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towards the transport services. Visible progress on restoration of the bridge was slow because of the need for extensive underwater surveys of debris and the time required for design of the rebuilding. "The ferry queues did however provide some assistance by providing a forum where people with much in common could vent their frustration." A sociological study described how the physical isolation led to debonding (the setting aside of bonds that constitute the fabric of normal social life). The loss of the Tasman Bridge in Hobart disconnected two parts of the city and had far-reaching effects on the people separated.
539:
Tasmania and the Public Works
Department. Maunsell and Partners were appointed consultants for the rebuilding project. The firm John Holland was awarded the construction contract. Engineers decided not to replace pier 18 as there was too much debris on the site. Pier 17 on the western side of the gap was reinforced, and the pile cap and shaft of the pier above water level were replaced. A new pier was built at the site of the decimated Pier 19, and the existing Pier 20, on the eastern side of the gap, was repaired and strengthened. A new span, about 85.5 metres (281 ft) long, was built in
330:
drove straight over the edge, so he slammed his foot on the brakes. He stopped the car inches from the drop. A following car, caught unaware by the unexpected stop, drove into the rear of Ling's car, pushing its front wheels over the breach. He, too, eased himself and his young family out of the car, then stood horrified as two other cars ignored his attempts to wave them down, raced past (one of which actually swerved around to avoid him), and hurtled over the edge into the river. A loaded bus full of people swerved and skidded, slamming into the side railings after being waved down by Ling.
601:
221:
213:
310:"As we approached, it was a foggy night ... there was no lights on the bridge at the time. We just thought there was an accident. We slowed down to about 40 km/h (25 mph) and I'm peering out the window, desperately looking to see the car ... what was happening on the bridge. We couldn't see anything but we kept on travelling. The next thing, I said to Frank, "The bridge is gone!" And he just applied the brakes and we just sat there swinging.
625:
148:
420:
641:, described the pain and loss of loved ones and the social and economic disruption. He paid tribute to the efforts of emergency services personnel in responding to the disaster. He said that the "eastern shore had emerged more self-sufficient in the wake of the tragedy" and that "Tasmanians were now stronger, more self-reliant and mature". A plaque commemorating the
505:
communities were not well understood. "Opportunities for the community to be involved in the response to the disaster and the physical restoration of infrastructure were minimal because of the nature of the event. It is likely that this lack of community involvement contributed to the enduring nature of the effects of the disaster on a number of individuals."
546:
construction between piers 17 and 19, and another new, prestressed concrete span, about 42.5 metres (139 ft) meters long, was built from the new Pier 19 to Pier 20. The annual expenditures on the Tasman Bridge reconstruction were $ 1.7 m in 1974–75; $ 12.3 m in 1975–76; $ 13.2 m in 1976–77 and $
608:
The disaster stimulated development in
Kingborough, a municipality south of Hobart on the western shore, because of the reduced travel times for western shore workers compared to the eastern shore. The eastern shore eventually became a more self-contained community, with a higher level of employment
580:
The disaster resulted in changes to the regulations pertaining to shipping movements on the
Derwent River. In 1987, a system of sensors measuring river currents, tidal height, and wind speed was installed near the bridge to provide data for ship movements in the area. The Marine and Safety (Pilotage
530:
In March 1975, a Joint Tasman Bridge
Restoration Commission was appointed to restore the Tasman Bridge. The Federal Government agreed to fund the project, which began in October that year. The reconstruction included modification of the whole bridge to accommodate an extra traffic lane, allowing for
436:
People on the eastern shore quickly became isolated, as most schools, hospitals, businesses and government offices were located on the western shore. Prior to the disaster, many services on the eastern shore were severely lacking. Access to medical services in particular posed problems for residents
264:
and about 3 km (1.9 mi) from the bridge. The 1,025 m (3,363 ft) long main viaduct of the bridge was composed of a central main navigation span, two flanking secondary navigation spans, and nineteen approach spans. The ship was off course as it neared the bridge, partly due to the
329:
The other car contained Murray Ling, his wife Helen and two of their children. They were driving over the bridge in the east-bound lanes when the span lights went out: 'I knew something bad must have happened so I slowed down'. Ling then noticed several cars ahead of him seemingly disappear as they
322:
said "The white line, the white line's gone. Stop!" I just hit the brakes and I said "I can't, I can't, I can't stop." And next thing we just hung off the gap...when I swung the door open, I could see, more or less, see the water...and I just swung meself towards the back of the car and grabbed the
296:
As the collision occurred on a Sunday evening, there was relatively little traffic on the bridge. While no cars were travelling between the 18th and 19th pylons when that section collapsed, four cars drove over the gap, killing five occupants. Two drivers managed to stop their vehicles at the edge,
591:
Vessels above a certain size are required to be piloted, and vehicle movements on the bridge are temporarily halted when large vessels are to pass underneath the bridge. As an added precaution, it is now mandatory for most large vessels to have a tug in attendance as they transit the bridge in the
512:
The disaster was a major contributor to ferry services being the lifeline for people needing to cross the river for daily work. Bob
Clifford was the major operator of ferries at the time, and quickly built more of his small aluminium craft, using his company Sullivans Cove Ferry Company. He later
280:
proved unmanageable due to having insufficient steerage way. In desperation Pelc ordered 'full speed astern', at which point all control was lost. The vessel drifted towards the bridge midway between the central navigation span and the eastern shore, colliding with the pile capping of piers 18 and
563:
in
Baltimore in 2024, all three involving collisions with ships. When river traffic "comprises large vessels, even at low speed, the consequences of pier failure can be catastrophic". In the field of structural engineering, the concept of ‘pier-redundant’ bridges refers to a bridge superstructure
538:
Specialists in marine engineering undertook an extensive investigation to locate bridge debris. This survey took several months to complete, and parts of the bridge weighing up to 500 tonnes (550 short tons; 1,100,000 lb) were accurately located using equipment developed by the
University of
508:
A study of police data found that in the six months after the disaster, crime rose 41% on the eastern shore, while the rate on the city's western side fell. Car theft rose almost 50% in the isolated community, and neighbourhood quarrels and complaints rose 300%. Frustration and anger was directed
432:
The collapse of Tasman Bridge isolated two sides of the city which had heavily relied upon it for most daily activities. 30% of Hobart's residents lived on the eastern shore and were effectively isolated. The day after the incident, as 30,000 residents set out for work, they found that the former
504:
The disaster caused a variety of social and psychological difficulties. Although comparatively minor in loss of life and damage, it presented a problem beyond the capacity of the community to resolve. The disaster had unique characteristics and occurred at a time when the effects of disasters on
390:
was completed by 13 January. The divers operated in hazardous conditions, with little visibility and strong river currents, contending with bridge debris such as shattered concrete, reinforced steel rods, railings, pipes, lights, wire and power cables. Strong winds on the third day brought down
632:
A small service, led by members of the
Tasmanian Council of Churches, was held on the occasion of the reopening on Saturday 8 October 1977. A large memorial service was eventually held 25 years after the disaster, in January 2000. In his address to the gathering, the Tasmanian Premier
550:
The engineering design of the Tasman Bridge provided impact absorbing fendering to the pile caps of the main navigation span capable of withstanding a glancing collision by a large ship, but all other piers were unprotected. This disaster shares some common features with the
381:
flew to Hobart to assist water police in the recovery of the vehicles which had driven off the bridge. Two vehicles were identified on 7 January; one was salvaged that day and the second three days later. Another vehicle was found buried under rubble on 8 January.
576:
in South
Australia. The probability of ship impact is now regularly evaluated by specialist consultants when designing major bridges. One solution is to protect bridge piers through strengthening or the construction of impact-resistant barriers.
586:"The master of a vessel approaching the Bridge to navigate it through a span must (a) have the vessel fully under control; and (b) navigate the vessel with all possible care at the minimum speed required to pass safely under the bridge".
200:, and the five occupants of four cars which fell 45 metres (150 ft) after driving off the bridge. Hobart was cut off from its eastern suburbs, and the loss of the road connection had a major social impact. The ship's
946:
453:. Most of Hobart's cultural activities, such as theatres, cinemas, the museum and art gallery, restaurants, meeting places, lecture theatres and the botanical gardens, were located on the western shore.
1260:
Coasts & Ports 1999: Challenges and
Directions for the New Century; Proceedings of the 14th Australasian Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference and the 7th Australasian Port and Harbour Conference
693:
609:
and improved services and amenities, than had been the case prior to the disaster. The previous imbalance between facilities and employment opportunities was redressed as a result of the disaster.
365:
arrived on the scene. A large number of other organisations were involved in the emergency response, including police, ambulance service, fire brigade, emergency management agency, marine board,
313:
As we sat there, we couldn't see anything in the water. All we could see was a big whirlpool of water and apparently the boat was sinking. So with that, we undid the car door and I hopped out.
28:
637:
stated that some people were still struggling with the memories of its effects, and he commended the resilience of the community in coping with the disaster. The Governor at the time,
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531:
a peak period 'tidal flow' system of three lanes for major flow and two for the minor flow. Approximately one year after the bridge collapse, a temporary two lane
1281:
1229:
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Ferry Company started services across the river, and continued its services throughout the night. Three private ferries were in place the next day while the
697:
196:
and caused a large section of the bridge deck to collapse onto the ship and into the river below. Twelve people were killed, including seven crew on board
289:
and sank within minutes a short distance to the south, in 35 metres (115 ft) of water. Seven crew members were trapped and drowned. The subsequent
269:, Captain Boleslaw Pelc. Initially approaching the bridge at eight knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph), Pelc slowed the ship to a 'safe' speed. Although
369:, the Hobart Tug Company, the Public Works Department, the Transport Commission, the HydroElectric Commission, the Hobart Regional Water Board, the
361:. Those in small craft acted alone in very difficult circumstances with falling concrete, live wires, and water from a broken pipe above, until the
84:
869:
883:
445:—were located on the western shore. What was previously a short drive across the river became a 50 km (31 mi) trip via the estuary's
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917:
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but not before their front wheels had dropped over the lip of the bridge deck. One of these cars contained Frank and Sylvia Manley in their
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19, bringing three unsupported spans and a 127-metre (417 ft) section of roadway crashing into the river and onto the ship's deck.
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which does not collapse when a single pier is removed. Two ‘pier-redundant’ bridges have been constructed in Australia – over the
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found that Pelc had not handled the ship in a proper and seamanlike manner, and his certificate was suspended for six months.
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was capable of passing through the bridge's central navigation span, Pelc attempted to pass through one of the eastern spans.
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headrest like that to pull myself around. There's a big automatic transmission pan underneath – that's what it balanced on.
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Yesterday divers located a third car at the bottom of the Derwent. Police believe it contains the body of a woman.
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close by. These and others, and many shore-based residents, were responsible for saving many of the crew from
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77:
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788 m (2,585 ft) long, linking the eastern and western shores of the Derwent, was opened.
423:
Geography of Hobart, showing the main part of the city on the west (green), and outer suburbs (blue)
899:
Adjustment in the Urban System: The Tasman Bridge Collapse and Its Effects Upon Metropolitan Hobart
442:
249:
185:
921:
657:— a similar incident in the US in 2024, caused by a container ship colliding with a bridge support
204:
was officially penalised for inattention and failure to handle his vessel in a seamanlike manner.
1146:. Vol. 49, no. 14, 083. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 4 June 1975. p. 8
674:
290:
155:
1065:
795:
Tragic Sunday - The icy Derwent River claimed 12 lives when a ship rammed Hobart's Tasman Bridge
671:— a similar incident in Sweden in 1980, caused by a bulk carrier colliding with a bridge support
665:— a similar incident in the US in 1980, caused by a bulk carrier colliding with a bridge support
634:
581:
and Navigation) Regulations (2007) contains specific provisions dealing with the Bridge, e.g.:
569:
552:
773:
496:, which operated excursions on the Derwent, was pressed into service as a cross-river ferry.
450:
438:
374:
366:
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went on to become the major Tasmanian shipbuilder with a firm which continues today, called
391:
debris from the bridge above, including power cables, endangering the divers working below.
604:
2005 panorama of Hobart illustrating the extent of the city's reliance on the Tasman Bridge
556:
1172:
719:
8:
884:"Man missing since Tasman Bridge disaster in 1975, Dr Thomas Elvet Jones, declared dead"
1375:
1142:
1115:
1008:
668:
286:
1235:. International Association for Bridge Maintenance Safety and Management. 1 April 2008
870:"Victims of Tasman Bridge disaster honoured with memorials, families hope for closure"
600:
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240:
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189:
1345:
Ludeke, M. Ten events shaping Tasmania's history. Hobart, Tas. : Ludeke, 2006
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in the east, as services consisted only of local clinics. Hobart's hospitals—the
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Tasman Bridge crossing the Derwent River at Hobart, pictured on 13 August 2024
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1335:, the Tasman Bridge and the 1975 disaster. Darwin: Tall Stories, 1999.
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three-minute commute over the bridge had turned into a 90-minute trip.
232:
616:, was completed in 1984, a few kilometres north of the Tasman Bridge.
1210:, republished by Cambridge University Dept of Engineering. 3 May 2004
624:
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419:
338:
Private citizens living nearby were on the scene early, even before
244:, carrying 10,000 tonnes (11,000 short tons; 22,000,000 lb) of
1304:
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strong tidal current but also because of inattention by the ship's
172:
69:
1256:"Real Time System to Aid Vessel Manoeuvering in the Derwent River"
1040:"Time running out to restore historic Tasmanian steamship Cartela"
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was affixed to the main bridge support on the eastern shoreline.
1090:
147:
983:. Emergency Management Australia. 13 March 2001. Archived from
261:
168:
65:
1171:. Bureau of Transport Economics. 9 March 2001. Archived from
1064:. Emergency Management Australia. p. 111. Archived from
540:
514:
399:
A total of twelve people died in the disaster: seven crew of
343:
978:"Tasman Bridge Disaster: 25th Anniversary Memorial Service"
1091:"Incat History - Development of passenger/vehicle ferries"
216:
Model showing the scene on the bottom of the Derwent River
1282:"Marine and Safety (Pilotage and Navigation) Regulations"
1355:
Johnson, S. "Over the Edge!" Reader's Digest, Nov. 1977.
353:; and Jerry Chamberlain, who had their boats moored in
843:. Royal Australian Navy. 13 April 2006. Archived from
592:
event that assistance with steerage may be required.
772:. Australia Network. 15 January 2007. Archived from
595:
342:had sunk. Three of these were Jack Read in his H28
16:
1975 bridge collapse in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
628:A plaque on the side of the eastern bridge support
171:, the capital city of Australia's island state of
747:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. March 2002
33:Tasman Bridge from east following collision, 1975
1382:
1166:"Australian Road Financing Statistics 1970–1980"
949:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. December 2006
807:Smith, Michael; Clarke, Kevin (9 January 1975).
696:. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from
1230:"Collapse resistance and robustness of bridges"
920:. Time Magazine. 16 August 1976. Archived from
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
941:
939:
167:occurred on the evening of 5 January 1975, in
764:
762:
1331:Lewis, T. By Derwent Divided: the story of
1055:"The Social Dimension of Disaster Recovery"
961:
936:
806:
1154:– via National Library of Australia.
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410:Thomas Elvet Jones (declared dead in 2015)
27:
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1009:New terminals for ferries on three weeks
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386:A comprehensive survey of the wreck of
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1305:"The construction of the Bowen Bridge"
1302:
456:
151:View of the bridge as it stood in 2006
1195:
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734:
612:A new bridge crossing the river, the
333:
1396:Bridge disasters caused by collision
905:
461:Within an hour of the incident, the
227:The collision occurred at 9:27 p.m.
896:
809:"Derwent disaster probe this month"
276:Despite several changes of course,
13:
1325:
1190:
377:. At 2:30 am, a fourteen-man
14:
1442:
1371:Clarence City Council on disaster
1359:
838:"Australian Maritime Issues 2005"
655:Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
561:Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
499:
1426:January 1975 events in Australia
1201:"Safety First for Bridge Design"
596:Development on the eastern shore
235:) on Sunday 5 January 1975. The
229:Australian Eastern Daylight Time
1411:Maritime incidents in Australia
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663:Sunshine Skyway Bridge collapse
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862:
830:
800:
788:
712:
1:
1391:Bridge disasters in Australia
1309:Transportation Research Board
872:. ABC News. 27 February 2016.
680:
559:in Oklahoma in 2002, and the
520:
694:"The Tasman Bridge Collapse"
427:
133:colliding with a bridge pier
7:
1431:1975 disasters in Australia
648:
619:
483:Public Transport Commission
10:
1447:
1406:Maritime incidents in 1975
1262:. Engineers Australia: 279
1116:"Tasman Bridge Statistics"
947:"Tasmanian Year Book 2000"
394:
379:Navy Clearance Diving Team
1254:Holbrook, Martin (1999).
797:messui.the-chronicles.org
414:
137:
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115:
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61:
53:
38:
26:
1376:Statistics on the bridge
1284:. Government of Tasmania
1118:. Government of Tasmania
1042:. ABC News. 23 May 2021.
886:. ABC News. 15 May 2015.
555:in Florida in 1980, the
349:; David Read in a small
252:to offload its cargo to
188:, collided with several
42:5 January 1975
675:List of bridge failures
291:Court of Marine Inquiry
1138:"1977 date for bridge"
1014:11 January 1975 page 1
720:"Tasmanian Shipwrecks"
629:
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553:Skyway Bridge collapse
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317:
224:
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208:Collision and collapse
165:Tasman Bridge disaster
160:
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100:42.86472°S 147.34667°E
22:Tasman Bridge disaster
1401:Disasters in Tasmania
918:"The Bridge of Sighs"
627:
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439:Royal Hobart Hospital
422:
375:Royal Australian Navy
367:Royal Hobart Hospital
318:
306:
248:, was heading up the
223:
215:
158:
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1303:Dicker, G L (1983).
722:. Oceans Enterprises
669:Almö Bridge Collapse
557:I-40 bridge disaster
526:Repairing the bridge
403:and five motorists.
246:zinc ore concentrate
184:, travelling up the
105:-42.86472; 147.34667
850:on 30 December 2008
481:were loaned by the
457:Replacement ferries
96: /
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1366:The Severed Artery
1143:The Canberra Times
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334:Emergency response
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21:
1421:History of Hobart
1416:1970s in Tasmania
1029:March 1975 page 3
1023:A Friend in Need
700:on 7 October 2007
547:6.1m in 1977–78.
258:Risdon Zinc Works
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745:"The Monaro Man"
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443:Calvary Hospital
260:, upstream from
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57:9:27 p.m. (AEDT)
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1150:12 February
1053:Gordon, R.
901:. Pergamon.
815:. p. 3
451:Bridgewater
355:Montagu Bay
175:, when the
103: /
91:147°20′48″E
78:Coordinates
72:, Australia
1385:Categories
681:References
544:box girder
521:Rebuilding
285:listed to
88:42°51′53″S
46:1975-01-05
1288:5 October
1266:5 January
1239:5 October
1214:5 October
1208:AustRoads
1095:incat.com
928:3 October
819:18 August
780:2 October
751:2 October
726:2 October
635:Jim Bacon
468:Kosciusko
428:Isolation
299:Holden HQ
287:starboard
233:UTC+11:00
1062:Recovery
649:See also
620:Memorial
441:and the
373:and the
347:Mermerus
173:Tasmania
119:Accident
70:Tasmania
62:Location
1100:29 June
1075:18 June
994:18 June
813:The Age
643:tragedy
572:and at
493:Cartela
395:Victims
192:of the
44: (
1349:
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1314:23 May
489:. The
487:Sydney
415:Impact
351:launch
302:Monaro
267:master
262:Hobart
202:master
190:pylons
169:Hobart
138:Deaths
66:Hobart
1233:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
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1058:(PDF)
988:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
841:(PDF)
570:Berri
541:steel
515:Incat
344:yacht
124:Cause
1347:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1316:2024
1290:2008
1268:2019
1241:2008
1216:2008
1184:2008
1152:2024
1124:2008
1102:2022
1077:2012
996:2012
955:2008
930:2008
856:2008
821:2024
782:2008
753:2008
728:2008
706:2008
475:and
163:The
116:Type
54:Time
39:Date
568:at
491:MV
449:in
1387::
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