177:
231:
239:"The telharmonium generated its sounds using a system of alternators called "rheotomes." Each rheotome was actually a cog with a specific number of notched teeth. As the edge of the rheotome rotated against a wire brush (part of a larger circuit), the teeth would contact the brush a certain number of times each second, based on the rheotome's diameter. This resulted in the electrical oscillation of a sonic frequency."
143:"As early as 1906, the Cahill Telharmonium Company of New York attempted to sell musical entertainment (produced by Dr. Thaddeus Cahill's "Telharmonium," an early synthesizer) to subscribers through the telephone. The Bell Telephone company, claiming that company equipment might be damaged, refused to give the company permission to use its lines, and the firm switched to radio technology"
442:
243:
Telharmonium tones were described as "clear and pure" — referring to the electronic sine wave tones it was capable of producing. However, it was not restricted to such simple sounds. Each tonewheel of the instrument corresponded to a single note, and, to broaden its possibilities, Cahill added
20:
172:
among the appreciative audience. In these presentations, the performer sat at a console to control the instrument. The actual mechanism was so large it occupied an entire room; wires from the controlling console were fed discreetly through holes in the auditorium floor, into the instrument room
252:-like stops and multiple keyboards (the Telharmonium was polyphonic), as well as a number of foot pedals, meant that every sound could be sculpted and reshaped — the instrument was noted for its ability to reproduce the sounds of common orchestral woodwind instruments such as the
281:
was inspired by the machine at the height of its popularity and moved to write his ‘Sketch of a New
Aesthetic of Music’ (1907) which in turn became the clarion call and inspiration for the new generation of electronic composers such as
148:"Dr. Lee DeForest, of wireless telegraphy fame, made a series of successful tests with Telharmonic music currents, making the selection of the concert at Telharmonic hall clearly audible to hearers miles away without wires." —
160:
The 1911, last
Telharmonium, the Mark III, weighed almost 200 tons, was 60 feet long, had multiple keyboards and controls, and required at least two players, was installed in a special performance room in New York City.
218:
and unsuspecting telephone users would be interrupted by strange electronic music. By 1912, interest in this revolutionary instrument had changed, and Cahill's company was declared not successful in 1914.
214:
which consumed great amounts of power in order to generate sufficiently strong audio signals. In addition, problems began to arise when telephone broadcasts of
Telharmonium music were subject to
99:
created the ‘Théâtrophone’ in 1881 using two lines to pass music from a local theater to two separate phone receivers, dubbed "binauriclar auduition", the first "stereo" concert via telephone.
139:
The 1906 model, had 145 separate electric generators. The Mark II weighed almost 200 tons, was 60 feet long, had multiple keyboards and controls, and required at least two players.
192:
musical equipment in a number of ways. For instance, its sound output came in the form of connecting ordinary telephone receivers to large paper cones—a primitive form of
823:
176:
222:
Cahill died in 1934; his younger brother retained the Mark I for decades, but was unable to interest anyone in it. This was the last version to be scrapped, in 1962.
130:, to generate electric waves, to produce the twelve basic tones of the musical scale, that would be controlled by a keyboard and heard through a telephone receiver.
1193:
1458:
1447:
1071:
47:
c. 1896 and patented in 1897. The electrical signal from the
Telharmonium was transmitted over wires; it was heard on the receiving end by means of "
1241:
740:
180:
The workshop console of the telharmonium during its development at the New
England Electric Music Company's Cabot Street Music Plant, in
866:
1623:
979:
815:
1608:
1438:
1096:
610:
206:
The
Telharmonium's demise came for a number of reasons. The instrument was immense in size and weight. This being an age before
136:
By 1901, Cahill had constructed a working model, to seek financial backing for a finished machine. The Mark I weighed 7 tons.
1550:
1188:
326:
200:
diaphragms were the most preferable means of outputting its distinctive sound. There are no known recordings of its music.
1194:
https://web.archive.org/web/20121114225402/https://blogs.courant.com/bill_weir/2010/04/mark-twain-electronic-music-pi.html
164:
A small number of performances were given for live audiences, in addition to the telephone transmissions. Performances in
1183:
458:
1119:
1618:
545:
348:
1367:
1234:
118:
In 1890's, Thaddeus Cahill was a lawyer living in
Washington DC who invented devices for Pianos and Typewriters.
1004:
1214:
1454:
1048:
127:
552:
An authoritative history of the
Telharmonium. Weidenaar produced a 29-minute documentary video, also called
1613:
1416:
459:"The Dynamophone (a.k.a. Telharmonium-The Great Grandpappy of the Modern Synthesizer) and Thaddeus Cahill"
1431:
1030:
1227:
1209:
387:
383:
340:
852:
230:
1504:
433:
76:
268:. The Telharmonium needed 671 kilowatts of power and had 153 keys that allowed it to work properly.
102:
In 1890 AT&T ceased work on a service to provide music, admitting difficulty with sound quality.
676:
584:
1357:
908:
318:
1180:
1424:
1345:
377:
168:(some at "Telharmonic Hall", 39th and Broadway) were well received by the public in 1906, with
750:
1308:
1198:
636:"Thaddeus Cahill's "Music Plant" The Telharmonium and the promise of electrical music on tap"
1509:
938:
133:
Cahill built three versions. Each was an advancement over the features of its predecessor.
1189:
https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/a17086/first-synth-muzak-telharmonium/
8:
1570:
847:
354:
153:
942:
1400:
1330:
955:
745:
63:
1524:
635:
614:
541:
344:
322:
83:
106:
1555:
1519:
1266:
1250:
716:
655:
278:
197:
48:
40:
535:
488:
283:
1494:
1318:
413:
44:
24:
96:
1560:
1514:
1499:
1473:
1405:
1203:
1072:"Streaming in the Victorian Era: Early Synthesizer Sent Out Tunes by Telephone"
1171:
1166:
1147:
886:
462:
437:
393:
1602:
1529:
1340:
1276:
1123:
287:
249:
165:
55:
1446:
1152:
1450:
1362:
1313:
364:
696:
1565:
1489:
1377:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1261:
843:
207:
193:
189:
89:
66:. It is considered to be the first electromechanical musical instrument.
1587:
1372:
1350:
1157:
438:
Art of and apparatus for generating and distributing music electrically
373:
300:
169:
122:"Cahill was working as a Congressional aide when he conceived the idea"
79:
created an electrical telegraph that triggered an array of tuned bells
1387:
1335:
1271:
215:
59:
1219:
1210:
https://www.makenoisemusic.com/content/manuals/telharmonicManual.pdf
19:
1582:
1325:
867:"The History of Magnetic Recording in the United States, 1888-1978"
261:
245:
1303:
257:
181:
780:
980:"Musical recordings lost to history (The Stationary Ark, etc.)"
585:"The 'Telharmonium' or 'Dynamophone' Thaddeus Cahill, USA 1897"
315:
Refining Sound: A Practical Guide to
Synthesis and Synthesizers
211:
234:
Patent 580035 was filed by Cahill for the
Telharmonium in 1896
1181:
https://daelectronicmusic.wordpress.com/history/telharmonium/
265:
253:
560:
1204:
Telharmonium, Audion Piano, Luigi Russolo et les bruitistes
371:
The Telharmonium: A History of the First Music Synthesizer,
1199:
https://www.perfectcircuit.com/signal/telharmonium-history
86:’s ‘On the Sensations of Tone’ (1862) appeared in English
126:
The final design, patented in 1897, had twelve separate
203:
The Telharmonium was retailed by Cahill for $ 200,000.
816:"The World's First Synthesizer Was a 200-Ton Behemoth"
510:
By 1906 the new Telharmonium...weighed almost 200 tons
1037:. Oxford Music Online @ Oxford University Press. Web.
677:"The Telharmonium: Electricity's Alliance With Music"
674:
62:
to generate musical sounds as electrical signals by
1005:"200 tonnes in 1893: The world's first synthesiser"
109:
created the ‘Telefonhírmondó’ or ‘Telephone Herald’
935:The Theremin in the Emergence of Electronic Music
697:"News and Entertainment by Telephone (1876-1930)"
1600:
913:Carl Kruse | People + Organizations Doing Good
210:had been invented, it required large electric
1432:
1235:
844:A duo at the Washington Telharmonium keyboard
888:The Synthesis of Synthesis- The Telharmonium
540:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 436.
1215:Telharmonic, an Eurorack synthesizer module
1172:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kf6OQvhChKg
1167:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AV34h-YCMbE
1148:https://www.britannica.com/art/telharmonium
1439:
1425:
1242:
1228:
909:"Electronic Music: A Not-So-Brief History"
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
426:
1049:"Music, Sound, And The Personal Computer"
1028:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
533:
486:
461:. Lebanon Valley College. Archived from
229:
175:
18:
932:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
566:
563:for extensive additional documentation)
414:"Chapter 6 – Digital Sound & Music"
312:
1601:
1029:Weidenaar, Reynold (7 February 2013).
813:
798:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
1420:
1249:
1223:
826:from the original on 21 November 2018
557:. Magnetic Music Publishing Co. 1998.
188:The Telharmonium foreshadowed modern
1158:https://magneticmusic.ws/mmvideo.htm
1120:"Dead medium: Cahill's Telharmonium"
764:
1184:Douglas Anderson School of the Arts
516:
498:specification...dated April 6, 1897
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
13:
502:application filed February 4, 1896
456:
306:
248:to each note. This, combined with
14:
1635:
1624:History of Holyoke, Massachusetts
1141:
656:"Thaddeus Cahill's Teleharmonium"
555:Magic Music from the Telharmonium
537:Magic Music from the Telharmonium
337:Electronic and Experimental Music
313:Shepard, Brian (1 January 2013).
933:Glinsky, Albert Vincent (1992),
489:"Thaddeus Cahill's Telharmonium"
469:
450:
244:several extra tonewheels to add
1112:
1089:
1064:
1041:
1022:
997:
972:
948:
926:
901:
879:
859:
837:
733:
709:
689:
668:
1609:Electronic musical instruments
1455:electronic musical instruments
648:
628:
603:
406:
128:alternating-current generators
92:’s ‘Musical Telegraph’ of 1874
1:
589:120 Years of Electronic Music
399:
69:
749:. 2015-05-27. Archived from
717:"Synthmuseum.com - Magazine"
613:. 2021-01-21. Archived from
436:, Thaddeus Cahill, "
7:
984:Straight Dope Message Board
534:Weidenaar, Reynold (1995).
506:weighed about 7 tons in all
388:The Home Publishing Company
294:
10:
1640:
675:Thomas Commerford Martin.
362:New Music for an Old World
113:
1541:
1482:
1466:
1396:
1257:
1097:"THE DEAD MEDIA NOTEBOOK"
432:
358:vol 96 #10 9th March 1907
271:
225:
77:Samuel Thomas Soemmerring
1619:1897 musical instruments
440:", issued 1897-04-06
394:Telharmonic Hall Program
58:, the Telharmonium used
23:Telharmonium console by
16:Type of electrical organ
1358:Kienle Resonator System
1206:sonhors.free.fr, French
487:Williston, Jay (2000).
341:Charles Scribner's Sons
319:Oxford University Press
156:, 16 March 1907, Page 6
960:HistoryOfRecording.com
814:Stubbs, David (2018).
741:"F.Y.I. - NYTimes.com"
378:Computer Music Journal
235:
185:
28:
1309:Fender Contempo Organ
233:
196:. Cahill stated that
179:
22:
1510:Instrument amplifier
1153:Official U.S. Patent
1009:faroutmagazine.co.uk
820:Smithsonian Magazine
434:US patent 580035
367:. v.27 1906 May-Oct.
1614:American inventions
943:1992PhDT.......106G
721:www.synthmuseum.com
591:. 20 September 2013
447:, filed 1896-02-04.
386:(v5 #5, June 1907)
355:Scientific American
154:Passaic, New Jersey
35:(also known as the
1401:Keyboard amplifier
1331:Eminent 310 Unique
1035:Grove Music Online
891:, 19 February 2013
746:The New York Times
611:"The Telharmonium"
380:, vol. 12 #3, 1988
376:by Thomas L Rhea.
343:, 1985. pp. 32-41
335:Holmes, Thomas B.
236:
186:
150:Passaic Daily News
105:In 1893 Hungarian
64:additive synthesis
29:
1596:
1595:
1525:Speaker enclosure
1483:52. Amplification
1414:
1413:
1251:Electronic organs
384:Gunter’s Magazine
328:978-0-19-992296-3
84:Hermann Helmholtz
1631:
1520:Guitar amplifier
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1267:Clonewheel organ
1244:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1122:. Archived from
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
991:
976:
970:
969:
967:
966:
952:
946:
945:
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
905:
899:
898:
897:
896:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
863:
857:
848:The World's Work
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
811:
796:
795:
793:
792:
777:
762:
761:
759:
758:
737:
731:
730:
728:
727:
713:
707:
706:
704:
703:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
672:
666:
665:
663:
662:
652:
646:
645:
643:
642:
632:
626:
625:
623:
622:
607:
601:
600:
598:
596:
581:
564:
558:
551:
531:
514:
513:
484:
467:
466:
454:
448:
446:
445:
441:
430:
424:
423:
421:
420:
410:
332:
279:Ferruccio Busoni
41:electrical organ
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1544:(radioelectric)
1543:
1542:53. Oscillation
1537:
1495:Electric guitar
1478:
1462:
1445:
1415:
1410:
1392:
1319:Vox Continental
1253:
1248:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1003:
1002:
998:
989:
987:
978:
977:
973:
964:
962:
954:
953:
949:
931:
927:
918:
916:
907:
906:
902:
894:
892:
885:
884:
880:
871:
869:
865:
864:
860:
842:
838:
829:
827:
812:
799:
790:
788:
779:
778:
765:
756:
754:
739:
738:
734:
725:
723:
715:
714:
710:
701:
699:
695:
694:
690:
681:
679:
673:
669:
660:
658:
654:
653:
649:
640:
638:
634:
633:
629:
620:
618:
609:
608:
604:
594:
592:
583:
582:
567:
553:
548:
532:
517:
493:synthmuseum.com
485:
470:
455:
451:
443:
431:
427:
418:
416:
412:
411:
407:
402:
329:
309:
307:Further reading
297:
274:
264:, and also the
228:
198:electromagnetic
116:
75:1809, Prussian
72:
54:Like the later
45:Thaddeus Cahill
43:, developed by
39:) was an early
25:Thaddeus Cahill
17:
12:
11:
5:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1561:Ondes Martenot
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Bass amplifier
1507:
1502:
1500:Electric piano
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1474:Tracker action
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1406:Leslie speaker
1403:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1142:External links
1140:
1137:
1136:
1111:
1088:
1063:
1040:
1031:"Telharmonium"
1021:
996:
971:
956:"Telharmonium"
947:
925:
900:
878:
858:
836:
797:
781:"Telharmonium"
763:
732:
708:
688:
667:
647:
627:
602:
565:
546:
515:
468:
465:on 2009-03-02.
457:Snyder, Jeff.
449:
425:
404:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
391:
381:
368:
359:
351:
333:
327:
321:. p. 11.
308:
305:
304:
303:
296:
293:
292:
291:
273:
270:
241:
240:
227:
224:
158:
157:
145:
144:
124:
123:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:Tivadar Puskás
103:
100:
93:
87:
80:
71:
68:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1636:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1530:Larsen effect
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Electrophones
1449:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:Hammond organ
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:Nord C Series
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1126:on 2013-10-04
1125:
1121:
1115:
1098:
1092:
1077:
1076:99% Invisible
1073:
1067:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1010:
1006:
1000:
985:
981:
975:
961:
957:
951:
944:
940:
936:
929:
914:
910:
904:
890:
889:
882:
868:
862:
855:
854:
849:
845:
840:
825:
821:
817:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
786:
782:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
753:on 2015-05-27
752:
748:
747:
742:
736:
722:
718:
712:
698:
692:
678:
671:
657:
651:
637:
631:
617:on 2021-01-21
616:
612:
606:
590:
586:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
562:
556:
549:
547:0-8108-2692-5
543:
539:
538:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
512:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
464:
460:
453:
439:
435:
429:
415:
409:
405:
395:
392:
389:
385:
382:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
352:
350:
349:9780684181356
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
320:
316:
311:
310:
302:
299:
298:
289:
288:Luigi Russolo
285:
284:Edgard Varèse
280:
276:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
238:
237:
232:
223:
220:
217:
213:
209:
204:
201:
199:
195:
191:
183:
178:
174:
171:
167:
166:New York City
162:
155:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
129:
121:
120:
119:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
73:
67:
65:
61:
57:
56:Hammond organ
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
1578:Telharmonium
1577:
1532:("feedback")
1383:Telharmonium
1382:
1368:Organ makers
1363:Lowrey organ
1314:Gibson G-101
1128:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1114:
1103:. Retrieved
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1078:. 2022-02-04
1075:
1066:
1055:. Retrieved
1043:
1034:
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
1011:. 2023-11-03
1008:
999:
988:. Retrieved
986:. 2020-09-28
983:
974:
963:. Retrieved
959:
950:
934:
928:
917:. Retrieved
915:. 2021-12-26
912:
903:
893:, retrieved
887:
881:
870:. Retrieved
861:
856:, June 1906.
853:World's Work
851:
839:
828:. Retrieved
819:
789:. Retrieved
787:. 2017-04-12
784:
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
744:
735:
724:. Retrieved
720:
711:
700:. Retrieved
691:
680:. Retrieved
670:
659:. Retrieved
650:
639:. Retrieved
630:
619:. Retrieved
615:the original
605:
593:. Retrieved
588:
554:
536:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
492:
463:the original
452:
428:
417:. Retrieved
408:
370:
361:
353:
339:. New York:
336:
314:
242:
221:
208:vacuum tubes
205:
202:
187:
163:
159:
149:
138:
135:
132:
125:
117:
97:Clément Ader
53:
51:" speakers.
36:
33:Telharmonium
32:
30:
1566:Synthesizer
1490:Bass guitar
1378:Riha Adagio
1299:Doric Organ
1294:Combo organ
1287:Roland VK-8
1282:Roland VK-7
1262:Chord organ
595:14 December
390:, 503-622pp
194:loudspeaker
90:Elisha Gray
37:Dynamophone
1603:Categories
1588:Trautonium
1467:51. Action
1373:Philicorda
1351:Organ trio
1130:2024-04-21
1105:2024-04-21
1082:2024-04-21
1057:2024-04-21
1015:2024-04-21
990:2024-04-21
965:2024-04-21
919:2024-04-21
895:2023-02-23
872:2024-04-21
830:2023-02-23
791:2024-04-21
757:2024-04-21
726:2024-04-21
702:2024-04-21
682:2024-04-21
661:2024-04-21
641:2024-04-21
621:2024-04-21
419:2024-04-21
400:References
301:Trautonium
190:electronic
170:Mark Twain
95:In Paris,
70:Background
60:tonewheels
1388:Tonewheel
1336:Guitorgan
1272:Korg CX-3
365:McClure's
246:harmonics
216:crosstalk
82:In 1885,
1583:Theremin
1326:Electone
824:Archived
295:See also
262:clarinet
1571:Modular
1304:Farfisa
939:Bibcode
561:website
258:bassoon
212:dynamos
184:, 1906.
182:Holyoke
173:below.
114:History
1551:Buchla
1505:Pickup
544:
444:
374:review
347:
325:
272:Legacy
226:Design
1100:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
559:(See
266:cello
254:flute
250:organ
27:1897.
1556:Moog
1459:list
1346:List
785:ETHW
597:2017
542:ISBN
508:", "
504:", "
500:", "
345:ISBN
323:ISBN
286:and
49:horn
31:The
1457:) (
850:,
846:,
1605::
1448:5.
1074:.
1033:.
1007:.
982:.
958:.
937:,
911:.
822:.
818:.
800:^
783:.
766:^
743:.
719:.
587:.
568:^
518:^
495:.
491:.
471:^
317:.
290:."
260:,
256:,
152:,
1461:)
1453:(
1440:e
1433:t
1426:v
1243:e
1236:t
1229:v
1133:.
1108:.
1085:.
1060:.
1018:.
993:.
968:.
941::
922:.
875:.
833:.
794:.
760:.
729:.
705:.
685:.
664:.
644:.
624:.
599:.
550:.
422:.
331:.
277:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
