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culture. To illustrate, "the invention of the wheel revolutionized human mobility, allowing humans to travel greater distances and carry greater loads with them". This technological advancement also leads to interactions between different cultural groups, advanced trade, etc, and thus impacts the size and relations both within and between different networks. Other examples include the invention of language, expanding modes of communication between individuals, the introduction of bookkeeping and written documentation, impacting the circulation of knowledge, and having streamlined effects on the socioeconomic and political systems as a whole. As Dusek (2006)notes, "culture and society cannot affect the direction of technology… as technology develops and changes, the institutions in the rest of society change, as does the art and religion of a society." Thus, technological determinism dictates that technological advances and social relations are inevitably tied, with the change of either affecting the other by consequence of normalization.
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wrote thousands of anti-papal pamphlets in the
Reformation's first decades and these works spread rapidly through reprinting in various print shops throughout central Europe". As such the urgency of the socio-political context to utilize such technology in the beginning of its invention caused its fast adoption and normalization into European culture. We could view its uses in its popularization – for political propaganda purposes – in line with the continued traditions of newspapers in modern times, as well as newly adopted uses for other printed text, adapting to change in a social context such as an emphasis on leisurely activities such as reading. This follows the soft deterministic view because the technological invention – the printing press – was quickly adopted because of the socio-political context, and because of its fast integration into society, has impacted and continues to impact how society operates.
1373:. Social determinists believe that social circumstances alone select which technologies are adopted, with the result that no technology can be considered "inevitable" solely on its own merits. Technology and culture are not neutral and when knowledge comes into the equation, technology becomes implicated in social processes. The knowledge of how to create and enhance technology, and of how to use technology is socially bound knowledge. Postmodernists take another view, suggesting that what is right or wrong is dependent on circumstance. They believe technological change can have implications on the past, present and future. While they believe technological change is influenced by changes in government policy, society and culture, they consider the notion of change to be a paradox, since change is constant.
1564:(1982). He asserts that this particular development is attributable to the use of new technologies of literacy (particularly print and writing,) to communicate thoughts which could previously only be verbalized. He furthers this argument by claiming that writing is purely context dependent as it is a "secondary modelling system" (8). Reliant upon the earlier primary system of spoken language, writing manipulates the potential of language as it depends purely upon the visual sense to communicate the intended information. Furthermore, the rather stagnant technology of literacy distinctly limits the usage and influence of knowledge, it unquestionably effects the evolution of society. In fact, Ong asserts that "more than any other single invention, writing has transformed human consciousness" (Ong 1982: 78).
1133:, Ellul essentially posits that technology, by virtue of its power through efficiency, determines which social aspects are best suited for its own development through a process of natural selection. A social system's values, morals, philosophy etc. that are most conducive to the advancement of technology allow that social system to enhance its power and spread at the expense of those social systems whose values, morals, philosophy etc. are less promoting of technology. While geography, climate, and other "natural" factors largely determined the parameters of social conditions for most of human history, technology has recently become the dominant objective factor (largely due to forces unleashed by the industrial revolution) and it has been the principal objective and determining factor.
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scanty evidence about the progress of technology (Sawyer and Hilton, 90)." They further condemn his methods and, by association, the validity of technological determinism: "Had Mr. White been prepared to accept the view that the
English and Norman methods of fighting were not so very different in the eleventh century, he would have made the weakness of his argument less obvious, but the fundamental failure would remain: the stirrup cannot alone explain the changes it made possible (Sawyer and Hilton, 91)." For Sawyer and Hilton, though the stirrup may be useful in the implementation of feudalism, it cannot be credited for the creation of feudalism alone.
1480:", the new form of war made the soldier that much more efficient in supporting feudal townships (White, 2). According to White, the superiority of the stirrup in combat was found in the mechanics of the lance charge: "The stirrup made possible- though it did not demand- a vastly more effective mode of attack: now the rider could lay his lance at rest, held between the upper arm and the body, and make at his foe, delivering the blow not with his muscles but with the combined weight of himself and his charging stallion (White, 2)." White draws from a large research base, particularly
891:, provided this apt determinist image, "Technology marches in seven-league boots from one ruthless, revolutionary conquest to another, tearing down old factories and industries, flinging up new processes with terrifying rapidity." As to the meaning, it is described as the ascription to machines of "powers" that they do not have. Veblen, for instance, asserted that "the machine throws out anthropomorphic habits of thought." There is also the case of Karl Marx who expected that the construction of the railway in India would dissolve the caste system. The general idea, according to
1601:. In a determinist view, technology takes on an active life of its own and is seen be as a driver of social phenomena. Innis believed that the social, cultural, political, and economic developments of each historical period can be related directly to the technology of the means of mass communication of that period. In this sense, like Dr. Frankenstein's monster, technology itself appears to be alive, or at least capable of shaping human behavior. However, it has been increasingly subject to critical review by scholars. For example, scholar
1605:, criticizes media determinism and rather believes social movements define technological and media processes. With regard to communications media, audience determinism is a viewpoint opposed to media determinism. This is described as instead of media being presented as doing things to people; the stress is on the way people do things with media. Individuals need to be aware that the term "deterministic" is a negative one for many social scientists and modern sociologists; in particular they often use the word as a term of abuse.
902:, who was a follower of Veblen's theory in the 20th century. Ayres is best known for developing economic philosophies, but he also worked closely with Veblen who coined the technological determinism theory. He often talked about the struggle between technology and ceremonial structure. One of his most notable theories involved the concept of "technological drag" where he explains technology as a self-generating process and institutions as ceremonial and this notion creates a technological over-determinism in the process.
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equals social progress." Key notions of this theory are separated into two parts, with the first being that the development of the technology itself may also be separate from social and political factors, arising from "the ways of inventors, engineers, and designers following an internal, technical logic that has nothing to do with social relationships". The second is that as technology is stabilized, its design tends to dictate users' behaviors, consequently resulting in social change.
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believe that technology is neutral only if it's never been used before, or if no one knows what it is going to be used for (Green, 2001). In effect, guns would be classified as neutral if and only if society were none the wiser of their existence and functionality (Green, 2001). Obviously, such a society is non-existent and once becoming knowledgeable about technology, the society is drawn into a social progression where nothing is 'neutral about society' (Green). According to
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1585:" and the ideas of his mentor Harold Adams Innis. Both these Canadian theorists saw media as the essence of civilization. The association of different media with particular mental consequences by McLuhan and others can be seen as related to technological determinism. It is this variety of determinism that is referred to as media determinism. According to McLuhan, there is an association between communications media/technology and language; similarly,
1012:). However, this is not the sole view of TD following Smith and Marx's (1998) notion of "hard" determinism, which states that once a technology is introduced into a culture what follows is the inevitable development of that technology. In this view, the role of "agency (the power to affect change) is imputed on the technology itself, or some of its intrinsic attributes; thus the invention of technology leads to a situation of inescapable necessity."
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1488:'s "diversion of a considerable part of the Church's vast military riches...from infantry to cavalry", White draws from Brunner's research and identifies the stirrup as the underlying cause for such a shift in military division and the subsequent emergence of feudalism (White, 4). Under the new brand of warfare garnered from the stirrup, White implicitly argues in favor of technological determinism as the vehicle by which feudalism was created.
984:) . It is, '... the belief that social progress is driven by technological innovation, which in turn follows an "inevitable" course.' This 'idea of progress' or 'doctrine of progress' is centralized around the idea that social problems can be solved by technological advancement, and this is the way that society moves forward. Technological determinists believe that "'You can't stop progress', implying that we are unable to control technology" (
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1593:). For McLuhan, media is a more powerful and explicit determinant than is the more general concept of language. McLuhan was not necessarily a hard determinist. As a more moderate version of media determinism, he proposed that our use of particular media may have subtle influences on us, but more importantly, it is the social context of use that is crucial. See also
1313:(SCOT). SCOT research, such as that of Mackenzie and Wajcman (1997) argues that the path of innovation and its social consequences are strongly, if not entirely shaped by society itself through the influence of culture, politics, economic arrangements, regulatory mechanisms and the like. In its strongest form, verging on
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Individuals who consider technology as neutral see technology as neither good nor bad and what matters are the ways in which we use technology. An example of a neutral viewpoint is, "guns are neutral and its up to how we use them whether it would be 'good or bad'" (Green, 2001). Mackenzie and
Wajcman
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rather than the particulars of its execution: "But can these many virtues, can this utility for historians of technology, outweigh the most fundamental standards of the profession? Can historians of technology continue to read and assign a book that is, in the words of a recent critic, "shot through
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Despite the scathing review of White's claims, the technological determinist aspect of the stirrup is still in debate. Alex Roland, author of "Once More into the
Stirrups; Lynne White Jr, Medieval Technology and Social Change", provides an intermediary stance: not necessarily lauding White's claims,
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Modern theorists of technology and society no longer consider technological determinism to be a very accurate view of the way in which we interact with technology, even though determinist assumptions and language fairly saturate the writings of many boosters of technology, the business pages of many
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would view technology as developing independent from social concerns. They would say that technology creates a set of powerful forces acting to regulate our social activity and its meaning. According to this view of determinism we organize ourselves to meet the needs of technology and the outcome of
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a variable success, at least as "Most of White's argument stands... the rest has sparked useful lines of research (Roland, 584)." This acceptance of technological determinism is ambiguous at best, neither fully supporting the theory at large nor denouncing it, rather placing the construct firmly in
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illustrates not a form of determinism but the various sources of the politics of technologies. Those politics can stem from the intentions of the designer and the culture of the society in which a technology emerges or can stem from the technology itself, a "practical necessity" for it to function.
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explains that, "When technology was perceived as being outside society, it made sense to talk about technology as neutral". Yet, this idea fails to take into account that culture is not fixed and society is dynamic. When "Technology is implicated in social processes, there is nothing neutral about
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Technological determinism has been defined as an approach that identifies technology, or technological advances, as the central causal element in processes of social change. As technology is stabilized, its design tends to dictate users' behaviors, consequently stating that "technological progress
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is purported to have built Long Island's parkway tunnels too low for buses to pass in order to keep minorities away from the island's beaches, an example of externally inscribed politics. On the other hand, an authoritarian command-and-control structure is a practical necessity of a nuclear power
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and related fields have emphasised more nuanced views that resist easy causal formulations. They emphasise that "The relationship between technology and society cannot be reduced to a simplistic cause-and-effect formula. It is, rather, an 'intertwining'", whereby technology does not determine but
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For example, we could examine the spread of mass-produced knowledge through the role of the printing press in the
Protestant Reformation. Because of the urgency from the protestant side to get the reform off the ground before the church could react, "early Lutheran leaders, led by Luther himself,
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Rather than acknowledging that a society or culture interacts with and even shapes the technologies that are used, a technological determinist view holds that "the uses made of technology are largely determined by the structure of the technology itself, that is, that its functions follow from its
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This stance however ignores the social and cultural circumstances in which the technology was developed. Sociologist Claude
Fischer (1992) characterized the most prominent forms of technological determinism as "billiard ball" approaches, in which technology is seen as an external force introduced
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Strict adherents to technological determinism do not believe the influence of technology differs based on how much a technology is or can be used. Instead of considering technology as part of a larger spectrum of human activity, technological determinism sees technology as the basis for all human
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has since come under heavy scrutiny and condemnation. The most volatile critics of White's argument at the time of its publication, P.H. Sawyer and R.H. Hilton, call the work as a whole "a misleading adventurist cast to old-fashioned platitudes with a chain of obscure and dubious deductions from
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T. Snyder approached the aspect of technological determinism in his concept: 'politics of inevitability'. A concept utilized by politicians in which society is promised the idea that the future will be only more of the present, this concept removes responsibility. This could be applied to free
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As technology changes, the ways in which it is utilized and incorporated into the daily lives of individuals within a culture consequently affect the ways of living, highlighting how technology ultimately determines societal growth through its influence on relations and ways of living within a
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Technological determinism seeks to show technical developments, media, or technology as a whole, as the key mover in history and social change. It is a theory subscribed to by "hyperglobalists" who claim that as a consequence of the wide availability of technology, accelerated globalization is
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The other view follows what Smith and Marx (1998) dictate as "soft" determinism, where the development of technology is also dependent on social context, affecting how it is adopted into a culture, "and, if the technology is adopted, the social context will have important effects on how the
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through our existence with little concern or knowledge as to how we truly interact with technology. In this view, it is still possible for us to wake up and once again take control of the direction in which we are traveling (Winner 104). However, it requires society to adopt
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the realm of the theoretical. Roland neither views technological determinism as completely dominant over history nor completely absent as well; in accordance with the above criterion of technological determinist structure, would Roland be classified as a "soft determinist".
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Wyatt, Sally. 2008. "Technological
Determinism Is Dead; Long Live Technological Determinism." In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, edited by Edward Hackett, Olga Amsterdamska, Michael Lynch, and Lucy Wajcman, 165–80. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
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with over-simplification, with a progression of false connexions between cause and effect, and with evidence presented selectively to fit with own pre-conceived ideas"? The answer, I think, is yes, at least a qualified yes (Roland, 574–575)." Objectively, Roland claims
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plant if radioactive waste is not to fall into the wrong hands. As such, Winner neither succumbs to technological determinism nor social determinism. The source of a technology's politics is determined only by carefully examining its features and history.
980:). 'The idea that technological development determines social change ...' (Bruce Bimber). It changes the way people think and how they interact with others and can be described as '...a three-word logical proposition: "Technology determines history"' (
1141:, as the name suggests, is a more passive view of the way technology interacts with socio-political situations. Soft determinists still subscribe to the fact that technology is the guiding force in our evolution, but would maintain that we have a
1392:(1998) – Winston applied this model to show how technologies evolve over time, and how their 'invention' is mediated and controlled by society and societal factors which suppress the radical potential of a given technology.
1346:). This confirms one of the major problems with "technological determinism and the resulting denial of human responsibility for change. There is a loss of human involvement that shape technology and society" (Sarah Miller).
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Media determinism is a form of technological determinism, a philosophical and sociological position which posits the power of the media to impact society. Two foundational media determinists are the
Canadian scholars
1228:, if one believes technology is neutral, one would disregard the cultural and social conditions that technology has produced (Green, 2001). This view is also referred to as technological instrumentalism.
1484:'s "Der Reiterdienst und die Anfänge des Lehnwesens" in substantiating his claim of the emergence of feudalism. In focusing on the evolution of warfare, particularly that of cavalry in connection with
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argues that technological determinism is not a very well founded concept by illustrating that two of the founding theses of determinism are easily questionable and in doing so calls for what he calls
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but providing a little defense against Sawyer and Hilton's allegations of gross intellectual negligence. Roland views White's focus on technology to be the most relevant and important aspect of
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this organization is beyond our control or we do not have the freedom to make a choice regarding the outcome (autonomous technology). The 20th century French philosopher and social theorist
988:). This suggests that we are somewhat powerless and society allows technology to drive social changes because "societies fail to be aware of the alternatives to the values embedded in it " (
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Woolgar, Steve and Cooper, Geoff (1999). "Do artefacts have ambivalence? Moses' bridges, Winner's bridges and other urban legends in S&TS". Social
Studies of Science 29 (3), 433–449.
1274:. As a direct consequence, desire for greater control of the course of development of technology gave rise to disenchantment with the model of technological determinism in academia.
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Salsone, Belle, Peter
Sebastian Stein, Kaleb Gage Parsons, Thomas Kent, Krystal Nielsen, and David Thomas Nitz. 2020. "Technological Determinism." Opentextbooks.clemson.edu, July.
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Wengenroth, Ulrich, Merritt Roe Smith, and Leo Marx. 1998. "Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism." Technology and Culture 39 (4): 755.
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and see what the outcome is exists. A slightly different variant of soft determinism is the 1922 technology-driven theory of social change proposed by
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Boerner, Lars, Jared Rubin, and Battista Severgnini. 2021. "A Time to Print, a Time to Reform." European Economic Review 138 (September): 103826.
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Although "The deterministic model of technology is widely propagated in society" (Sarah Miller), it has also been widely questioned by scholars.
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to make decisions regarding the outcomes of a situation. This is not to say that free will exists, but that the possibility for us to
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inevitable. Therefore, technological development and innovation become the principal motor of social, economic or political change.
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Vysotskyi, O., Deviatko, N., & Vysotska, O., "Theory of technologies of geographical determinism in international relations"
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Roland, Alex. Once More into the Stirrups; Lynne White Jr, Medieval Technology and Social Change" Classics Revisited. 574- 585.
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Drew, Chris. 2021. "Technological Determinism Theory (5 Examples, Pros & Cons)." Helpfulprofessor.com. October 28, 2021.
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as advocating technological determinism, with such statements as "The Handmill gives you society with the feudal lord: the
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Technological determinism has been summarized as 'The belief in technology as a key governing force in society ...' (
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One continued argument for technological determinism is centered on the stirrup and its impact on the creation of
1353:, a term coined by Winner in his essay "Technology as Forms of Life". Winner wonders whether or not we are simply
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could be said to be a hard determinist and proponent of autonomous technique (technology). In his 1954 work
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In his influential but contested (see Woolgar and Cooper, 1999) article "Do Artifacts Have Politics?",
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1581:. One of the best examples of technological determinism in media theory is Marshall McLuhan's theory "
820:. The most radical technological determinist in the United States in the 20th century was most likely
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Dusek, Val. 2006. Philosophy of Technology : An Introduction. Malden, Ma; Oxford: Blackwell Pub.
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Beard, Charles A. (February 1927). "Time, Technology, and the Creative Spirit in Political Science".
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1521:, American journalist, columnist and author, admits to being a technological determinist in his book
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More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave
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2749:. Fall 2006: 79–87. EBSCOhost. Monroe Community College Library, Rochester, NY. 2 April 2007.
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Ong, Walter J (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. New York: Methuen.
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Miller, Sarah (January 1997). "Futures Work – Recognising the Social Determinants of Change".
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In his article "Subversive Rationalization: Technology, Power and Democracy with Technology,"
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Sawyer, P.H. and R.H. Hilton. "Technical Determinism" Past & Present. April 1963: 90–100.
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is credited with first drawing this parallel between feudalism and the stirrup in his book
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2376:"One tweet does not a revolution make: Technological determinism, media and social change"
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reviews the societal transition from an oral culture to a written culture in his work
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Culture Conglomerates: Consolidation in the Motion Picture and Television Industries
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In opposition to technological determinism are those who subscribe to the belief of
887:(1857–1929), an American social scientist. Veblen's contemporary, popular historian
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The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times And Ideas Of The Great Economic Thinkers
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would say that they can not and there must be one or the other. Those who support
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Staudenmaier, S.J., John M. (1985). "The Debate over Technological Determinism".
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Autonomous Technology: Technics-Out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought
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Does technology drive history? : the dilemma of technological determinism
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about techno-science in the mid-20th century, in particular around the use of
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1476:, which was published in 1962 and argued that as "it made possible mounted
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popular magazines, and much reporting on technology . Instead, research in
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was also known for his radical technological determinism and his theory on
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Does Technology Drive History?: The Dilemma of Technological Determinism
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3798:
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2947:
2917:
2899:
2644:
Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism
2468:
1917:
Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism
1835:
1546:
1469:
1430: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1247:
1195: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1058: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
940: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
829:
793:
446:
258:
2513:((third edition) ed.). Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. pp.
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markets, the development of nation states and technological progress.
3832:
3764:
3520:
2987:
2962:
2841:
2580:, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada,
1717: – Attempt at using engineering or technology to solve a problem
1650: – Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
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progresses by following its own internal logic of efficiency, while
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2375:
1662:
1303:
2756:. David M. Kaplan. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. 209–225
2725:. David M. Kaplan. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. 103–113
2180:
2061:. Merritt Roe Smith, Leo Marx. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 1994.
2002:. Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 2.
1386:
Technologies of Seeing: Photography, Cinematography and Television
3808:
2864:
1004:
into a social situation, producing a series of ricochet effects.
689:
3497:
789:
3653:
2131:
https://helpfulprofessor.com/technological-determinism-theory/
2150:
2148:
1682: – Body of Marxist thought, prominent until World War I
1250:
about technological determinism emerged alongside increased
2793:
Chris Kimble, "Technological Determinism and Social Choice"
1239:: "Technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral."
2577:
Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment
2208:
Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment
2145:
1553:
1847), but others argue that Marx was not a determinist.
1106:
and determinism to exist in the world together, while an
2765:
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/tecdet/tecdet.html
1589:
argues that language shapes our perception of thinking (
1568:
Media determinism as a form of technological determinism
1538:
follow a technologically deterministic view of history.
1658:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1643:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1620:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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One of the most radical technological determinists was
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Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011).
2504:
2205:
Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011).
1774:"AI and the resurrection of Technological Determinism"
2788:
Daniel Chandler, "Technological or Media Determinism"
2663:
Technology's Storytellers: Reweaving the Human Fabric
1513:
1468:
in Europe in the late 8th century/early 9th century.
1016:
technology is used and thus on its ultimate impact".
1915:
Smith & Marx, Merrit Roe & Leo (June 1994).
1725:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1562:
Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word
1732: – Unemployment caused by technological change
1641: – Political ideologies based on Transhumanism
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2704:
2678:
2660:
2621:Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology
2600:
2536:
2506:
2483:
1883:
1656: – Monitoring of computer or network activity
1270:, and the problems of economic development in the
2250:Rethinking Science, Technology, and Social Change
3890:
2752:Feenberg, Andrew. "Democratic Rationalization".
2721:Winner, Langdon. "Technology as Forms of Life".
2713:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.
2194:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103826
2111:
2109:
1914:
2509:Media Society: Industries, Images and Audiences
2416:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 133.
808:. The term is believed to have originated from
3669:
2818:
2106:
1627: – Philosophical concept about free will
763:
1942:Knowing Machines: Essays on Technical Change
1781:Információs Társadalom (Information Society)
1744: – Technological determinism in Marxism
1023:
883:The term is believed to have been coined by
1723: – concept in philosophy of technology
1688: – Studies of the nature of technology
1549:, society with the industrial capitalist" (
1382:Law of the suppression of radical potential
3676:
3662:
2825:
2811:
2601:Murphie, Andrew; Potts, John (2003). "1".
2556:. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. pp.
2350:Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
2175:
2173:
2022:
1881:
1329:For instance, New York City urban planner
770:
756:
2745:Furbank, P.N. "The Myth of Determinism."
2634:
2289:. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. p.
2253:. Stanford University Press. p. 99.
2246:
1939:
1890:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.
1856:
1446:Learn how and when to remove this message
1211:Learn how and when to remove this message
1074:Learn how and when to remove this message
956:Learn how and when to remove this message
2783:Megan McCormick, "Technology as Neutral"
2754:Readings in the Philosophy of Technology
2723:Readings in the Philosophy of Technology
2505:Croteau, David; Hoynes, William (2003).
2473:Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence
2443:
2413:Television: Technology and Cultural Form
2409:
2285:Technoculture: From Alphabet to Cybersex
1694: – Sociological theory of knowledge
1160:
2703:(1986). "Do Artefacts Have Politics?".
2614:
2596:(vol.1, No.1 ed.). pp. 57–58.
2170:
1964:
14:
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2699:
2673:
2591:
2444:Chandler, Daniel (18 September 1995),
1698:Social engineering (political science)
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2738:Medieval Technology and Social Change
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2667:Society for the History of Technology
2547:
2531:
2478:
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1816:The American Political Science Review
1813:
1771:
1616:Instrumental conception of technology
1507:Medieval Technology and Social Change
1502:Medieval Technology and Social Change
1493:Medieval Technology and Social Change
1491:Though an accomplished work, White's
1474:Medieval Technology and Social Change
3775:Correlation does not imply causation
2778:Colin Rule, "Is Technology Neutral?"
2741:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2669:and the MIT Press. pp. 134–148.
1997:
1944:. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 24.
1861:. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 70.
1700: – Discipline in social science
1428:adding citations to reliable sources
1399:
1376:Media and cultural studies theorist
1349:Another conflicting idea is that of
1193:adding citations to reliable sources
1164:
1056:adding citations to reliable sources
1027:
938:adding citations to reliable sources
909:
847:
3319:Digital media use and mental health
3033:Sociology of the history of science
2624:. Vintage: New York. pp. 3–20.
2346:
2237:The road to unfreedom, Snyder, 2018
1235:famously wrote in the first of his
24:
2761:Technological or Media Determinism
2462:
2447:Technological or Media Determinism
2314:Technological or Media Determinism
1857:Smith, Merritt; Marx, Leo (1994).
1514:Notable technological determinists
25:
3965:
3924:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3028:Sociology of scientific ignorance
2873:History and philosophy of science
2855:Economics of scientific knowledge
2771:
1908:
1675:History of science and technology
1625:Compatibilism and incompatibilism
1311:social construction of technology
1284:social construction of technology
3770:Proximate and ultimate causation
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3620:
3595:
2373:
1969:Social Limits to Economic Theory
1404:
1169:
1032:
914:
851:
51:
3683:
2763:. 1995. 18 September 1995. <
2607:. London: Palgrave. p. 21.
2437:
2403:
2367:
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2327:Media Determinism in Cyberspace
2319:
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2181:https://doi.org/10.2307/1215849
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1742:Theory of the productive forces
1415:needs additional citations for
1180:needs additional citations for
1043:needs additional citations for
925:needs additional citations for
3919:Science and technology studies
2834:Science and technology studies
2016:
1991:
1973:. London: Routledge. pp.
1958:
1933:
1875:
1850:
1807:
1765:
1711: – Evolution of societies
1671: – Marxist historiography
1395:
1280:science and technology studies
905:
209:Socially necessary labour time
154:Organic composition of capital
13:
1:
2475:, Oxford and Princeton, 1978.
2023:Macmillan., Palgrave (2015).
1793:10.22503/inftars.XXI.2021.2.8
1758:
1618: – Philosophical concept
1102:says that it is possible for
792:in assuming that a society's
436:Critique of Political Economy
104:Critique of political economy
79:Capitalist mode of production
3878:Libertarianism (metaphysics)
3381:Normalization process theory
2938:Philosophy of social science
2543:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1749:
1704:Social shaping of technology
1390:Media Technology and Society
1242:
363:Falling profit-rate tendency
214:Socialist mode of production
189:Real prices and ideal prices
94:Concrete and abstract labuor
7:
1882:Heilbroner, Robert (1999).
1772:Héder, Mihály (June 2021).
1608:
715:Schools of economic thought
650:Real-World Economics Review
461:The Accumulation of Capital
224:Simple commodity production
10:
3970:
3004:construction of technology
2410:Williams, Raymond (1974).
1965:Mulberg, Jonathan (1995).
1940:MacKenzie, Donald (1998).
1730:Technological unemployment
1721:Technological somnambulism
1634:Democratic Rationalization
1556:Technological determinist
1551:The Poverty of Philosophy,
1457:
1351:technological somnambulism
1300:democratic rationalization
1264:Nazi human experimentation
705:Perspectives on capitalism
645:New School Economic Review
453:Economic and Philosophical
349:Technological unemployment
3757:
3691:
3591:
3536:Politicization of science
3496:
3282:
3051:
2986:
2898:
2863:
2840:
2708:The Whale and the Reactor
2539:The Technological Society
2490:. New York: Basic Books.
2247:Schroeder, Ralph (2007).
1998:Kunz, William M. (2006).
1583:the medium is the message
1536:technological singularity
1460:Great Stirrup Controversy
1130:The Technological Society
1024:Hard and soft determinism
843:
812:(1857–1929), an American
783:Technological determinism
344:Technological determinism
18:Technological Determinism
3909:Philosophy of technology
3782:Contingency (philosophy)
2943:Philosophy of technology
2685:. Cambridge: MIT Press.
2646:. Cambridge: MIT Press.
2167:Croteau and Hoynes, 2003
1736:Technological utopianism
1686:Philosophy of technology
1639:Democratic Transhumanism
1384:. In two of his books –
1114:can be further divided.
632:International Journal of
1709:Sociocultural evolution
1151:William Fielding Ogburn
1094:can be contrasted with
800:the development of the
725:Critiques of capitalism
194:Relations of production
3934:Historical determinism
3858:Metaphysical necessity
3016:Sociology of knowledge
2604:Culture and Technology
2391:Cite journal requires
2089:: CS1 maint: others (
2027:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1669:Historical materialism
1599:technology and society
1591:linguistic determinism
1237:six laws of technology
824:who was a follower of
700:Neoclassical economics
680:Evolutionary economics
474:Capitalist Development
368:Transformation problem
355:Temporal single-system
314:Historical materialism
204:Reserve army of labour
174:Primitive accumulation
124:Labour theory of value
3904:History of technology
3873:Uncertainty principle
3583:Transition management
3573:Technology assessment
3541:Regulation of science
3516:Evidence-based policy
3401:Sociotechnical system
3250:Traditional knowledge
3130:Psychology of science
3103:Mapping controversies
3009:shaping of technology
2968:Social constructivism
2933:Philosophy of science
2890:History of technology
2548:Green, Lelia (2002).
2281:Green, Leila (2001).
1692:Social constructivism
1258:in the production of
1161:Technology as neutral
434:A Contribution to the
413:Neo-Marxian economics
3939:Technological change
3814:Deterministic system
3488:Women in engineering
3334:Financial technology
3314:Digital anthropology
3083:Criticism of science
2996:Actor–network theory
2958:Religion and science
2850:Economics of science
2480:Cowan, Ruth Schwartz
2378:. Deakin University.
2103:(Croteau and Hoynes)
1654:Digital surveillance
1534:'s theories about a
1424:improve this article
1189:improve this article
1052:improve this article
982:Rosalind H. Williams
934:improve this article
623:Cambridge Journal of
299:Economic determinism
179:Rate of exploitation
169:Prices of production
3329:Engineering studies
3299:Cyborg anthropology
3088:Demarcation problem
2973:Social epistemology
2594:Social Alternatives
2347:McLuhan, Marshall,
2337:, Regent University
720:Socialist economics
685:Classical economics
660:Science and Society
455:Manuscripts of 1844
304:Immiseration thesis
289:Capital controversy
149:Monopoly capitalism
139:Means of production
129:Law of accumulation
27:Reductionist theory
3954:Technology systems
3609:History of science
3526:Funding of science
3396:Skunkworks project
3093:Double hermeneutic
2878:History of science
2759:Chandler, Daniel.
2636:Smith, Merritt Roe
2333:2010-05-29 at the
1587:Benjamin Lee Whorf
1519:Thomas L. Friedman
1367:social determinism
1315:social determinism
863:. You can help by
655:Rethinking Marxism
562:Nikolai Kondratiev
398:Analytical Marxism
144:Mode of production
3886:
3885:
3651:
3650:
3578:Technology policy
3309:Dematerialization
3118:black swan events
2665:. Cambridge: The
2497:978-0-465-04732-1
2454:on April 21, 2015
2423:978-0-415-31456-5
2363:on March 24, 2012
2316:, Daniel Chandler
1919:. The MIT Press.
1715:Technological fix
1524:The World Is Flat
1456:
1455:
1448:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1119:Hard determinists
1084:
1083:
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990:Merritt Roe Smith
978:Merritt Roe Smith
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965:
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893:Robert Heilbroner
881:
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780:
779:
710:Political economy
695:Marxist sociology
634:Political Economy
542:Antonie Pannekoek
522:Rudolf Hilferding
403:Classical Marxism
329:Overdetermination
319:Okishio's theorem
159:Productive forces
44:Marxian economics
16:(Redirected from
3961:
3944:Thorstein Veblen
3868:Superdeterminism
3863:Necessitarianism
3843:Hard determinism
3823:Non-essentialism
3792:Cause (medicine)
3678:
3671:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3624:
3623:
3599:
3551:Right to science
3531:Horizon scanning
3506:Academic freedom
3406:Technical change
3267:Women in science
3262:Unity of science
3043:Strong programme
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1603:Raymond Williams
1579:Marshall McLuhan
1532:Raymond Kurzweil
1482:Heinrich Brunner
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1233:Melvin Kranzberg
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885:Thorstein Veblen
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810:Thorstein Veblen
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739:Economics portal
557:Richard D. Wolff
507:Friedrich Engels
466:Monopoly Capital
408:Orthodox Marxism
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324:Overaccumulation
269:Variable capital
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2675:Winner, Langdon
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1296:Andrew Feenberg
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229:Surplus value
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3914:Reductionism
3819:Essentialism
3743:
3631:Associations
3466:criticism of
3440:
3376:Leapfrogging
3359:linear model
3245:Team science
3235:Scientocracy
3158:Neo-colonial
2908:Anthropocene
2760:
2753:
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2736:
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1492:
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1478:shock combat
1473:
1463:
1442:
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1422:Please help
1417:verification
1414:
1389:
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1375:
1364:
1355:sleepwalking
1354:
1348:
1336:
1331:Robert Moses
1323:
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1276:
1268:World War II
1246:
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1182:verification
1179:
1155:cultural lag
1146:
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927:verification
924:
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865:adding to it
860:
838:cultural lag
787:reductionist
782:
781:
577:Ian Steedman
547:János Kornai
532:Karl Kautsky
527:Leon Trotsky
343:
254:Wage slavery
199:Reproduction
134:Law of value
119:Labour power
114:Exploitation
73:accumulation
3899:Determinism
3804:Illusionism
3749:Theological
3685:Determinism
3476:theories of
3461:and society
3457:Technology
3451:transitions
3441:determinism
3436:convergence
3411:Technocracy
3193:controversy
3179:Scientific
3163:post-normal
3108:Metascience
3078:Consilience
3063:Antiscience
2928:Neo-Luddism
2923:Fuzzy logic
2733:White, Lynn
1822:(1): 1–11.
1648:Determinism
1396:The stirrup
1388:(1997) and
1344:Lelia Green
1339:Lelia Green
1272:Third World
1226:Lelia Green
1112:determinism
1088:determinism
986:Lelia Green
906:Explanation
828:as well as
814:sociologist
798:determining
582:John Roemer
567:Paul Sweezy
442:Das Kapital
309:Imperialism
249:Wage labour
3949:Technology
3893:Categories
3799:Falliblism
3729:Linguistic
3724:Historical
3699:Biological
3614:Technology
3566:science of
3561:history of
3446:revolution
3354:disruptive
3344:Innovation
3339:Hype cycle
3284:Technology
3255:ecological
3228:skepticism
3218:misconduct
3203:enterprise
3021:scientific
2948:Positivism
2918:Empiricism
2900:Philosophy
2586:0865717044
2469:G.A. Cohen
2217:0865717044
1759:References
1547:steam-mill
1470:Lynn White
1342:society" (
1306:210–212).
1248:Skepticism
973:activity.
872:March 2015
830:John Dewey
794:technology
447:Grundrisse
259:Value-form
3833:Free will
3765:Causality
3521:Factor 10
3349:diffusion
3188:consensus
3183:community
3148:education
2988:Sociology
2963:Scientism
2842:Economics
2640:Marx, Leo
2588:, 464 pp.
2085:cite book
2043:979008143
1844:146966835
1801:244186553
1750:Footnotes
1543:Karl Marx
1530:Futurist
1466:feudalism
1252:pessimism
1243:Criticism
1104:free will
818:economist
625:Economics
502:Karl Marx
244:Use value
89:Commodity
3828:Fatalism
3787:Etiology
3709:Economic
3704:Cultural
3641:Scholars
3636:Journals
3626:Category
3600:Portals
3481:transfer
3471:dynamics
3421:feminist
3223:priority
3208:literacy
3168:rhetoric
3134:Science
3098:Logology
2735:(1966).
2677:(1977).
2618:(1992).
2535:(1964).
2482:(1983).
2331:Archived
2266:29 April
2077:28929481
1663:Hegemony
1609:See also
1304:Feenberg
615:Journals
391:Variants
62:Concepts
35:a series
33:Part of
3809:Destiny
3719:Genetic
3604:Science
3286:studies
3198:dissent
3138:citizen
3055:studies
3053:Science
3000:Social
2865:History
2747:Raritan
1836:1945535
1266:during
1008:form" (
690:Marxism
71: (
69:Capital
3739:Social
3498:Policy
3431:change
3364:system
3213:method
3153:normal
2689:
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844:Origin
790:theory
494:People
282:Topics
164:Profit
3692:Types
2560:–20.
2361:(PDF)
2354:(PDF)
1840:S2CID
1832:JSTOR
1797:S2CID
1777:(PDF)
785:is a
426:Works
378:Value
3821:and
3369:user
3272:STEM
3173:wars
2767:>
2687:ISBN
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2492:ISBN
2431:2013
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2397:help
2295:ISBN
2268:2022
2255:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2091:link
2073:OCLC
2063:ISBN
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2029:ISBN
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