33:
1817:) due from an area. Initially, the size of the hide varied according to the value and resources of the land itself. Over time the hide became the unit on what all public obligation was assessed. Tenants had a threefold obligation, based on their landholding, they had to provide manpower for the so-called "common burdens" of military service, fortress work, and bridge repair. With increasing problems from raiding Vikings, the Anglo-Saxon leaders raised taxes, also based on the landholding(or hidage) of their tenants. The tax was known as
1685:
1641:
1629:
2026:, in 1294, on sacks of wool, which was in addition to the previous customs duty. These taxes were removed in 1296, but in 1303 they were reimposed but only on non-English merchants. Over the next 40 years, the maltolt was the subject of dispute between the king and Parliament, with the final result being that the tax was kept at a lower rate but that Parliament's consent was required to impose it.
1968:, and like the geld, it was based on the land. The carucage was imposed six times in all, but it produced smaller sums than other means of raising revenue and was last collected in 1224. In 1194, as part of the attempts to raise Richard's ransom, a 25% levy on all personal property and income was imposed. In other years, other rates were set, such as the thirteenth imposed in 1207.
1937:
Taxation itself took a number of forms in this period. The main tax was the geld, still based on the land, and unique in Europe at the time as being the only land tax that was universal on all the king's subjects, not just his immediate feudal tenants and peasants. It was still assessed on the hide,
1945:
Because the geld was assessed on landowners, it only applied to free men who owned land, and thus serfs and slaves were exempt. Other exemptions were granted to favored subjects or were a right that went with certain governmental offices. The geld was unpopular, and because of the increasing number
2006:
By the middle of the 13th century, the tax on the moveable property had become fixed by convention at a fifteenth for those in the country, and a tenth for those living in towns. An innovation in 1334 was the replacement of the individual assessments by a lump sum assessment for each community.
1957:, imposed in 1188 to raise funds for a proposed crusade by King Henry II, was levied at the rate of 10% of all goods and revenues, with some exceptions for a knight's horse and armor and clerical vestments. Also excluded were those who had pledged to go on crusade with the king.
1781:, which specifies that fines from judicial cases were to be paid to the king. No other forms of taxes are mentioned in Æthelberht's law code, but other forms of taxation are implied by the grant of an exemption from taxation given by another king,
1898:, although gradually the household itself began to separate from the government. Thus, income from taxation merged with other income to fund the king and the government without any distinctions such as in the modern world. Under the Norman and
1805:
show that tolls were collected on trade, and it was during Offa's reign that coinage in silver pennies was first introduced into Anglo-Saxon
England. Coinage became a royal right and was probably introduced to make payment of taxes easier.
1950:, it is unclear if the geld was collected at all, as no financial records survive. However, when King Henry II came to the throne, the geld was collected once more. After 1162, however, the geld was no longer collected.
977:
1934:, Pipe Rolls form a mostly continuous record of royal revenues and taxation. However, not all revenue went into the Exchequer, and some occasional taxes and levies were never recorded in the Pipe Rolls.
1953:
Instead, a new type of tax was imposed starting in 1166, although it was not an annual tax. This was the tax on moveable property and income, and it could be imposed at varying rates. Likewise, the
1878:, the geld was continued. This tax used similar machinery for collection as Danegeld and was again based on the number of hides a tenant had. The amount due from each hide was variable. In 1051
1841:. The Burghal Hidage contains a list of over thirty fortified places and the taxes, recorded as numbers of hides, assigned for their maintenance. Long after Alfred's death, his great-grandson
2046:. Later experiments in income taxes during the 15th century did not manage to raise the sums needed by the government, and other taxes, such as taxes on parishes, were attempted.
1837:
to provide a standing army and navy. To fund all of these changes Alfred required a new system of tax and conscription that is contained in a document, now known as the
1797:, defined in Ine's law as a unit of land that could be used for collecting food and other goods from the king's subjects. A document from the 7th or 8th century, the
2607:
1938:
and the usual rate was 2 shillings per hide. In certain circumstances, however, taxation was assessed in terms of services rendered to the crown, such as
1991:, the king and government sought consent from the nobles of England for taxes the government wished to impose. This led in 1254 to the start of the
1323:
1999:
to help advise and consent to a new tax. In the 1260s, men from the towns were included with the knights, forming the beginnings of the
2600:
1180:
1722:
in 1066, the geld continued to be collected until 1162, but it was eventually replaced with taxes on personal property and income.
1045:
1040:
481:
1979:
of a fifteenth of the value of all goods imported or exported. It appears, however, that these duties were discontinued in 1206.
1394:
987:
208:
476:
2739:
2593:
2501:
2457:
2369:
2055:
1594:
775:
2034:
The revenues from the traditional sources of taxation declined in later medieval
England, and a series of experiments in
1469:
1971:
Besides taxes on land and taxes on personal property, this period saw the introduction of taxes on trade. In 1202, King
1862:
The year 1012 saw the introduction of the geld or heregeld (literally "army tax"), an annual tax first assessed by King
1671:
1534:
657:
169:
2564:
2542:
2520:
2427:
2388:
2350:
2328:
995:
743:
1801:, shows that much of the Anglo-Saxon lands had been divided into hides by that time. Charters from the time of King
460:
1926:, the English Treasury, and the first records of the Exchequer date from 1130, in the form of the first surviving
642:
238:
1599:
1318:
1882:
abolished heregeld and saved money by selling off his navy, giving the responsibility of naval defense to the
1604:
563:
32:
1902:, the government had four main sources of income: (1) income from lands owned directly by the king, or his
1738:
1302:
593:
2316:
2000:
1870:
in the army and navy. The reinforced military was needed, in the face of an invasion of
England, by King
1853:. All profits from these actions went to the king and were a royal right. Despite all these changes, the
1544:
1514:
1710:
and fees to mint coins were also imposed. The most important tax of the late Anglo-Saxon period was the
1719:
925:
397:
972:
550:
507:
358:
213:
62:
1789:. Although other early Anglo-Saxon kings are not mentioned as collecting taxes, the medieval writer
1845:
developed the tax system further by periodically recalling and reminting all the coinage, with the
1564:
982:
466:
1750:
1579:
1519:
1030:
1025:
647:
528:
179:
1863:
1690:
1664:
1489:
1374:
1369:
965:
544:
363:
1918:(3) taxation, and (4) income from the fines and other profits of justice. By the time of King
2672:
2649:
1992:
1855:
1569:
1494:
1459:
1444:
1364:
1354:
598:
518:
513:
434:
2575:
2018:
on each sack of wool (weighing 364 pounds (165 kg)) or 300 wool-fells, and a mark on a
1778:
1749:
in 410 that they were responsible for their own defence, and from then until the landing of
1988:
1961:
1899:
1879:
1746:
1589:
1554:
1529:
1409:
1389:
556:
233:
94:
1774:
8:
2383:. Domesday Geography of England. Vol. 3. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2043:
2011:
1931:
1894:
There was no formal division between the household of the king and the government in the
1850:
1842:
1809:
In early Anglo-Saxon
England, the hide was used as the basis for assessing the amount of
1770:
1703:
1609:
1509:
1504:
1449:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1328:
1198:
1144:
947:
455:
2338:
1947:
1919:
1859:
records payment of ÂŁ132,000 in tribute to the
Scandinavian attackers from 991 to 1012.
1826:
1742:
1584:
1574:
1559:
1549:
1524:
1474:
1439:
1429:
1399:
1384:
1379:
1234:
1149:
937:
901:
822:
701:
419:
57:
1960:
In 1194, in part from the need to raise the huge sums required for the ransom of King
1733:, the southern and central part of the island of Great Britain, was a province of the
2667:
2560:
2538:
2516:
2497:
2472:
2453:
2423:
2406:
2384:
2365:
2346:
2324:
1886:
in return for various privileges. However, heregeld was possibly reinstated in 1052.
1758:
1657:
1499:
1484:
1479:
1454:
1404:
1204:
915:
867:
807:
723:
664:
376:
343:
149:
2039:
1939:
1822:
1684:
1539:
1464:
1070:
1035:
1015:
827:
795:
669:
523:
274:
2682:
2485:
2441:
2398:
1972:
1871:
1782:
1754:
1633:
1249:
1107:
1102:
837:
800:
711:
676:
578:
502:
338:
298:
264:
174:
164:
159:
154:
72:
1761:, little is known about Britain's governmental structures or financial systems.
1702:
was the system of raising money for royal and governmental expenses. During the
2585:
1875:
1838:
1802:
1192:
1164:
1139:
1000:
842:
637:
573:
471:
409:
313:
308:
291:
269:
2733:
2697:
2639:
1954:
1895:
1798:
1786:
1785:, to a church. Other mentions of taxes are contained in the law code of King
1715:
1264:
932:
857:
748:
681:
615:
583:
450:
392:
353:
333:
303:
218:
139:
134:
109:
99:
41:
1829:(878), he set about building a system of fortified towns or forts, known as
2712:
2702:
2489:
2445:
2437:
2035:
2015:
1883:
1821:
and was used to pay the raiders off rather than fight. In the 9th century
1734:
1645:
1159:
942:
911:
882:
862:
753:
738:
718:
632:
627:
429:
223:
2476:
2410:
1793:
does mention that land in
Anglesey and the Isle of Man were divided up in
192:
2634:
2019:
1976:
1906:
lands, (2) income that derived from his rights as a feudal overlord, the
1794:
1707:
1154:
892:
852:
770:
706:
652:
588:
414:
404:
348:
228:
129:
124:
82:
67:
1964:
who was captive in
Germany, a new land tax was instituted. This was the
2552:
2530:
1911:
1259:
1229:
1112:
1097:
1020:
952:
920:
872:
847:
832:
733:
728:
696:
622:
328:
323:
144:
104:
50:
1927:
1923:
1907:
1867:
1810:
1730:
1092:
1010:
1005:
691:
686:
497:
424:
114:
2654:
2628:
2403:
Anglo-Saxon
Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest
1965:
1818:
1711:
1254:
1222:
906:
896:
817:
812:
785:
758:
568:
318:
259:
254:
87:
2337:
2042:. By 1381, the unpopularity of these taxes had contributed to the
1825:
confronted the Viking problem. After his victory over them at the
2707:
2692:
2644:
2023:
1946:
of exemptions, yielded smaller amounts. During the reign of King
1915:
1903:
1846:
1688:
The initial page of Corpus
Christi College Cambridge MS 173, the
1065:
887:
790:
780:
119:
77:
2378:
1874:
of
Denmark. Later, after the conquest of England by Sweyn's son
2687:
2677:
1995:, when the nobles advised the king to summon knights from each
1628:
1274:
1085:
1080:
1075:
877:
765:
2345:(Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1996:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1244:
1239:
1186:
1058:
1834:
1790:
1889:
24:
1706:, the main forms of taxation were land taxes, although
1695:
which contains the oldest surviving copy of Ine's laws.
2496:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 440–442.
2321:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225
2014:
reestablished a customs duty, by setting a rate of a
989:
European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base
2397:
2359:
2029:
2494:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2450:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2364:(Reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
1982:
2452:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 235.
2417:
1764:
2731:
2615:
2315:
2513:The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500-1087
2573:
2471:(Reprint ed.). New York: Schocken Books.
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2196:
2194:
2174:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2104:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2601:
2577:The Craven and North-west Yorkshire Highlands
2483:
2436:
1769:The first unequivocal mention of taxation in
1665:
2466:
2381:The Domesday Geography of South-East England
2362:A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases
2113:
2111:
2551:
2529:
2515:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2510:
2379:Darby, H. C.; Campbell, Eila M. J. (1962).
2233:
2191:
2608:
2594:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2250:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
2202:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
2124:
1718:in 1012 to pay for mercenaries. After the
1672:
1658:
2557:A Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485
2535:A Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485
2300:Craven and North-West Yorkshire Highlands
2155:
2153:
2108:
1181:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy
2727:Taxes and tax policy in medieval England
2559:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. pp. 281–283.
2537:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. pp. 115–118.
2255:
2228:Domesday Geography of South-East England
2137:
1683:
2292:
2268:
2207:
2166:
2067:
2732:
2343:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
2178:
2150:
2098:
2096:
1930:for that year. From the reign of King
1890:Norman and Angevin England (1066–1216)
2589:
2484:Lawson, M. K. (2001). "Taxation". In
2080:
2056:Economy of England in the Middle Ages
2022:. Edward then added another tax, the
2093:
2088:Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
2038:began: in 1377 a flat-rate tax, in
1922:, most revenues were paid into the
13:
1833:. He also updated the traditional
14:
2751:
2161:Governance of Anglo-Saxon England
2132:Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions
2030:Late medieval England (1360–1485)
996:Global minimum corporate tax rate
1639:
1627:
461:Base erosion and profit shifting
31:
2405:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
2323:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
2220:
2186:A Companion to Medieval England
1983:Plantagenet England (1216–1360)
239:Optimal capital income taxation
1765:Anglo-Saxon England (597–1066)
1741:in around 400 AD. The Emperor
1319:List of countries by tax rates
1:
2360:Coredon, Christopher (2007).
2308:
2287:Companion to Medieval England
1725:
1714:, a land tax first regularly
744:Natural resources consumption
2740:Taxation in medieval England
2617:Taxation in medieval England
2061:
1849:being forced to pay for new
1739:Roman departure from Britain
1700:Taxation in medieval England
594:United States as a tax haven
7:
2469:The Making of Early England
2422:. London: Pearson/Longman.
2049:
2001:House of Commons of England
10:
2756:
2418:Huscroft, Richard (2005).
2341:; Blair, Peter D. (2003).
1720:Norman Conquest of England
508:Offshore financial centres
398:Repatriation tax avoidance
2663:
2623:
2492:; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
2448:; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
1987:During the reign of King
973:Financial transaction tax
63:Property tax equalization
2420:Ruling England 1042–1217
1324:Tax revenue to GDP ratio
983:Currency transaction tax
564:Liechtenstein tax affair
2580:. London: Elliot Stock.
2574:Speight, Harry (1892).
2440:(2001). "Heregeld". In
2075:Making of Early England
1777:, the law code of King
1751:Augustine of Canterbury
1031:Permanent establishment
1026:Exchange of Information
529:Financial Secrecy Index
180:Medical savings account
2533:(2000). "Government".
1757:in 597 as part of the
1696:
1691:Peterborough Chronicle
926:Vehicle miles traveled
545:Ireland as a tax haven
359:Private tax collection
2673:Exchequer of the Jews
2650:Taxatio Ecclesiastica
2467:Kirby, D. P. (1967).
1993:Parliament of England
1856:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1687:
599:Panama as a tax haven
551:Ireland v. Commission
519:Conduit and sink OFCs
514:Offshore magic circle
435:Unreported employment
2555:(2000). "Taxation".
2511:Loyn, Henry (1984).
2399:Hollister, C. Warren
2040:1379 a graduated tax
1880:Edward the Confessor
1864:Æthelred the Unready
1595:United Arab Emirates
1337:Individual Countries
1046:Foreign revenue rule
838:Inheritance (estate)
557:Leprechaun economics
2339:Blair, Peter Hunter
2226:Darby and Campbell
2145:Anglo-Saxon England
2119:Anglo-Saxon England
1771:Anglo-Saxon England
1634:Business portal
1329:Tax rates in Europe
1199:Tax Justice Network
1145:Dhammika Dharmapala
648:Airport improvement
456:Transfer mispricing
247:Distribution of Tax
19:Part of a series on
2184:Saul "Government"
2172:Keynes "Heregeld"
2102:Lawson "Taxation"
1827:Battle of Edington
1779:Æthelberht of Kent
1704:Anglo-Saxon period
1697:
1235:Eight per thousand
1150:James R. Hines Jr.
1041:European Union FTT
58:Government revenue
2721:
2720:
2503:978-0-631-22492-1
2459:978-0-631-22492-1
2371:978-1-84384-138-8
1775:Law of Æthelberht
1759:Gregorian mission
1682:
1681:
1617:
1616:
1213:
1212:
1205:Tax Policy Center
948:Negative (income)
724:Environmental tax
606:
605:
524:Financial centres
344:Tax investigation
282:
281:
150:Tax harmonization
2747:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2570:
2548:
2526:
2507:
2486:Lapidge, Michael
2480:
2463:
2442:Lapidge, Michael
2433:
2414:
2394:
2375:
2356:
2334:
2317:Bartlett, Robert
2303:
2296:
2290:
2285:Saul "Taxation"
2283:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2182:
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2170:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2044:Peasants' Revolt
1940:Avera and Inward
1823:Alfred the Great
1674:
1667:
1660:
1646:Money portal
1644:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1308:
1307:
1129:
1128:
1036:Transfer pricing
1016:Tax equalization
990:
933:Corporate profit
569:Luxembourg Leaks
503:Corporate havens
382:
381:
198:
197:
35:
16:
15:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2746:
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2722:
2717:
2683:Nomina Villarum
2659:
2619:
2614:
2584:
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2545:
2523:
2504:
2488:; Blair, John;
2460:
2444:; Blair, John;
2430:
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2331:
2311:
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2293:
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2256:
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2068:
2064:
2052:
2032:
1985:
1892:
1872:Sweyn Forkbeard
1783:Wihtred of Kent
1773:comes from the
1767:
1755:Kingdom of Kent
1728:
1678:
1640:
1638:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1250:Fiscus Judaicus
1225:
1215:
1214:
1173:Advocacy groups
1126:
1118:
1117:
1108:Trade agreement
1103:Free-trade zone
1061:
1051:
1050:
988:
968:
958:
957:
618:
608:
607:
579:Paradise Papers
420:Debtors' prison
379:
369:
368:
339:Tax preparation
299:Revenue service
294:
284:
283:
195:
185:
184:
165:Double taxation
160:Tax withholding
155:Tax competition
73:Non-tax revenue
53:
12:
11:
5:
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2351:
2335:
2329:
2312:
2310:
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2304:
2291:
2267:
2263:Ruling England
2254:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2190:
2177:
2165:
2149:
2136:
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2107:
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2079:
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2028:
2010:In 1275, King
1984:
1981:
1891:
1888:
1876:Cnut the Great
1839:Burghal Hidage
1803:Offa of Mercia
1766:
1763:
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1607:
1602:
1600:United Kingdom
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1193:Tax Foundation
1190:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:Gabriel Zucman
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Mihir A. Desai
1134:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:Robin Hood tax
998:
993:
985:
980:
975:
969:
964:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
938:Excess profits
935:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
909:
904:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Gross receipts
820:
815:
810:
805:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
763:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
721:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
674:
673:
672:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
640:
635:
630:
625:
619:
614:
613:
610:
609:
604:
603:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
574:Offshore Leaks
571:
566:
561:
560:
559:
554:
539:
538:
537:Major examples
534:
533:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
505:
500:
492:
491:
487:
486:
485:
484:
479:
474:
472:Dutch Sandwich
469:
464:
458:
453:
445:
444:
440:
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
410:Tax resistance
407:
402:
401:
400:
387:
386:
380:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:Taxable income
311:
309:Tax assessment
306:
301:
295:
290:
289:
286:
285:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
249:
248:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
203:
202:
201:General Theory
196:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
170:Representation
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
91:
90:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
49:
48:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2752:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Saladin tithe
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Domesday Book
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2566:0-7524-2969-8
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2544:0-7524-2969-8
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2522:0-8047-1217-4
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:Keynes, Simon
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:Keynes, Simon
2443:
2439:
2438:Keynes, Simon
2435:
2431:
2429:0-582-84882-2
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2390:0-521-04770-6
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2352:0-521-53777-0
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2330:0-19-822741-8
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2117:Faith "Hide"
2114:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:last of hides
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1955:Saladin tithe
1951:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:feudal rights
1905:
1901:
1900:Angevin kings
1897:
1896:Norman period
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:Tribal Hidage
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:Ine of Wessex
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:custom duties
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:United States
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:All Countries
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Tolerance tax
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
991:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:International
962:
961:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:Resource rent
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
720:
717:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:Capital gains
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
617:
612:
611:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Panama Papers
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
558:
555:
553:
552:
548:
547:
546:
543:
542:
541:
540:
536:
535:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
493:
489:
488:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
451:Tax inversion
449:
448:
447:
446:
442:
441:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:Tax avoidance
391:
390:
389:
388:
384:
383:
378:
377:Noncompliance
373:
372:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:Tax collector
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
334:Tax residence
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Revenue stamp
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
288:
287:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
250:
246:
245:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Tax incidence
217:
215:
214:Excess burden
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
204:
200:
199:
194:
189:
188:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:Tax incentive
138:
136:
135:Tax advantage
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
95:Tax threshold
93:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
52:
47:
46:
43:
42:fiscal policy
40:An aspect of
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
23:
22:
18:
17:
2723:
2713:Subsidy roll
2703:Scot and lot
2627:
2616:
2576:
2556:
2534:
2512:
2493:
2468:
2449:
2419:
2402:
2380:
2361:
2342:
2320:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2227:
2222:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2103:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2033:
2009:
2005:
1986:
1970:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1893:
1884:Cinque ports
1861:
1854:
1830:
1814:
1808:
1768:
1735:Roman Empire
1729:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1565:South Africa
1160:Joel Slemrod
828:Hypothecated
796:Sugary drink
670:Expatriation
549:
467:Double Irish
430:Black market
275:Proportional
224:Laffer curve
209:Price effect
2668:Benevolence
2635:Boldon Book
2553:Saul, Nigel
2531:Saul, Nigel
2289:pp. 281–283
2252:pp. 165–168
2188:pp. 115–118
2121:pp. 238-239
1977:custom duty
1868:mercenaries
1866:to pay for
1580:Switzerland
1545:Philippines
1520:New Zealand
1515:Netherlands
1155:Ronen Palan
893:User charge
712:Value-added
677:Consumption
589:Swiss Leaks
477:Single Malt
415:Tax shelter
405:Tax evasion
364:Tax farming
349:Tax shelter
265:Progressive
229:Optimal tax
130:Tax amnesty
125:Tax holiday
83:Tax bracket
68:Tax revenue
2309:References
2215:Dictionary
2130:Hollister
2036:poll taxes
1975:imposed a
1912:feudal aid
1813:(known as
1737:until the
1726:Background
1490:Kazakhstan
1375:Bangladesh
1370:Azerbaijan
1303:By country
1260:Temple tax
1230:Church tax
1113:ATA Carnet
1098:Free trade
1093:Tariff war
1021:Tax treaty
902:Congestion
843:Land value
734:Eco-tariff
702:Television
658:Solidarity
638:Ad valorem
498:Tax havens
329:Tax shield
324:Tax refund
292:Collection
270:Regressive
145:Tax reform
2302:pp. 29–60
2265:pp. 98–99
2261:Huscroft
2248:Bartlett
2200:Bartlett
2134:pp. 59-60
2077:pp. 13–14
2062:Citations
1989:Henry III
1962:Richard I
1928:Pipe Roll
1924:Exchequer
1811:food rent
1745:told the
1731:Britannia
1716:collected
1570:Sri Lanka
1535:Palestine
1495:Lithuania
1460:Indonesia
1445:Hong Kong
1365:Australia
1355:Argentina
1223:Religious
1011:Spahn tax
1006:Tobin tax
858:Pigouvian
776:Cigarette
749:Severance
682:Departure
490:Locations
443:Corporate
425:Smuggling
193:Economics
115:Tax shift
110:Deduction
100:Exemption
2734:Category
2629:Carucage
2401:(1962).
2319:(2000).
2298:Speight
2213:Coredon
2143:Lapidge
2050:See also
2012:Edward I
1966:carucage
1932:Henry II
1910:such as
1847:moneyers
1819:Danegeld
1743:Honorius
1590:Tanzania
1555:Portugal
1530:Pakistan
1410:Colombia
1390:Bulgaria
1255:Leibzoll
1132:Academic
1125:Research
943:Windfall
883:Turnover
863:Property
813:Georgist
759:Stumpage
754:Steering
739:Landfill
719:Dividend
643:Aviation
633:Per unit
628:Indirect
319:Tax lien
255:Tax rate
234:Theories
88:Flat tax
51:Policies
25:Taxation
2708:Scutage
2693:Pontage
2655:Thelony
2645:Tallage
2024:maltolt
1948:Stephen
1920:Henry I
1916:scutage
1904:demesne
1753:in the
1747:Britons
1610:Uruguay
1510:Namibia
1505:Morocco
1470:Ireland
1450:Iceland
1435:Germany
1425:Finland
1420:Denmark
1415:Croatia
1360:Armenia
1350:Algeria
1345:Albania
992:(CCCTB)
853:Payroll
808:General
801:Tobacco
771:Alcohol
707:Tourist
653:Landing
385:General
120:Tax cut
78:Tax law
2688:Pavage
2678:Muragh
2563:
2541:
2519:
2500:
2477:399516
2475:
2456:
2426:
2411:399791
2409:
2387:
2368:
2349:
2327:
2217:p. 219
2204:p. 159
2163:p. 121
2086:Blair
2073:Kirby
1585:Taiwan
1575:Sweden
1560:Russia
1550:Poland
1525:Norway
1475:Israel
1440:Greece
1430:France
1400:Canada
1385:Brazil
1380:Bhutan
1275:Kharaj
1183:(ITEP)
1086:Export
1081:Import
1076:Tariff
1066:Custom
953:Wealth
878:Surtax
873:Single
848:Luxury
833:Income
766:Excise
729:Carbon
623:Direct
510:(OFCs)
463:(BEPS)
175:Unions
105:Credit
2230:p. 72
2159:Loyn
2147:p. 76
1997:shire
1843:Edgar
1831:burhs
1815:feorm
1795:hides
1500:Malta
1485:Japan
1480:Italy
1455:India
1405:China
1290:Zakat
1285:Nisab
1280:Khums
1270:Jizya
1245:Tithe
1240:Teind
1201:(TJN)
1187:Oxfam
1059:Trade
978:ATTAC
697:Stamp
692:Sales
687:Hotel
616:Types
2561:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2517:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2473:OCLC
2454:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2407:OCLC
2385:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2090:p. 2
2016:mark
1973:John
1851:dies
1835:fyrd
1791:Bede
1712:geld
1540:Peru
1465:Iran
1207:(US)
1195:(US)
1189:(UK)
1071:Duty
921:Toll
916:GNSS
912:Road
907:Fuel
818:Gift
786:Meat
482:CAIA
260:Flat
1914:or
1395:BVI
897:fee
888:Use
791:Sin
781:Fat
2736::
2270:^
2235:^
2193:^
2152:^
2110:^
2095:^
2003:.
1942:.
2609:e
2602:t
2595:v
2569:.
2547:.
2525:.
2506:.
2479:.
2462:.
2432:.
2413:.
2393:.
2374:.
2355:.
2333:.
1693:,
1673:e
1666:t
1659:v
914:/
895:/
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