambiguation)
27:Factors affecting crops
2266:Glossary of wine terms
1226:10.1038/ismej.2014.132
745:countries, terms like
640:
435:and selecting time of
259:
60:
56:
3025:Wine and food pairing
1284:Managing Wine Quality
843:The Wing or the Thigh
777:'s 2004 documentary,
634:
597:Wuyi rock-essence tea
455:, and processes like
451:, temperature during
392:wild or ambient yeast
243:While the concept of
242:
42:
2676:Muscat of Alexandria
1537:. 2016. p. 17.
1286:. pp. 273â315.
1023:(2015). "Burgundy".
663:Commercial interests
3254:Yeast in winemaking
3206:Carbonic maceration
2220:Adaptive management
1617:Great Wine Terroirs
1341:2018JRurS..61..184A
1167:2014PNAS..111E.139B
1108:2014PLoSO...9j8078F
855:John Charles Jopson
838:L'aile ou la cuisse
820:Les Gouttes de Dieu
567:grassroots movement
524:wine and call it a
494:Appellation systems
227:Grand Cru vineyards
3244:Traditional method
3045:Wine personalities
2749:Cabernet Sauvignon
2138:Botrytis bunch rot
1958:Grapevine planting
1888:Climate categories
1577:ircitrusleague.org
1469:The New York Times
1442:The New York Times
928:"What is terroir?"
907:Shade-grown coffee
769:In popular culture
732:Indian River fruit
699:over-ripened fruit
641:
605:single malt whisky
544:"chianti". In the
520:can not produce a
375:traditional belief
260:
183:and regulation in
157:single malt whisky
143:may apply include
57:
3394:Coffee production
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3145:Late harvest wine
3095:
3094:
2832:
2831:
2729:Alicante Bouschet
2477:Judgment of Paris
2313:
2312:
2158:Grapevine yellows
1734:978-0-520-25281-3
1696:978-0-452-28890-4
1677:978-0-9799406-1-3
1544:978-0-19-933090-4
1465:"Vive le Terroir"
1379:Knowable Magazine
1317:, pp. 12â13.
926:Tanzer, Stephen.
775:Jonathan Nossiter
627:In artisan cheese
457:micro-oxygenation
43:The steep slope,
16:(Redirected from
3416:
3409:Wine terminology
3366:
3365:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3074:
3073:
2989:Proteins in wine
2656:GrĂŒner Veltliner
2604:
2603:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2304:
2189:Uncinula necator
2178:Pierce's disease
1786:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1738:
1719:
1700:
1681:
1662:
1643:
1630:
1610:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1214:The ISME Journal
1205:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1017:
1011:
1010:
992:
986:
985:
967:
948:
947:
945:
943:
934:. Archived from
923:
505:Burgundian wines
386:influence. Some
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
103:
101:[tÉÊwaÊ]
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
65:
51:distinguish the
21:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3368:Wine portal
3360:
3353:
3344:History of wine
3302:
3286:
3258:
3210:
3192:
3173:Deacidification
3159:
3131:
3126:
3096:
3091:
3076:Wine portal
3068:
3059:
2998:
2960:
2865:
2855:
2828:
2715:
2696:Sauvignon blanc
2631:Cayetana blanca
2599:
2597:grape varieties
2590:
2483:
2411:
2368:
2363:
2328:
2314:
2309:
2295:
2281:Outline of wine
2249:
2240:Organic farming
2225:Biodynamic wine
2212:
2206:
2197:Red spider mite
2118:
2112:
2069:
2031:Green harvest (
2016:Erosion control
1993:
1987:
1968:Row orientation
1950:
1944:
1880:
1874:
1819:Grape varieties
1801:
1795:
1790:
1760:
1754:
1735:
1716:
1697:
1678:
1659:
1627:
1607:
1590:
1588:Further reading
1585:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1415:Wine Enthusiast
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1371:
1364:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1255:
1251:
1206:
1202:
1147:
1143:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1063:
1059:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1018:
1014:
1007:
993:
989:
982:
968:
951:
941:
939:
938:on 24 July 2015
924:
920:
915:
883:
869:Jeff VanderMeer
861:-inspired film
859:Edgar Allan Poe
851:Keith Carradine
810:All In This Tea
771:
720:
665:
635:Pasture in the
629:
593:
591:In other drinks
575:
496:
473:reverse osmosis
417:
388:grape varieties
383:
340:bodies of water
302:), down to the
262:
261:
254:Fourchaume are
235:
194:
121:
118:
115:
112:
96:
71:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Tea production
3396:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Sugars in wine
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3183:Chaptalization
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Classification
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2994:Sugars in wine
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2966:Wine chemistry
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Wine dispenser
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Cabernet Franc
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2711:Welschriesling
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:MĂŒller-Thurgau
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Ancient Greece
2430:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2183:Powdery mildew
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:Vendange verte
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Trellis design
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1869:Vitis vinifera
1865:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1739:
1733:
1720:
1714:
1701:
1695:
1682:
1676:
1663:
1658:978-0520277519
1657:
1644:
1631:
1625:
1612:
1606:978-0520277502
1605:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1564:
1550:
1543:
1520:
1496:
1481:
1455:
1427:
1401:
1362:
1319:
1307:
1300:
1274:
1268:978-0520276956
1267:
1249:
1200:
1161:(1): E139â48.
1141:
1102:(9): e108078.
1082:
1075:
1067:The Wine Bible
1057:
1035:
1026:The Wine Bible
1021:MacNeil, Karen
1012:
1005:
987:
980:
949:
917:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
904:
902:Old World wine
899:
897:Plant genetics
894:
889:
882:
879:
871:'s 2014 novel
847:Louis de FunĂšs
770:
767:
724:Vidalia onions
719:
718:Outside Europe
716:
664:
661:
645:artisan cheese
628:
625:
592:
589:
579:climate change
574:
571:
530:clonal variety
514:European Union
495:
492:
461:chaptalization
416:
413:
409:biodynamically
382:
379:
328:vineyard soils
288:
287:
284:
279:
274:
237:
236:
234:
231:
203:Ancient Greeks
193:
190:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3421:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Acids in wine
2977:
2975:
2974:Aroma of wine
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2838:Major regions
2835:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Montepulciano
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Vine training
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:Environmental
1877:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1755:
1753:0-520-21936-8
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1715:0-230-00210-2
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1626:0-520-23858-3
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1301:9781845694845
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:(2): 361â70.
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1076:1-56305-434-5
1072:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1038:
1036:9780761187158
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1006:0-7645-5354-2
1002:
998:
991:
983:
981:0-19-860990-6
977:
973:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
937:
933:
929:
922:
918:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
878:
876:
875:
870:
866:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
834:
833:
828:
827:
822:
821:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
781:
776:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
680:
679:
673:
670:
660:
658:
654:
648:
646:
638:
633:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
588:
585:
580:
570:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:United States
543:
539:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
502:
491:
489:
485:
484:
477:
474:
470:
469:fining agents
466:
465:clarification
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
378:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:La Grande Rue
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:Vosne-Romanée
305:
301:
297:
296:CĂŽte de Nuits
293:
285:
283:
282:Geomorphology
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
265:
257:
253:
250:
246:
241:
230:
229:of Burgundy.
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:ancient world
189:
186:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
107:
102:
92:
64:
63:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3359:
3348:
3216:Fermentation
3067:
3050:Wine tasting
2671:Muscat blanc
2641:Chenin blanc
2438:Ancient Rome
2396:
2187:
2153:Downy mildew
2065:Weed control
2055:Millerandage
2032:
1917:
1903:Microclimate
1867:
1860:
1842:
1829:Hybrid grape
1809:Ampelography
1802:horticulture
1743:
1724:
1705:
1686:
1667:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1616:
1596:
1576:
1567:
1553:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1440:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1378:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1310:
1283:
1277:
1258:
1252:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1066:
1060:
1047:
1040:. Retrieved
1025:
1015:
996:
990:
971:
940:. Retrieved
936:the original
931:
921:
872:
862:
842:
836:
830:
824:
823:. The films
818:
808:
803:
788:
778:
772:
762:
759:Korean drama
757:. A 2008â09
750:
746:
740:
721:
688:
683:
676:
674:
666:
649:
642:
621:barrel aging
594:
576:
550:semi-generic
535:
497:
481:
478:
453:fermentation
418:
396:fermentation
384:
368:
363:
322:vineyard of
312:microclimate
292:macroclimate
289:
266:
263:
255:
251:
244:
222:
205:would stamp
195:
174:
170:
169:
140:
138:
133:
105:
61:
58:
52:
45:soil quality
36:
3404:Viticulture
3319:Wine bottle
3291:Other steps
3282:Wine cellar
3239:SĂŒssreserve
2931:Wine cellar
2921:Wine bottle
2862:accessories
2860:Packaging,
2819:Tempranillo
2448:Noah's wine
2428:Phoenicians
2374:Viticulture
1963:Propagation
1800:Biology and
1793:Viticulture
1448:23 February
1335:: 184â196.
1051:viticulture
853:starred in
832:A Good Year
826:French Kiss
815:Chinese tea
684:premier cru
678:Premier Cru
552:names like
512:across the
405:organically
304:mesoclimate
252:premier cru
211:Benedictine
181:appellation
49:Mosel river
3388:Categories
3198:Maceration
3188:Wine press
3178:Destemming
3129:Winemaking
3035:Wine fraud
3030:Wine fault
3015:Oenophilia
2951:Wine label
2946:Wine glass
2911:Port tongs
2809:Sangiovese
2804:Pinot noir
2764:Douce noir
2691:Rkatsiteli
2636:Chardonnay
2626:Catarratto
2600:by acreage
2574:Biodynamic
2537:Aromatized
2326:winemaking
2291:Winemaking
2213:and issues
2211:Approaches
2173:Phylloxera
2143:Bot canker
2045:Irrigation
2021:Fertilizer
1994:management
1923:Topography
1913:Soil types
1474:18 October
913:References
849:. In 2014
743:East Asian
711:California
707:Chardonnay
542:Australian
522:Sangiovese
501:Pinot noir
445:maceration
433:irrigation
425:winemaking
360:microflora
318:(like the
316:grapevines
298:region of
215:Cistercian
3150:Noble rot
3040:Winemaker
3020:Sommelier
2956:Wine rack
2936:Wine cork
2926:Wine cave
2916:Screw cap
2886:Corkscrew
2851:New World
2846:Old World
2824:Zinfandel
2799:MourvĂšdre
2706:Trebbiano
2646:Colombard
2547:Noble rot
2527:Fortified
2505:Sparkling
2472:New World
2202:Vine moth
2168:Nematodes
2133:Black rot
2117:Pests and
2093:Noble rot
2088:Festivals
1933:elevation
1881:variation
1851:Rootstock
1642:: 92â108.
1357:240441688
887:Ecoregion
874:Authority
805:Les Blank
799:James May
797:teaching
795:Oz Clarke
780:Mondovino
703:varietals
695:Old World
691:New World
669:Slow Food
554:Champagne
348:elevation
332:mountains
320:Grand Cru
277:Soil type
130:phenotype
3165:Pressing
3087:Glossary
3003:Industry
2896:Jug wine
2891:Decanter
2881:Box wine
2779:Isabella
2774:Grenache
2754:Carignan
2701:SĂ©millon
2686:Riesling
2681:Palomino
2424:Ancient
2407:Vineyard
2402:Veraison
2387:Oenology
2307:Category
2276:Oenology
2254:See also
2148:Dead arm
2120:diseases
2098:Ripeness
2050:Klopotec
1992:Vineyard
1951:planting
1949:Vineyard
1898:Drainage
1856:Vineyard
1844:Veraison
1839:Ripening
1514:. 2016.
1244:25062126
1195:24277822
1136:25251495
1096:PLOS ONE
881:See also
787:series,
751:marriage
741:In some
488:varietal
483:vigneron
300:Burgundy
258:-driven.
233:Elements
223:terroirs
219:Burgundy
207:amphorae
18:Terroirs
3349:Terroir
3307:Related
3155:Vintage
3137:Harvest
3082:Outline
2906:Muselet
2868:storage
2759:Cinsaut
2734:Barbera
2661:Macabeo
2621:Aligoté
2579:Organic
2569:Natural
2522:Dessert
2467:Georgia
2417:History
2397:Terroir
2392:Species
2108:Weather
2103:Vintage
2075:Harvest
2060:Pruning
2011:Coulure
1918:Terroir
1420:11 July
1394:11 July
1337:Bibcode
1235:4303630
1186:3890796
1163:Bibcode
1127:4176712
1104:Bibcode
1042:29 June
942:23 July
892:Habitat
864:Terroir
845:) with
763:Terroir
747:terroir
714:wines.
653:grazing
609:bourbon
538:Spanish
526:Chianti
518:Tuscany
437:harvest
429:pruning
421:growing
364:terroir
336:valleys
272:Climate
256:terroir
249:Chablis
245:terroir
192:Origins
171:Terroir
141:terroir
134:terroir
124:) is a
113:
104:; from
97:French:
62:Terroir
53:terroir
3314:Winery
3277:Solera
2901:Kvevri
2789:Merlot
2784:Malbec
2584:Kosher
2560:Other
2515:Orange
2488:Styles
2455:France
2001:Canopy
1928:aspect
1824:Grapes
1750:
1731:
1712:
1693:
1674:
1655:
1623:
1603:
1541:
1493:. BBC.
1355:
1298:
1265:
1242:
1232:
1193:
1183:
1134:
1124:
1073:
1033:
1003:
978:
615:, and
601:Cognac
471:, and
358:, and
344:aspect
185:France
163:, and
161:onions
153:coffee
149:cheese
126:French
3264:Aging
2814:Syrah
2769:Gamay
2739:Bobal
2651:Glera
2616:Airén
2608:White
2564:Table
2552:Straw
2542:Fruit
2500:White
2443:China
2322:Wines
2128:Birds
1983:Yield
1938:slope
1862:Vitis
1508:(PDF)
1353:S2CID
755:manga
705:like
617:vodka
584:adapt
467:with
356:flora
352:fauna
119:lands
106:terre
2866:and
2595:Top
2510:Rosé
2366:Wine
2324:and
2286:Wine
2083:Brix
2006:Clos
1748:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1476:2013
1450:2019
1422:2022
1396:2022
1296:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1240:PMID
1191:PMID
1132:PMID
1071:ISBN
1044:2016
1031:ISBN
1001:ISBN
976:ISBN
944:2015
829:and
730:and
693:and
637:Alps
558:Port
556:and
449:lees
423:and
346:and
338:and
213:and
145:wine
110:lit.
3272:Oak
2721:Red
2532:Ice
2495:Red
1383:doi
1345:doi
1288:doi
1230:PMC
1222:doi
1181:PMC
1171:doi
1159:111
1122:PMC
1112:doi
857:'s
785:BBC
749:or
613:rum
577:As
540:or
441:oak
407:or
400:oak
394:in
165:tea
88:ÉËr
3390::
1640:96
1638:.
1575:.
1533:.
1510:.
1467:.
1439:.
1413:.
1381:.
1377:.
1365:^
1351:.
1343:.
1333:61
1331:.
1294:.
1238:.
1228:.
1216:.
1212:.
1189:.
1179:.
1169:.
1157:.
1153:.
1130:.
1120:.
1110:.
1098:.
1094:.
1046:.
952:^
930:.
877:.
738:.
686:.
659:.
623:.
611:,
607:,
463:,
459:,
431:,
366:.
354:,
334:,
167:.
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
108:,
95:,
3121:e
3114:t
3107:v
2864:,
2358:e
2351:t
2344:v
2035:)
1847:)
1841:(
1785:e
1778:t
1771:v
1756:.
1737:.
1718:.
1699:.
1680:.
1661:.
1629:.
1611:.
1609:.
1579:.
1547:.
1478:.
1452:.
1424:.
1398:.
1385::
1359:.
1347::
1339::
1304:.
1290::
1271:.
1246:.
1224::
1218:9
1197:.
1173::
1165::
1138:.
1114::
1106::
1100:9
1079:.
1053:.
1009:.
984:.
946:.
841:(
122:'
116:'
91:/
85:w
82:r
79:Ë
76:É
73:t
70:/
66:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
