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383:, right-handed in the right foot, about which subtalar motion occurs. So, during subtalar inversion, the calcaneus also rotates clockwise and translates forward along the axis of the screw. Average subtalar motion is 20-30 degrees inversion and 5-10 degrees eversion. Functional motion during the gait cycle is 10-15 degrees (the heel strikes the ground in slight inversion followed by quick eversion).
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In reptiles and mammals, there are normally just two proximal tarsals, the calcaneus (equivalent to the amphibian fibulare) and the talus (probably derived from a fusion of multiple bones). In mammals, including humans, the talus forms a hinge joint with the tibia, a feature especially well developed
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joint. It has two axes of motion. Inversion and eversion occur about a longitudinal axis oriented 15 degrees upward from the horizontal plane and 9 degrees medially from the longitudinal axis of the foot. Flexion and extension occur primarily about an oblique axis oriented 52 degrees upward from
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The motions of the subtalar and transverse talar joints interact to make the foot either flexible or rigid. With the subtalar joint in eversion, the two joints of the transverse joint are parallel, which make movements in this joint possible. With the subtalar joint in inversion, the axes of the
449:), and then a row of five distal tarsals, each articulating with a single metatarsal. In the great majority of tetrapods, including all of those alive today, this simple pattern is modified by the loss and fusion of some of the bones.
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The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones. Reptiles usually retain two centralia, while mammals typically have only one (the navicular).
379:. The axis of rotation in the joint is directed upward 42 degrees from the horizontal plane and 16 degrees medially from the midline of the foot. However, together, the subtalar facets form a screw or
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In birds, the tarsus has disappeared, with the proximal tarsals having fused with the tibia, the centralia having disappeared, and the distal bones having fused with the metatarsals to form a single
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talonavicular motion is 7 degrees flexion-extension and 17 degrees pronation-supination; while calcaneocuboid motion is 2 degrees flexion-extension and 7 degrees pronation-supination.
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In humans the largest bone in the tarsus is the calcaneus, which is the weight-bearing bone within the heel of the foot.
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or ankle bone is connected superiorly to the two bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula, to form the
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which serves as a shock absorber. The midfoot is connected to the hind- and forefoot by muscles and the
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of the toes. The joint between the tibia and fibula above and the tarsus below is referred to as the
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394:(i.e. between the talus and navicular bones, and the calcaneus and cuboid bones) form the so-called
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transverse joint are convergent, movements in this joint are thus locked and the midfoot rigid.
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The tarsus articulates with the bones of the metatarsus, which in turn articulate with the
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The complex motion of the subtalar joint occurs in three planes and produces subtalar
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the horizontal plane and 57 degrees anteromedially (forward-inward).
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765:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 205–208.
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at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
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Right foot bones, seen from below (left) and above (right).
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761:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
720:Nordin, Margareta; Frankel, Victor Hirsch (2001).
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472:bone, effectively giving the leg a third segment.
605:(from Professor Gegenbaur's "Tarsus and Carpus").
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723:Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system
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498:Foot bones - tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges.
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335:The five irregular bones of the midfoot—the
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589:Bones of the feet from an actual skeleton.
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328:or talocrural joint; inferiorly, at the
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601:Skeleton of Manus and Pes of a Tailed
253:situated between the lower end of the
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726:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
477:Carpus and tarsus of land vertebrates
245:) is a cluster of seven articulating
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269:, medial, intermediate, and lateral
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744:. Podiatry Channel. Archived from
311:Location of accessory tarsal bones
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53:7 bones constituting the tarsus:
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265:. It is made up of the midfoot (
742:"Anatomy of the foot and ankle"
706:Romer-Parsons 1977, pp 205-208
690:Nordin-Frankel 2001, pp 229-30
124:Bones constituting the tarsus.
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1:
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675:Anatomy of the foot and ankle
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126:(same color scheme as above)
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787:Diagram, identifying bones
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261:of the lower leg and the
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545:human Foot Skin and Bone
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213:Anatomical terms of bone
910:intertrochanteric crest
397:transverse tarsal joint
32:Tarsus (disambiguation)
942:intertrochanteric line
905:intertrochanteric line
652:Tarsal tunnel syndrome
312:
392:calcaneocuboid joints
310:
1126:Posterior colliculus
30:For other uses, see
1121:Anterior colliculus
1028:intercondylar fossa
763:The Vertebrate Body
1215:calcaneal tubercle
1210:sustentaculum tali
1079:intercondylar area
960:gluteal tuberosity
947:upper intermediate
888:greater trochanter
792:2016-03-04 at the
673:Podiatry Channel,
632:Arches of the foot
573:Skeleton of foot.
557:Skeleton of foot.
381:Archimedean spiral
349:arches of the foot
313:
294:ankle joint proper
290:proximal phalanges
1343:Bones of the foot
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1155:lateral malleolus
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984:adductor tubercle
915:quadrate tubercle
900:lesser trochanter
748:on 31 August 2009
482:Additional images
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27:Bones of the foot
16:(Redirected from
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1116:medial malleolus
1057:Gerdy's tubercle
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989:patellar surface
964:third trochanter
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647:Tarsal tunnel
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423:In primitive
419:Other animals
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1247:intermediate
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938:upper medial
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933:linea aspera
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750:. Retrieved
746:the original
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455:artiodactyls
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182:A02.5.09.001
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105:Intermediate
18:Tarsal bones
1333:Short bones
1264:Metatarsals
1100:soleal line
994:epicondyles
439:intermedium
326:ankle joint
147:Identifiers
79:Cuboid bone
1327:Categories
1095:tuberosity
714:References
603:Batrachian
475:See also:
427:, such as
373:supination
322:talus bone
263:metatarsus
231:human body
158:ossa tarsi
70:Talus bone
1308:Phalanges
1237:cuneiform
1227:navicular
1205:calcaneus
846:human leg
752:30 August
430:Trematops
425:tetrapods
402:Chopart's
377:pronation
365:inversion
359:Movements
345:cuneiform
341:navicular
283:calcaneus
275:navicular
271:cuneiform
86: D:
77: C:
68: B:
61:Calcaneus
59: A:
1062:condyles
1011:condyles
962: /
790:Archived
626:See also
530:surface.
514:surface.
447:centrale
443:fibulare
408:In vitro
369:eversion
257:and the
249:in each
1252:lateral
1171:patella
1067:lateral
1016:lateral
999:lateral
844:of the
528:Plantar
453:in the
435:tibiale
229:In the
170:D013639
137:Part of
132:Details
109:Lateral
1242:medial
1232:cuboid
1197:Tarsus
1147:Fibula
1072:medial
1021:medial
1004:medial
769:
730:
637:Carpus
512:Dorsal
441:, and
337:cuboid
273:, and
267:cuboid
259:fibula
235:tarsus
233:, the
101:Medial
93:
84:
75:
66:
57:
40:Tarsus
1301:Other
1222:talus
1164:Other
1088:shaft
1042:Tibia
925:shaft
893:fossa
876:fovea
854:Femur
842:Bones
658:Notes
543:CT 3D
316:Bones
279:talus
255:tibia
247:bones
243:tarsi
217:[
206:24491
153:Latin
1338:Foot
1188:Foot
1176:apex
883:neck
871:head
767:ISBN
754:2009
728:ISBN
390:and
386:The
375:and
367:and
320:The
281:and
251:foot
194:1447
177:TA98
165:MeSH
141:Foot
1292:5th
1287:4th
1282:3rd
1277:2nd
1272:1st
400:or
285:).
239:pl.
201:FMA
189:TA2
1329::
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237:(
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111:)
99:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
