338:
367:
sentences describing the liquid transmitter and a variable resistance claim to Bell's draft application. After the lawyer's clerk recopied the draft as a finished patent application, Bell's lawyer hand-delivered the finished application to the patent office just before noon Monday, a few hours after Gray's caveat was delivered by Gray's lawyer. Bell's lawyer requested that Bell's application be immediately recorded and hand-delivered to the examiner on Monday so that later Bell could claim it had arrived first. Bell was in Boston at this time and was not aware that his application had been filed.
387:(described in Bell's patent application as using mercury as the liquid) was invented by Bell. Bell pointed to an application of Bell's filed a year earlier where mercury was used in a circuit breaker. The examiner accepted this argument, although mercury would not have worked in a telephone transmitter. On February 29, Bell's lawyer submitted an amendment to Bell's claims that distinguished them from Gray's caveat and Gray's earlier application. On March 3, Wilber approved Bell's application and on March 7, 1876, 174,465 was published by the
434:
added only to Bell's earlier draft, not to his patent application that shows the seven sentences already present in a paragraph. Bell testified that he added those seven sentences in the margin of an earlier draft of his application "almost at the last moment before sending it off to
Washington" to his lawyers. Bell or his lawyer could not have added the seven sentences to the application after it was filed in the Patent Office, because then the application would not have been suspended.
379:
346:
2607:
251:
2617:
1455:
2596:
1474:
371:
competing patent application. The suspension also gave Bell time to amend his claims to avoid an interference with an earlier patent application of Gray's that mentioned changing the intensity of the electric current without breaking the circuit, which seemed to the examiner to be an "undulatory current" that Bell was claiming. Such an interference would delay Bell's application until Bell submitted proof, under the
2627:
1384:
115:
426:
letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Wilber's affidavit contradicted his earlier testimony, and historians have pointed out that his last affidavit was drafted for him by the attorneys for the Pan-Electric
Company which was attempting to steal the Bell patents and was later discovered to have bribed the U.S. Attorney General
271:
consisting of a vibrating diaphragm in a magnetic field to make the oscillator tones audible and louder at the receiving end. In 1900 Gray worked on an underwater signaling device. After his death in 1901 officials gave the invention to
Oberlin College. A few years later he was recognized as the inventor of the underwater signaling device.
446:, a device that could remotely transmit handwriting through telegraph systems. Gray was granted several patents for these pioneer fax machines, and the Gray National Telautograph Company was chartered in 1888 and continued in business as The Telautograph Corporation for many years; after a series of mergers it was finally absorbed by
221:. Gray later gave up his administrative position as chief engineer to focus on inventions that could benefit the telegraph industry. Gray's inventions and patent costs were financed by a dentist, Dr. Samuel S. White of Philadelphia, who had made a fortune producing porcelain teeth. White wanted Gray to focus on the
33:
450:
in the 1990s. Gray's telautograph machines were used by banks for signing documents at a distance and by the military for sending written commands during gun tests when the deafening noise from the guns made spoken orders on the telephone impractical. The machines were also used at train stations for
413:
determined, "while Gray was undoubtedly the first to conceive of and disclose the invention, as in his caveat of
February 14, 1876, his failure to take any action amounting to completion until others had demonstrated the utility of the invention deprives him of the right to have it considered." Gray
398:
Although Bell has been accused of stealing the telephone from Gray because his liquid transmitter design resembled Gray's, documents in the
Library of Congress indicate that Bell had been using liquid transmitters extensively for three years in his multiple telegraph and other experiments. In April,
370:
Five days later, on
February 19, Zenas Fisk Wilber, the patent examiner for both Bell's application and Gray's caveat, noticed that Bell's application claimed the same variable resistance feature described in Gray's caveat. Wilber suspended Bell's application for 90 days to give Gray time to submit a
306:
machine. Gray's patent stated that the telautograph would allow "one to transmit his own handwriting to a distant point over a two-wire circuit." It was the first facsimile machine in which the stylus was controlled by horizontal and vertical bars. The telautograph was first publicly exhibited at the
433:
Bell's patent was disputed in 1888 by attorney
Lysander Hill who accused Wilber of allowing Bell or his lawyer Pollok to add a handwritten margin note of seven sentences to Bell's application that describe an alternate design similar to Gray's liquid microphone design. However, the marginal note was
425:
with whom Wilber had served in the Civil War. Wilber stated that, contrary to Patent Office rules, he showed Bailey the caveat Gray had filed. He also stated that he showed the caveat to Bell and Bell gave him $ 100. Bell testified that they only discussed the patent in general terms, although in a
362:
Bell's application. Bell's lawyers in
Washington, DC, had been waiting with Bell's patent application for months, under instructions not to file it in the USA until it had been filed in Britain first. (At the time, Britain would only issue patents on discoveries not previously patented elsewhere.)
270:
using vibrating electromagnetic circuits that were single-note oscillators operated by a two-octave piano keyboard. The "Musical
Telegraph" used steel reeds whose oscillations were created by electromagnets and transmitted over a telegraph wire. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker in later models
366:
According to
Evenson, during the weekend of February 12–14, 1876, before either caveat or application had been filed in the patent office, Bell's lawyer learned about the liquid transmitter idea in Gray's caveat that would be filed early Monday morning February 14. Bell's lawyer then added seven
329:
Because of Samuel White's opposition to Gray working on the telephone, Gray did not tell anybody about his invention for transmitting voice sounds until February 11, 1876 (Friday). The only remaining proof is a drawing he made on that day. Gray requested that his patent lawyer William D. Baldwin
394:
Bell returned to Boston and resumed work on March 9, drawing a diagram in his lab notebook of a water transmitter being used face down, very similar to that shown in Gray's caveat. Bell and Watson built and tested a liquid transmitter design on March 10 and successfully transmitted clear speech
386:
Bell's lawyer telegraphed Bell, who was still in Boston, to come to Washington, DC. When Bell arrived on February 26, Bell visited his lawyers and then visited examiner Wilber who told Bell that Gray's caveat showed a liquid transmitter and asked Bell for proof that the liquid transmitter idea
258:
In 1874, Gray retired to do independent research and development. Gray applied for a patent on a harmonic telegraph which consisted of multi-tone transmitters, that controlled each tone with a separate telegraph key. Gray gave several private demonstrations of this invention in New York and
1031:"Chicago, Illinois. Reading the teleautograph in the trainmaster's office of the Union Station. The messages originate in the interlocking tower and are carried to teleautographs in various parts of the station; the trainmaster's office, the passenger agent's office, information desk, etc"
473:
In 1899, Gray moved to Boston where he continued inventing. One of his projects was to develop an underwater signaling device to transmit messages to ships. One such signaling device was tested on December 31, 1900. Three weeks later, on January 21, 1901, Gray died from a heart attack in
469:
system that he called the "telephone". Pictures would be focused on an array of selenium cells and signals from the selenium cells would be transmitted to a distant station on separate wires. At the receiving end, each wire would open or close a shutter to recreate the image.
266:. At the church, on December 29, 1874, Gray gave the first public demonstration of his invention for transmitting musical tones and transmitted "familiar melodies through telegraph wire" according to a newspaper announcement. This was one of the earliest
955:
353:
On Monday morning February 14, 1876, Gray signed and had notarized the caveat that described a telephone that used a liquid transmitter. Baldwin then submitted the caveat to the US Patent Office. That same morning a lawyer for
147:
1367:
physics department head, began writing a Gray biography, but the book was never finished because of Taylor's accidental death in July 1948. Dr Taylor's unfinished manuscript is in the College Archives at Oberlin
400:
750:
1344:
890:
225:
which promised huge profits instead of what appeared to be unpromising competing inventions such as the telephone. White made the decision in 1876 to redirect Gray's interest in the telephone.
228:
In 1870, Gray developed a needle annunciator for hotels and another for elevators. He also developed a microphone printer which had a typewriter keyboard and printed messages on paper tape.
217:, a superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph Company. Stager became an active partner in Gray & Barton Co. and remained on the board of directors. The company moved to Chicago near
1406:
399:
1875, ten months before the alleged theft of Gray's design, the U.S. Patent Office granted 161,739 to Bell for a primitive fax machine, which he called the "autograph telegraph." The
185:
where he experimented with electrical devices. Although Gray did not graduate, he taught electricity and science there and built laboratory equipment for its science departments.
284:). His experiments with transmitting musical tones went further, and on February 15, 1876 Elisha Gray was granted US Patent for electro-harmonic telegraph with piano keyboard.
1501:
406:
After March 1876, Bell and Watson focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.
1495:
409:
Although Gray had abandoned his caveat, Gray applied for a patent for the same invention in late 1877. This put him in a second interference with Bell's patents. The
1356:
414:
challenged Bell's patent anyway, and after two years of litigation, Bell was awarded rights to the invention, and as a result, Bell is credited as the inventor.
195:
relay that automatically adapted to varying insulation of the telegraph line. In 1867 Gray received a patent for the invention, the first of more than seventy.
1871:
324:
1085:
358:
submitted Bell's patent application. Which application arrived first is hotly disputed, although Gray believed that his caveat arrived a few hours
349:
Excerpts from Elisha Gray's patent caveat of February 14 and Alexander Graham Bell's lab notebook entry of March 9, demonstrating their similarity
198:
In 1869, Elisha Gray and his partner Enos M. Barton founded Gray & Barton Co. in Cleveland, Ohio to supply telegraph equipment to the giant
2676:
395:
saying "Mr. Watson – come here – I want to see you." Bell's notebooks became public when they were donated to the Library of Congress in 1976.
1518:
2706:
2701:
2579:
2551:
2546:
1571:
1094:
800:
Dr. Samuel S. White of Philadelphia was a wealthy dentist who paid the legal costs and shared in any profits from Elisha Gray's inventions.
1513:
1487:
231:
In 1871 the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the city and its telegraph infrastructure, Gray & Barton was hired to rebuild it. In 1872,
1144:
1056:"Mechanical and Electrical Equipment of the Toronto Union Station, Journal of the Engineering Institute of Canada, Vol. 4; pages 87-97"
1102:
621:
388:
1225:
2661:
1507:
579:
775:
2691:
2573:
2671:
2568:
2558:
2538:
2340:
1276:
1152:
732:
1080:
1705:
2696:
2630:
2563:
2409:
254:
An early photo of employees of Gray and Barton. Elisha Gray is in the front row, holding his automatic telegraph printer
2335:
2429:
1432:
1333:
1314:
1295:
1205:
1170:
785:
459:
2686:
2214:
1762:
1564:
1187:
714:
680:
663:
646:
2681:
2325:
1233:
308:
199:
2320:
1197:
334:
was like a provisional patent application with drawings and description but without a request for examination.
288:
2345:
697:
916:
142:. Some recent authors have argued that Gray should be considered the true inventor of the telephone because
2620:
2381:
2278:
1821:
1616:
1588:
1055:
263:
2610:
2117:
1557:
1543:
410:
2469:
2391:
2330:
2037:
532:
475:
151:
135:
76:
2666:
2241:
2202:
2047:
1947:
1876:
1809:
1636:
950:
885:
537:
466:
455:
337:
2600:
1842:
1777:
1730:
1690:
1414:
1410:
1394:
1098:
203:
600:
2439:
2424:
2268:
2219:
2142:
2042:
1720:
1606:
1601:
486:
218:
202:. The electrical distribution business was later spun off and organized into a separate company,
139:
2361:
2147:
1962:
1907:
1902:
1715:
1680:
127:
114:
953:, "Improvement in transmitters and receivers for electric telegraphs", issued 6/4/1875
681:"US Patent № 132907 «Improvement in printing-telegraph instruments», dated November, 12, 1872"
2263:
2067:
2032:
1952:
1932:
1854:
1742:
1663:
1191:
355:
143:
100:
1596:
1481:
664:"US Patent № 118231, «Improvement in electro-magnetic annunciators», dated August, 22, 1871"
2656:
2651:
2177:
2137:
2107:
1864:
1799:
1621:
1266:
625:
146:
allegedly stole the idea of the liquid transmitter from him. Although Gray had been using
8:
2187:
2127:
1886:
1848:
1646:
1631:
1528:
1239:
715:"US Patent № 173,618. Improvement in electro-harmonic telegraphs. Patented Feb. 15, 1876"
542:
458:
and sold his share in the telautograph shortly after that. Gray was also chairman of the
281:
267:
222:
2414:
2371:
2302:
2172:
2102:
2077:
2012:
1859:
1580:
1221:
299:
2454:
2376:
2290:
2273:
2236:
2082:
1912:
1881:
1747:
1641:
1538:
1450:
1402:
1329:
1310:
1291:
1288:
The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy
1272:
1201:
1158:
1148:
1140:
781:
236:
174:
53:
2122:
378:
161:, and was granted over 70 patents for his inventions. He was one of the founders of
2459:
2419:
2399:
2366:
2295:
2253:
2167:
2022:
2007:
1982:
1957:
1917:
1767:
1626:
1611:
1459:
1166:
1106:
547:
427:
422:
244:
148:
liquid transmitters in his telephone experiments for more than two years previously
131:
522:(1900) a nontechnical discussion of science and technology for the general public.
2087:
1942:
1710:
1685:
1673:
1534:
1522:
1364:
485:, which is actually named after 20th century physicist and electrical researcher
372:
182:
1446:
1030:
165:, purchasing a controlling interest in the company shortly after its inception.
2285:
2157:
2132:
2092:
2062:
1937:
1772:
1725:
1700:
1658:
1114:
502:
Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic Telegraphy and Telephony, 1867–1876
2645:
2434:
2207:
2197:
2112:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1972:
1794:
1653:
1110:
331:
276:
232:
207:
80:
2312:
2152:
2097:
2027:
1992:
1927:
1826:
1816:
1668:
443:
295:
240:
214:
481:
Some modern authors incorrectly credit Elisha Gray as the namesake of the
2512:
2162:
2072:
2057:
1977:
1836:
158:
1235:
The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4A: Enumeration and Backtracking
345:
2517:
2224:
1922:
1831:
1787:
1757:
1735:
188:
In 1862, while at Oberlin, Gray met and married Delia Minerva Shepard.
32:
647:"US Patent № 69,424. Telegraph Relay Instrument. Patented Oct 1, 1867"
382:
The master telephone patent awarded to Bell, No. 174465, March 7, 1876
2502:
1967:
1782:
1549:
482:
418:
341:
Elisha Gray's drawing of liquid transmitter made on February 11, 1876
250:
192:
2497:
2487:
2404:
2229:
2052:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1413:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
177:, the son of Christiana (Edgerton) and David Gray. His family were
243:, bought one-third of Gray and Barton Co. and changed the name to
2492:
2477:
1695:
924:
312:
162:
1162:
2522:
2482:
1804:
178:
1135:
Cattermole, Kenneth W. (1969). Written at Harlow, Essex, UK.
2507:
2444:
1752:
447:
421:
that he was an alcoholic and deeply in debt to Bell's lawyer
213:
In 1870, financing for Gray & Barton Co. was arranged by
2449:
1525: (archived October 4, 1999) over the harmonic telegraph
820:
818:
57:
998:
986:
1498:
filed on February 14, 1876 same day as Bell's application
454:
Gray displayed his telautograph invention in 1893 at the
330:
prepare a "caveat" for filing at the US Patent Office. A
303:
280:
for "Electric Telegraph for Transmitting Musical Tones" (
181:. He was brought up on a farm. He spent several years at
1010:
897:
866:
854:
842:
815:
375:
rules, that Bell had invented that feature before Gray.
1491:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 390–391.
157:
Gray is also considered to be the father of the modern
974:
962:
931:
888:, "Improvement in telegraphy", issued 7/3/1876
803:
1307:
The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone
830:
580:"What is a Synthesizer and how does it work? |"
325:
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
126:(August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an American
1086:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
622:"Elisha Gray: The Early Years - Graybar 150 years"
560:
1397:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
1193:Cogwheels of the Mind: The Story of Venn Diagrams
247:. Gray continued to invent for Western Electric.
245:Western Electric Manufacturing Company of Chicago
168:
2643:
1128:
767:
264:Presbyterian Church in Highland Park, Illinois
1565:
462:at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.
1180:
1095:Manchester College of Science and Technology
730:
2580:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1238:. Vol. pre-fascicle 2a. Archived from
780:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience.
777:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
2616:
1572:
1558:
1145:American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc.
1139:(1 ed.). London, UK / New York, USA:
1134:
1072:
31:
1504:with drawings, filed on February 14, 1876
1433:Learn how and when to remove this message
1343:Patterson, Boyd Crumrine (January 1969).
1342:
1103:Institution of Engineering and Technology
1053:
773:
1328:. North Carolina: McFarland Publishers.
377:
344:
336:
249:
191:In 1865, Gray invented a self-adjusting
154:was upheld in numerous court decisions.
16:American electrical engineer (1835–1901)
1326:The Telephone and Its Several Inventors
1285:
1264:
1186:
1016:
1004:
992:
968:
937:
903:
860:
848:
836:
824:
566:
259:Washington, D.C. in May and June 1874.
2644:
1579:
1028:
460:International Congress of Electricians
132:Western Electric Manufacturing Company
2677:Discovery and invention controversies
1553:
1304:
1220:
1214:
1078:
980:
923:. Library of Congress. Archived from
917:"Alexander Graham Bell family papers"
872:
809:
437:
2707:19th-century American businesspeople
2626:
1514:Gray's "Harmonic Multiple Telegraph"
1377:
1271:. New York, New York: W. W. Norton.
497:Gray wrote several books including:
294:On July 31, 1888, Gray patented the
136:development of a telephone prototype
2702:People from Highland Park, Illinois
1323:
1137:Principles of pulse code modulation
274:On July 27, 1875, Gray was granted
13:
1546:on '120 Years of Electronic Music'
1257:
287:He was elected as a member to the
210:to examine and test new products.
14:
2718:
1544:Elisha Gray's 'Musical Telegraph'
1373:
1188:Edwards, Anthony William Fairbank
262:Gray was a charter member of the
2625:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2594:
2215:Free-space optical communication
1472:
1382:
113:
2662:19th-century American inventors
1097:, Faculty of Technology of the
1079:Heath, F. G. (September 1961).
1047:
1022:
943:
909:
878:
794:
743:
724:
492:
200:Western Union Telegraph Company
1309:. St. Joseph, Mi.: Telepress.
1198:Johns Hopkins University Press
707:
690:
673:
656:
639:
614:
593:
572:
465:Gray conceived of a primitive
403:includes liquid transmitters.
289:American Philosophical Society
206:, Inc. Barton was employed by
169:Biography and early inventions
1:
2692:People from Barnesville, Ohio
1456:Works by or about Elisha Gray
1290:. North Carolina: McFarland.
1054:Armstrong, Walter J. (1921).
553:
417:In 1886, Wilber stated in an
134:. Gray is best known for his
2672:Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
2601:Telecommunication portal
2382:Telecommunications equipment
1349:Western Pennsylvania History
1196:. Baltimore, Maryland, USA:
774:Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003).
318:
309:World's Columbian Exposition
268:electric musical instruments
7:
2118:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1471:(public domain audiobooks)
1286:Evenson, A. Edward (2000).
1081:"Pioneers Of Binary Coding"
582:. Playpiano.com. 2009-02-10
526:
442:In 1887, Gray invented the
10:
2723:
2697:Businesspeople from Boston
1822:Telecommunications history
1539:Rosehill Cemetery, Chicago
1508:Gray's "Musical Telegraph"
1355:(1): 29–41. Archived from
1345:"The Story of Elisha Gray"
733:"Элиша Грей (Elisha Gray)"
533:Invention of the telephone
476:Newtonville, Massachusetts
322:
2589:
2531:
2468:
2430:Public Switched Telephone
2390:
2354:
2311:
2252:
2242:telecommunication circuit
2203:Fiber-optic communication
2186:
1948:Francis Blake (telephone)
1895:
1743:Optical telecommunication
1587:
1305:Baker, Burton H. (2000).
538:Timeline of the telephone
514:Electricity and Magnetism
467:closed-circuit television
456:1893 Columbian Exposition
430:and several Congressmen.
112:
107:
96:
88:
65:
39:
30:
23:
2341:Orbital angular-momentum
1778:Satellite communications
1617:Communications satellite
1363:Dr. Lloyd W. Taylor, an
1111:10.1049/jiee-3.1961.0300
1099:University of Manchester
508:Telegraphy and Telephony
302:precursor to the modern
204:Graybar Electric Company
2687:Oberlin College faculty
2220:Molecular communication
2043:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1872:Undersea telegraph line
1607:Cable protection system
1502:Gray's telephone caveat
1496:Gray's telephone caveat
1488:Encyclopædia Britannica
235:, then financed by the
140:Highland Park, Illinois
2682:Oberlin College alumni
2362:Communication protocol
2148:Charles Sumner Tainter
1963:Walter Houser Brattain
1908:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1716:Information revolution
1265:Shulman, Seth (2008).
737:Музей Истории Телефона
383:
350:
342:
255:
2336:Polarization-division
2068:Narinder Singh Kapany
2033:Erna Schneider Hoover
1953:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1933:Alexander Graham Bell
1664:online video platform
1029:Delano, Jack (1943).
381:
356:Alexander Graham Bell
348:
340:
323:Further information:
253:
144:Alexander Graham Bell
101:Elliott Cresson Medal
2178:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2138:Almon Brown Strowger
2108:Charles Grafton Page
1763:Prepaid mobile phone
1691:Electrical telegraph
1535:Grave of Elisha Gray
1482:"Gray, Elisha"
1465:Works by Elisha Gray
1447:Works by Elisha Gray
1403:improve this article
1268:The Telephone Gambit
755:search.amphilsoc.org
751:"APS Member History"
215:General Anson Stager
2128:Johann Philipp Reis
1887:Wireless revolution
1849:The Telephone Cases
1706:Hydraulic telegraph
1415:footnote references
1324:Coe, Lewis (1995).
1222:Knuth, Donald Ervin
1200:. pp. 48, 50.
1147:pp. 245, 434.
1007:, pp. 92, 180.
995:, pp. 167–171.
875:, pp. A43–A44.
698:"The Graybar story"
543:The Telephone Cases
282:acoustic telegraphy
277:U.S. patent 166,095
130:who co-founded the
128:electrical engineer
2326:Frequency-division
2303:Telephone exchange
2173:Charles Wheatstone
2103:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2078:Innocenzo Manzetti
2013:Reginald Fessenden
1748:Optical telegraphy
1581:Telecommunications
1519:Bell–Gray conflict
1101:, Manchester, UK:
731:Иванов Александр.
451:schedule changes.
438:Further inventions
389:U.S. Patent Office
384:
351:
343:
256:
223:acoustic telegraph
2639:
2638:
2377:Store and forward
2372:Data transmission
2286:Network switching
2237:Transmission line
2083:Guglielmo Marconi
2048:Internet pioneers
1913:Mohamed M. Atalla
1882:Whistled language
1451:Project Gutenberg
1443:
1442:
1435:
1278:978-0-393-06206-9
1154:978-0-444-19747-4
1141:Iliffe Books Ltd.
1019:, pp. 73–74.
983:, pp. 90–91.
906:, pp. 36–37.
863:, pp. 81–82.
851:, pp. 80–81.
827:, pp. 68–69.
812:, pp. 33–35.
520:Nature's Miracles
175:Barnesville, Ohio
173:Gray was born in
159:music synthesizer
121:
120:
92:Engineer/Inventor
2714:
2667:American Quakers
2629:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2470:Notable networks
2460:Wireless network
2400:Cellular network
2392:Types of network
2367:Computer network
2254:Network topology
2168:Thomas A. Watson
2023:Oliver Heaviside
2008:Philo Farnsworth
1983:Daniel Davis Jr.
1958:Charles Bourseul
1918:John Logie Baird
1627:Data compression
1622:Computer network
1574:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1460:Internet Archive
1438:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1360:
1339:
1320:
1301:
1282:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1226:"Generating all
1218:
1212:
1211:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1113:. Archived from
1105:(IET): 539–541.
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1060:www.trainweb.org
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
959:
958:
954:
947:
941:
935:
929:
928:
913:
907:
901:
895:
894:
893:
889:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
813:
807:
801:
798:
792:
791:
771:
765:
764:
762:
761:
747:
741:
740:
728:
722:
721:
719:
711:
705:
704:
702:
694:
688:
687:
685:
677:
671:
670:
668:
660:
654:
653:
651:
643:
637:
636:
634:
633:
624:. Archived from
618:
612:
611:
609:
608:
597:
591:
590:
588:
587:
576:
570:
564:
548:Water microphone
504:(Appleton, 1878)
428:Augustus Garland
423:Marcellus Bailey
279:
152:telephone patent
117:
72:
69:January 21, 1901
49:
47:
35:
21:
20:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2595:
2593:
2585:
2527:
2464:
2386:
2350:
2307:
2256:
2248:
2189:
2182:
2088:Robert Metcalfe
1943:Tim Berners-Lee
1891:
1711:Information Age
1583:
1578:
1523:Wayback Machine
1479:
1473:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1400:
1391:This article's
1387:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1336:
1317:
1298:
1279:
1260:
1258:Further reading
1255:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1185:
1181:
1177:(2+448+2 pages)
1173:
1155:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
956:
949:
948:
944:
936:
932:
915:
914:
910:
902:
898:
891:
884:
883:
879:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
823:
816:
808:
804:
799:
795:
788:
772:
768:
759:
757:
749:
748:
744:
729:
725:
717:
713:
712:
708:
700:
696:
695:
691:
683:
679:
678:
674:
666:
662:
661:
657:
649:
645:
644:
640:
631:
629:
620:
619:
615:
606:
604:
599:
598:
594:
585:
583:
578:
577:
573:
565:
561:
556:
529:
495:
440:
373:first to invent
327:
321:
275:
183:Oberlin College
171:
84:
74:
70:
61:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Space-division
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Camille Tissot
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Claude Shannon
2130:
2125:
2123:Tivadar Puskás
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:Antonio Meucci
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Charles K. Kao
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Harold Hopkins
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:Emile Berliner
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1877:Videotelephony
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1773:Radiotelephone
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Internet video
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1529:"Telautograph"
1526:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1477:
1462:
1453:
1441:
1440:
1395:external links
1390:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1374:External links
1372:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1359:on 2012-12-12.
1340:
1334:
1321:
1315:
1302:
1296:
1283:
1277:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1224:(2004-10-15).
1213:
1206:
1179:
1171:
1153:
1127:
1071:
1046:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
971:, p. 100.
961:
942:
940:, p. 211.
930:
927:on 2013-02-16.
908:
896:
877:
865:
853:
841:
839:, pp. 71.
829:
814:
802:
793:
786:
766:
742:
723:
706:
689:
672:
655:
638:
613:
592:
571:
558:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
528:
525:
524:
523:
517:
511:
505:
494:
491:
439:
436:
401:patent drawing
320:
317:
170:
167:
119:
118:
110:
109:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
75:
73:(aged 65)
67:
63:
62:
52:
50:August 2, 1835
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2719:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2612:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2346:Code-division
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Time-division
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:and switching
2255:
2251:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:optical fiber
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Coaxial cable
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Radia Perlman
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Lee de Forest
2001:
1999:
1998:Thomas Edison
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Donald Davies
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Claude Chappe
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Smoke signals
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:Semiconductor
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:Digital media
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1426:
1423:February 2022
1416:
1412:
1411:inappropriate
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1335:0-7864-0138-9
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1316:0-615-11329-X
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:0-7864-0883-9
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1242:on 2006-12-09
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1207:0-8018-7434-3
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1117:on 2020-03-28
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
994:
989:
982:
977:
970:
965:
952:
946:
939:
934:
926:
922:
918:
912:
905:
900:
887:
881:
874:
869:
862:
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
826:
821:
819:
811:
806:
797:
789:
787:0-471-20505-2
783:
779:
778:
770:
756:
752:
746:
738:
734:
727:
716:
710:
699:
693:
682:
676:
665:
659:
648:
642:
628:on 2019-08-09
627:
623:
617:
603:. Oberlin.edu
602:
601:"Elisha Gray"
596:
581:
575:
568:
563:
559:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
498:
490:
488:
484:
479:
477:
471:
468:
463:
461:
457:
452:
449:
445:
435:
431:
429:
424:
420:
415:
412:
411:Patent Office
407:
404:
402:
396:
392:
390:
380:
376:
374:
368:
364:
361:
357:
347:
339:
335:
333:
326:
316:
314:
310:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
272:
269:
265:
260:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Western Union
229:
226:
224:
220:
219:Highland Park
216:
211:
209:
208:Western Union
205:
201:
196:
194:
189:
186:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
116:
111:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
81:Massachusetts
78:
68:
64:
59:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2313:Multiplexing
2188:Transmission
2153:Nikola Tesla
2143:Henry Sutton
2098:Samuel Morse
2028:Robert Hooke
2017:
1993:Amos Dolbear
1928:John Bardeen
1847:
1827:Telautograph
1731:Mobile phone
1686:Edholm's law
1669:social media
1602:Broadcasting
1486:
1429:
1420:
1405:by removing
1392:
1357:the original
1352:
1348:
1325:
1306:
1287:
1267:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1234:
1227:
1216:
1192:
1182:
1136:
1130:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1090:
1084:
1074:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:
1024:
1017:Evenson 2000
1012:
1005:Evenson 2000
1000:
993:Evenson 2000
988:
976:
969:Evenson 2000
964:
945:
938:Shulman 2008
933:
925:the original
920:
911:
904:Shulman 2008
899:
880:
868:
861:Evenson 2000
856:
849:Evenson 2000
844:
837:Shulman 2008
832:
825:Evenson 2000
805:
796:
776:
769:
758:. Retrieved
754:
745:
736:
726:
709:
692:
675:
658:
641:
630:. Retrieved
626:the original
616:
605:. Retrieved
595:
584:. Retrieved
574:
567:Shulman 2008
562:
519:
513:
507:
501:
496:
493:Publications
480:
472:
464:
453:
444:telautograph
441:
432:
416:
408:
405:
397:
393:
385:
369:
365:
359:
352:
328:
296:telautograph
293:
286:
273:
261:
257:
241:J. P. Morgan
230:
227:
212:
197:
190:
187:
172:
156:
123:
122:
71:(1901-01-21)
18:
2657:1901 deaths
2652:1835 births
2513:NPL network
2225:Radio waves
2163:Alfred Vail
2073:Hedy Lamarr
2058:Dawon Kahng
2018:Elisha Gray
1978:Yogen Dalal
1903:Nasir Ahmed
1837:Teleprinter
1701:Heliographs
1531:description
1172:444-19747-8
1035:www.loc.gov
237:Vanderbilts
138:in 1876 in
124:Elisha Gray
77:Newtonville
54:Barnesville
25:Elisha Gray
2646:Categories
2559:Antarctica
2518:Toasternet
2440:Television
1923:Paul Baran
1855:Television
1839:(teletype)
1832:Telegraphy
1810:transistor
1788:Phryctoria
1758:Photophone
1736:Smartphone
1726:Mass media
1246:2018-01-14
1121:2020-06-22
1065:2022-08-06
1040:2022-08-06
981:Baker 2000
873:Baker 2000
810:Baker 2000
760:2021-05-10
632:2019-08-09
607:2013-09-02
586:2013-09-02
554:References
516:(1900) and
487:Frank Gray
89:Occupation
46:1835-08-02
2543:Americas
2532:Locations
2503:Internet2
2264:Bandwidth
1968:Vint Cerf
1865:streaming
1843:Telephone
1783:Semaphore
1674:streaming
1407:excessive
951:US 161739
886:US 174465
483:Gray code
419:affidavit
319:Telephone
291:in 1878.
193:telegraph
150:, Bell's
108:Signature
2611:Category
2498:Internet
2488:CYCLADES
2405:Ethernet
2355:Concepts
2279:terminal
2230:wireless
2053:Bob Kahn
1896:Pioneers
1721:Internet
1612:Cable TV
1469:LibriVox
1368:College.
1230:-tuples"
1190:(2004).
1163:78-80432
527:See also
311:held in
2631:Commons
2621:Outline
2574:Oceania
2493:FidoNet
2478:ARPANET
2291:circuit
1860:digital
1589:History
1521:at the
1510:of 1876
1458:at the
1401:Please
1393:use of
1365:Oberlin
921:LOC.gov
313:Chicago
179:Quakers
163:Graybar
2569:Europe
2539:Africa
2523:Usenet
2483:BITNET
2420:Mobile
2296:packet
1805:MOSFET
1800:device
1597:Beacon
1332:
1313:
1294:
1275:
1204:
1169:
1161:
1151:
1093:(81).
957:
892:
784:
510:(1878)
360:before
332:caveat
300:analog
103:(1897)
97:Awards
83:, U.S.
60:, U.S.
2552:South
2547:North
2508:JANET
2445:Telex
2435:Radio
2274:Nodes
2269:Links
2190:media
1768:Radio
1753:Pager
1681:Drums
1647:video
1642:image
1632:audio
718:(PDF)
701:(PDF)
684:(PDF)
667:(PDF)
650:(PDF)
448:Xerox
307:1893
298:, an
2564:Asia
2450:UUCP
2410:ISDN
1330:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1159:LCCN
1149:ISBN
782:ISBN
239:and
66:Died
58:Ohio
40:Born
2455:WAN
2425:NGN
2415:LAN
1696:Fax
1637:DCT
1537:in
1467:at
1449:at
1409:or
1167:SBN
1107:doi
304:fax
2648::
1485:.
1353:52
1351:.
1347:.
1232:.
1165:.
1157:.
1143:/
1089:.
1083:.
1058:.
1033:.
919:.
817:^
753:.
735:.
489:.
478:.
391:.
315:.
79:,
56:,
2582:)
2578:(
1573:e
1566:t
1559:v
1436:)
1430:(
1425:)
1421:(
1417:.
1399:.
1338:.
1319:.
1300:.
1281:.
1249:.
1228:n
1210:.
1175:.
1124:.
1109::
1091:7
1068:.
1043:.
790:.
763:.
739:.
720:.
703:.
686:.
669:.
652:.
635:.
610:.
589:.
569:.
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)