754:
139:
576:
665:
409:
320:
312:
535:
1033:
885:
24:
233:
423:. Many varieties were produced at the Tower mint, and a number of provincial mints were opened during the Civil War, though as these were mainly opened to produce coins to pay the troops, the number of pennies produced there was quite low, as larger denominations were preferred. Between 1630 and 1639 the
463:
inscription. Following the takeover of the Tower mint by the
English Parliament in 1642, the same coin designs were produced until 1648 though with an older-looking bust of the king; this was to emphasise the fact that Parliaments' argument was not with the king but with his "evil advisors".
431:
produced a milled coinage which for the first time included pennies. The quality of Briot's coins is superb, and one can only conclude that the only reason the Tower mint was not turned over completely to machine production was professional jealousy from the other workers.
491:
and established his main mint there. Most pennies produced there were made from dies from the
Aberystwyth mint, so they look very similar to Aberystwyth coins. There is a very rare "Declaration penny" produced in 1644 where the reverse contains the declaration
138:
483:
coin) on the reverse. Following damage to the castle mint in 1648 there was a short-lived mint located at the actual silver mine in
Aberystwyth in 1648/9, but no records have survived of what coins were produced there.
550:
which did not contain any Latin inscription at all. This was due to an association of Latin with
Catholicism. As far as the Commonwealth penny is concerned, the inscriptions are totally absent. The reverse shows
397:, inherited the throne (his older brother Henry having died before his father). Unfortunately Charles's political judgment was appalling – he reigned for eleven years without convening the
618:
The first regular milled silver pennies appeared around 1664 or 1665 and are undated, weighing 0.5 grams and being 12 mm in diameter. They show the king facing left, with
661:(1685–1688) with the crowned "C" on the reverse replaced by a crowned "I" which acted not only as the king's initial "Iacobus" but as the indication of the denomination, 1 penny.
339:, who ruled in England as James I. James's silver coinage changed little from that of Elizabeth in production and style. The most notable feature was the introduction of a copper
41:
214:
811:
Anne's reign produced silver pennies in 1703, 1705, 1706, 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1713. The obverse of the coins show her left-facing bust with the inscription
587:, both hammered and milled coinage was produced until 1662. The penny was a fairly common denomination and was produced by both methods from dies produced by
254:
88:
60:
67:
960:
148:
74:
972:
968:
964:
706:(1689–1694). The silver pennies of this reign bear the combined heads of the two monarchs facing right on the obverse with the inscription
178:
173:
163:
158:
153:
56:
925:
207:
241:
753:
1248:
471:
castle, Wales, to produce smaller coins (penny to half-crown) from locally produced silver. These are identifiable by having
200:
688:, when the throne was offered to the older of James's two Protestant daughters from his first marriage and her husband, the
81:
1243:
435:
Charles's hammered pennies produced at the Tower originally had a design of a rose on both sides, with the inscription
591:. The obverse showed a left-facing bust of the new king with no value indication behind his head, and the inscription
487:
With the take-over by the
English Parliament of the Tower mint in 1642, the king set up his permanent headquarters at
844:
714:, while the reverse still contains the crowned "I" which now represented only the denomination, with the inscription
107:
1233:
1228:
575:
664:
1012:
918:
45:
646:. From 1670 to 1684 dated pennies were produced each year, showing the king facing right with the inscription
762:
188:
1169:
1163:
1007:
673:
1238:
1209:
1175:
1109:
1022:
997:
911:
805:
523:
1097:
770:
676:("The Old Pretender"), the English establishment determined to avoid the possibility of a Catholic
1198:
1002:
992:
982:
543:
408:
348:
340:
246:
34:
789:
699:
480:
328:
319:
1145:
1073:
584:
398:
359:
1139:
1067:
1017:
956:
394:
336:
277:
130:
401:, as he was not disposed to accept direction from it when it was sitting, and the ensuing
8:
685:
658:
515:
387:
354:
The first coinage, of 1603–4, shows a bust of the king facing right with the inscription
295:
766:
703:
332:
311:
291:
287:
729:
in 1694 the coins continued with King
William's head facing right and the inscription
1103:
840:
793:
534:
402:
765:. During Anne's reign the kingdoms of England and Scotland were united in 1707 (see
801:
631:
608:
635:
627:
518:, but it was closed when the English Parliament recaptured the city in 1645. The
499:
476:
420:
419:, Charles I's reign is without doubt the most interesting and complicated of any
283:
514:
in July 1643 and a mint was established there, producing pennies with the plume
1157:
1115:
1085:
797:
785:
778:
695:
681:
639:
612:
428:
416:
784:
Despite having had ten pregnancies, none of Anne's children survived, and the
451:
behind the head to denote the denomination of one penny, with the inscription
1222:
1181:
1032:
547:
472:
1091:
987:
890:
774:
588:
560:
522:
mint which operated between 1643 and April 1646 mainly produced crowns and
447:– on the reverse. Later pennies bore a bust of the king facing left with a
1151:
1079:
690:
468:
183:
1061:
597:
Charles II by the grace of God King of Great
Britain France and Ireland
1133:
1127:
552:
599:. The reverse shows the king's shield over a cross, with the legend
457:
Charles by the grace of God King of Great
Britain France and Ireland
23:
903:
726:
511:
837:
Coincraft's
Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date
1121:
1049:
677:
583:
Following the
Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 in the form of
507:
375:
367:
362:
on the reverse. The second (1604–1619) and third coinages show a
232:
1055:
859:
556:
519:
488:
424:
301:
343:
to help with the problem of small change. With inflation, the
951:
946:
650:, while the reverse shows a crowned "C" with the inscription
344:
858:"The Puritans believing that Latin savoured too much of the
761:
William III was succeeded in 1702 by Mary's younger sister,
363:
331:
died unmarried and childless in 1603, the throne passed to
538:
Penny of the Commonwealth, with English and Irish shields.
898:
672:
Following the birth of the Catholic James II's only son
781:
so a shilling Scots corresponded to an English penny.
657:
The same basic design continued in the short reign of
815:, while the reverse shows the crowned "I" and (1703)
611:– all subsequent English and British coins have been
546:(1649–60) is well known for having produced the only
405:
eventually cost Charles both his crown and his head.
880:
559:, while the obverse shows St George's shield and an
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
792:the crown passed to the Protestant descendants of
720:King and Queen of Great Britain France and Ireland
459:, while the reverse shows an oval shield and the
1220:
626:, and the reverse shows a shield enclosing the
393:In 1625 the 25-year-old second son of James I,
323:Silver penny of James I, with rose and thistle.
788:died with her in 1714. In accordance with the
769:), to form what is usually referred to as the
919:
208:
57:"History of the English penny" 1603–1707
302:The Stuarts and the Commonwealth (1603–1714)
358:on the obverse, and a shield including the
926:
912:
737:, on the reverse, and the crowned "I" and
607:. This issue marks the end of the English
374:inscription, while the reverse contains a
215:
201:
479:'s feathers on the 1967–2007 era decimal
154:Early Normans and the Anarchy (1066–1154)
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
863:
752:
743:King of Great Britain France and Ireland
663:
574:
533:
407:
318:
310:
257:of all important aspects of the article.
748:
725:Following the death of Queen Mary from
668:Silver penny of William III and Mary II
570:
123:This article is part of a series on the
1221:
868:. London: Kaye & Ward. p. 13.
745:. Pennies were produced in 1698–1701.
253:Please consider expanding the lead to
907:
384:May God guard these united (kingdoms)
347:continued to become a less important
290:which brought about the Union of the
933:
712:William and Mary by the grace of God
605:I reign under the auspices of Christ
498:The religion of the Protestants the
315:1604 penny of James I with portrait.
306:
226:
169:Stuarts and Commonwealth (1603–1707)
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
716:MAG BR FR ET HIB REX ET REGINA date
529:
13:
1031:
504:. The Oxford mint closed in 1646.
366:instead of the king's bust on the
189:Post-decimalisation (1971–present)
14:
1260:
876:
593:CAROLUS II D G MAG BRI F ET H REX
467:In 1638 a new mint was opened at
883:
624:CAROLVS II D G M B F & H REX
494:RELIG PRO LEG ANG LIBER PAR 1644
231:
149:The Anglo-Saxons (c. 600 – 1066)
137:
22:
735:William III by the grace of God
386:. All the coins were minted at
245:may be too short to adequately
33:needs additional citations for
852:
698:, who reigned as co-monarchs,
526:, but also made some pennies.
445:Justice strengthens the throne
378:surrounded by the inscription
255:provide an accessible overview
1:
830:
1249:History of the English penny
839:, Richard Lobel, Coincraft.
453:CAROLUS D G MA B F ET HI REX
7:
674:James Francis Edward Stuart
622:behind the head, inscribed
10:
1265:
817:MAG BR FRA ET HIB REG 1703
739:MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX date
652:MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX date
412:Charles I penny of 1642–46
1244:Economy of Stuart England
1210:Coins of England category
1207:
1191:
1042:
1029:
939:
502:the liberty of Parliament
282:covers the period of the
771:Kingdom of Great Britain
579:Charles II penny of 1672
563:, with the denomination
179:20th century (1901–1970)
159:Plantagenets (1154–1485)
1234:18th century in England
1229:17th century in England
544:Commonwealth of England
461:IUSTITIA THRONUM FIRMAT
174:Hanoverians (1714–1901)
1036:
866:Better Coin Collecting
864:Mulligan, Tom (1972).
804:, in the form of king
790:Act of Settlement 1701
758:
708:GVLIELMVS ET MARIA D G
669:
580:
539:
413:
335:, a great-grandson of
324:
316:
1035:
825:MAG BRI FR ET HIB REG
777:were exchanged for 1
756:
731:GVLIELMVS III DEI GRA
667:
648:CAROLVS II DEI GRATIA
644:CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO
601:CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO
578:
537:
437:C D G ROSA SINE SPINA
411:
399:Parliament of England
372:I D G ROSA SINE SPINA
360:Scottish coat of arms
356:I D G ROSA SINE SPINA
322:
314:
288:Acts of Union of 1707
821:MAG BR FR ET HIB REG
757:Penny of Anne (1703)
749:Anglo-Scottish Union
571:The Restored Stuarts
510:was captured by the
333:James VI of Scotland
42:improve this article
686:Glorious Revolution
684:by engineering the
555:'s shield within a
439:on the obverse and
388:the Tower of London
296:Kingdom of Scotland
1037:
767:Acts of Union 1707
759:
670:
581:
540:
441:IUS THRONUM FIRMAT
414:
325:
317:
292:Kingdom of England
164:Tudors (1485–1603)
1216:
1215:
1104:Crown of the Rose
826:
822:
818:
814:
740:
732:
717:
709:
653:
649:
645:
625:
621:
602:
594:
566:
495:
481:Two decimal pence
462:
454:
450:
442:
438:
381:
380:TUETUR UNITA DEUS
373:
357:
307:The Early Stuarts
280:from 1603 to 1707
272:
271:
225:
224:
184:Decimal Day, 1971
118:
117:
110:
92:
1256:
1239:Coins of England
934:Coins of England
928:
921:
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893:
888:
887:
886:
870:
869:
856:
824:
820:
816:
812:
738:
730:
715:
707:
702:(1689–1702) and
651:
647:
643:
623:
619:
609:hammered coinage
600:
592:
564:
530:The Commonwealth
493:
460:
452:
448:
440:
436:
379:
371:
355:
267:
264:
258:
235:
227:
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50:
26:
18:
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1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1187:
1170:Fifty shillings
1038:
1027:
1013:Three halfpence
1008:Three farthings
935:
932:
889:
884:
882:
879:
874:
873:
857:
853:
833:
823:, or (1708–13)
813:ANNA DEI GRATIA
751:
628:Arms of England
573:
532:
500:laws of England
477:Prince of Wales
421:English monarch
309:
304:
284:House of Stuart
276:history of the
268:
262:
259:
252:
240:This article's
236:
221:
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49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
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1213:
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1202:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1192:Copper and tin
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1116:Half sovereign
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1086:Quarter Florin
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1028:
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902:
901:
895:
894:
878:
877:External links
875:
872:
871:
850:
849:
848:
847:
832:
829:
786:Stuart dynasty
779:pound sterling
750:
747:
696:Dutch Republic
682:English throne
572:
569:
531:
528:
429:Nicholas Briot
417:Numismatically
308:
305:
303:
300:
270:
269:
249:the key points
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128:History of the
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2:
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989:
986:
984:
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978:
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966:
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958:
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948:
945:
944:
942:
938:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
910:
909:
906:
900:
899:British Coins
897:
896:
892:
881:
867:
861:
855:
851:
846:
845:0-9526228-8-2
842:
838:
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828:
809:
807:
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633:
629:
616:
614:
610:
606:
598:
590:
586:
577:
568:
562:
558:
554:
549:
548:English coins
545:
536:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
503:
501:
490:
485:
482:
478:
474:
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458:
446:
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430:
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410:
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404:
400:
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350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
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321:
313:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
278:English penny
266:
256:
250:
248:
243:
238:
234:
229:
228:
218:
213:
211:
206:
204:
199:
198:
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162:
160:
157:
155:
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150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:English penny
127:
126:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
1164:Triple unite
1058:(c.796-1016)
976:
891:Money portal
865:
854:
836:
810:
783:
775:Pounds Scots
760:
742:
734:
724:
719:
711:
689:
671:
656:
642:, inscribed
617:
604:
596:
589:Thomas Simon
582:
567:above them.
561:Irish shield
541:
506:
497:
486:
466:
456:
444:
434:
415:
392:
383:
353:
349:denomination
326:
286:, up to the
275:
273:
260:
244:
242:lead section
168:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
1160:(Charles I)
1152:Half laurel
1080:Half florin
1052:(c.630-675)
819:, (1705,6)
700:William III
524:half-crowns
469:Aberystwyth
370:, with the
1223:Categories
1110:Half crown
1062:Gold penny
1023:Half crown
998:Threepence
831:References
773:. Twelve
691:Stadhouder
585:Charles II
475:(like the
68:newspapers
1134:Spur ryal
1128:Rose Ryal
1124:(James I)
1098:Sovereign
977:1603–1707
973:1485–1603
969:1154–1485
965:1066–1154
798:Electress
553:St George
512:Royalists
425:Frenchman
403:Civil War
395:Charles I
337:Henry VII
329:Elizabeth
294:with the
263:July 2022
247:summarize
1199:Farthing
1003:Sixpence
993:Shilling
983:Farthing
806:George I
727:smallpox
659:James II
632:Scotland
341:farthing
98:May 2009
1158:Carolus
1122:Jacobus
1050:Thrymsa
961:to 1066
802:Hanover
704:Mary II
694:of the
680:on the
678:dynasty
636:Ireland
516:reverse
508:Bristol
376:thistle
368:obverse
82:scholar
1184:(1663)
1182:Guinea
1178:(1656)
1172:(1656)
1166:(1642)
1154:(1619)
1148:(1619)
1146:Laurel
1142:(1604)
1136:(1604)
1130:(1604)
1118:(1544)
1112:(1526)
1106:(1526)
1100:(1489)
1094:(1465)
1088:(1344)
1082:(1344)
1076:(1344)
1074:Florin
1070:(1344)
1064:(1257)
1056:Mancus
940:Silver
860:papist
843:
794:Sophia
640:France
613:milled
557:wreath
520:Exeter
489:Oxford
473:plumes
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
1176:Broad
1140:Unite
1092:Angel
1068:Noble
1018:Crown
988:Groat
957:Penny
952:Styca
947:Sceat
345:penny
327:When
89:JSTOR
75:books
1043:Gold
841:ISBN
763:Anne
638:and
542:The
364:rose
274:The
61:news
862:."
800:of
44:by
1225::
975:,
971:,
967:,
963:,
827:.
808:.
796:,
741:–
733:–
722:.
718:–
710:–
654:.
634:,
630:,
615:.
603:–
595:–
496:–
455:–
443:–
427:,
390:.
382:–
351:.
298:.
979:)
959:(
927:e
920:t
913:v
620:I
565:I
449:I
265:)
261:(
251:.
216:e
209:t
202:v
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
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