584:. The small British force was rapidly routed, leaving Tecumseh's 500 warriors (who refused to retreat further) to face a significantly superior American force, which included cavalry. The death of Tecumseh had a demoralizing effect on his allies and his confederacy dissolved as an organized entity soon after, although many tribes continued to fight under their own leaders, as they had before Tecumseh's death. After Tecumseh's death in 1813, his younger brother Tenskwatawa retained a small group of followers, but had no significant leadership position among the American Indians in the subsequent decade. In 1824, at the request of
159:
42:
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Native
Americans, Tippecanoe, known as Prophetstown to whites, served as a temporary barrier to settlers' westward movement. Led by Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, thousands of Algonquin-speaking Indians gathered at Tippecanoe to gain spiritual strength. US government attempts, from the George Washington to William Henry Harrison administrations, to rid the area of the numerous Indian tribes eventually met with success as the Indians retreated westward by 1840 to avoid the large numbers of whites entering their territory.
394:
140:
381:, and others had a presence in the region's villages. Leadership was organized at the village level, and not tribal level, so in most cases, a leader represented members of multiple tribes who were living together in the same settlement. Leadership in the villages was likewise divided between war chiefs and civil chiefs. The civil chiefs negotiated the treaties and maintained outside relations, while the war chiefs took power in times of conflict. As the war chiefs, like
450:, Tenskwatawa compromised Black Hoof's friendly relationship with the United States, leading to rising tensions with settlers in the region. He attracted a large number of followers, mostly Shawnee but some of his early followers were also Wyandot, Mingo, and Odawa. Black Hoof and other tribal leaders began to put pressure on Tenskwatawa and his followers to leave the area to prevent the situation from escalating into an open conflict.
427:, a prominent Shawnee war chief. Tenskwatawa's growing influence quickly posed a threat to the influence of the accommodationist chiefs, to whom Buckongahelas had belonged. The suspected witches included a Christian missionary who had been living among the Lenape, and all were tortured. One of the victims was partially burnt by fire forcing him to confess to sorcery and to name his supposed co-conspirators.
564:
in August 1812 to Sir Isaac Brock, who was a confidant to
Tecumseh, without a fight. Tecumseh's frontier war forced the Americans into rearguard actions, which divided their forces and prevented them from concentrating large enough numbers to successfully invade and occupy the strategically important
309:
to settle in land considered part of Miami holdings. The tribes intermingled with one another, and most villages contained inhabitants of multiple tribes. Despite the individuals living amongst each other, they did not view themselves as a union of peoples. The dominant Miami inhabited much of modern
513:
in the hope of uniting them with him in the confederacy in the north. With their help he believed they would be powerful enough to defy the
Americans who would be forced to fight against them across the entire thousand-mile wide frontier. He was met with resistance and rejection, and only a fraction
505:
In late 1808, British authorities in Canada approached him to form an alliance, but he refused. It was not until 1810 that the
Americans first took notice of him. Tecumseh eventually emerged as the leader of the confederation, but it was built upon a foundation established by the religious appeal of
544:
Tecumseh returned and began to rebuild the confederacy. Allying with the
British in Canada at the outbreak of the War of 1812, Tecumseh now had a supply of rifles, bullets and gunpowder. Tecumseh began a series of coordinated raids, attacking American posts in areas the British had ceded to the US.
492:
Willig (1997) argues that
Tippecanoe was not only the largest Native American community in the Great Lakes region but served as a major center of Indian culture and final rampart defense against whites. It was an intertribal, religious stronghold along the Wabash River in Indiana for three thousand
472:
Tenskwatawa's religious teachings became increasingly militant following an 1807 treaty between the
Americans, Meskwaki and Sauk. Many members of the two tribes were outraged by the treaty which caused the Sauk to lose their greatest settlement. Many of the disaffected came to align themselves with
501:
By 1808, Tecumseh began to be seen as a leader by his community. He was outraged by the continued loss of land to the
Americans and he began to travel around the southern Great Lakes region to visit village leaders and urge them to stop cooperating with the Americans and threatening to kill chiefs
552:, and in early operations in the west. In 1812, Tecumseh's warriors, as shock troops, assisted a small force of 700 British regulars and Canadian militia to force the surrender of 2,500 American soldiers, by threatening to massacre any captives of the
473:
the
Prophet and his teachings. The Piankeshaw and Kickapoo had also been adversely affected by treaties and migrated closer to Prophetstown. His growing popularity attracted Native American followers from many different tribes, including the Shawnee,
438:, Lenape religious leaders who had died years earlier, and had predicted a coming apocalypse in which the white men would be overthrown by supernatural powers. As part of Tenskwatawa's religious teachings, he urged Indians to reject the ways of
536:
Tensions had already been rising rapidly, as people became aware of
Tecumseh's war aims. While he was still in the south a preemptive strike was launched against Prophetstown, defeating his brother and a force of 500–700 warriors in the
937:
Twatio, Bill (September 2009). "Tecumseh Shawnee Shooting Star: The Most Revered of Indian Chiefs, Tecumseh Dreamed of a Vast Confederacy Strong Enough to Resist American Expansion. The Dream Died at Moraviantown on October 5, 1813".
442:, such as liquor, European-style clothing, and firearms. He also called for the tribes to refrain from ceding any more lands to the United States. Numerous Indians—who were inclined to cooperate with the United States—were accused of
457:, who was also a religious leader calling for a return to many of the old ways, although he sought access to American agricultural technology. Tenskwatawa accepted the invitation and established the village of
385:, were removed from power following the war, that large confederacy of villages in the region began to fade and the civil chiefs urged their people to work with the United States in order to maintain peace.
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The Americans responded quickly and launched a second campaign, destroying Prophetstown a second time. The American frontiersmen had a grievance that motivated their demand for war in 1812.
1206:
411:, one of the most important native leaders in the region, died of either smallpox or influenza. The surrounding villages believed his death was caused by a form of witchcraft, and a
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Quickly becoming the dominant Native American leader in the northwestern United States, Tecumseh turned his attention to the south. In 1811, he traveled to meet with leaders of the
242:, the brother of Tenskwatawa, became the leader of the confederation as early as 1808. Together, they worked to unite the various tribes against colonizers from the
576:. The British and Tecumseh abandoned Detroit and fled east, where they were caught and destroyed as a military force. Tecumseh was killed in the
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265:, defeating them and engaging in several acts of destruction. In retaliation for that battle, Tecumseh led the confederation, allied with the
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who continued to work with the Americans. Tecumseh had possibly as many as 5,000 warriors at his disposal scattered across the northwest.
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and northeastern Indiana. The Lenape likewise had lost their territory and moved into south-central Indiana. Other tribes, including the
446:, and some were executed by followers of Tenskwatawa. Black Hoof was accused in the witch-hunt but was not harmed. From his village at
17:
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469:, land claimed by the Miami. Little Turtle told the Shawnee that they were unwelcome there, but the warnings were ignored.
423:("The Prophet") who emerged in 1805 as a leader among the witch hunters. His early popularity was fueled by the support of
238:. The confederation grew over several years and came to include several thousand Native American warriors. Shawnee leader
1191:
1002:
Cave, Alfred A. (Winter 2002). "The Shawnee Prophet, Tecumseh, and Tippecanoe: A Case Study of Historical Myth-Making".
223:
1084:
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894:
1094:
Willig, Timothy D. (October 1997). "Prophetstown of the Wabash: The Native Spiritual Defense of the Old Northwest".
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Willig, Timothy D. (March 1997). "Prophetstown of the Wabash: The Native Spiritual Defense of the Old Northwest".
710:"Prophetstown for Their Own Purposes: The French, Miamis, and Cultural Identities in the Wabash–Maumee Valley"
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108:
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Carter-Edwards, Dennis (Fall 1987). "The War of 1812 Along the Detroit Frontier: A Canadian Perspective".
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338:. The Piankeshaw later moved north, further integrating with the Wea and Kickapoo, following the 1803
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604:. Tenskwatawa hoped his involvement would allow him to regain some influence as a leader among the
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Restoring the Chain of Friendship: British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783–1815
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began to move out of the lands ceded to the United States. Many of the Natives, including the
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ensued leading to the death of several suspected Lenape witches. The witch-hunts inspired a
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Mr. Jefferson's Hammer:William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy
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to assist the federal government with its plans for the Shawnee removal west of the
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Battles That Changed American History: 100 of the Greatest Victories and Defeats
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Overall, Tecumseh's confederacy played a crucial role in causing the
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Lives and Times: Individuals and Issues in American History: To 1877
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engaged Native American warriors associated with Tenskwatawa in the
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which formed during the early 19th century around the teaching of
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inhabited a series of villages in western Indiana and eastern
269:, to war with the United States during a conflict later named
652:"Speech to Governor Harrison at Vincennes, Indiana Territory"
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They were invited to northwest Indiana by Pottawatomie chief
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The Shawnee, who had lost most of their territory during the
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Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
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630:, a pan-tribal union that resisted U.S. settlement in the
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Tenskwatawa was influenced greatly by the teachings of
940:Esprit de Corps, Canadian Military Then & Now
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684:"Tecumseh's Confederation – Ohio History Central"
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518:accepted his call to arms, leading to the later
883:Blaine T. Brownell; Robert C. Cottrell (2010).
952:
123:Indigenous religion as preached by Tenskwatawa
1034:Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership
419:religious revival led by Tecumseh's brother
250:and occupying their traditional homelands.
305:, moved westward at the invitation of the
27:19th-century Native American confederation
889:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 130.
136:
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592:, the aging Tenskwatawa returned to the
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1145:. Ohio History Central. Archived from
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989:Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 347–48.
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318:tribe lived in northern Indiana and
1197:Native Americans in the War of 1812
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1172:Native American history of Indiana
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330:(both related to the Miami) and
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257:force under the leadership of
46:Tecumseh's confederacy in 1810
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1005:Journal of the Early Republic
714:Journal of the Early Republic
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1058:University of Oklahoma Press
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461:near the confluence of the
18:Tecumseh's Confederacy
10:
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1192:Indiana in the War of 1812
1143:"Tecumseh's Confederation"
1097:Michigan Historical Review
956:Michigan Historical Review
910:Spencer C. Tucker (2014).
849:Michigan Historical Review
708:Bottiger, Patrick (2013).
618:Indiana in the War of 1812
529:
407:In May 1805, Lenape chief
353:, moved into northwestern
293:, Native Americans in the
246:who had been crossing the
127:Communal ownership of land
1130:excerpt and a text search
1050:Owens, Robert M. (2007).
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916:. ABC-CLIO. p. 83.
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688:ohiohistorycentral.org
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259:William Henry Harrison
212:Tecumseh's confederacy
35:Tecumseh's confederacy
1075:Sugden, John (1997).
726:10.1353/jer.2013.0005
511:Five Civilized Tribes
506:his younger brother.
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248:Appalachian Mountains
119:American expansionism
1056:. Norman, Oklahoma:
632:Northwest Indian War
578:Battle of the Thames
539:Battle of Tippecanoe
351:Northwest Indian War
291:Treaty of Greenville
279:Battle of the Thames
263:Battle of Tippecanoe
253:In November 1811, a
202:Battle of the Thames
187:Battle of Tippecanoe
1149:on October 17, 2009
1124:Willig, Timothy D.
1041:The Shawnee Prophet
1039:Edmunds, R. David.
1036:(2nd Edition, 2006)
1032:Edmunds, R. David.
628:Western Confederacy
340:Treaty of Vincennes
295:Northwest Territory
289:Following the 1795
197:Siege of Fort Meigs
95:Northwest Territory
89:Active regions
1079:. New York: Holt.
590:Michigan Territory
588:, the governor of
572:gained control of
489:, and Potawatomi.
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224:Great Lakes region
1067:978-0-8061-3842-8
623:Indiana Territory
602:Mississippi River
467:Tippecanoe Rivers
402:Charles Bird King
389:Religious revival
314:and the powerful
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560:surrendered
558:William Hull
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83:Prophetstown
79:Headquarters
29:
836:), pg. 168.
834:Sugden 1997
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810:), pg. 210.
797:), pg. 120.
795:Sugden 1997
784:), pg. 123.
782:Sugden 1997
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758:), pg. 114.
756:Sugden 1997
673:), pg. 211.
634:(1785–1795)
550:War of 1812
485:/Chippewa,
475:Chickamauga
425:Blue Jacket
421:Tenskwatawa
398:Tenskwatawa
275:War of 1812
236:Tenskwatawa
182:War of 1812
72:(1813–1824)
70:Tenskwatawa
66:(1808–1813)
60:(1805–1808)
58:Tenskwatawa
1166:Categories
808:Owens 2007
693:October 5,
671:Owens 2007
639:References
586:Lewis Cass
556:. General
448:Greenville
444:witchcraft
413:witch-hunt
332:Piankeshaw
742:144975415
734:1553-0620
574:Lake Erie
520:Creek War
487:Mascouten
436:Scattamek
367:Winnebago
285:Formation
153:Opponents
1182:Tecumseh
1153:March 9,
1118:20173677
977:20173102
870:20173677
612:See also
417:nativist
363:Meskwaki
336:Illinois
328:Kickapoo
320:Michigan
310:central
240:Tecumseh
109:Ideology
64:Tecumseh
1128:(2008)
1043:(1985)
1026:3124761
606:Shawnee
570:US Navy
514:of the
455:Winamac
359:Wyandot
312:Indiana
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1155:2009
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730:ISSN
695:2021
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