634:'s long reign (1216–1272) the short-cross penny continued in use until 1247. By then, however, through no fault of the moneyers' there was a problem in that many of the coins in circulation were underweight. This was caused by the illegal practice of clipping silver off the edge of the coin, which was made easier by the cross on the reverse not extending to the rim thus giving people no clear indication of exactly how big the coin was supposed to be. In 1247 therefore, a new long-cross penny replaced the short-cross coin, which made it more obvious when the coin had been clipped. Apart from the change in the size of the cross, the rest of the design did not substantially change, and the long cross made it easy to cut the coin into halves or quarters for change. Because of the introduction of the new coinage, it was necessary to reopen many of the old mints to supply sufficient coins. Short-cross Henry III pennies were minted at Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Durham, London, Winchester and York. Long-cross pennies were produced at Bristol, Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Carlisle, Durham, Exeter, Gloucester, Hereford, Ilchester, Lincoln, London, Newcastle, Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, Shrewsbury, Wallingford, Wilton, Winchester, and York.
1069:
686:
150:
981:
724:
exchange them for new coins of the correct weight and fineness. This exchange also served as a form of taxation as moneyers were required to charge a fee for the service. The new coins were much admired in Europe and were extensively copied there, often with poorer fineness silver – but this only made Edward's coins even more popular and severely drained the local supply of silver such that the export of
English coins was forbidden in 1299. The strong, good-quality coins strengthened the economy and brought prosperity to the country. The 1279 penny was different from earlier issues in many ways. The king's bust is more lifelike, facing the front, and the legend on the obverse is longer, usually
931:
967:
895:
576:
619:
1025:
1448:
1225:
837:, half noble, and the quarter noble – were introduced, followed later by the silver groat or fourpence which became very popular and eventually superseded the penny in importance, together with the half groat which was also popular. Together with the production of half pennies and farthings, England had at last an adequate supply of varying denominations which benefited both internal trade and trade with other countries in Europe where English coins were readily accepted.
373:
942:(1399–1413). This was a turbulent time with wars being fought in both Scotland and Wales, and the coinage problems of the previous reign continued; the price of silver and gold was low in England compared to Europe, and coins were illegally smuggled abroad, causing major problems in England as not only were there insufficient coins in circulation, but the mints could not buy enough bullion to make new coins. Henry IV's pennies are divided into
1114:
35:
849:). In this coinage the king's hairstyle appears to be much longer and more unkempt. These coins were produced in London, Canterbury, Durham, Reading, and York. During the period of Edward's fourth coinage (1351–1377) politics affected the inscription on most coins, but to a lesser extent on the penny than on the larger coins, due to the lack of available space. Edward claimed the throne of France, but the
704:, which indicated the importance of foreign trade at that time. He also acknowledged the need to improve the style and fineness of English coins to avoid the poor-quality coins which had sometimes appeared during earlier reigns and shaken public confidence in the currency. There was also a need for larger and smaller denominations since the penny had not changed much in 500 years, so the
753:, small differences such as a rose on the king's breast, differences in the king's hair style, or an alteration in the size of the king's eyes, or the style of a letter; these differences were not caused by carelessness but to enable identification of the moneyer who produced the coin, in place of giving the moneyer's name.
913:(1377–1399). England continued to lay claim to France and remained at war until 1396; high taxation to pay for the war caused several peasant uprisings. During this period large quantities of inferior quality European coins circulated alongside the high-quality English coins, producing a real-life example of
1016:
Despite the upheavals of the time, Henry VI's administration maintained an adequate supply of coinage throughout the first reign. There were several different issues of pennies distinguished by different features such as rosettes or pinecones appearing in the legend, or a leaf appearing on the king's
1048:
Despite the short duration of Henry VI's second reign, pennies were produced in similar style to the first reign at London, Bristol, and York. Edward IV's second reign pennies are basically continuations of his first reign, produced at the same mints. By this time all reigns used mintmarks on their
535:
While the Tealby coinage was acceptable in terms of weight and silver quality, the overall quality of production was quite poor. To remedy this, in 1180 a new style of coin, the short-cross penny, was introduced. This style remained largely unchanged until 1247, which gave both the coinage and the
723:
In response to all these pressures, a completely new coinage was struck in 1279 with a different design which made clipping much easier to detect. Millions of coins were struck at London and
Canterbury and the public could take their old, underweight short- and long-cross pennies to the mint and
844:
around a front-facing bust of the king; these pennies were minted in London, Bury St
Edmunds, Canterbury, Durham, York, and Berwick upon Tweed. No more pennies were minted until his third, or florin, coinage in 1344–1351 (so-called because the dies were made by two craftsmen from
407:
in 1807. A total of 30 mints were employed in the initial recoinage (the mint at
Ipswich was not active during the early stages – but was extremely productive from class B until the end of the series). The mints in operation at the beginning of the recoinage were:
602:. John's coins were minted at Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Carlisle, Chichester, Durham, Exeter, Ipswich, King's Lynn, Lincoln, London, Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, Rhuddlan (although many of the short-cross coins minted there were doubtless imitative issues by
1056:. In the turbulent times it became known that there was some problem with the legality of Edward IV's marriage, and rather than let Edward be king with a regency, Parliament deposed him and appointed Edward IV's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester as King
819:(1307–1327) were deliberately made very similar to those of his father. Edward I coins were minted at Berwick-upon-Tweed, Bristol, Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Chester, Durham, Exeter, Kingston-upon-Hull, Lincoln, London, Newcastle, Reading, and York.
995:
between his supporters, the
Lancastrians (red rose), and those of the Yorkists (white rose). The nobility attached itself to one side or the other (and often changed sides), but eventually in 1461 Henry was defeated by Richard's son, who became King
991:(1422–1461, 1470–1471) came to the throne as an infant. He favoured making peace with France, but his heir, Richard, Duke of York, a descendant of the second son of Edward III, favoured war; this disagreement precipitated the outbreak of the
1004:
for nine years, but the wars continued and in
October 1470 Edward was forced to flee to the continent and Henry was restored to the throne. This restoration was only brief, however, as Edward mustered more support and after two battles at
1032:
During Edward IV's first reign the problem of
English coins' face value being worth less than their metal value in Europe recurred. In 1464 Edward acted to solve the problem by reducing the weight of all silver coins by about 20%: the
1064:
were never seen again. Who was responsible for their ultimate fate remains a topic of heated discussion to this day. There is evidence that some coins were struck for King Edward V, but it is uncertain that any have survived.
950:
coinage of 1412–13 when the silver content was reduced to correspond to the continental price of silver, thus putting an end to the illegal export of
English coinage. The heavy coinage was minted at London and York, inscribed
149:
917:
as
English coins were smuggled to the continent to be melted down, alloyed with other metals and remanufactured as fake pennies and returned to England. Pennies were produced at London, York and Durham, and inscribed
857:
is recognised. After the treaty was repudiated by the French in 1369 the claim to France was reinstated and
England and France went to war again, though England lost most of its French possessions except
833:
and France, which is reflected in his coins. In the first part of Edward's reign only a small quantity of pennies was produced, in a similar style to those of his father. New gold coins – the
269:, until the Tealby penny was introduced, minted from 1158 to 1180. These coins' weight and quality of silver were good, but the overall production was poor; as a result, in 1180 the
696:(1272–1307) succeeded his father while on Crusade in the Holy Land. Coin production had to continue while the king made his two-year journey home, so long-cross pennies inscribed
52:
732:. The reverse had a long cross going to the edge of the coin; the moneyer's name is omitted except for one issue, but the name of the mint is usually given in full, e.g.,
870:. During the Treaty period the Durham and York mints continued to mint pennies with that inscription, while ones produced by the London and Calais mints were inscribed
591:. Ricardian coins were minted at Canterbury, Carlisle, Durham, Exeter, Lichfield, Lincoln, London, Northampton, Norwich, Shrewsbury, Winchester, Worcester, and York.
1068:
225:
335:'s administration kept a sufficient supply of coins in circulation, with many designs and variations of the penny minted. Henry would later be overthrown by
99:
1013:
Edward was back on the throne in April 1471 where he stayed until his death in 1483. Henry was returned to the Tower, where he was murdered the same night.
700:
continued to be produced at the Bury St Edmunds, Durham, and London mints. As Edward made his way home, he concluded an important wool-trade treaty in the
71:
78:
1375:
159:
85:
685:
878:, under the authority of the local bishop or archbishop, and thus a source of money for the Church. Typical inscriptions of this period are
1391:
1387:
1379:
920:
RICARDUS REX ANGLIE, RICARDUS REX ANGLE Z FRANC, RICARDUS REX ANGLIE Z, RICARD REX ANGL Z FRANC, RICARD REX ANGLIE or RICARDUS REX ANGL Z F
189:
184:
179:
174:
164:
67:
1340:
305:
218:
1041:
penny weighed 12 grains (0.8 gram) and was minted in London, Bristol, Canterbury, Durham, and York. They were all inscribed
946:
coinage (prior to 1412), when the weight of the coins had not been adjusted to reflect the continental price of silver, and the
977:(1413–1422) continued his father's light coinage, with similar inscriptions on the coins produced at London, Durham, and York.
980:
1668:
211:
92:
840:
Edward III's first coinage, between 1327 and 1335, is very similar to the Edward I and II pennies, with the inscription
563:. Short-cross coins were minted at Carlisle, Exeter, Lincoln, London, Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, Wilton, Winchester,
1663:
528:
were allowed to remain active. This marked the beginning of the gradual decline in the number of mints used to strike
1312:
1037:
penny issued between 1461 and 1464 weighed 15 grains (1.0 gram) and was minted at London, York, and Durham; the
118:
1658:
1653:
1648:
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909:, died in 1376, a year before his father, which meant that the next king was Edward's eleven-year-old grandson
56:
17:
351:. Richard became king in 1483 with only a small number of coins minted in his name, and was defeated at the
199:
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began a new coinage which was admired and imitated on the continent, and included the introduction of the
1584:
1578:
1422:
1165:
930:
1104:
966:
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In 1399, Henry, Duke of Lancaster – another grandson of Edward III – overthrew his cousin and ruled as
254:. The Plantagenet era saw an overall rise in quality of the coinage but saw a decline in the number of
1624:
1590:
1524:
1437:
1412:
1326:
587:(1189–1199) the short-cross coinage continued unchanged, even to the extent of still being inscribed
312:, as well as making clipping easier to detect. This design remained similar throughout the reigns of
894:
768:
minted in Europe as debased forms of Edward's penny were first accepted as the legal equivalents of
618:
1512:
1084:
1060:. Edward and his younger brother Richard, Duke of York, were taken to the Tower of London, and the
906:
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352:
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829:(1327–1377) succeeded his father at the age of 14. His reign was a period of conflict with
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in 1360 granted him land in France; on some coins, but not the penny, his overlordship of
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Richard III (1483–1485) was the last of the Plantagenet kings. Before his demise at the
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state a sense of stability. The practice of placing the moneyer's name and mint on the
392:
1518:
1308:
1215:
D.F.Allen Catalogue of English Coins: Henry II Cross & Crosslets Type (BMC, 1951)
992:
866:. Pre-treaty pennies were minted in London, Durham and York, with the obverse legend
595:
513:
425:
328:
823:
coins were only minted at Berwick, Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Durham, and London.
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were successfully introduced. Finally, there was the problem of clipping, for which
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1291:, sv. "crockard", "eagle", "leonine", "mitre", "pollard", "rosary", "scalding".
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HENRI REX ANG, HENRI REX AN, HENRI R ANG, HENRI REX, HENRI REX A, or HENRI REX
1637:
1596:
1447:
1052:
Edward IV died suddenly in 1483 and was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son
293:
959:, while the light coinage was minted at London, York, and Durham, inscribed
1506:
1402:
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705:
404:
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continued to be produced, but in order to restore public confidence in the
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649:), while one issue unpopularly omitted the moneyer's name, instead having
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Edward I Penny, minted: London Only, Class: 1d2, Year Minted: Nov 1279.
670:
598:'s coins (1199–1216) continued the short-cross series, still inscribed
517:
497:
445:
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rare – only one penny is known which was produced in the London mint.
540:
continued, though the reduction in the number of mints enabled better
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Coincraft's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date
399:
a new standard was introduced: the Tealby penny, so named after a
1536:
1464:
874:. During the post-treaty period the Durham and York mints became
529:
481:
429:
413:
409:
1470:
880:
EDWARD R ANGL FRANC, EDWARDUS REX ANGLIE FR, EDWARD REX ANGL FR
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469:
441:
1366:
1361:
1073:
1021:. Pennies were minted at London, Calais, York, and Durham.
521:
391:
dynasty. For the first few years of his reign the coins of
265:
saw no change in the production of coins from the reign of
1228:". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; Vincent, Nicholas (eds.).
320:, with the addition of the quarter noble, half noble and
641:, while the long-cross pennies were variously inscribed
610:, John's son-in-law), Rochester, Winchester, and York.
1102:
524:. However, once the recoinage was completed only 12
784:, had permitted the use of similarly debased Dutch
637:The inscription on the short-cross penny was still
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
661:on the obverse and continued on the reverse with
622:Example of the new Long cross penny with bust of
544:to be applied. The Tealby coins bear the obverse
1635:
387:ascended the throne in 1154 as the first of the
362:
788:as equivalent to pence. These became known as
559:, while the short-cross pennies are inscribed
240:history of the English penny from 1154 to 1485
1334:
898:"Short cross" penny of Richard II, minted in
219:
68:"History of the English penny" 1154–1485
925:
1091:, at London, York and Durham, but they are
1087:, pennies were produced for him, inscribed
284:remained largely unchanged. In 1247, under
1341:
1327:
226:
212:
957:Henry by the Grace of God King of England
250:which brought about the beginning of the
165:Early Normans and the Anarchy (1066–1154)
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1067:
1023:
1017:breast, etc. The normal inscription was
979:
965:
929:
893:
684:
657:on the reverse, while another issue had
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371:
292:replaced the short-cross penny to deter
1267:Edwardus Rex Anglorum Dominus Hyberniae
134:This article is part of a series on the
14:
1636:
730:Edward King of England Lord of Ireland
1322:
1241:
579:Silver penny of King John, 1205–1207.
570:
1348:
1138:
643:HENRICUS REX TERCI, HENRICUS REX III
180:Stuarts and Commonwealth (1603–1707)
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
1189:
1166:"The Short Cross Penny 1180 - 1247"
24:
1446:
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200:Post-decimalisation (1971–present)
25:
1680:
884:Edward King of England and France
749:. The new coins also contained a
276:The coinage during the reigns of
1232:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
1226:Henry II and the English Coinage
1112:
1049:coins to identify the moneyers.
1000:; Henry was incarcerated in the
812:named for the images they bore.
261:The first years of the reign of
160:The Anglo-Saxons (c. 600 – 1066)
148:
33:
339:, who was in turn succeeded by
44:needs additional citations for
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1270:
1261:
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1209:
1183:
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800:but were also banned, as were
13:
1:
1230:Henry II: New Interpretations
1098:
1072:Richard III penny, minted in
889:
663:LIE TERCI LON (or CAN or AED)
1669:History of the English penny
1307:, Richard Lobel. Coincraft.
1242:Blunt, Rod (1 August 2022).
665:indicating it was minted in
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363:The Plantagenets (1154–1485)
7:
1248:British Coins and Artefacts
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345:Richard, Duke of Gloucester
10:
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1664:Coins of medieval England
1625:Coins of England category
1622:
1606:
1457:
1444:
1354:
1289:Oxford English Dictionary
926:Lancastrians and Yorkists
583:During the reign of King
242:covers the period of the
1085:Battle of Bosworth Field
380:" design on the obverse.
376:Penny of Henry II with "
353:Battle of Bosworth Field
248:Battle of Bosworth Field
190:20th century (1901–1970)
170:Plantagenets (1154–1485)
1659:15th century in England
1654:14th century in England
1649:13th century in England
1644:12th century in England
1224:Allen, Martin (2007). "
1089:RICARD DEI GRA REX ANGL
324:in the latter's reign.
258:used to produce coins.
185:Hanoverians (1714–1901)
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1043:EDWARD DI GRA REX ANGL
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953:HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL
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905:Edward III's son, the
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1244:"Short Cross Pennies"
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872:EDWARD ANGL R DNS HYB
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553:Henry King of England
403:was found at Tealby,
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1062:Princes in the Tower
876:ecclesiastical mints
778:justiciar of Ireland
776:. The treasurer and
726:EDW REX ANGL DNS HYB
718:the Jews were blamed
647:King Henry the Third
604:Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
244:House of Plantagenet
53:improve this article
1139:Nott, Hugh (2019).
1019:HENRICUS REX ANGLIE
782:Stephen de Fulbourn
772:and then banned as
653:on the obverse and
401:hoard of such coins
378:cross-and-crosslets
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1299:Further reading
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1076:by Archbishop
984:Henry VI penny
934:Henry IV penny
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798:Bishop's money
737:City of London
734:CIVITAS LONDON
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64:Find sources:
58:
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48:
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42:This article
40:
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19:
1579:Triple unite
1473:(c.796-1016)
1383:
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1277:p. xxii
1272:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
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729:
722:
692:
655:ANGLIE TERCI
651:HENRICUS REX
646:
639:HENRICUS REX
636:
629:
600:HENRICUS REX
593:
589:HENRICUS REX
582:
567:, and York.
561:HENRICUS REX
556:
552:
546:inscriptions
534:
405:Lincolnshire
383:
326:
289:
275:
270:
260:
252:Tudor period
246:, up to the
239:
237:
169:
115:
109:October 2014
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
1575:(Charles I)
1567:Half laurel
1495:Half florin
1467:(c.630-675)
1253:6 September
1201:6 September
1196:Historic UK
1175:7 September
1150:7 September
1058:Richard III
774:counterfeit
702:Netherlands
510:Wallingford
478:Northampton
389:Plantagenet
327:During the
1638:Categories
1525:Half crown
1477:Gold penny
1438:Half crown
1413:Threepence
1099:References
1011:Tewkesbury
911:Richard II
900:Canterbury
890:Richard II
827:Edward III
751:privy mark
671:Canterbury
557:King Henry
518:Winchester
498:Shrewsbury
458:Launceston
446:Gloucester
434:Colchester
422:Canterbury
347:acting as
318:Edward III
296:. In 1279
79:newspapers
1549:Spur ryal
1543:Rose Ryal
1539:(James I)
1513:Sovereign
1392:1603–1707
1388:1485–1603
1384:1154–1485
1380:1066–1154
998:Edward IV
855:Aquitaine
821:Edward II
817:Edward II
815:Coins of
794:scaldings
790:steepings
786:shillings
770:halfpence
758:crockards
746:Newcastle
710:halfpenny
632:Henry III
624:Henry III
614:Henry III
585:Richard I
565:Worcester
494:Salisbury
474:Newcastle
462:Leicester
454:Ilchester
359:in 1485.
357:Henry VII
337:Edward IV
314:Edward II
306:halfpenny
286:Henry III
278:Richard I
1614:Farthing
1418:Sixpence
1408:Shilling
1398:Farthing
1054:Edward V
989:Henry VI
940:Henry IV
864:Bordeaux
847:Florence
831:Scotland
802:leonines
766:rosaries
762:pollards
744:Town of
714:farthing
694:Edward I
630:In King
506:Thetford
502:Stafford
490:Pembroke
450:Hereford
426:Carlisle
397:currency
385:Henry II
368:Henry II
341:Edward V
333:Henry VI
302:farthing
298:Edward I
294:clipping
263:Henry II
1573:Carolus
1537:Jacobus
1465:Thrymsa
1376:to 1066
975:Henry V
538:reverse
532:coins.
530:English
482:Norwich
466:Lincoln
430:Chester
414:Bristol
410:Bedford
393:Stephen
343:, with
267:Stephen
93:scholar
1599:(1663)
1597:Guinea
1593:(1656)
1587:(1656)
1581:(1642)
1569:(1619)
1563:(1619)
1561:Laurel
1557:(1604)
1551:(1604)
1545:(1604)
1533:(1544)
1527:(1526)
1521:(1526)
1515:(1489)
1509:(1465)
1503:(1344)
1497:(1344)
1491:(1344)
1489:Florin
1485:(1344)
1479:(1257)
1471:Mancus
1355:Silver
1311:
1105:Portal
1007:Barnet
860:Calais
810:eagles
808:, and
806:mitres
796:, and
764:, and
712:, and
708:(4d),
667:London
520:, and
514:Wilton
486:Oxford
470:London
442:Exeter
438:Durham
288:, the
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
1591:Broad
1555:Unite
1507:Angel
1483:Noble
1433:Crown
1403:Groat
1372:Penny
1367:Styca
1362:Sceat
1119:Money
1039:light
1035:heavy
948:light
944:heavy
835:noble
739:, or
706:groat
594:King
555:, or
526:mints
322:noble
310:groat
256:mints
100:JSTOR
86:books
1458:Gold
1309:ISBN
1255:2022
1203:2022
1177:2022
1152:2022
1093:very
1074:York
1009:and
862:and
756:The
596:John
522:York
316:and
308:and
282:John
280:and
238:The
72:news
673:or
669:or
355:by
55:by
1640::
1390:,
1386:,
1382:,
1378:,
1246:.
1194:.
1168:.
1143:.
1045:.
963:.
955:–
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886:.
882:–
804:,
792:,
760:,
728:–
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677:.
606:,
551:–
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1374:(
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116:(
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107:(
97:·
90:·
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49:.
20:)
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