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555:
435:
612:
62:
78:
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877:
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was sent into
Purepecha territory and arrived at Tzintzuntzan within days. The Purepecha army numbered many thousands, perhaps as many as 100,000, but at the crucial moment they chose not to fight. Tangáxuan submitted to the Spanish administration, but for his cooperation was allowed a large degree
1164:
Tangáxuan II sent emissaries to the
Spanish victors. A few Spaniards went with them to Tzintzuntzan where they were presented to the ruler and gifts were exchanged. They returned with samples of gold and Cortés' interest in the Iréchikwa was awakened. In 1522 a Spanish force under the leadership of
676:
contains parts of the "official
Tarascan history" as carried down through oral tradition: one part focuses on Purepecha state religion, the second on Purepecha society, and the last on Purepecha history and the Spanish conquest. Unfortunately the first part is only partly preserved. Other sources
945:
began to institutionalize the tributary system and consolidate the political unity of the empire. They created an administrative bureaucracy and divided responsibilities of and tributes from the conquered territories between lords and nobles. In the following years, first the sierra and then the
430:
Due to its relative isolation within
Mesoamerica, the Purépecha Empire had many cultural traits completely distinct from those of the Mesoamerican cultural group. It is particularly noteworthy for being among the few Mesoamerican civilizations to use metal for tools, and even weapons.
1170:
of autonomy. This resulted in a strange arrangement where both Cortés and Tangáxuan considered themselves rulers of
Michoacán for the following years: the population of the area paid tribute to them both. When the Spanish found out that Tangáxuan was still
973:
captured a series of frontier towns and closed in on the
Purepecha heartland, but were eventually defeated. This experience prompted the Purepecha ruler to further fortify the Aztec frontier with military centers along the border, such as at
1186:
was executed on
February 14, 1530. A period of violence and turbulence began. During the next decades Purepecha puppet rulers were installed by the Spanish government, but when Nuño de Guzman had been disgraced and recalled to Spain, Bishop
930:
respectively, himself ruling from Pátzcuari city. By the death of Taríacuri (around 1350), his lineage was in control of all the major centers around Lake Pátzcuaro. His son
Hiripan continued the expansion into the area surrounding
960:
a number of regions were conquered, only to be lost again by rebellions or strategic retreats when confronted with Aztec expansion. In 1460 the Iréchikwa reached the
Pacific coast at Zacatula, advanced into the
578:
volcanic mountains and lake basins above 2000 meters (6500 feet) altitude, but also includes lower land in the southwestern coastal regions. Most common soil types in the central plateau are young volcanic
1793:
Silverstein, Jay (2001). "The southeastern extent of
Tarascan imperialism". Abstract of a paper presented at the 100th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.
423:, against which it fought many wars. The Purépecha Empire blocked Aztec expansion to the northwest, fortifying and patrolling their frontiers with the Aztecs, possibly developing the first truly
986:
who had been driven out of their homelands by the Aztecs to settle in the border area under the condition that they took part in the defense of the Purepecha lands. From 1480 the Aztec ruler
990:
intensified the conflict with the Iréchikwa. He supported attacks on Purepecha lands by other ethnic groups allied with or subjugated to the Aztecs such as Matlatzincas, Chontales, and
375:
The Purépecha Empire was constituted of a network of tributary systems and gradually became increasingly centralized, under the control of the ruler of the empire called the Irecha or
648:. Most Chupícuaro sites are found on lake islands which can be seen as a sign of it having traits relating it to the later Purepecha cultural patterns. In the early Classic period,
922:
decided to gather the communities around Lake Pátzcuaro into one strong state. Around 1300 he undertook the first conquests and installed his sons Hiripan and Tangáxuan as lords of
591:. The vegetation is mainly pine, pine-oak and fir. Human occupation has focused on the lake basins, which are abundant in resources. In the north, near the Lerma river, there are
3500:
3402:
352:
The empire was founded in the early 14th century and lost its independence to the Spanish in 1530. In 1543 it officially became the governorship of Michoacán, from the
283:
863:
1990:
855:
1075:
Historian Robert West states, "The Tarascans and their neighbors near the Pacific coast were the foremost metallurgists of pre-Conquest Mexico." This included
1059:
Like most Mesoamerican cultures, the Purépecha were polytheists who worshipped a large array of deities. Chiefly was Curicaveri/Kurikaweri, the god of the sun.
3510:
3505:
3397:
1209:
3525:
562:
The territory that would eventually form the setting of the Purepecha Empire is the high volcanic region constituting the western extension of the Mexican
1930:
1288:
842:
1174:
ruler of his empire but only supplied the Spanish with a small part of the resources extracted from the population they sent the ruthless conquistador
644:
kill sites. The earliest radio-carbon dates of archeological sites fall around 1200 BC. The best known early Pre-classic culture of Michoacán was the
1263:
1191:
was sent to the area to clean up. He rapidly gained the respect and friendship of the natives who ceased hostilities towards the Spanish hegemony.
1121:
were used in religious ceremonies from 650 AD to at least 1200. This was followed by copper-gold and copper-silver items such as discs, bracelets,
1071:
Pre-Columbian coyote statuette attributed to the Purepecha culture, likely a representation of the coyote god Uitzimángari. Height: 43.5 cm (17 in).
1547:
1551:
1289:"Julie Adkins, "Mesoamerican Anomaly? The Pre-Conquest Tarascan State", Robert V. Kemper, Faculty papers, Southern Methodist University. On line"
998:
Zuangua, repelled the attacks but further Purepecha expansion was halted until the arrival of the Spaniards two years into the rule of the last
3377:
2023:
3362:
2339:
1962:
1467:
This was the Tarascan state peopled by ethnic groups of matlazincas, tecos, mazahuas, otomíes, chontales, nahuas and primarily tarascos
3535:
3515:
3367:
796:
3530:
2371:
554:
3490:
3485:
2359:
1900:
1775:
1745:
1707:
1646:
1619:
1592:
1382:
1355:
1328:
3273:
2388:
482:", meaning "parent-in-law/child-in-law". This term is pejorative to the Purépecha when not used in its correct definition.
645:
539:
3332:
2383:
2261:
3387:
2366:
2005:
3326:
2395:
1770:. Colección Investigaciones series (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Zamora, Mexico: Colegio de Michoacán. pp. 49–60.
1478:
3147:
2836:
1661:
See Gorenstein (1993, xv). According to some other sources Tangáxuan II was dragged behind a horse and then burned.
1433:
Pollard, Helen Perlstein (1980). "Central Places and Cities: A Consideration of the Protohistoric Tarascan State".
1100:
927:
616:
382:
88:
3465:
3495:
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3217:
2847:
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2344:
1955:
1232:
892:
3470:
3455:
3309:
3152:
2000:
1296:
1220:
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priest Fray Jeronimo de Acalá, containing translated and transcribed narratives from Purepecha noblemen. This
17:
3288:
2564:
3298:
2539:
2043:
975:
527:
3314:
1566:"Ancient Cultural Contacts between Ecuador, West Mexico, and the American Southwest: Clothing Similarities."
1144:
It has been speculated that Purepecha metallurgy was developed due to contact with South American cultures.
3475:
3392:
3320:
3284:
2354:
1737:
1699:
1267:
3480:
2986:
2858:
2444:
2186:
1995:
1766:(2003). "El gobierno del estado tarascano prehispanico". In Carlos Paredes Martínez; Marta Terán (eds.).
463:-", meaning "to visit" or "to go", alluding to strolling of the people to and from their daily duties.
3520:
3213:
3097:
2940:
1948:
1611:
Rereading the Conquest: Power, Politics, and the History of Early Colonial Michoac‡n, Mexico, 1521–1565
338:
1850:
The Conquest of Michoacán: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 1521–1530
77:
1879:
1811:
1496:
61:
2920:
2524:
2449:
2326:
2301:
2015:
1584:
Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present
1045:. By the end of the 30 year long occupation, the Iréchikwa was forced out of the area permanently.
2996:
2669:
2166:
1763:
1725:
1320:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
1096:
629:
3221:
1042:
451:
The word "Purépecha" in modern usage is the Hispanicized form of the then and still used term "
2639:
3142:
3057:
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2624:
2378:
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2148:
2123:
2088:
1866:
1798:
834:
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102:
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1030:
456:
405:
98:
3426:
3293:
3157:
3122:
3042:
2731:
2439:
2334:
2316:
2216:
1940:
1819:
Warren, J. Benedict (1963). "The Caravajal Visitation: First Spanish Survey of Michoacán".
1092:
899:
In the late classic, at least two non-Purépecha ethnic groups lived around Lake Pátzcuaro:
318:
2619:
1166:
1054:
8:
3259:
3021:
2053:
2033:
1532:
West, Robert. Early Silver Mining in New Spain, 1531–1555 (1997). Bakewell, Peter (ed.).
1531:
1175:
206:
1137:. The religious national treasures were looted by the Spanish during the Conquest from
1099:
area provided copper. Copper-silver alloy artefacts found in the palaces and graves of
957:
788:
491:
321:. Its territory roughly covered the geographic area of the present-day Mexican state of
3382:
3372:
3278:
3102:
3011:
2790:
2534:
2479:
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2118:
2113:
2083:
2078:
1836:
1730:
1693:
1676:
1541:
1458:
1450:
1415:
1224:
983:
495:
3001:
1925:
1857:——— (1970–1971). "Fray Jerónimo de Alcalá: Author of the Relación de Michoacán?". 27,
3407:
3337:
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3026:
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2726:
2694:
2574:
2504:
2236:
2211:
2143:
2133:
1971:
1906:
1896:
1781:
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1751:
1741:
1713:
1703:
1642:
1615:
1588:
1462:
1378:
1351:
1324:
1228:
633:
535:
424:
2604:
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2489:
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2281:
2098:
2093:
1828:
1442:
1407:
1188:
1118:
991:
574:. Including temperate, subtropical and tropical climate zones, it is dominated by
353:
1021:(Chile saltpeter) mines in the region. Throughout the occupation, the people's of
3230:
2909:
2868:
2853:
2816:
2780:
2674:
2569:
2484:
2459:
2420:
2405:
2226:
2063:
1684:
1636:
1609:
1582:
1398:
Malmstrom, Vincent H. (1 January 1995). "Geographical Origins of the Tarascans".
1372:
1345:
1318:
1026:
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804:
165:
3161:
3127:
2971:
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2903:
2893:
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2415:
2108:
2068:
2058:
1892:
1138:
697:
596:
499:
3263:
3247:
3067:
1692:
Gorenstein, Shirley (1993). "Introduction". In Helen Perlstein Pollard (ed.).
1251:
were leaders of an empire that spanned 75,000 square kilometers of west Mexico
942:
780:
611:
3444:
3117:
2961:
2930:
2898:
2842:
2810:
2649:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2514:
2509:
2464:
2028:
1985:
1638:
Michoacán and Eden: Vasco de Quiroga and the Evangelization of Western Mexico
962:
67:
3208:
3204:
2196:
2191:
1910:
1785:
1755:
1717:
1067:
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3176:
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2800:
2751:
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2721:
2699:
2664:
2544:
2246:
2181:
2138:
1768:
Autoridad y gobierno indígena en Michoacán: ensayos a través de su historia
979:
947:
932:
637:
571:
563:
543:
531:
523:
507:
420:
2684:
919:
714:
677:
include a number of small pictorial manuscripts, the best known being the
467:
397:
390:
322:
152:
3196:
3186:
2805:
2736:
2589:
2559:
2266:
2158:
2038:
1536:. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 45–48, 58–59.
1088:
669:
653:
567:
519:
342:
3234:
3072:
3052:
2494:
2286:
2048:
966:
965:, and also, on the northern rim, reached into the present day state of
904:
736:
326:
2679:
1840:
1565:
1454:
1419:
884:
3255:
3251:
3226:
2976:
2311:
2201:
1156:
Bronze tools and bells on display at the site museum of Tzintzuntzan.
1018:
970:
641:
503:
408:). The largest city before the inception of the empire may have been
276:
2760:
2430:
1889:
The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica
1736:. The Civilization of the American Indian series, vol. 209. Norman:
1698:. The Civilization of the American Indian series, vol. 209. Norman:
1038:
3242:
3092:
2634:
2629:
2519:
2499:
1832:
1446:
1411:
1110:
1009:
Between 1480 and 1510, the Iréchikwa occupied parts of present day
987:
923:
888:
880:
Fourth yacata pyramid on the south end of the line in Tzintzuntzan.
592:
575:
409:
330:
126:
2654:
1134:
876:
558:
Islands in Lake Pátzcuaro, viewed from the top of Janitzio island.
3238:
2775:
2659:
2400:
2296:
2271:
2256:
2176:
2171:
2128:
2103:
2073:
1105:
1034:
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938:
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758:
588:
584:
580:
511:
377:
334:
133:
106:
2704:
3181:
3171:
2554:
2549:
2474:
2410:
2291:
2241:
2231:
2206:
1152:
1130:
1122:
1080:
1076:
1022:
1010:
908:
628:
The Purepecha area has been inhabited at least since the early
439:
419:
The Purépecha Empire was contemporary with and an enemy of the
301:
2821:
2765:
2756:
2644:
2221:
515:
413:
3403:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1970:
1178:, who allied himself with a Purepecha noble Don Pedro Panza
1126:
1114:
1084:
950:
was incorporated into the increasingly centralized state.
1264:"Welcome to The Human Past – Student Study Guide Website"
412:, extensive ruins of which were discovered in 2012 using
1856:
1762:
1724:
1210:"Rethinking Tarascan Political and Spatial Organization"
1147:
1133:, including needles, fishhooks, tweezers, axeheads, and
1607:
1374:
Tarascan Copper Metallurgy: A Multiapproach Perspective
3501:
States and territories established in the 14th century
3398:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
1886:
1634:
1601:
664:
The most useful ethnohistorical source has been the
1847:
1818:
1691:
1675:
438:
A Purepecha incense burner showing a deity with a "
1926:Tarascan Civilization – World History Encyclopedia
1732:Taríacuri's Legacy: The Prehispanic Tarascan State
1729:
1695:Taríacuri's Legacy: The Prehispanic Tarascan State
1160:After hearing about the fall of the Aztec Empire,
549:
3442:
1792:
1217:Anthropology Graduate Theses & Dissertations
623:
546:both on the Pacific coast and in the heartland.
490:The empire included different groups, primarily
37:
3378:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3363:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
1628:
1323:. Oxford University Press. 2001. p. 279.
3511:States and territories disestablished in 1530
1956:
3506:14th-century establishments in North America
1580:
1546:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
446:
3526:16th-century disestablishments in New Spain
1608:James Krippner-Martínez (1 November 2010).
1377:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 71.
684:
606:
372:("place of") and means "place of fishers."
1963:
1949:
1641:. University of Texas Press. p. 124.
1574:
1550:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
918:a visionary leader of the Purépecha named
659:
76:
3368:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1931:Smu.edu: Article about the Tarascan state
1397:
1370:
1343:
907:cultures on the northern banks, with the
393:oral tradition, was founded by the first
1972:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
1681:Indian Art of Mexico and Central America
1635:Bernardino Verástique (1 January 2010).
1534:Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas
1525:
1207:
1151:
1066:
883:
875:
610:
599:. The Iréchikwa was centered around the
553:
433:
1891:(3rd ed.). San Diego, California:
1852:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1432:
381:. The Purépecha capital was located at
229:75,000 km (29,000 sq mi)
14:
3443:
1087:, where Michoacán and Colima provided
27:State in central Mexico (c. 1300–1530)
1944:
1148:Spanish conquest of Purepechan Empire
640:and stone utensils are found at some
459:. The term is derived from the root "
341:, it was the second-largest state in
2396:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
1513:American Museum of Natural History.
1497:"Tarascan Tribe Gods & Symbols"
656:influence in the Michoacán region.
566:, in between two large rivers: the
478:" derived from the Purépecha word "
400:and dominated by his lineage, the "
24:
3388:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
2367:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
652:and other artifacts demonstrate a
25:
3547:
3536:Former countries in North America
3516:1530s disestablishments in Mexico
2379:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
2350:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1919:
1371:Maldonado, Blanca Estela (2018).
356:exonym for the Purépecha Empire,
345:. The state is also known as the
3420:
2372:Archaeological sites in Colombia
2345:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1614:. Penn State Press. p. 55.
903:speakers in Jarácuaro, and some
891:. Cultures of the West Chamber.
485:
281:
60:
3531:Former empires in North America
2355:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
1655:
1558:
1516:
1507:
1489:
1041:resisted Purepecha rule in the
893:National Museum of Anthropology
550:Geography and lithic occupation
455:", meaning "commoner/s" in the
1887:Weaver, Muriel Porter (1993).
1472:
1426:
1391:
1364:
1347:World Monarchies and Dynasties
1337:
1311:
1281:
1256:
1221:University of Colorado Boulder
1201:
1129:. Other items were made from
528:Chontales de Guerrero/Tuxtecos
13:
1:
3491:15th century in North America
3486:14th century in North America
3299:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
2360:Archaeological sites in Chile
1668:
1208:Blanford, Adam Jared (2014).
1062:
1002:of an independent Iréchikwa,
969:. In the 1470s, Aztecs under
769:
762:
747:
740:
725:
718:
668:, written around 1540 by the
624:Early archaeological evidence
194:
116:
47:
3393:Mesoamerican writing systems
3350:
2389:Archaeological sites in Peru
1738:University of Oklahoma Press
1700:University of Oklahoma Press
994:. The Purepecha, led by the
7:
3289:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
1247:By A.D. 1450, the Tarascan
1048:
615:The archaeological site of
10:
3552:
3315:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3218:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1052:
911:being the second largest.
636:from before 2500 BC, like
619:, capital of the Iréchikwa
466:Another word by which the
3416:
3358:
3349:
3269:
3192:
3167:
3138:
3113:
3088:
3063:
3038:
3007:
2982:
2957:
2926:
2889:
2864:
2827:
2796:
2771:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2540:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
2325:
2157:
2014:
1978:
1564:Anawalt, Patricia Rieff.
1350:. Routledge. p. 37.
1095:provided silver, and the
862:
854:
849:
841:
832:
825:
820:
816:
803:
795:
787:
779:
757:
735:
713:
703:
696:
691:
447:Etymology and definitions
442:headdress", 1350–1521 CE.
313:, also known by the term
297:
256:
252:
242:
238:
233:
225:
220:
216:
203:
188:
184:
176:
172:
159:
146:
142:
132:
122:
112:
94:
84:
75:
57:
46:
32:
3427:Civilizations portal
2384:Cultural periods of Peru
1764:Pollard, Helen Perlstein
1726:Pollard, Helen Perlstein
1587:. ABC-CLIO. p. 43.
1569:Latin American Antiquity
1344:Middleton, John (2015).
1194:
685:Foundation and expansion
607:History of the Iréchikwa
3321:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
2167:Mesoamerican chronology
1141:graves and storerooms.
660:Ethnohistorical sources
368:("possessor of"), and -
38:
3496:16th century in Mexico
3461:Pre-Columbian cultures
2024:Archaeological periods
1874:Cite journal requires
1806:Cite journal requires
1157:
1072:
941:and later his brother
896:
881:
620:
559:
443:
325:, as well as parts of
3471:History of Guanajuato
3456:Mesoamerican cultures
3327:List of Conquistadors
3214:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2625:Quebrada de Humahuaca
2044:Caddoan Mississippian
1581:David Marley (2008).
1571:3, no. 2 (1992): 121.
1480:Relación de Michoacán
1155:
1070:
916:Relación de Michoacán
887:
879:
864:Antonio Huitziméngari
666:Relación de Michoacán
614:
557:
470:have been called is "
437:
337:. At the time of the
95:Common languages
3466:History of Michoacán
3294:Francisco de Montejo
3222:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
2335:Andean civilizations
2262:Shaft tomb tradition
1522:Covarrubias, p. 103.
679:Lienzo de Jucutacuto
319:pre-Columbian Mexico
3476:History of Guerrero
3260:Manco Inca Yupanqui
2565:Manteño-Huancavilca
2034:Ancestral Puebloans
1702:. p. xiii–xx.
1677:Covarrubias, Miguel
1400:Geographical Review
1299:on 19 December 2009
1017:in order to secure
856:Francisco Taríacuri
404:" ("Eagles" in the
190:• Established
3481:History of Jalisco
3383:Columbian exchange
3373:Portal:Mesoamerica
2525:La Tolita (Tumaco)
2340:Indigenous peoples
2079:Hopewell tradition
2006:Indigenous peoples
1435:American Antiquity
1158:
1113:and cups. Copper
1073:
978:. He also allowed
953:Under the rule of
897:
882:
646:Chupícuaro culture
630:Pre-classic period
621:
560:
457:Purépecha language
444:
406:Purépecha language
389:and, according to
317:, was a polity in
3521:1530 in New Spain
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3408:Pre-Columbian art
3344:
3343:
3338:Francisco Pizarro
3304:Pedro de Alvarado
2620:Pucará de Tilcara
1902:978-0-12-739065-9
1777:978-970-679-121-4
1747:978-0-8061-2497-1
1709:978-0-8061-2497-1
1648:978-0-292-77380-6
1621:978-0-271-03940-4
1594:978-1-59884-100-8
1384:978-1-78491-626-8
1357:978-1-317-45158-7
1330:978-0-19-510815-6
1167:Cristóbal de Olid
1055:Purépecha deities
914:According to the
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:(1545–1562)
858:(1543–1545)
845:(1530–1543)
843:Pedro de Arellano
811:
810:
807:(1520–1530)
799:(1479–1520)
791:(1454–1479)
783:(1435–1454)
587:and less fertile
494:and additionally
474:", from Spanish "
425:territorial state
307:
306:
293:
292:
289:
288:
161:• 1520–1530
148:• 1300–1350
16:(Redirected from
3543:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3347:
3346:
3333:Spanish Conquest
3310:Spanish Conquest
3285:Spanish Conquest
3274:Spanish Conquest
2716:
2715:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1914:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1815:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1759:
1735:
1721:
1688:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1572:
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1555:
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1493:
1487:
1486:
1483:, complete text
1476:
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1430:
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1388:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1295:. Archived from
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1266:. Archived from
1260:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1231:. Archived from
1214:
1205:
1189:Vasco de Quiroga
1119:lost-wax casting
958:Tzitzipandáquare
909:Nahua population
818:
817:
789:Tzitzipandáquare
774:
771:
767:
764:
752:
749:
745:
742:
730:
727:
723:
720:
694:
693:
689:
688:
492:Purépecha people
468:Purépecha people
427:of Mesoamerica.
385:on the banks of
339:Spanish conquest
311:Purépecha Empire
285:
284:
273:
272:
258:
257:
199:
196:
80:
64:
52:
49:
41:
34:Purépecha Empire
30:
29:
21:
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3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3276:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3231:Quemuenchatocha
3229:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3160:
3029:
2938:
2912:
2901:
2848:Human Sacrifice
2845:
2837:Human Sacrifice
2834:
2808:
2781:Mayan Languages
2709:
2321:
2153:
2010:
1991:Genetic history
1974:
1969:
1935:by Julie Adkins
1922:
1917:
1903:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1807:
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1796:
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1685:Alfred A. Knopf
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821:Colonial rulers
812:
772:
765:
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743:
728:
721:
687:
662:
634:lithic evidence
626:
609:
597:thermal springs
552:
488:
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347:Tarascan Empire
282:
245:
209:
197:
191:
162:
149:
71:
70:
65:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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3194:
3193:Notable Rulers
3190:
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3179:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:Neo-Inca State
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1980:
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1939:
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1928:
1921:
1920:External links
1918:
1916:
1915:
1901:
1893:Academic Press
1884:
1876:|journal=
1854:
1845:
1833:10.2307/979507
1827:(4): 404–412.
1816:
1808:|journal=
1790:
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1600:
1593:
1573:
1557:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1488:
1471:
1447:10.2307/280141
1441:(4): 677–696.
1425:
1412:10.2307/215553
1390:
1383:
1363:
1356:
1336:
1329:
1310:
1280:
1255:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1176:Nuño de Guzmán
1149:
1146:
1139:Lake Patzcuaro
1064:
1061:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
872:
871:
868:
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859:
852:
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710:
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692:
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683:
661:
658:
625:
622:
608:
605:
601:Lake Pátzcuaro
595:resources and
551:
548:
487:
484:
448:
445:
387:Lake Pátzcuaro
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18:Tarascan State
9:
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4:
3:
2:
3548:
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3308:
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3295:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3279:Hernán Cortés
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
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3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
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3112:
3109:
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2328:
2327:South America
2324:
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2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2149:Weeden Island
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Poverty Point
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
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2089:Mississippian
2087:
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2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2016:North America
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Paleo-Indians
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
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1270:on 2014-10-20
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1238:on 2020-02-13
1234:
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1180:Cuinierángari
1177:
1173:
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1043:Saltpeter War
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
968:
964:
963:Toluca Valley
959:
956:
951:
949:
944:
940:
936:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
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638:fluted points
635:
631:
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586:
582:
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573:
572:Balsas Rivers
569:
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547:
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541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:in the east,
501:
497:
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486:Ethnic groups
483:
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477:
473:
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63:
56:
45:
40:
31:
19:
3418:
3351:
3201:Moctezuma II
3158:Inca history
3083:Andean Music
3027:Architecture
3022:Architecture
3017:Architecture
3012:Architecture
3008:Architecture
3002:Gender Roles
2747:Tenochtitlan
2670:Timoto–Cuica
2665:Tierradentro
2450:Casma–Sechin
2251:
2182:Chalcatzingo
1934:
1888:
1867:cite journal
1858:
1849:
1848:——— (1985).
1824:
1820:
1799:cite journal
1767:
1731:
1694:
1683:. New York:
1680:
1657:
1637:
1630:
1610:
1603:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1485:(in Spanish)
1479:
1474:
1466:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1406:(1): 31–40.
1403:
1399:
1393:
1373:
1366:
1346:
1339:
1319:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:the original
1292:
1283:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1258:
1248:
1246:
1240:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1216:
1203:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1143:
1104:
1101:Tzintzuntzan
1074:
1058:
1008:
1004:Tangáxuan II
999:
995:
984:Matlatzincas
954:
952:
948:Balsas River
937:
933:Lake Cuitzeo
928:Tzintzuntzan
915:
913:
898:
833:
827:of Michoacan
826:
805:Tangáxuan II
706:
704:
678:
673:
665:
663:
627:
617:Tzintzuntzan
564:Mesa Central
561:
532:Balsas River
524:Lake Chapala
489:
479:
475:
471:
465:
460:
452:
450:
429:
421:Aztec Empire
418:
416:technology.
401:
394:
383:Tzintzuntzan
376:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
351:
346:
314:
310:
308:
264:Succeeded by
263:
244:• 1519
166:Tangáxuan II
101:
89:Tzintzuntzan
3264:Túpac Amaru
3248:Manco Cápac
3197:Moctezuma I
3108:Agriculture
3103:Agriculture
3098:Agriculture
3089:Agriculture
3032:Road System
2921:Mathematics
2786:Muysc Cubun
2640:San Agustín
2590:Monte Verde
2267:Teotihuacan
2159:Mesoamerica
2054:Coles Creek
2039:Anishinaabe
1996:Archaeology
1109:, armlets,
1089:placer gold
943:Tangáxuan I
905:Chichimecan
781:Tangáxuan I
773: 1435
766: 1420
751: 1420
744: 1390
729: 1390
722: 1350
654:Teotihuacan
530:around the
496:Matlazincas
453:P'orhépicha
364:("fish"), -
358:Michhuahcān
343:Mesoamerica
198: 1300
103:Matlatzinca
51: 1300
3445:Categories
3235:Tisquesusa
3209:Cuauhtémoc
3205:Cuitláhuac
2535:Lauricocha
2505:Gran Chaco
2495:Cupisnique
2480:Chinchorro
2455:Chachapoya
2445:Caral–Supe
2287:Tlaxcaltec
2277:Teuchitlán
2192:Chupícuaro
2119:Plum Bayou
2114:Plaquemine
2084:Marksville
2049:Chichimeca
1861:: 307–327.
1669:References
1274:2014-04-27
1242:2020-07-03
1182:, and the
1117:made from
1097:La Huacana
1063:Metallurgy
992:Cuitlatecs
967:Guanajuato
835:Corregidor
737:Hiquingaje
698:Iréchaecha
670:Franciscan
650:ballcourts
504:Chichimecs
327:Guanajuato
234:Population
123:Government
117:Polytheism
3451:Purépecha
3256:Atahualpa
3252:Pachacuti
3227:Nemequene
3093:Chinampas
2915:Astronomy
2904:Astronomy
2884:Mythology
2879:Mythology
2874:Mythology
2869:Mythology
2865:Mythology
2695:Wankarani
2685:Tuncahuán
2575:Marajoara
2530:Las Vegas
2416:Atacameño
2312:Xochipala
2252:Purépecha
2212:Epi-Olmec
2202:Cuicuilco
2144:Troyville
2134:St. Johns
1542:cite book
1501:study.com
1463:163246131
1249:Uacúsecha
1229:147339315
1111:bracelets
1019:Nitratine
988:Ahuitzotl
976:Cutzamala
971:Axayacatl
920:Tariácuri
850:Governors
715:Tariácuri
707:Iréchikwa
642:megafauna
632:. Early
480:Tarhaskwa
402:Uakúsïcha
398:Tariácuri
391:Purépecha
323:Michoacán
315:Iréchikwa
277:New Spain
248:1,500,000
207:Conquered
155:(founder)
153:Tariácuri
113:Religion
99:Purépecha
39:Iréchikwa
3352:See also
3270:Conquest
3243:Zoratama
2910:Calendar
2899:Calendar
2894:Calendar
2890:Calendar
2859:Religion
2854:Religion
2843:Religion
2832:Religion
2828:Religion
2817:Numerals
2811:Numerals
2772:Language
2752:Multiple
2690:Valdivia
2675:Tiwanaku
2635:Saladoid
2630:Quimbaya
2520:Kuhikugu
2500:Diaguita
2490:Chorrera
2307:Veraguas
2302:Veracruz
2282:Tlatilco
2094:Mogollon
2001:Cultures
1979:Americas
1911:25832740
1859:Americas
1821:Americas
1786:55237579
1756:26801144
1728:(1993).
1718:26801144
1679:(1957).
1303:19 April
1172:de facto
1103:include
1093:Tamazula
1049:Religion
1031:Zapotlán
924:Ihuatzio
895:(Mexico)
889:Chacmool
768:?–
674:Relación
593:obsidian
589:acrisols
585:luvisols
581:andosols
576:Cenozoic
540:Zacatula
536:Chumbios
534:valley,
512:Tecuexes
506:such as
500:Mazahuas
472:Tarascan
410:Angamuco
331:Guerrero
127:Monarchy
3239:Tundama
3168:Peoples
3153:History
3148:History
3143:History
3139:History
3133:Cuisine
3128:Cuisine
3123:Cuisine
3118:Cuisine
3114:Cuisine
2972:Warfare
2967:Warfare
2962:Warfare
2958:Warfare
2952:Society
2947:Economy
2936:Society
2931:Society
2927:Society
2797:Writing
2791:Quechua
2776:Nahuatl
2743:Capital
2680:Toyopán
2660:Tairona
2570:Mapuche
2485:Chiripa
2460:Chancay
2431:Cañaris
2406:Amotape
2401:El Abra
2317:Zapotec
2297:Totonac
2272:Tepanec
2257:Quelepa
2227:Mezcala
2217:Huastec
2187:Cholula
2177:Capacha
2172:Acolhua
2129:Sinagua
2104:Patayan
2074:Hohokam
2064:Fremont
1293:smu.edu
1184:cazonci
1162:cazonci
1123:diadems
1106:rodelas
1035:Tapalpa
1015:Jalisco
1000:cazonci
996:cazonci
980:Otomies
955:cazonci
939:Hiripan
901:Nahuatl
797:Zuangua
759:Hiripan
746:–
724:–
705:of the
603:basin.
538:around
522:around
514:in the
508:Otomíes
476:Tarasco
395:Cazonci
378:Cazonci
354:Nahuatl
335:Jalisco
205:•
177:History
134:Cazonci
107:Tecuexe
85:Capital
3182:Muisca
3177:Mayans
3172:Aztecs
2806:Script
2801:Script
2761:Bacatá
2732:Muisca
2615:Pucará
2610:Piaroa
2605:Paiján
2600:Omagua
2555:Lupaca
2550:Lokono
2515:Kalina
2510:Huetar
2470:Chavín
2465:Chango
2440:Nariño
2436:Capulí
2426:Calima
2421:Aymara
2411:Arawak
2292:Toltec
2242:Olmecs
2237:Nicoya
2232:Mixtec
2207:Diquis
2109:Picosa
2099:Oshara
2069:Glades
2059:Dorset
1909:
1899:
1841:979507
1839:
1784:
1774:
1754:
1744:
1716:
1706:
1645:
1618:
1591:
1461:
1455:280141
1453:
1420:215553
1418:
1381:
1354:
1327:
1227:
1131:bronze
1081:silver
1077:copper
1039:Autlán
1037:, and
1027:Sayula
1023:Colima
1011:Colima
544:Nahuas
542:, and
461:P'orhe
440:Tlaloc
362:michin
333:, and
302:Mexico
180:
168:(last)
138:
3187:Incas
3078:Music
3073:Music
3068:Music
3064:Music
2997:Women
2992:Women
2987:Women
2983:Women
2941:Trade
2822:Quipu
2766:Cusco
2757:Hunza
2722:Aztec
2655:Taíno
2650:Sican
2645:Shuar
2595:Nazca
2585:Mollo
2580:Moche
2560:Luzia
2475:Chimú
2247:Pipil
2222:Izapa
2197:Coclé
2139:Thule
2029:Adena
1837:JSTOR
1459:S2CID
1451:JSTOR
1416:JSTOR
1236:(PDF)
1225:S2CID
1223:: 6.
1213:(PDF)
1195:Notes
1127:masks
1115:bells
568:Lerma
520:Cocas
516:Bajio
414:LiDAR
360:from
68:Glyph
53:–1530
2977:Army
2759:and
2737:Inca
2727:Maya
2705:Zenú
2700:Wari
2545:Lima
1907:OCLC
1897:ISBN
1880:help
1812:help
1782:OCLC
1772:ISBN
1752:OCLC
1742:ISBN
1714:OCLC
1704:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1552:link
1548:link
1379:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1305:2018
1135:awls
1125:and
1085:gold
1083:and
1013:and
982:and
926:and
570:and
510:and
498:and
366:huah
309:The
226:1450
221:Area
212:1530
3058:Art
3053:Art
3048:Art
3043:Art
3039:Art
1829:doi
1443:doi
1408:doi
583:,
370:cān
3447::
3296:)
1933:—
1905:.
1895:.
1871::
1869:}}
1865:{{
1835:.
1825:19
1823:.
1803::
1801:}}
1797:{{
1780:.
1750:.
1740:.
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1544:}}
1540:{{
1499:.
1465:.
1457:.
1449:.
1439:45
1437:.
1414:.
1404:85
1402:.
1291:.
1245:.
1219:.
1215:.
1091:,
1079:,
1033:,
1029:,
1025:,
1006:.
935:.
770:c.
763:c.
753:?)
748:c.
741:c.
726:c.
719:c.
681:.
526:,
518:,
349:.
329:,
195:c.
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3340:)
3336:(
3329:)
3325:(
3323:)
3319:(
3317:)
3313:(
3306:)
3302:(
3292:(
3281:)
3277:(
3034:)
3030:(
2943:)
2939:(
2917:)
2913:(
2906:)
2902:(
2850:)
2846:(
2839:)
2835:(
2813:)
2809:(
2438:/
1964:e
1957:t
1950:v
1937:.
1913:.
1882:)
1878:(
1843:.
1831::
1814:)
1810:(
1788:.
1758:.
1720:.
1687:.
1651:.
1624:.
1597:.
1554:)
1503:.
1445::
1422:.
1410::
1387:.
1360:.
1333:.
1307:.
1277:.
775:)
761:(
739:(
731:)
717:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
