676:
Romans, buying grain cheaply during harvest and selling it at exorbitant prices during shortages. They also lent money to struggling locals at exorbitant interest rates, often 4% or more per month. It's no wonder they were consistently grouped with "sinners" in the New
Testament. Every emperor grappled with the challenge of funding the expanding administration. Various attempts to reform the tax system were made over time. The most significant changes occurred later. Diocletian, from A.D. 284-305, implemented a universal price freeze with mixed success while reintroducing the land tax on Italian landowners, mostly paid in goods rather than money. He also imposed additional tolls on traders and corporations. While theoretically providing relief to taxpayers, in practice, it fell short due to subsequent taxes imposed after the land tax was paid. Moreover, the burden disproportionately fell on the local senatorial class, risking financial ruin for any shortfall in payment. To compound matters, Constantine, Diocletian's successor, made the municipal senatorial class hereditary. This meant that even if your father had squandered the family fortune, you still inherited his status as a senator along with his tax obligations.
31:
688:, the ruling class, known collectively as the Franks, displayed a remarkable proficiency in financial management and governance. This was largely due to their ability to inherit and utilize existing administrative systems established by their Arab and Greek predecessors. Notably, the Holy Land had been under the rule of the Byzantine Empire for over three centuries, leaving behind intricate bureaucratic structures. While many of the institutions vital to the crusader states were not originally their own, the Franks adeptly adapted the legacy of their predecessors to suit their own requirements.
701:
institutions. It was a common occurrence for one bishop to reverse the actions of another, typically in exchange for payment. Threats of excommunication held little sway, leading to successful coercion of loans from the church, which, owing to various factors, was notably wealthy. The only excommunication threat that carried weight was if it originated from the Pope. However, starting from 1378, when there were three rival Popes, the nobility exploited this situation shamelessly. This state of affairs persisted until the
Council of Constance resolved the schism in 1418.
924:
419:
710:
on imported goods from foreign countries. As per the Census data from 1915, revenues from liquor taxes totaled $ 224 billion, constituting 66.8% of excise tax revenue, while tobacco taxes amounted to $ 80 billion, making up 23.8% of excise tax revenue. Whereas, over the next century, the primary sources of federal revenue faded away, where individual income taxes and payroll taxes contributed overwhelmingly to the government's income.
726:
981:
721:
brought about a significant shift in individual income taxes. Previously targeting only wealthy
Americans, these taxes were broadened to apply to approximately 50 million households. As a result of this expansion, individual income taxes surged from comprising 13.6 percent of federal revenues in 1940
709:
In 1915, the primary sources of income for the federal government differed significantly. Nearly half of all federal revenue originated from excise taxes, including those imposed on alcohol and tobacco. Additionally, 30.1% of federal revenue derived from customs duties, also known as tariffs, levied
666:
In the ancient
Mesopotamia, as they lacked a currency system, households were obliged to pay taxes through goods instead. Poll taxes mandated that each man contribute a cow or sheep to the authorities. Merchants moving goods between locations were subjected to tolls and customs duties. Consequently,
713:
In 1915, individual income taxes contributed 5.9 percent to federal revenue, and corporate income taxes contributed 5.6 percent. During that period, both taxes were comparatively modest: the highest rate for individual income tax stood at 7 percent, while the highest corporate tax rate was merely 1
691:
Regarding sources of revenue, the Franks, like those who came before them, augmented their treasury through the following methods: 1. Rents on land, i.e. payments made by tenant farmers to the landowner in exchange for the privilege of cultivating and utilizing the land. 2. Tariffs on imports and
675:
Taxes in the ancient Roman Empire were quite different. They were rife with unauthorized money-making schemes. The notorious publicani were private tax collectors hired by provincial governors to gather taxes exceeding the official rates. These publicani would then collaborate with other wealthy
657:
Throughout history, the way governments have been financed, the way they have generated wealth, has changed. This reflects the changing dynamics of societies, economies, and governance structures over time. In ancient civilizations such as
Mesopotamia, Egypt and Rome, government revenue came
700:
In the Middle Ages, Feudal dues constituted another form of taxation, typically paid in goods or services rather than money and were established by custom. The church enjoyed exemptions from these dues, so monarchs often resorted to demanding loans, known as forced loans, from ecclesiastical
539:
There are a variety of sources from which government can derive revenue. The most common sources of government revenue have varied in different places and time periods. In modern times, tax revenue is typically the primary source of revenue for a government. Types of taxes recognized by the
714:
percent. Over time, Congress maintained the majority of federal excise tax rates at their current levels, resulting in a slower growth of overall excise tax revenues compared to the expansion of the federal government. Several additional federal taxes became more noticeable.
722:
to constituting 45 percent of revenues by 1944, thereby emerging as the primary source of federal income. Moreover, payroll taxes increased significantly over the course of the 20th century, driven by the implementation and growth of Social
Security and Medicare programs.
692:
exports collected at the ports 3. Fees levied by the courts on individuals convicted of crimes and minor offenses. 4. Machinery used for extracting olive oil and pressing grapes to make wine 5. Fees for anchoring and using harbor facilities
592:). Besides, lotteries can also bring in considerable revenue for the government. In early 2009, the Australian government used lotteries to boost spending, generating more than $ 60m in additional tax revenue for state governments.
626:
is one of the ways a government can increase revenue, by deflating the value of its currency in exchange for surplus revenue, by saving money this way governments can increase the prices of goods.
496:. The collection of revenue is the most basic task of a government, as the resources released via the collection of revenue are necessary for the operation of government, provision of the
667:
to minimize their exposure to these levies, merchants frequently engaged in smuggling. However, if caught smuggling, they faced punishment such as imprisonment.
448:
1092:
1018:
738:
1064:
1078:
614:, sale of assets, and capital receipts in the form of external loans and debts from international financial institutions.
1050:
965:
788:
531:, which both serve as temporary measures of increasing a government's money supply without increasing its revenue.
599:
441:
1011:
1116:
136:
434:
1121:
1111:
958:
348:
1036:
1004:
992:
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1093:"Combined Statement of Receipts, Expenditures and Balances of the United States Government"
774:
8:
743:
718:
485:
328:
193:
156:
47:
30:
886:
796:
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system, sub-national governments may derive some of their revenue from federal grants.
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sources to enable it, assuming full resource employment, to undertake non-inflationary
353:
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878:
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200:
181:
124:
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841:"Gambling with Stimulus Payments: Feeding Gaming Machines with Federal Dollars"
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72:
57:
40:
840:
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146:
77:
622:, and for some developing countries it is the primary source of revenue.
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that oversees government revenue. Governments may also have a separate
630:
623:
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469:
292:
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168:
92:
581:
1051:"How did ancient and medieval states raise revenue aside taxation?"
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513:
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287:
725:
1079:"What are the sources of revenue for the federal government?"
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775:"Building Leviathan: Revenue, State Capacity and Governance"
817:
541:
611:
509:
1037:"Taxes in the Ancient World - Almanac, Vol.48, No.28"
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was a major factor in the development of the modern
1103:
658:primarily from taxes on trade and agriculture.
544:include taxes on income and profits (including
576:), and taxes on goods and services (including
1012:
959:
838:
442:
1065:"How Has Federal Revenue Changed Over Time?"
704:
684:In the 12th and 13th centuries, within the
1019:
1005:
966:
952:
839:Lye, Jenny; Hirschberg, Joe (2014-09-01).
449:
435:
29:
864:
772:
649:dedicated to the collection of revenue.
492:and important tools of the government's
618:is often a major source of revenue for
1104:
739:List of countries by government budget
975:
918:
768:
766:
764:
523:Government revenue is distinct from
13:
987:This finance-related article is a
797:10.1111/j.1759-5436.2002.tb00034.x
724:
679:
308:Trade / commerce ministry
14:
1133:
761:
979:
922:
789:Institute of Development Studies
484:. Government revenue as well as
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670:
1085:
1071:
1057:
1043:
1029:
832:
803:
695:
661:
1:
749:
600:government-owned corporations
991:. You can help Knowledge by
938:. You can help Knowledge by
754:
16:How the state collects money
7:
845:Journal of Gambling Studies
773:Bräutigam, Deborah (2002).
732:
636:
10:
1138:
974:
917:
652:
534:
137:Deficit / surplus
857:10.1007/s10899-013-9377-6
705:The United States Example
508:) and enforcement of its
238:Monetary (currency) union
641:Most governments have a
598:includes dividends from
504:in order to fulfill the
468:is money received by a
934:-related article is a
729:
488:are components of the
349:Discretionary spending
811:"Definition of Taxes"
728:
620:developing countries
512:; this necessity of
1067:. 18 November 2015.
744:Ministry of Finance
719:Revenue Act of 1942
550:capital gains taxes
486:government spending
730:
482:public expenditure
462:Government revenue
354:Mandatory spending
278:Non-tariff barrier
216:Monetary authority
1000:
999:
947:
946:
578:value-added taxes
570:inheritance taxes
490:government budget
459:
458:
400:Fiscal adjustment
1129:
1117:Government stubs
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820:. April 19, 1996
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643:finance minister
466:national revenue
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273:Gains from trade
263:Balance of trade
142:Finance ministry
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686:crusader states
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680:Crusader States
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664:
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647:revenue service
639:
596:Non-tax revenue
556:contributions,
554:social security
537:
525:government debt
506:public interest
502:social contract
455:
410:
409:
405:Monetary reform
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382:Price stability
377:Economic growth
372:Balanced budget
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339:Non-tax revenue
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303:Trade diversion
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201:Discount window
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182:Monetary policy
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851:(3): 713–727.
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558:payroll taxes
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500:(through the
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866:11343/283027
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256:Trade policy
243:Money supply
221:central bank
194:requirements
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147:Fiscal union
48:Agricultural
696:Middle Ages
662:Mesopotamia
616:Foreign aid
582:sales taxes
564:(including
498:common good
344:Tax revenue
1106:Categories
932:government
750:References
631:federalist
624:Seignorage
574:gift taxes
470:government
293:Trade bloc
268:Free trade
93:Policy mix
68:Investment
63:Industrial
875:1573-3602
824:March 23,
755:Citations
606:revenue,
891:40298846
883:23526051
791:: 1–17.
733:See also
637:Politics
629:Under a
329:Spending
157:Spending
130:internal
88:Monetary
53:Economic
41:Policies
1095:. 1910.
653:History
586:excises
535:Sources
520:state.
514:revenue
478:non-tax
366:Optimum
324:Revenue
162:deficit
152:Revenue
889:
881:
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590:duties
588:, and
572:, and
423:Portal
394:Reform
288:Tariff
118:policy
113:Budget
83:Fiscal
73:Social
58:Energy
930:This
887:S2CID
814:(PDF)
787:(3).
608:fines
474:taxes
472:from
78:Trade
989:stub
936:stub
879:PMID
871:ISSN
826:2022
818:OECD
717:The
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548:and
542:OECD
527:and
510:laws
476:and
125:Debt
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