45:
526:
596:
1880:
19:
311:, as de Saulles sought a coin that would be easy for the Royal Mint to strike. Even so, the relatively large size of the head caused metal flow problems for the penny once issued, resulting in "ghosting", a faint outline of the obverse design visible on the reverse. On 20 August 1901, the Mint received confirmation that the de Saulles bust of Edward would be used on all coins. The new bronze coins were made current by a proclamation dated 10 December 1901, effective 1 January 1902.
446:
1866:
350:
577:
1949, when it dropped off and, in May of that year, the Royal Mint stopped the coin's production. Officials concluded that the fall in demand was permanent due to inflation; its purchasing power was minimal, and many automatic machines no longer took it. The Royal Mint redeemed surplus coppers from the banks for melting beginning in 1951, and by the end of the decade, some £1.2 million worth had been removed from circulation.
421:
business; the London
Passenger Transport Board received 6,000 tonnes of pennies, halfpennies and farthings a year. A reduction of size for the penny was deemed impractical, given the time it would take to recoin the 3,000,000,000 pennies in circulation, and because many automatic machines that took pennies would have to be reconfigured. The major response would be the 1937 debut of the
237:. One 1954 penny was struck, for internal Mint purposes. By 1961, new pennies were needed again for circulation, and they were produced in large numbers. The officials who planned to introduce decimalisation in the 1960s did not favour keeping the large bronze penny, the value of which had been eroded by inflation. The last pennies which went into circulation were dated 1967—a final
581:
pennies, and London dealers descended on the islands, offering a pound a coin. Collecting coins by date (especially the penny) became popular in the early 1960s; after many bold claims about the investment potential of the 1951 penny were made, the coin acquired something of a cult status. One 1952 penny believed to be unique was struck by the Royal Mint.
621:. No major change was made to the reverse designs of the penny or other bronze coins with the new reign, and her coins were made current by a proclamation of 25 November 1952, effective 1 January 1953. No pennies were struck for circulation in 1953, the only extant denomination between the farthing and
398:
banks and post offices, and from 1922, pieces dated 1860 to 1894 would be redeemed in any condition, though they remained acceptable in circulation. The pre-1860 copper penny had been demonetised after 1869 in
Britain (though accepted at full face value by the Mint until 1873) and in 1877 for the colonies.
576:
By the late 1940s, demand for pennies was falling in
Britain, likely due to the popularity of the lighter, more convenient, brass threepence coin, which weighed less than a quarter of the same value in bronze coins. The immediate aftermath of the war had seen a strong demand for pennies until January
572:
to give them a darker tone. That substance, dubbed "hypo", had been used to darken all 1934 pennies before issue and most of the 1935 mintage, "Hypo" would be used again in 1946, discolouring the coins to discourage the hoarding of new pennies. Although the prewar alloy was restored in 1945, the Mint
648:
One 1954 penny is known, struck for die-testing purposes at the Royal Mint, and intended for melting, but recovered from circulation. By the end of the 1950s, the price of metal ensured that every bronze coin was struck at a loss; the Mint hoped for a reduction in size, and the demonetisation of the
516:
When the Royal Mint's
Advisory Committee were considering the question of new designs for King Edward's coinage, they did not favour a new look for the penny. Rather, they sought the return of the lighthouse and ship, seen in the distance on either side of Britannia on pre-1895 pennies, but with the
437:
There was no need for the Mint to produce any pennies in 1933 because there was no commercial demand, and it held plenty of stock. There was a custom at that time for the King to place a set of coins of the current year under the foundation stone of important new buildings, and the Mint struck three
412:
ounce (9.4 g) and the diameter 1.2 inches (30 millimetres). This alloy was slightly more malleable; the lessened force needed to strike pennies helped minimise ghosting. No pennies were struck for the years 1923, 1924 or 1925; this was due to lack of demand as the interwar years saw alternating
664:
had anticipated the need for a transition of up to 18 months after
Decimal Day, 15 February 1971, but the "old penny" quickly vanished from circulation and it ceased to be legal tender after 31 August 1971. It had been the last survivor of the three bronze coins, as the halfpenny had been withdrawn
420:
By the end of George's reign, in 1936, the bronze penny, which had felt lighter in weight compared with older coppers when the alloy was first used for it in 1860, was regarded as weighty and cumbersome, the heaviest bronze coin in circulation in Europe. The weight when in bulk caused problems for
197:
went into circulation in 1911, and it remained in circulation with some modifications until the year of the king's death, 1936. No new pennies were produced for commerce in 1933, because a sufficient number were already in circulation, but at least seven were struck that year, mostly for placement
397:
government, and thereafter by the war years. Also feeding the demand for pennies were automatic slot machines, a trend noticed as early as 1898. To reduce the number of worn pieces in commerce, the Royal Mint had in 1908 agreed to accept the return of worn pre-1895 pennies and halfpennies through
388:
to the left of the date. In 1918 and 1919 some were produced at the Kings Norton Metal Co. Ltd, also in
Birmingham, and have a "KN" there instead. Both firms also provided blanks to the Royal Mint for striking into pennies from 1912 to 1919. This was due to high demand for small change, initially
299:
on the reverse of the bronze coins—the lighthouse and sailing ship that had flanked her were removed. De
Saulles was tasked with creating a depiction of Edward for the King's new coinage. The Mint continued to strike coins depicting Victoria, dated 1901, until the King's coinage was ready in May
652:
The old bronze penny was slated for elimination as decimal currency was planned in the 1960s. It continued to be struck after 1967, still bearing that date. The 97 percent copper, 0.5 percent tin, 2.5 percent zinc alloy was used again for the 1960s pennies. Finally, there was an issue of proof
580:
The 1950 and 1951 circulation pennies were produced only for the colonies as none were needed in
Britain. During 1956, the entire 1950 mintage (still held in stock in Britain) and three-quarters of the 1951 production were sent to Bermuda. Both mintages were low compared with earlier George VI
548:, removing the Latin abbreviation for "Emperor of India" after that nation had gained independence. Pennies were produced for circulation dated 1937–1940, and 1944–1951, although when necessary pennies were produced for the colonies in 1941–1943 using the 1940 dies. These went principally to
517:
sailing ship seen on
Victorian pennies replaced with a modern warship. Officials felt this too aggressive at a delicate international time, and the ship was not restored, but the lighthouse was placed on Edward's patterns, and would be kept on the penny until its abolition after 1970.
478:, ordered that the 1933 penny placed under St Mary's Church, Hawksworth Wood, Kirkstall, Leeds, be unearthed and sold, which it was. As far as is known, the penny under Senate House is still in place. Two others in private hands were sold at auctions in 1969 and 2016 respectively.
649:
farthing at the end of 1960 helped clear the way for such a scheme. It was not until 1961 that there was a need for more pennies to be minted, and production continued each year in very large numbers until the final pre-decimal pennies for circulation, dated 1967, were coined.
564:, cited a colonial legislative record to the effect that it was to conserve copper for munitions. Beginning with the 1942 production of 1940-dated pennies, the composition was altered, as tin was a critical war material, rare because most of it came from
453:
The precise number struck was not recorded at the time; seven are known to exist. One of the 1933 pennies sold in 2016 for US$ 193,875 (£149,364 at the time). The known 1933 pennies are to be found in the Royal Mint Museum, the
British Museum, under the
509:, shows a left-facing portrait of the King, who considered this to be his best side, and wished to break the tradition of alternating with each change of reign the direction in which the monarch faces on coins. The inscription on the obverse is
245:, 15 February 1971—there was no exact decimal equivalent of them, and the slogan "use your old pennies in sixpenny lots" explained that pennies and "threepenny bits" were only accepted in shops if their total value was six old pence (exactly
401:
King George's pennies were produced in the same alloy as before until 1922, but the following year the composition of bronze coins was set at 95.5 percent copper, 3 percent tin, and 1.5 percent zinc, although the weight remained at
275:. New coin designs had been introduced in the 1890s, and Mint officials believed the British people wanted as few changes to the coinage as possible. Thus, it was decided not to alter the reverses of the three bronze coins (the penny,
537:'s new coins were made current by a proclamation dated 18 March 1937, which went into force immediately. Although the customary Britannia motif was retained for the penny, the halfpenny and farthing were given their own designs.
151:), a large, pre-decimal coin which continued the series of pennies which began in about the year 700, was struck intermittently during the 20th century until its withdrawal from circulation after 1970. From 1901 to 1970, the
44:
314:
Edward's pennies were minted to the same standard as the final Victorian issues: 95 percent copper, 4 percent tin and 1 percent zinc, and, like all bronze pennies from 1860 until 1970, they weigh an average of
559:
Although the 2000 edition of the Coincraft catalogue of British coins says the wartime pause was due to a surplus of pennies, numismatist Kerry Rodgers, in his 2016 article on the currency emergency in Fiji during the
637:. These were not issued for circulation, but as the specimen sets were sold for only a slight advance on face value, many were later broken open and spent. In all subsequent mintings of the penny, the inscription was
189:. This feature appeared on the version of the penny which went into circulation in 1902, and it remained in circulation until the year of Edward's death, 1910. An obverse version of the penny designed by Sir
573:
reversed itself in 1959, made pennies out of that wartime composition for the remainder of the coin's pre-decimal history without chemical treatment, and continued its use for the new decimal bronze pieces.
653:
quality coins dated 1970 for collectors, to bid farewell to a denomination which had served the country well for 1200 years. The longstanding depiction of Britannia on the penny was translated by sculptor
413:
gluts and shortages of pennies. In 1928, the King's portrait was reduced in size, effectively eliminating the ghosting problem. The inscription around the three variations of the left-facing head remained
501:(1936) were officially issued, but a penny does exist, dated 1937. It is a pattern coin, one produced for royal approval which it would probably have been due to receive about the time that the King
357:
The death of de Saulles in 1903 had led to the abolition of the post of Engraver, and coins for George V, who took the throne on Edward's death in 1910, were subject to a design competition won by
568:, so pennies from then until later in 1945 are 97 percent copper, 0.5 percent tin, and 2.5 percent zinc. Such coins tarnish to a colour different than the prewar coins, and they were treated with
462:(placed there by King George in 1933), with three now in private collections, and one that was stolen, its whereabouts unknown. The missing coin was placed in 1933 under the foundation stone of
1246:
896:
Edwardus VIII Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor et Indiae Imperator, or "Edward VIII by the Grace of God King of All the Britains, Defender of the Faith and Emperor of India"
337:, with the date at the bottom of the coin; this design remained largely unchanged until the coin's demise after 1970. Pennies were struck with Edward's bust from 1902 to 1910. There are two
878:
Edwardus VII Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor et Indiae Imperator, or "Edward VII by the Grace of God King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith and Emperor of India"
905:
Georgius VI Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor et Indiae Imperator, or "George VI by the Grace of God King of All the Britains, Defender of the Faith and Emperor of India"
887:
Georgius V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor et Indiae Imperator, or "George V by the Grace of God King of All the Britains, Defender of the Faith and Emperor of India"
489:
at the Royal Mint's request. These were rejected by the Standing Committee on Coins, Medals and Decorations in December 1932. One sold at auction on 4 May 2016 for £72,000.
470:; it was stolen in August 1970 during the church's reconstruction, by thieves who managed to remove the set of coins from beneath the church. To prevent possible further theft,
1210:
373:, while no significant change was made to the reverse design. The new bronze coins were made current by proclamation dated 28 November 1910, effective 1 January 1911.
442:, and at least two others. The result was a rarity that people thought might turn up in their pocket change, and that is probably the best-known British rare coin.
1598:
661:
120:
923:
Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Regina Fidei Defensor, or "Elizabeth II by the Grace of God Queen of All the Britains, Defender of the Faith"
1236:
625:
not to see a circulation issue. This was because of the large number of pennies in circulation. Specimen sets, including the penny, were issued for
54:
914:
Georgius VI Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor, or "George VI by the Grace of God King of All the Britains, Defender of the Faith"
641:. The deletion of the Latin for "Queen of all the Britains" in favour of designating her simply as "Queen" was due to the changing nature of the
362:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
155:("heads" side) of the bronze coin depicted the monarch who was reigning at the start of the year. The reverse, which featured an image of
1268:
113:
325:
ounce (9.4 g) and have a diameter of 1.2 inches (30 mm). The head faces right on the Edward VII coins, with the inscription
1206:
422:
226:, where many of them were retrieved from circulation and repatriated by British coin dealers because of their relative scarcity.
303:
The King sat for de Saulles twice, in February and June 1901, and the engraver also used a drawing of Edward by court painter
1829:
1784:
1765:
1746:
1727:
1708:
1685:
106:
276:
425:. This twelve-sided piece was introduced since threepence worth of pennies or halfpennies was heavy and inconvenient, and
218:, pennies were only struck for the colonies; these are all dated 1940 which was the most recent year of production in the
1929:
366:
341:
of 1902-dated pennies, "high tide" and "low tide", due to a decision to raise the apparent water level around Britannia.
1605:
498:
426:
475:
284:
271:
on 22 January 1901, officials at the Royal Mint planned for new coins, to bear the image of her son and successor,
175:
134:
932:
Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Regina Fidei Defensor, or "Elizabeth II by the Grace of God Queen, Defender of the Faith"
534:
666:
540:
George's pennies (1937–1952) have a left-facing bust of him, also by Paget, with the inscription (to 1948)
94:
1811:
Rodgers, Kerry (December 2016). "Fiji's World War II Emergency Reserve Bank of New Zealand Overprints".
417:, while Britannia remained on the reverse, as before, though that design was slightly modified in 1922.
376:
In addition to those struck at the Royal Mint, in 1912, 1918 and 1919 some pennies were produced at the
1700:
626:
463:
222:. After the war, demand for the penny began to diminish. Most of the 1950 and 1951 pieces were sent to
1718:
Dyer, G.P.; Gaspar, P.P. (1992). "Reform, the New Technology and Tower Hill". In Challis, C.E. (ed.).
622:
502:
288:
178:
185:'s death in 1901, de Saulles was called upon to create a design for the obverse which would feature
338:
280:
390:
1276:
1334:
1042:
1272:
654:
642:
459:
455:
292:
160:
36:
8:
595:
569:
553:
304:
152:
525:
486:
1885:
1339:
1047:
1825:
1799:
1780:
1761:
1742:
1723:
1704:
1681:
358:
190:
561:
485:
were also made, bearing similar designs to official coins but prepared by sculptor
229:
Although commerce did not require them in 1953, pennies which bore the likeness of
1667:
1656:
565:
377:
283:), as a new portrait of the Queen had been introduced in 1895. At that time, the
369:
in 1911 and knighted in 1921. The inscription around the left-facing bust reads
506:
439:
268:
219:
207:
182:
148:
233:
were minted in sets which were sold to the public, using an obverse design by
1923:
1803:
1315:
669:
carried a value of 1/100 of a pound, 2.4 times the value of its predecessor.
482:
394:
438:
1933 pennies for this purpose, also one each for its own museum and for the
1871:
1722:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 398–606.
634:
618:
471:
234:
230:
215:
203:
164:
1848:
Skellern, Stephen (December 2013). "The Coinage of Edward VII, Part III".
614:
590:
242:
199:
89:
1566:
1839:
Skellern, Stephen (October 2013). "The Coinage of Edward VII, Part I".
1483:
1241:
381:
272:
186:
18:
1905:
678:
549:
445:
385:
330:
296:
259:
new pence). The old penny was demonetised on 31 August of that year.
238:
211:
156:
1911:
1796:
English Copper, Tin and Bronze Coins in the British Museum 1558–1958
1269:"A Landmark Uncovered: Senate House to feature in Open House London"
1893:
198:
beneath foundation stones and in museums; today they are valuable.
194:
168:
1777:
Coincraft's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date
977:
975:
349:
1644:
1321:
962:
960:
223:
1471:
1291:
1135:
1133:
972:
681:
appearing on coin. H is for Heaton Mint; KN for King's Norton.
308:
957:
241:
was dated 1970. The old pennies quickly went out of use after
584:
467:
1653:
1572:
1554:
1459:
1237:"Britain's 1933 penny: another coin that can't be explained"
1130:
365:. The King apparently liked his work, as he was appointed a
1779:(5th ed.). London: Standard Catalogue Publishers Ltd.
1118:
1914:– Collection of copper and bronze pennies of Great Britain
1423:
1899:
1082:
307:. The unadorned bust of the King that resulted is in low
1413:
1411:
1409:
1160:
262:
1741:(revised ed.). London: Barrie & Jenkins Ltd.
1675:
1542:
1489:
174:
In 1895 the design on the reverse was modified by the
159:
seated with shield, trident, and helm, was created by
1680:. Hamilton, Bermuda: The Bermuda Monetary Authority.
1406:
1861:
1664:
1623:
1347:
1297:
1517:
1515:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1150:
1148:
999:
629:that year, with the obverse of each coin inscribed
492:
167:. The coins were also used in British colonies and
1847:
1578:
1532:
1530:
1072:
1070:
981:
327:EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP
1838:
1699:(paperback ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom:
1447:
1394:
1055:
1011:
966:
353:Pennies from 1945 (George VI) and 1926 (George V)
206:, dated 1937. That year, a new obverse design by
1921:
1512:
1495:
1435:
1359:
1303:
1184:
1145:
1106:
1094:
1023:
987:
415:GEORGIVS V DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP
371:GEORGIVS V DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP
1527:
1382:
1172:
1067:
520:
202:'s short reign is only represented by a single
945:
344:
1717:
1560:
1477:
1465:
1201:
1199:
1139:
633:around the right-facing bust of the Queen by
214:went into use. From 1941 to 1943, during the
114:
1596:
794:1937 ~ 109,032,000 (plus 26,402 proof coins)
1798:. London: Trustees of the British Museum.
1196:
833:1953 ~ 1,308,400 (plus 40,000 proof coins)
585:Elizabeth II and end of series (1953–1970)
163:based on an earlier design by his father,
121:
107:
1230:
1228:
645:, which by then included some republics.
631:ELIZABETH II DEI GRA BRITT OMN REGINA F D
389:caused by the 1911 implementation of the
60:Early Normans and the Anarchy (1066–1154)
1333:
1041:
827:1951 ~ 120,000 (plus 20,000 proof coins)
824:1950 ~ 240,000 (plus 17,513 proof coins)
594:
524:
511:EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP
444:
348:
17:
1912:Collection of copper and bronze pennies
1676:The Bermuda Monetary Authority (1997).
1654:"Late World Coin News: Great Britain".
29:This article is part of a series on the
1922:
1902:– Free information about British coins
1234:
1225:
657:to the post-decimal fifty-pence coin.
542:GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP
1590:
1213:from the original on 8 September 2019
263:Edward VII (pennies struck 1902–1910)
171:that had not issued their own coins.
1343:. 19 March 1937. pp. 1817–1818.
1249:from the original on 30 January 2017
546:GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX FIDEI DEF
75:Stuarts and Commonwealth (1603–1707)
1906:Royal Mint History of British Coins
1810:
1755:
1739:The Bronze Coinage of Great Britain
1736:
1584:
1548:
1453:
1429:
1417:
1400:
1166:
1124:
1061:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
860:1970 ~ 750,000 (souvenir sets only)
367:Member of the Royal Victorian Order
13:
1760:. London: G. Bell & Sons Ltd.
1758:British Coin Designs and Designers
639:ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D
613:of a pound concludes with the pre-
361:, who also prepared the medal for
95:Post-decimalisation (1971–present)
14:
1941:
1857:
1819:
1774:
1694:
1629:
1521:
1506:
1441:
1376:
1353:
1309:
1235:Starck, Jeff (21 November 2016).
1190:
1154:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1051:. 29 November 1910. p. 8941.
951:
665:in 1969. With decimalisation the
1896:– History and Values of UK coins
1878:
1864:
1793:
1536:
1388:
1178:
1076:
529:Plaster model for the 1937 penny
493:Edward VIII pattern (dated 1937)
55:The Anglo-Saxons (c. 600 – 1066)
43:
1720:A New History of the Royal Mint
1327:
1261:
1035:
926:
917:
908:
899:
890:
384:, and are identified by an "H"
329:. The reverse shows the seated
881:
872:
432:
1:
1775:Lobel, Richard, ed. (1999) .
1737:Freeman, Michael J. (1985) .
1638:
464:Church of St Cross, Middleton
1822:The Story of British Coinage
1645:"Edward VII Uniface Penny".
939:
603:The series of pennies worth
521:George VI (struck 1937–1952)
7:
1824:. London: B. A. Seaby Ltd.
1322:"Edward VIII Uniface Penny"
672:
345:George V (struck 1911–1936)
10:
1946:
1930:History of British coinage
1908:– History of British Coins
1701:Cambridge University Press
1678:Coins of Bermuda 1616–1996
1490:Bermuda Monetary Authority
588:
285:Engraver of the Royal Mint
176:Engraver of the Royal Mint
677:Total struck by date and
427:the silver threepenny bit
289:George William de Saulles
179:George William de Saulles
1794:Peck, C. Wilson (1960).
1756:Linecar, H.W.A. (1977).
1127:, pp. 10–11, 59–60.
1091:, pp. 332–333, 347.
865:
749:1919H/1919KN ~ 5,290,600
743:1918H/1918KN ~ 3,580,800
85:20th century (1901–1970)
65:Plantagenets (1154–1485)
1432:, pp. 17, 75 n.30.
599:Obverse of a 1963 penny
267:Following the death of
80:Hanoverians (1714–1901)
1573:"Late World Coin News"
982:Skellern December 2013
662:Decimal Currency Board
627:the Queen's Coronation
600:
530:
450:
429:was deemed too small.
391:National Insurance Act
354:
23:
1820:Seaby, Peter (1985).
1695:Craig, John (2010) .
1597:Robert Leach (2013).
1209:. Royal Mint Museum.
1169:, pp. 56, 59–60.
967:Skellern October 2013
598:
589:Further information:
528:
448:
423:brass threepence coin
352:
22:A 1936 George V penny
21:
1273:University of London
655:Christopher Ironside
643:British Commonwealth
460:University of London
293:Leonard Charles Wyon
161:Leonard Charles Wyon
1632:, pp. 681–682.
1480:, pp. 596–597.
1356:, pp. 169–170.
570:sodium thiosulphate
554:British West Indies
1886:Numismatics portal
1660:: 472. April 1968.
1611:on 25 October 2014
1551:, p. 75 n.40.
1420:, pp. 10, 63.
1340:The London Gazette
1048:The London Gazette
857:1967 ~ 654,564,000
854:1966 ~ 165,739,200
851:1965 ~ 121,310,400
848:1964 ~ 153,294,000
845:1963 ~ 119,733,600
842:1962 ~ 157,588,600
797:1938 ~ 121,560,000
791:1936 ~ 154,296,000
755:1921 ~ 129,717,693
752:1920 ~ 124,693,485
746:1919 ~ 113,761,090
737:1917 ~ 107,905,436
722:1912H ~ 16,800,000
601:
544:, and (from 1949)
531:
505:. The obverse, by
451:
449:1933 pattern penny
355:
70:Tudors (1485–1603)
24:
1831:978-0-900652-74-5
1786:978-0-9526228-8-8
1767:978-0-7135-1931-0
1748:978-0-09-155240-4
1729:978-0-521-24026-0
1710:978-0-521-17077-2
1687:978-0-921560-08-1
1561:Dyer & Gaspar
1492:, pp. 75–76.
1478:Dyer & Gaspar
1466:Dyer & Gaspar
1140:Dyer & Gaspar
1008:, pp. 51–55.
839:1961 ~ 48,313,400
821:1949 ~ 14,324,400
818:1948 ~ 63,961,200
815:1947 ~ 52,220,400
812:1946 ~ 66,855,600
809:1945 ~ 79,531,200
806:1944 ~ 42,600,000
803:1940 ~ 42,284,400
800:1939 ~ 55,560,000
788:1935 ~ 56,070,000
785:1934 ~ 13,965,600
776:1931 ~ 19,843,200
773:1930 ~ 29,097,600
770:1929 ~ 49,132,800
767:1928 ~ 50,178,000
764:1927 ~ 60,989,561
758:1922 ~ 22,205,568
740:1918 ~ 84,227,372
734:1916 ~ 86,411,165
731:1915 ~ 47,310,807
728:1914 ~ 50,820,997
725:1913 ~ 65,497,872
719:1912 ~ 48,306,048
716:1911 ~ 23,079,168
713:1910 ~ 29,549,184
710:1909 ~ 19,617,024
707:1908 ~ 31,506,048
704:1907 ~ 47,322,240
701:1906 ~ 37,989,504
698:1905 ~ 17,783,808
695:1904 ~ 12,913,152
692:1903 ~ 21,415,296
689:1902 ~ 26,976,768
686:1901 ~ 22,205,568
640:
632:
617:issues for Queen
547:
543:
512:
497:No coins of King
416:
372:
359:Bertram Mackennal
336:
328:
191:Bertram Mackennal
131:
130:
90:Decimal Day, 1971
1937:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1816:
1807:
1790:
1771:
1752:
1733:
1714:
1691:
1672:
1671:: 29. July 2016.
1665:"Pretty Penny".
1661:
1650:
1649:: 26. June 2014.
1633:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1604:. Archived from
1603:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1279:on 15 March 2017
1275:. Archived from
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
970:
964:
955:
949:
933:
930:
924:
921:
915:
912:
906:
903:
897:
894:
888:
885:
879:
876:
779:1932 ~ 8,277,600
761:1926 ~ 4,498,519
638:
630:
612:
611:
607:
562:Second World War
545:
541:
510:
487:André Lavrillier
414:
411:
410:
406:
370:
334:
326:
324:
323:
319:
295:'s depiction of
258:
257:
253:
250:
216:Second World War
146:
145:
141:
123:
116:
109:
47:
26:
25:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1894:Coins of the UK
1884:
1879:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1832:
1787:
1768:
1749:
1730:
1711:
1688:
1668:The Numismatist
1657:The Numismatist
1641:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1233:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
973:
965:
958:
950:
946:
942:
937:
936:
931:
927:
922:
918:
913:
909:
904:
900:
895:
891:
886:
882:
877:
873:
868:
863:
675:
609:
605:
604:
593:
587:
523:
495:
476:Bishop of Ripon
435:
408:
404:
403:
347:
321:
317:
316:
291:, had modified
265:
255:
251:
248:
246:
210:which depicted
143:
139:
138:
127:
35:
12:
11:
5:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1875:
1859:
1858:External links
1856:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1817:
1808:
1791:
1785:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1715:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1673:
1662:
1651:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1622:
1599:"Legal Tender"
1589:
1587:, p. 138.
1577:
1565:
1563:, p. 597.
1553:
1541:
1539:, p. 522.
1526:
1524:, p. 172.
1511:
1509:, p. 591.
1494:
1482:
1470:
1468:, p. 578.
1458:
1446:
1444:, p. 170.
1434:
1422:
1405:
1393:
1391:, p. 514.
1381:
1379:, p. 590.
1358:
1346:
1326:
1314:
1312:, p. 589.
1302:
1298:"Pretty Penny"
1290:
1260:
1224:
1195:
1193:, p. 569.
1183:
1181:, p. 513.
1171:
1159:
1157:, p. 165.
1144:
1142:, p. 577.
1129:
1117:
1115:, p. 325.
1105:
1103:, p. 358.
1093:
1081:
1079:, p. 501.
1066:
1054:
1034:
1022:
1020:, p. 126.
1010:
998:
986:
971:
956:
943:
941:
938:
935:
934:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
870:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:1954 ~ 1 known
834:
831:
830:1952 ~ 1 known
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:1933 ~ 7 known
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
683:
674:
671:
615:decimalisation
586:
583:
522:
519:
507:Humphrey Paget
494:
491:
440:British Museum
434:
431:
363:the Coronation
346:
343:
333:surrounded by
269:Queen Victoria
264:
261:
220:United Kingdom
208:Humphrey Paget
193:and depicting
183:Queen Victoria
149:pound sterling
129:
128:
126:
125:
118:
111:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
49:
48:
40:
39:
34:History of the
31:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1942:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:British Coins
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1876:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
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1778:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
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1740:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1626:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1456:, p. 67.
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1403:, p. 79.
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1064:, p. 11.
1063:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1032:, p. 55.
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
996:, p. 10.
995:
990:
984:, p. 36.
983:
978:
976:
969:, p. 32.
968:
963:
961:
954:, p. 21.
953:
948:
944:
929:
920:
911:
902:
893:
884:
875:
871:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
682:
680:
670:
668:
663:
658:
656:
650:
646:
644:
636:
628:
624:
620:
616:
597:
592:
582:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
557:
555:
551:
538:
536:
527:
518:
514:
508:
504:
500:
490:
488:
484:
483:pattern coins
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
447:
443:
441:
430:
428:
424:
418:
399:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
374:
368:
364:
360:
351:
342:
340:
332:
312:
310:
306:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
260:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
136:
135:British penny
124:
119:
117:
112:
110:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
37:English penny
33:
32:
28:
27:
20:
16:
1917:
1872:Money portal
1849:
1840:
1821:
1812:
1795:
1776:
1757:
1738:
1719:
1696:
1677:
1666:
1655:
1646:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1606:the original
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1396:
1384:
1349:
1338:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1240:
1215:. Retrieved
1207:"1933 Penny"
1186:
1174:
1162:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1057:
1046:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
947:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
676:
659:
651:
647:
635:Mary Gillick
619:Elizabeth II
602:
579:
575:
558:
539:
532:
515:
496:
480:
472:John Moorman
456:Senate House
452:
436:
419:
400:
375:
356:
313:
302:
266:
235:Mary Gillick
231:Elizabeth II
228:
204:pattern coin
173:
165:William Wyon
132:
84:
15:
1335:"No. 34381"
1043:"No. 28442"
591:Decimal Day
499:Edward VIII
433:1933 rarity
378:Heaton Mint
243:Decimal Day
200:Edward VIII
1639:References
1242:Coin World
623:half crown
382:Birmingham
305:Emil Fuchs
273:Edward VII
187:Edward VII
181:and after
1850:Coin News
1841:Coin News
1813:Coin News
1804:906173180
1647:Coin News
940:Citations
679:mint mark
667:new penny
550:Gibraltar
535:George VI
503:abdicated
386:mint mark
339:varieties
335:ONE PENNY
331:Britannia
297:Britannia
277:halfpenny
239:proof set
212:George VI
169:dominions
157:Britannia
1924:Category
1852:: 35–36.
1843:: 31–33.
1815:: 75–79.
1697:The Mint
1247:Archived
1211:Archived
673:Mintages
552:and the
281:farthing
195:George V
1615:16 June
1585:Linecar
1549:Freeman
1454:Freeman
1430:Freeman
1418:Freeman
1401:Rodgers
1283:27 June
1253:24 June
1217:14 June
1167:Freeman
1125:Freeman
1062:Freeman
1030:Freeman
1018:Linecar
1006:Freeman
994:Freeman
608:⁄
458:of the
407:⁄
395:Asquith
393:by the
320:⁄
254:⁄
224:Bermuda
153:obverse
142:⁄
1828:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1745:
1726:
1707:
1684:
566:Malaya
309:relief
300:1902.
1630:Lobel
1609:(PDF)
1602:(PDF)
1522:Seaby
1507:Lobel
1442:Seaby
1377:Lobel
1354:Seaby
1310:Lobel
1191:Lobel
1155:Seaby
1113:Craig
1101:Craig
1089:Craig
952:Seaby
866:Notes
533:King
481:Four
468:Leeds
147:of a
1826:ISBN
1800:OCLC
1781:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1617:2017
1537:Peck
1389:Peck
1285:2017
1255:2017
1219:2017
1179:Peck
1077:Peck
660:The
279:and
133:The
610:240
380:in
144:240
1926::
1703:.
1529:^
1514:^
1497:^
1408:^
1361:^
1337:.
1271:.
1245:.
1239:.
1227:^
1198:^
1147:^
1132:^
1069:^
1045:.
974:^
959:^
556:.
513:.
474:,
466:,
287:,
1834:.
1806:.
1789:.
1770:.
1751:.
1732:.
1713:.
1690:.
1619:.
1575:.
1324:.
1300:.
1287:.
1257:.
1221:.
606:1
409:3
405:1
322:3
318:1
256:2
252:1
249:+
247:2
140:1
137:(
122:e
115:t
108:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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